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In this set of notes we examine the steady heat conduction in a cylindrical rod with a specified heat
source. We show that the solution can be found using the method of separation of variables, once the
problem is reformulated as a Laplace problem. The Fourier series solution is calculated and plotted for
a specified heat source.
We also show how the same problem can be solved using the finite element method, which is now
available in Version 10.x of Mathematica.

�����������������
Consider steady heat conduction in a rod of radius �� and length �. The governing PDE is given by:
� ∂ ∂� ∂� �
� � +  + �� = �� � < � < �� � � < � < �
� ∂� ∂� ∂ ��
subject to the following BCs
��� � � (�� �) = ��
��� � � (�� �) = ��
��� � � (�� � �) = �∞
Our goal is to determine the temperature profile in the rod for a given heat source.
Some examples of heat sources are shown below
(�) � (�) = �

(��) � (�) = (� / �)�

(���) � (�) = ���� (� / �)


In the code developed below we will implement heat source (iii). The theoretical development can be
readily modified to handle the other heat sources.

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It is convenient to analyze this problem in dimensionless form. To this end, we introduce the following
dimensionless variables
� - �� � � ��
θ= � ξ= � η= � � ϵ=
�∞ - � � �� � �
Note that k is the thermal conductivity and has units W/(m. K), where W is watts.
2 ��� HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb

When we introduce the dimensionless variables into the PDE and BCs, we get
� ∂ ∂θ ∂� θ
ξ + ϵ� + �� � (η) = �� � < ξ < �� � < η < �
ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ η�

��� � θ (ξ� �) = �

��� � θ (ξ� �) = �

��� � θ (�� η) = �
where the dimensionless group S0 is given by
�� ���
�� =
(�∞ - �� ) �
Note that for S0 to be dimensionless, it follows that q0 in the problem formulation must have units

[�� ] =
��
The problem specification results in a linear inhomogeneous PDE: This is known as a Poisson equation.

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To solve the Poisson equation using separation of variables it is convenient to introduce a change of
variables so that the PDE becomes homogeneous. To this end we introduces the following change in
variables
θ (ξ� η) = Φ (ξ� η) + � (η)
As we will see shortly, the function G(η) will be selected to reduce the Poisson equation to a Laplace
equation. The PDE in terms of the new variable Φ(ξ,η) is given by
� ∂ ∂Φ ∂� Φ ⅆ� �
ξ + ϵ� + ϵ� + �� � (η) = �� � < ξ < �� � < η < �
ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ η� ⅆ η�
Thus if we select G(η) such that it solves
ⅆ� �
ϵ� + �� � (η) = �� �<η<�
ⅆ η�
��� � � (�) = �
��� � � (�) = �
Then the problem for Φ(ξ,η) becomes a Laplace equation but with a modified BC3.
� ∂ ∂Φ ∂� Φ
ξ + ϵ� = �� � < ξ < �� � < η < �
ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ η�

��� � Φ (ξ� �) = �

��� � Φ (ξ� �) = �

��� � Φ (�� η) = ℋ (η)� ����� ℋ (η) = � - � (η)

��� � Φ (�� η) = ������ �� ξ → �


HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb ��� 3

The PDE in terms of the new variable Φ(ξ,η) can readily be solved by separation of variables

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Our first task is to determine the function G(η). Thus we need to solve
ⅆ� �
ϵ� + �� � (η) = �� �<η<�
ⅆ η�
��� � � (�) = �
��� � � (�) = �
We will illustrate the procedure for the following two cases: F(η)= n2 and F(η)= Sinh(η)

���������� (η) = η�
� (η) = η�
The solution is
�� η
� (η) = � - η� 
�� ϵ�
This solution can be found by solving the ODE for G(η), done below using Mathematica :

������ϵ� � ��[η] + �� η� ⩵ �� �[�] ⩵ �� �[�] == �� �� η


�� η - �� η�
� → ��������{η}� 
�� ϵ�

�����������η��������η�
The solution is
�� (η ���� (�) - ���� (η))
� (η) =
ϵ�
������ϵ� � ��[η] + �� ����[η] ⩵ �� �[�] ⩵ �� �[�] == �� �� η
�� η ����[�] - �� ����[η]
� → ��������{η}� 
ϵ�

�������������������������������������Φ�ξ�η�
The PDE for the variable Φ(ξ,η) becomes
� ∂ ∂Φ ∂� Φ
ξ + ϵ� =�
ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ η�

��� � Φ (ξ� �) = �

��� � Φ (ξ� �) = �

��� � Φ (�� η) = � - � (η)

��� � Φ (�� η) = ������ �� ξ → �


4 ��� HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb

We introduce the following separated variable form for Φ(ξ,η)


Φ (ξ� η) = � (ξ) � (η)
Substituting this expression into the PDE for Φ (ξ,η) gives
� � ⅆ ⅆ� ϵ � ⅆ� �
ξ =- = λ�
� ξ ⅆξ ⅆξ � ⅆη�
Thus the eigenvalue problem is
ⅆ� � λ�
+ � = �� �<η<�
ⅆη� ϵ�

��� � � (�) = �
��� � � (�) = �
Thus the general solution for H(η) is
� (η) = �� ��� ( λ η / ϵ) + �� ��� ( λ η / ϵ)
From the boundary conditions it follows that
�� = �� ��� λ / ϵ = � π� � = �� �� �� …
Thus H(η) is
� (η) = �� ��� (� π η)� λ� = � π ϵ � = �� �� �� …
In a similar manner we can solve for J(ξ)
� � ⅆ ⅆ�
ξ = λ�
� ξ ⅆξ ⅆξ
Reorganizing we get
ⅆ ⅆ�
ξ - λ� ξ � = �� �<ξ<�
ⅆξ ⅆξ

��� � � (�) ���� �� ������


The equation for J(ξ) is a modified Bessel equation of order 0, and so the general solution is
� (ξ) = �� �� (λ ξ) + �� �� (λ ξ)
Since K0 (0) is infinite at ξ=0, we must demand that B1 = 0. Thus the solution to our PDE is given by

Φ (ξ� η) =  �� ��� (� π η) �� (� π ϵ ξ)
�=�

To determine the coefficients, we apply BC3 and make use of the orthogonality properties of the eigen-
function H(η) = �� ��� (� π η)

Φ (�� η) = � - � (η) =  �� ��� (� π η) �� (� π ϵ)
�=�

From Sturm-Liouville theory we can deduce the following orthogonality condition



 ��� (� π η) ��� (� π η) ⅆη = �� �� � ≠ �

� �
 ��� (� π η) ��� (� π η) ⅆη = � �� � = �
� �
HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb ��� 5

Applying the orthogonality condition we obtain the following expression for the coefficients An

∫� (� - � (η)) ��� (� π η) ⅆη
�� = � � � = �� �� �
�� (� π ϵ)
Thus the solution to the original problem is

θ (ξ� η) =  �� ��� (� π η) �� (� π ϵ ξ) + � (η)
�=�

where

∫� (� - � (η)) ��� (� π η) ⅆη
�� = � � � = �� �� �� …
�� (� π ϵ)
where the function G(η) is given by:
�� η �� (η ���� (�) - ���� (η))
� (η) = � - η� � �� � (η) =
�� ϵ� ϵ�

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In this section we will use Mathematica to compute the coefficients An . We will need to set a few
parameters
ϵ = ���� �� = ���
�� η
�[�� η_] �= � - η� 
�� ϵ�
�� η ����[�] - ����[η]
�[�� η_] �=
ϵ�
����������[(� - �[�� η]) ���[� π η]� {η� �� �}]
�[�_� �_] �= �[�� �] = �
�������[�� � π ϵ]
Here are the coefficients An for the two heat sources:
�����[�[�� �]� {�� �� ��}]

- �������� ���������� ���������� ������������ ������������


������� × ��-� � ������������� ������� × ��-� � ������� × ��-� � ������ × ��-� �
������� × ��-� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� �
������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� �
������� × ��-�� � ������ × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������ × ��-�� �
������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� 

�����[�[�� �]� {�� �� ��}]

- ��������� ���������� ���������� ������������ ������������


������� × ��-� � ������������ ������� × ��-� � ������� × ��-� � ������� × ��-� �
������� × ��-� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-� � ������� × ��-�� � ������ × ��-�� �
������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������ × ��-�� �
������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������ × ��-�� �
������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� � ������� × ��-�� 
6 ��� HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb

��������������
We will show plots of the solution for the heat source F(η) =Sinh(η). The function Φ(ξ,η) is given below
��
Φ[ξ_� η_] �=  �[�� �] ���[� π η] �������[�� � π ϵ ξ]
�=�

Recall that
�� (η ���� (�) - ���� (η))
θ (ξ� η) = Φ (ξ� η) + � (η)� ����� � (η) =
ϵ�
In the following plot we show θ(1,η)=Φ(1,η)+G(2,η) when the source is F(η)=Sinh[η] and 30 terms in
the Fourier series are computed. As expected the Fourier series converges ( admittedly slowly) to
θ(1,η)=1:
����[Φ[�� η] + �[�� η]� {η� �� �}� ����� → �����
��������� → ���� ���������� → {�����[�η�� ��]� �����[�θ(��η)�� ��]}]
1.2

1.0

0.8
θ(1,η)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

η
Here is a blow-up of the function 1- G(η)=(�� (η ���� (�) - ���� (η))/ϵ�
����[� - �[�� η]� {η� �� �}� ����� → �����
���������� → {�����[�η�� ��]� �����[��(��η)�� ��]}]
1.0

0.5

0.0
G(2,η)

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

η
The temperature along the center line of the rod is shown below:
HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb ��� 7

����[Φ[�� η] + �[�� η]� {η� �� �}� ����� → �����


���������� → {�����[�η�� ��]� �����[�θ(��η)�� ��]}]

1.5
θ(0,η)

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

η
In the next set of plots we show the 2-D temperature field in the rod.
������[Φ[ξ� η] + �[�� η]� {ξ� �� �}� {η� �� �}�
��������� → {�����[�ξ�� ��]� �����[�η�� ��]� �����[�θ(ξ�η)�� ��]}]

The following is a contour plot of the temperature distribution θ(ξ, η):


8 ��� HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb

�����������[Φ[ξ� η] + �[�� η]� {η� �� �}� {ξ� �� �}�


���������� → ��� ������������� → �����������������
����������� → ���������� ���������� → {�����[�η�� ��]� �����[�ξ�� ��]}]
1.0

0.8

1.8

0.6 1.4
ξ

1.0

0.4
0.6

0.2
0.2

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

η
Note that at ξ=1, the temperature field θ(1,η) exhibits oscillations. This is a result of the Gibbs phenom-
ena due to the discontinuity in the boundary conditions θ(1,η)=1, and θ(ξ,1)=θ(ξ,0)=0.

��������������������������
For convenience we restate the dimensionless form of the steady heat conduction problem

�����������������
� ∂ ∂θ ∂� θ
ξ + ϵ� + �� � (η) = �� � < ξ < �� � < η < �
ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ η�

��� � θ (ξ� �) = �

��� � θ (ξ� �) = �

��� � θ (�� η) = �
The differential operator becomes
∂� θ � ∂θ ∂� θ
+ + ϵ� + �� � (η) = �
∂ ξ� ξ ∂ξ ∂ η�
which we will write as
∂� θ ∂θ ∂� θ
ξ + + ϵ� ξ + �� ξ � (η) = �
∂ ξ� ∂ξ ∂ η�
HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb ��� 9

so as to avoid the singularity at ξ=0. When expressed in dimensionless form, the problem depends on
two parameters: S0 and ϵ.

��������������
For the numerical calculation we select S0 = 10 and ϵ=0.5

�� = ��� ϵ = ���� θ����� = ������������


 ϵ� ξ �[θ[ξ� η]� η� η] + �[θ[ξ� η]� ξ] + ξ �[θ[ξ� η]� ξ� ξ] + �� ξ ����[η] ⩵ ��
θ[�� η] ⩵ �� θ[ξ� �] ⩵ ���- ���� (� - ξ)�
θ[ξ� �] ⩵ ���- ���� (� - ξ)� θ� {ξ� �� �}� {η� �� �}�

The above code eliminates the temperature discontinuity at the both end of the rod by using a function
that allows the temperature to change rapidly from θ(ξ,1)=0 to θ(ξ,1)=1 as ξ→1. A similar function
handles the case at η=0.
�����������[θ�����[ξ� η]� {η� �� �}� {ξ� �� �}�
������������� → ����������������� ���������� → ���
����������� → ���������� ���������� → {�����[�η�� ��]� �����[�ξ�� ��]}]
1.0

0.8

1.8

0.6 1.4
ξ

1.0

0.4
0.6

0.2
0.2

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

η
Here is the temperature profile along the center line ξ=0 if the rod
10 ��� HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb

����[θ�����[�� η]� {η� �� �}� ����� → �����


���������� → {�����[�η�� ��]� �����[�θ(��η)�� ��]}]

1.5
θ(0,η)

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

η
Here is the surface temperature of the rod as a function of the axial coordinate η:
����[θ�����[�� η]� {η� �� �}� ����� → �����
���������� → {�����[�η�� ��]� �����[�θ(��η)�� ��]}]
2.0

1.5
θ(1,η)

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

η
Finally we show a 3-D plot of the temperature θ(ξ,η) in the rod
������[θ�����[ξ� η]� {η� �� �}� {ξ� �� �}�
��������� → {�����[�η�� ��]� �����[�ξ�� ��]� �����[�θ(ξ�η)�� ��]}]
HeatConductionRodwithHeatSource.nb ��� 11

�������������
In this problem we have illustrated how to solve the steady heat conduction in a cylindrical rod with a
specified heat source. The solution can be found “analytically” using the method of separation of vari-
ables. We also showed how the problem can be solved using the Finite Element Method, which is now
implemented in Mathematica Version 10.x. As shown it takes a few lines of code to do this calculation.
There is good agreement between both methods.

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