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In this set of notes we examine the steady heat conduction in a cylindrical rod with a specified heat
source. We show that the solution can be found using the method of separation of variables, once the
problem is reformulated as a Laplace problem. The Fourier series solution is calculated and plotted for
a specified heat source.
We also show how the same problem can be solved using the finite element method, which is now
available in Version 10.x of Mathematica.
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Consider steady heat conduction in a rod of radius �� and length �. The governing PDE is given by:
� ∂ ∂� ∂� �
� � + + �� = �� � < � < �� � � < � < �
� ∂� ∂� ∂ ��
subject to the following BCs
��� � � (�� �) = ��
��� � � (�� �) = ��
��� � � (�� � �) = �∞
Our goal is to determine the temperature profile in the rod for a given heat source.
Some examples of heat sources are shown below
(�) � (�) = �
�������������������������
It is convenient to analyze this problem in dimensionless form. To this end, we introduce the following
dimensionless variables
� - �� � � ��
θ= � ξ= � η= � � ϵ=
�∞ - � � �� � �
Note that k is the thermal conductivity and has units W/(m. K), where W is watts.
2 ��� HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb
When we introduce the dimensionless variables into the PDE and BCs, we get
� ∂ ∂θ ∂� θ
ξ + ϵ� + �� � (η) = �� � < ξ < �� � < η < �
ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ η�
��� � θ (ξ� �) = �
��� � θ (ξ� �) = �
��� � θ (�� η) = �
where the dimensionless group S0 is given by
�� ���
�� =
(�∞ - �� ) �
Note that for S0 to be dimensionless, it follows that q0 in the problem formulation must have units
�
[�� ] =
��
The problem specification results in a linear inhomogeneous PDE: This is known as a Poisson equation.
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To solve the Poisson equation using separation of variables it is convenient to introduce a change of
variables so that the PDE becomes homogeneous. To this end we introduces the following change in
variables
θ (ξ� η) = Φ (ξ� η) + � (η)
As we will see shortly, the function G(η) will be selected to reduce the Poisson equation to a Laplace
equation. The PDE in terms of the new variable Φ(ξ,η) is given by
� ∂ ∂Φ ∂� Φ ⅆ� �
ξ + ϵ� + ϵ� + �� � (η) = �� � < ξ < �� � < η < �
ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ η� ⅆ η�
Thus if we select G(η) such that it solves
ⅆ� �
ϵ� + �� � (η) = �� �<η<�
ⅆ η�
��� � � (�) = �
��� � � (�) = �
Then the problem for Φ(ξ,η) becomes a Laplace equation but with a modified BC3.
� ∂ ∂Φ ∂� Φ
ξ + ϵ� = �� � < ξ < �� � < η < �
ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ η�
��� � Φ (ξ� �) = �
��� � Φ (ξ� �) = �
The PDE in terms of the new variable Φ(ξ,η) can readily be solved by separation of variables
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Our first task is to determine the function G(η). Thus we need to solve
ⅆ� �
ϵ� + �� � (η) = �� �<η<�
ⅆ η�
��� � � (�) = �
��� � � (�) = �
We will illustrate the procedure for the following two cases: F(η)= n2 and F(η)= Sinh(η)
���������� (η) = η�
� (η) = η�
The solution is
�� η
� (η) = � - η�
�� ϵ�
This solution can be found by solving the ODE for G(η), done below using Mathematica :
�����������η��������η�
The solution is
�� (η ���� (�) - ���� (η))
� (η) =
ϵ�
������ϵ� � ��[η] + �� ����[η] ⩵ �� �[�] ⩵ �� �[�] == �� �� η
�� η ����[�] - �� ����[η]
� → ��������{η}�
ϵ�
�������������������������������������Φ�ξ�η�
The PDE for the variable Φ(ξ,η) becomes
� ∂ ∂Φ ∂� Φ
ξ + ϵ� =�
ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ η�
��� � Φ (ξ� �) = �
��� � Φ (ξ� �) = �
��� � � (�) = �
��� � � (�) = �
Thus the general solution for H(η) is
� (η) = �� ��� ( λ η / ϵ) + �� ��� ( λ η / ϵ)
From the boundary conditions it follows that
�� = �� ��� λ / ϵ = � π� � = �� �� �� …
Thus H(η) is
� (η) = �� ��� (� π η)� λ� = � π ϵ � = �� �� �� …
In a similar manner we can solve for J(ξ)
� � ⅆ ⅆ�
ξ = λ�
� ξ ⅆξ ⅆξ
Reorganizing we get
ⅆ ⅆ�
ξ - λ� ξ � = �� �<ξ<�
ⅆξ ⅆξ
To determine the coefficients, we apply BC3 and make use of the orthogonality properties of the eigen-
function H(η) = �� ��� (� π η)
∞
Φ (�� η) = � - � (η) = �� ��� (� π η) �� (� π ϵ)
�=�
� �
��� (� π η) ��� (� π η) ⅆη = � �� � = �
� �
HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb ��� 5
Applying the orthogonality condition we obtain the following expression for the coefficients An
�
∫� (� - � (η)) ��� (� π η) ⅆη
�� = � � � = �� �� �
�� (� π ϵ)
Thus the solution to the original problem is
∞
θ (ξ� η) = �� ��� (� π η) �� (� π ϵ ξ) + � (η)
�=�
where
�
∫� (� - � (η)) ��� (� π η) ⅆη
�� = � � � = �� �� �� …
�� (� π ϵ)
where the function G(η) is given by:
�� η �� (η ���� (�) - ���� (η))
� (η) = � - η� � �� � (η) =
�� ϵ� ϵ�
�����������������������
In this section we will use Mathematica to compute the coefficients An . We will need to set a few
parameters
ϵ = ���� �� = ���
�� η
�[�� η_] �= � - η�
�� ϵ�
�� η ����[�] - ����[η]
�[�� η_] �=
ϵ�
����������[(� - �[�� η]) ���[� π η]� {η� �� �}]
�[�_� �_] �= �[�� �] = �
�������[�� � π ϵ]
Here are the coefficients An for the two heat sources:
�����[�[�� �]� {�� �� ��}]
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We will show plots of the solution for the heat source F(η) =Sinh(η). The function Φ(ξ,η) is given below
��
Φ[ξ_� η_] �= �[�� �] ���[� π η] �������[�� � π ϵ ξ]
�=�
Recall that
�� (η ���� (�) - ���� (η))
θ (ξ� η) = Φ (ξ� η) + � (η)� ����� � (η) =
ϵ�
In the following plot we show θ(1,η)=Φ(1,η)+G(2,η) when the source is F(η)=Sinh[η] and 30 terms in
the Fourier series are computed. As expected the Fourier series converges ( admittedly slowly) to
θ(1,η)=1:
����[Φ[�� η] + �[�� η]� {η� �� �}� ����� → �����
��������� → ���� ���������� → {�����[�η�� ��]� �����[�θ(��η)�� ��]}]
1.2
1.0
0.8
θ(1,η)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
η
Here is a blow-up of the function 1- G(η)=(�� (η ���� (�) - ���� (η))/ϵ�
����[� - �[�� η]� {η� �� �}� ����� → �����
���������� → {�����[�η�� ��]� �����[��(��η)�� ��]}]
1.0
0.5
0.0
G(2,η)
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
η
The temperature along the center line of the rod is shown below:
HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb ��� 7
1.5
θ(0,η)
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
η
In the next set of plots we show the 2-D temperature field in the rod.
������[Φ[ξ� η] + �[�� η]� {ξ� �� �}� {η� �� �}�
��������� → {�����[�ξ�� ��]� �����[�η�� ��]� �����[�θ(ξ�η)�� ��]}]
0.8
1.8
0.6 1.4
ξ
1.0
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
η
Note that at ξ=1, the temperature field θ(1,η) exhibits oscillations. This is a result of the Gibbs phenom-
ena due to the discontinuity in the boundary conditions θ(1,η)=1, and θ(ξ,1)=θ(ξ,0)=0.
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For convenience we restate the dimensionless form of the steady heat conduction problem
�����������������
� ∂ ∂θ ∂� θ
ξ + ϵ� + �� � (η) = �� � < ξ < �� � < η < �
ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ η�
��� � θ (ξ� �) = �
��� � θ (ξ� �) = �
��� � θ (�� η) = �
The differential operator becomes
∂� θ � ∂θ ∂� θ
+ + ϵ� + �� � (η) = �
∂ ξ� ξ ∂ξ ∂ η�
which we will write as
∂� θ ∂θ ∂� θ
ξ + + ϵ� ξ + �� ξ � (η) = �
∂ ξ� ∂ξ ∂ η�
HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb ��� 9
so as to avoid the singularity at ξ=0. When expressed in dimensionless form, the problem depends on
two parameters: S0 and ϵ.
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For the numerical calculation we select S0 = 10 and ϵ=0.5
The above code eliminates the temperature discontinuity at the both end of the rod by using a function
that allows the temperature to change rapidly from θ(ξ,1)=0 to θ(ξ,1)=1 as ξ→1. A similar function
handles the case at η=0.
�����������[θ�����[ξ� η]� {η� �� �}� {ξ� �� �}�
������������� → ����������������� ���������� → ���
����������� → ���������� ���������� → {�����[�η�� ��]� �����[�ξ�� ��]}]
1.0
0.8
1.8
0.6 1.4
ξ
1.0
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
η
Here is the temperature profile along the center line ξ=0 if the rod
10 ��� HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb
1.5
θ(0,η)
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
η
Here is the surface temperature of the rod as a function of the axial coordinate η:
����[θ�����[�� η]� {η� �� �}� ����� → �����
���������� → {�����[�η�� ��]� �����[�θ(��η)�� ��]}]
2.0
1.5
θ(1,η)
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
η
Finally we show a 3-D plot of the temperature θ(ξ,η) in the rod
������[θ�����[ξ� η]� {η� �� �}� {ξ� �� �}�
��������� → {�����[�η�� ��]� �����[�ξ�� ��]� �����[�θ(ξ�η)�� ��]}]
HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb ��� 11
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In this problem we have illustrated how to solve the steady heat conduction in a cylindrical rod with a
specified heat source. The solution can be found “analytically” using the method of separation of vari-
ables. We also showed how the problem can be solved using the Finite Element Method, which is now
implemented in Mathematica Version 10.x. As shown it takes a few lines of code to do this calculation.
There is good agreement between both methods.