HB C11 ISM 07 Final Odd Even PDF

Chapter 7
Calculus of Several Variables

7.1 Functions of Several Variables
1. f(x, y) = 5x + 3y 3x + 2 y
6. f ( x, y ) =
f(−1, 2) = 5(−1) + 3(2) = 1 2x + 3y
f(3, 0) = 5(3) + 3(0) = 15
3 ×1 + 2 × 2 7
=
f (1, 2) =
2. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + x − 4 y 2 ×1 + 3 × 2 8
3 × (−4) + 2 × 6
f (1, 3) =12 + 1 − 4(3) =−10 =
f (−4, 6) = 0
2 × (−4) + 3 × 6
f (2, − 1) = 22 + 2 − 4(−1) = 10
7. g ( x,=
y) y 2 − x2
3. g ( x, =
y ) x( y − x3 )
g (4, 5) = 52 − 4 2 = 9=3
g (1, 1) =
1(1 − (1)3 ) =0
g (−1, 4) =−1(4 − (−1)3 ) =−5 g (−1, 2)= 2 − (−1) =
2 2
3 ≈ 1.732
4. g(x, y) = xy − x(y + 1) 8. g (u , v) = 10u1/ 2 v 2 / 3

g(1, 0) = 1(0) − 1(0 + 1) = −1
( )
2
g(−2, 3) = −2(3) − (−2)(3 + 1) = 2 = =
g (16, 27) 10 16 3 27 360
( 3 −1,331) =
2
5. f ( x, y ) =( x − 1) 2 + 2 xy 3 g (4, − 1,331)= 10 4 2, 420
f (2, − 1) =(2 − 1) 2 + 2(2)(−1)3 =−3
s
f (1, 2) =(1 − 1) 2 + 2(1)(2)3 =16 9. f ( r, s ) =
ln r
3 3
f (e =
2
, 3) = 2
ln e 2
e3
f (ln=9, e3 ) ≈ 25.515
ln(ln 9)
10. f ( x, y ) = xye xy
=
f (1, ln 2) ln=
2eln 2 2ln 2
= =
f (ln 3, ln 4) (ln 3)(ln 4)e(ln 3)(ln 4) (ln 3)(ln 4)3ln 4 or (ln 3)(ln 4)4ln 3
y x
11. g ( x, y=
) +
x y
2 1 5
g (1, 2) = + =
1 2 2
3 2 13
g (2, − 3) = − + − = − ≈ −2.167
2 3 16
705
706 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
e st
12. f ( s, t ) =
2 − e st
e0
f=
(1, 0) = 1
2 − e0
e 2ln 2 eln 4 4
f (ln 2, 2) = = = = −2
2−e 2ln 2
2−e ln 4 2−4
13. f(x, y, z) = xyz

f(1, 2, 3) = (1)(2)(3) = 6
f(3, 2, 1) = (3)(2)(1) = 6
14. g ( x, y, z=
) ( x + y )e yz
g (1, 0, − 1)
= (1)e=
0
1
g (1, 1, 2) =+
(1 1)e 2 =
2e 2
ln(r + t )
15. F (r , s, t ) =
r +s+t
ln(2)
f (1,=
1, 1) ≈ 0.2310
3
ln(3e2 )
f (0, e 2 , 3e 2 ) =
4e 2
2 + ln 3
= ≈ 0.1048
4e 2
16. f ( x, y, z ) = xye z + xze y + yze x

f(1, 1, 1) = e + e + e = 3e
f (ln 2, ln 3, ln 4) = (ln 2)(ln 3)eln 4 + (ln 2)(ln 4)eln 3 + (ln 3)(ln 4)eln 2
= 4ln 2ln 3 + 3ln 2ln 4 + 2ln 3ln 4
5x + 2 y 19. f ( x,= x2 − y
17. f ( x, y ) = y)
4x + 3y The domain of f is the set of all real pairs
The domain of f is the set of all real pairs
(x, y) such that x 2 − y ≥ 0, or y ≤ x 2 .
4
(x, y) such that 4x + 3y ≠ 0, or y ≠ − x.
3 x
20. f ( x, y ) =
ln( x + y )
18. f ( x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y 2
The domain is the set of all (x, y) such that
The domain is the set of all (x, y) such that x + y > 0 and x + y ≠ 1.
9 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0 or x 2 + y 2 ≤ 9. This is the
disk of radius 3 centered at (0, 0). 21. f(x, y) = ln(x + y − 4)
The domain of f is the set of all real pairs
(x, y) such that x + y − 4 > 0, or y > 4 − x.
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 707
e xy 26. f ( x, y=
x
= C
22. f ( x, y ) = )
x − 2y y
The domain is the set of all (x, y) such that The graph is sketched for C = −2 and C =
x − 2y > 0. 2.
23. f(x, y) = x + 2y
With C = 1, C = 2, and C = −3, the three
sketched level curves have equations
x + 2y = 1, x + 2y = 2, and x + 2y = −3.
27. f(x, y) = xy
With C = 1, C = −1, C = 2, and C = −2,
the four sketched level curves have
equations xy = 1, xy = −1, xy = 2, and
24. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y = C xy = −2.
The graph is sketched for C = 0, C = 4,
and C = 9.
28. f ( x,= =
y ) ye x
C
The graph is sketched for C = 0 and C = 1.
25. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 4 x − y
With C = −4, and C = 5, the two sketched
level curves have equations
x2 − 4 x − y = −4 and x 2 − 4 x − y =
5.
29. f ( x, y ) = xe y (d) With one more skilled worker and one

more unskilled worker, x = 21 and
With C = 1, and C = e, the two sketched
y = 41, so the additional output is
level curves have equations xe y = 1 and Q(21, 41) − Q(20, 40) = 20,810 units.
xe y = e.
32. Let x be the number of scientific graphing
calculators and y the number of business
calculators.
(a) The cost is C(x, y) = 40x + 20y.
(b) C (500, 800) = 40 × 500 + 20 × 800

= $36,000
(c) Let ∆y be the number of business

calculators that need to cut back to
30. f ( x, y ) = ln( x 2 + y 2 ) = C compensate for the increase of 50
The graph is sketched for C = 4 and scientific calculators. Then for cost to
C = ln 4. remain constant from the level in part
(b) we must have
= 36,000 C (550,800 − ∆y )
= 40(550) + 20(800 − ∆y )
= 38,000 − 20∆y
or ∆y = 100.
33. (a) Let R denote the total monthly

revenue. Then
R = (revenue from the first brand)
+ (revenue from the second brand)
= x1D1 ( x1 , x2 ) + x2 D2 ( x1 , x2 ).
So,
R ( x1 , x2 )= x1 (200 − 10 x1 + 20 x2 )
+ x2 (100 + 5 x1 − 10 x2 )
31. (a) Q( x, y ) = 10 x 2 y and x = 20, y = 40. = 200 x1 − 10 x12 + 25 x1 x2
Q(20, 40) = 10(20) 2 (40) + 100 x2 − 10 x22 .
= 160,000 units.
(b) If x1 = 21 and x2 = 16, then
(b) With one more skilled worker, x = 21 R (21, 16)
and the additional output is = 200(21) − 10(21) 2 + 25(21)(16)
Q(21, 40) − Q(20, 40) = 16,400 units.
+ 100(16) − 10(16) 2
(c) With one more unskilled worker, = $7, 230
y = 41 and the additional output is
Q(20, 41) − Q(20, 40) = 4,000 units. 2
= 120 ×  53 
3 3
34. (a) Q(125, 1,331) 113
 
= 33,000 units
(b) Let’s replace K by

K L
and L by . (b) If a + b < 1, 2a +b < 2 and f increases
2 2 but does not double.
2/3 1/3
K  L
Then Q1 = 120     (c) If a + b = 1, 2a +b = 2 and f doubles
 2  2 (exactly).
120
= 2/3 1/3 K 2/3 L1/3
2 2 36. Let Q(x, y) denote the number of cell
Q0 phones produced by x machines with
= y worker hours.
2
Q(x, y) = 10xy
where Q0 = 120 K 2 / 3 L1/ 3 . Since 10xy = 1,000 is desired, the
This shows that the output will also be relationship between x and y must be
halved. 100
y= .
x
35. f ( x, y ) = Ax a y b
f (2 x, 2 y ) = A(2 x) a (2 y )b 37. Let R denote the manufacturer’s revenue.
Then
= A(2) a x a (2)b y b R = (revenue from domestic sales)
= (2a +b ) Ax a y b + (revenue from sales abroad)
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, and A > 0  x y 
R ( x, y=
) x  60 − + 
 5 20 
(a) If a + b > 1, 2a +b > 2 and f more than  y x 
doubles. + y  50 − + 
 10 20 
2 2
x y xy
= 60 x + 50 y − − + .
5 10 10
320 y 160 x
38. Q( x=
, y) + denotes the number of units sold, A the sales price per unit, x the number
y+2 x+4
of thousand dollars spent on development, and y the number of thousand dollars spent on
promotion. The profit is
 320 y 160 x 
P ( x, y, A=
)  +  ( A − 50) − 1,000 x − 1,000 y
 y+2 x+4
39. (a) Q(10, 20) = 30 + 40 = 70 units (c)
3
(b) 3x + 2y = 70 or y =
− x + 35
2
(d) 70 = 3 ⋅ (12) + 2(20 + ∆y ) 41. U(25, 8) = (25 + 1)(8 + 2) = 260

2∆y = 70 − 36 − 40
6
∆y =− =−3,
2
or decrease unskilled labor by
3 workers.
40. U ( x, y ) = 2 x3 y 2 so
= =
U (5, 4) 2(5) 3
(4) 2 4,000
The utility yields an indifference curve: The indifference curve shows all
20 5 combinations of close friends and
4,000 = 2x3 y 2 or y = 3/ 2 interesting projects that lead to the same
x
satisfaction for Beverly. So, you could say
The graph of the level curve U = 4,000 is
she is “indifferent” to change whenever
shown in the figure.
the combination stays the same.
42. Q( K , L) = AK α L1−α so
α
Q=
(mK , mL) A(mK )= (mL)1−α Amα K α=
m1−α L1−α Am1+α−α
= K α L1−α mAK
= α 1−α
L mQ( K , L)
Ai
43. M ( A, n, i ) =
1 − (1 + i ) −12n
 0.052 
(a) M  250000, 15, 
 12 
=
250,000 0.052
12 (
≈ $2,003.13
)
(
0.052 −12(15)
1 − 1 + 12 )
The total amount paid is
(2003.13)(12)(15) = $360,563.40
Since the original loan is for $250,000, the interest paid is
360,563.4 − 250,000 = $110,563.40.
 0.056 
(b) M  250000, 30, 
 12 
=
250,000 0.056
12 (
≈ $1,435.20
)
( )
−12(30)
1 − 1 + 0.056
12
The total amount paid is
(1435.20)(12)(30) = $516,672
Since the original loan is for $250,000, the interest paid is
516,672 − 250,000 = $266,672.
N
44. (a) Let x be the number of units ordered in each shipment. Then shipment are ordered at a cost
x
N x x
of D . The average number of units in storage at any time is , so the storage cost is S .
x 2 2
DN Sx
C=( x) +
x 2
S
C ′( x) = − DNx −2 +
2
DN S 2 DN
C ′( x) = 0 when = = or x = Q( N , D, S ).
2 2 S
x
(The negative square root is disregarded as extraneous.)
2(35)(9,720)
=
(b) Q(9,720, 35, 0.84) = 900
0.84
The EOQ is 900 units per order.
=
45. Q( K , L) A[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β
Q( sK , sL)
= A[α ( sK ) − β + (1 − α )( sL) − β ]−1/ β
= A[α s − β K − β + (1 − α ) s − β L− β ]−1/ β
= A( s − β ) −1/ β [α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β
= sA[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β
= sQ( K , L)
46. (a) Q( K , L) = 57 K 1/ 4 L3/ 4
K 277 311 493 554 718

L 743 823 1,221 1,486 3,197
Q 33,093 36,780 55,478 66,186 125,448
(b) Q(3(277), 3(743)) = 99,279 = 3(33,093)

Q(0.5(277), 0.5(743)) = 16,546.5 = 0.5(33,093)
33,093
= 23,
Q(2(277), 0.5(743)) =
400.3
2
−1/ 2 1
=
For this last Q, Q(2 K , 0.5 L) 2= (57) K 1/ 4 L3/ 4 Q( K , L) .
2
47. (a) S(15.83, 87.11) (c) Let W0 , H 0 be Jenny’s weight and

= 0.0072(15.83 ^ 0.425) height at birth. Then,
(87.11 ^ 0.725)
Input into home screen to find S (W0 , H 0 ) = 0.0072W00.425 H 00.725
S(15.83, 87.11) ≈ 0.5938. When W = 6W0 and H = 2 H 0 ,
To sketch several additional level S (6W0 , 2 H 0 )
curves of S(W, H), we will use the list
= 0.0072(6W0 )0.425 (2 H 0 )0.725
feature of the calculator.
= 0.0072(6)0.425W00.425 (2)0.725 H 00.725
In general, 0.0072W 0.425 H 0.725 = S
≈ 3.53966 S (W0 , H 0 )
S
H 0.725 = W −0.425
0.0072
1/0.725 The % change in surface area is:
 S  3.53966 S (W0 , H 0 ) − S (W0 , H 0 )
H = W −0.425  100
 0.0072  S (W0 , H 0 )
We will use S = 0.3, 0.5938, and 1.5. 2.53966 S (W0 , H 0 )
Press y =. = 100
S (W0 , H 0 )
Input (( L1 / 0.0072) * x ^ (−0.425))
≈ 253.97% increase.
^ (1 / 0.725) for y1 = .
From the home screen, input (d) Writing ExerciseAnswers will vary.
{0.3, 0.5938, 1.5}
STO→ 2nd L1. 48. (a) P (v, A) = abAv3
Use window dimensions [0, 400]50 With a = 0.5, P (v, A) = 0.6 Av3 and
by [0, 150]25.
Press graph. kg-m 2
P (22, 225π) =4,515,977
Different combinations of height and sec3
weight that result in the same surface
area. 8 8(1.2) 3
(b) With a = , P (v, A) = Av
27 27
kg-m 2
and P (11,900π) =1,338,067
sec3
(c) Writing exercise; answers will vary.
49. (a) Bm (90, 190, 22)

= 66.47 + 13.75(90)
+ 5.00(190) − 6.77(22)
(b) 0.648 = 0.0072(18.37)0.425 H 0.725 , = 2,105.03 kilocalories
H 0.725 = 26.121, H = 90.05 cm.
(b) B f (61, 170, 27) (b) For the fixed values of L and R,
=655.10 + 9.60(61) + 1.85(170) = V ( P, r )
9.3P
[(0.0075) 2 − r 2 ]
− 4.68(27) 1.675
= 1, 428.84 kilocalories. = 5.55 P (0.0000563 − r 2 )
To sketch several level curves of V,
=
(c) Bm (85, 193, A) 66.47 + 13.75(85) set V(P, r) = C for several values of C
+ 5.00(193) − 6.77 A and solve for P. We will use the list
= 2,018 2, 200.22 − 6.77 A feature of the calculator with C = 100,
A ≈ 26.9 years old 200 and 300. Setting V(P, r) = C
5.55(0.0000563 − r 2 ) = C
=
(d) B f (67, 173, A) 655.10 + 9.60(67) 0.1802C
In general, P =
+ 1.85(173) − 4.68 A 0.0000563 − r 2
= 1,504 1,618.35 − 4.68 A Press y =.
A ≈ 24.4 years old
Input (0.1802 L1 ) / (0.0000563 − x 2 )
1.3 −1.4 for y1 = .
V   M 
50. (a) E (V , M ) = k (0.0032)     From the home screen, enter
5  2  {100, 200, 300} STO→ 2nd L1.
With k = 0.2, E (10, 13) ≈ 0.0001147.
Use z-standard function under the
zoom menu for the standard window
(b) 19(0.0001147) = 0.0021793 so the
dimensions.
number of tons is
Press graph.
0.0021793
T≈ ≈ 22 tons Note that there are vertical asymptotes
( ) ( )
1.3 27 −1.4
0.48(0.0032) 510
2 when r = ± 0.0000563 but that the
graph is defined in between these
asymptotes as well.
51. (a) V (3,875,1.675, 0.004) 100m

52. I (m, a ) =
9.3(3,875) a
= [(0.0075)2 − (0.004)2 ]
1.675
≈ 0.866 cm/sec =
(a) I (12, 11)
100(12)
≈ 109.09
11
100(16)
=
I (16, 17) ≈ 94.12
17
(b) In general,
 1 
0.0122  P + 2  (V − 1) − 273.15 = C
 V 
C + 273.15 1
=
and P − 2.
0.0122(V − 1) V
Press y =.
Input
 1 
( L1 + 273.15) / (0.0122( x − 1)) −  2 
x 
Each level curve represents all for y1 = .
combinations of mental age and actual From the home screen, enter
age that yield a given IQ. {−100, 0, 100} Sto→ 2nd L1.
Use window dimensions
53. P (2, 0.53, 23)
[0, 35000]5,000 by [0, 2.9]0.3.
= 0.075(2)(0.53)(273.15 + 23) Press graph.
≈ 23.54 atmospheres
54.
(b) To find T (1.13, 31.275 × 103 ),

From the home screen, enter
0.0122(1.13 + (6.49 × 106 ) / 31, 2752 )
(31,275 − 56.2) − 273.15 ≈ 159.76.
Thus, the temperature is 159.76°C.
56. The ice pack was thickest near the poles.

Southern India or Southeast Asia appears
to be adjacent to the warmest sea.
7.2 Partial Derivatives

55. (a) To sketch graphs of several level
curves, for simplicity’s sake, we will 1. f(x, y) = 7x − 3y + 4
choose a = b = 1. We use the list fx = 7 f y = −3
feature of the calculator to sketch
level curves for T(P, V) = C for
C = −100, 0, 100.
2. f (x, y) = x − xy + 3 3t 3 −1
9. f ( s, =
t) = s t
f x ( x, y ) = 1 − y 2s 2
f y ( x, y ) = − x 3 3t
fs = (−1) s −2t =
− 2
2 2s
3. f ( x, y ) =4 x3 − 3 x 2 y + 5 x 3 −1 3
=ft = s
f x = 12 x 2 − 6 xy + 5 2 2s
f y = −3 x 2
10. z = t 2 s −3
∂z ∂z
4. f ( x, y ) = 2 x( y − 3x) − 4 y = 2ts −3 and = −3t 2 s −4
∂t ∂s
= 2 xy − 6 x 2 − 4 y
f x ( x, y=
) 2 y − 12 x 11. z = xe xy
f y ( x, y=
) 2x − 4 ∂z
= x( ye xy ) + e xy (1) =( xy + 1)e xy
∂x
5. f ( x, y ) = 2 xy 5 + 3x 2 y + x 2 ∂z
= x= (e xy )( x) x 2 e xy
f x = 2 y 5 + 6 xy + 2 x ∂y
f y= 2 x(5 y 4 ) + 3 x 2= 10 xy 4 + 3 x 2 12. f ( x, y ) = xye x

f x ( x, y ) = y (e x + xe x ) = ye x (1 + x)
6. z = 5 x 2 y + 2 xy 3 + 3 y 2
∂z f y ( x, y ) = xe x
= 10 xy + 2 y 3
∂x Note that y was treated as a “constant”
∂z and the product rule applied to xe x for
=5 x 2 + 6 xy 2 + 6 y
∂y f x ( x, y ). In the case of f y ( x, y ), xe x
was treated as a constant.
7. =
z (3 x + 2 y )5
∂z ∂ e 2− x
=
5(3 x + 2 y ) 4 (3 x + 2 y ) 13. f ( x=
, y) = e 2− x y −2
∂x ∂x y 2
= 15(3 x + 2 y ) 4
e 2− x
∂z ∂ −e 2− x y −2 =
fx = − 2
=
5(3 x + 2 y ) 4 (3x + 2 y ) y
∂y ∂y
2e 2− x
= 10(3x + 2 y )4 e 2− x ( 2 y −3 ) =
f y =− − 3
y
8. f ( x, y ) = ( x + xy + y )3
14. f ( x, y ) = xe x + 2 y
f x ( x, y ) = 3( x + xy + y ) 2 (1 + y )
f x ( x, y ) xe x + 2 y (1) + e x + 2 y
=
f y ( x, y ) = 3( x + xy + y ) 2 ( x + 1)
= e x + 2 y ( x + 1)
= (e x + 2 y )(2) 2 xe x + 2 y
f y ( x, y ) x=
2x + 3y ln( x + 2 y )
15. f ( x, y ) = 19. f ( x, y ) =
y−x y2
( y − x)(2) − (2 x + 3 y )(−1)
fx = ( y 2 )  ( x +12 y )  − ln( x + 2 y )(0)
( y − x) 2
fx =  
5y y4
= 1
( y − x)2 = 2
( y − x)(3) − (2 x + 3 y )(1) 5x y ( x + 2 y)
fy = = −
( y − x) 2
( y − x) 2 ( y 2 )  ( x +22 y )  − ln( x + 2 y )(2 y )
fy =  
y4
xy 2 ( y )(2) − ( x + 2 y ) ln( x + 2 y )(2)
16. z = =
x2 y3 + 1 ( x + 2 y) y3
∂z ( x 2 y 3 + 1) − x(2 xy 3 ) 2[ y − ( x + 2 y ) ln( x + 2 y )]
= y2 =
∂x ( x 2 y 3 + 1) 2 y3 ( x + 2 y)
y 2 (1 − x 2 y 3 )
=  x y
( x 2 y 3 + 1) 2 =
20. z ln  + 
 y x
∂z ( x 2 y 3 + 1)(2 y ) − y 2 (3x 2 y 2 )
=x x2 + y 2
∂y ( x 2 y 3 + 1) 2 = ln
xy
xy (2 − x 2 y 3 ) = ln( x 2 + y 2 ) − ln x − ln y
=
( x y + 1)
2 3 2
∂z 1 1 x2 − y 2
= 2 =(2 x ) −
17. z = u ln v ∂x x + y 2 x x( x 2 + y 2 )
∂z ∂z y 2 − x2
= (1) = ln v ln v = 2
1
=
(2 y ) −
1
∂u ∂y x + y 2 y y( x2 + y 2 )
∂z 1 u
= u=  
∂v v v 21. f ( x, y=) x2 + 3 y
18. f(u, v) = u ln uv = u(ln u + ln v) f x ( x, y ) = 2 x f x (1, − 1)= 2(1)= 2
1 f y ( x, y ) = 3 f y (1, − 1) =3
fu (u , v) = u   + ln u + ln v =
1 + ln uv
u
1 u 22. f ( x, y ) = x3 y − 2( x + y ) = x3 y − 2 x − 2 y
f v (=
u , v) u= 
v v f x ( x=
, y ) 3x 2 y − 2
f y ( x, y=
) x3 − 2
f x (1, 0) =−2; f y (1, 0) =
−1
y
23. f ( x=
, y) = y (2 x + y ) −1
2x + y
2y
− y (2 x + y ) −2 (2) =
f x ( x, y ) = −
(2 x + y )2
2(−1) 28. f(x, y) = xy(ln y − ln x) + 2 ln(2x − 3y)

f x (0, − 1) =− =2
(2(0) + −1) 2 4
f x ( x, =
y ) y ln y − y ln x − y +
(2 x + y )(1) − ( y )(1) 2x 2x − 3y
=f y ( x, y ) =
(2 x + y ) 2
(2 x + y )2 6
f y ( x, =
y ) x ln y − x ln x + x −
2(0) 2x − 3y
=f y (0, − 1) = 0 f x (1, 1) =−5, f y (1, 1) =7
(2(0) + (−1)) 2
x 29. f (=
x, y ) 5 x 4 y 3 + 2 xy
24. f ( x, y ) =+
x =+ x x( y − 3x) −1
y − 3x =
f x 5(4 x3 ) y 3 + =
2 y 20 x3 y 3 + 2 y
1( y − 3 x) − x(−3) =
f y 5 x 4 (3 y 2 ) + =
2 x 15 x 4 y 2 + 2 x
f x ( x, y ) = 1 +
( y − 3 x) 2
∂
y =
f xx (=f x ) 20(3x 2 ) y 3=+ 0 60 x 2 y 3
= 1+ ∂x
( y − 3 x)2 ∂
−x =
f yy (=
f y ) 15 x 4 (2 y )=
+ 0 30 x 4 y
f y ( x, y ) =x(−1)( y − 3 x) −2 (1) = ∂y
( y − 3 x) 2 ∂
f xy = ( f x )
f x (1, 1) = 1+
1
=
5
; ∂y
(−2) 2 4 = 20 x3 (3 y 2 ) + 2(1)
−1 1 = 60 x3 y 2 + 2
f y (1, 1) = = −
(−2) 2 4 ∂
f yx = ( f y )
∂x
25. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − 7 xy + 5 y 3 − 3( x + y ) − 1 = 15(4 x3 ) y 2 + 2(1)
fx = 6x − 7 y − 3 = 60 x3 y 2 + 2
fy =−7 x + 15 y − 3 2
= f xy
f x (−2, 1) =−12 − 7 − 3 =−22
f y (−2, 1) = 14 + 15 − 3 = 26 30. f ( x, y ) =( x + 1)( y − 1) −1
1
f x =( y − 1) −1 = , f xx =0
26. f ( x, y ) = ( x − 2 y )2 + ( y − 3x)2 + 5 y −1
f x ( x, y ) = 2( x − 2 y ) − 6( y − 3 x) f xy =f yx = −( y − 1) −2 = −
1
f y ( x, y ) = −4( x − 2 y ) + 2( y − 3x) ( y − 1) 2
f x (0, − 1) =
10, f y (0, − 1) =−10 fy =−( x + 1)( y − 1) −2
2( x + 1)
27. f ( x, y ) = xe −2 y + ye − x + xy 2 f yy = 2( x + 1)( y − 1) −3 =
( y − 1)3
f x = e −2 y − ye − x + y 2
2
−2 xe −2 y + e − x + 2 xy 31. f ( x, y ) = e x y
fy =
2 2
f x (0, 0) =1 − 0 + 0 =1 f x = 2 xye x y
and f y = x 2 e x y
f y (0, 0) = 0 + 1 + 0 = 1
∂  1 
f xx = ( fx ) s  ( s 2 + t 2 ) −3/2 (2 s ) 
f ss =−
∂x  2 
+ ( s + t 2 ) −1/2 (1)
2 2
= 2 xy (e x y )(2 xy ) + e x y (2 y ) 2
2
= 2 y (2 x 2 y + 1)e x y −s2 1 (s2 + t 2 )
= +
∂ 2 2 ( s 2 + t 2 )3/2 ( s 2 + t 2 )1/2 ( s 2 + t 2 )
=f yy = ( f y ) x 2 (e x =y
)( x 2 ) x 4 e x y
∂y t2
=
∂ ( s 2 + t 2 )3/2
f xy = ( fx )
∂y  1 
x2 y x2 y
t  − ( s 2 + t 2 ) −3/2 (2t ) 
ftt =
= 2 xy (e )( x ) + e
2
(2 x)  2 
= 2 x( x 2 y + 1)e x
2
y + ( s + t 2 ) −1/2 (1)
2
∂ s2
f yx = ( f y ) =
∂x ( s 2 + t 2 )3/2
2 2
= x 2 (e x y )(2 xy ) + e x y (2 x) ∂
f st = ( f s )
2 ∂t
= 2 x( x 2 y + 1)e x y
 1 
= f xy =−s  ( s 2 + t 2 ) −3/2 (2t ) 
 2 
− st
32. f (u=
, v) ln(u 2 + v 2 ) = 2 2 3/2
(s + t )
2u
fu = 2 ∂
u + v2 fts = ( ft )
∂s
u 2 + v 2 − 2u 2 2(v 2 − u 2 )  1 
= fuu 2= =t  − ( s 2 + t 2 ) −3/2 (2 s ) 
(u 2 + v 2 ) 2 (u 2 + v 2 ) 2  2 
Rewrite f(u, v) and what follows above − st
= 2 2 3/2
with u and v interchanged. Then (s + t )
2(u 2 − v 2 ) = f st
f vv = 2 without performing any
(u + v 2 ) 2
additional computations. 34. f ( x, y ) = x 2 ye x
fuv =f vu =(2u )(−1)(u 2 + v 2 ) −2 (2v) =f x ye x ( x 2 + 2 x)
4uv f= ye x ( x 2 + 4 x + 2)
= − 2 xx
(u + v 2 ) 2
f=
xy f=
yx e ( x + 2 x )
x 2
33. f ( s, t ) = s 2 + t 2 = ( s 2 + t 2 )1/2 =f y x=
2 x
e , f yy 0
1 2 2 −1/2
fs = (s + t ) (2 s ) = s ( s 2 + t 2 ) −1/2 35. z = 2x + 3y; x = t 2 ; y = 5t
2
1 2 2 −1/2 dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
ft = (s + t ) (2t ) = t ( s 2 + t 2 ) −1/2 = ⋅ + ⋅
2 dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
= (2)(2t ) + (3)(5)
= 4t + 15
36. z = x2y; x = 3t + 1, y = t2 − 1 38. z = x1/2y1/3; x = 2t, y = 2t2

dz ∂z dx ∂z dy dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
= + = +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
= (2 xy )(3) + ( x 2 )(2t ) 1  1 
=  x −1/ 2 y1/ 3  (2) +  x1/ 2 y −2 / 3  (4t )
= 6 xy + 2 x 2t  2   3 
1/ 3 1/ 2
y 4x t
= +
3x 1/ 2
3y2 / 3
37. z = ; x = t; y = t 2 x
y
dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
= ⋅ + ⋅
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt 39. z = xy; x = e2t ; y = e −3t
3  3x  dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
=   (1) +  − 2  (2t ) = ⋅ + ⋅
 y  dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
 y  
3 6 xt = ( y )(2e 2t ) + ( x)(−3e −3t )
= −
y y2 = 2 ye 2t − 3 xe −3t
40. ; x = t3 + 1, y = 1 − t2
dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
 ( x − y )(1) − ( x + y )(1)  2  ( x − y )(1) − ( x + y )(−1) 
=   (3t ) +   (−2t )
 − 2
− 2
 ( x y )   ( x y ) 
−6 yt 2 2 xt
= −
( x − y )2 ( x − y )2
−2(3 yt 2 − xt )
=
( x − y )2
41. D1 ( p1 , p2 ) = 500 − 6 p1 + 5 p2 ∂D1

=−0.1 p2 < 0
D2 ( p1 , p2 ) = 200 + 2 p1 − 5 p2 ∂p2
∂D1 ∂D ∂D2
= 5 and =2 = −0.002 p1 − p2 < 0
∂p2 ∂p1 ∂p1
Hence these commodities are
complementary.
Since both partial derivatives are positive
for all p1 and p2 , the commodities are 400
43. D1 ( p1 , p2 ) =3,000 + + 50 p2
substitute commodities. p1 + 3
500
42. D1 =1,000 − 0.02 p12 − 0.05 p22 D2 ( p1 , p2 ) = 2,000 − 100 p1 +
p2 + 4
D2 =−
800 0.001 p12 − p1 p2 ∂D1 ∂D2
= 50 and = −100
∂p2 ∂p1
Since the partial derivatives are opposite increased from K to K + 1 while the size
in sign for all p1 and p2 , the of the labor force is not changed. In
commodities are neither substitute nor particular, if the capital investment K is
complementary. increased from 900 (thousand) to
901 (thousand) and the size of the labor
100 force is L = 1,000, the resulting change in
44. D1 =2,000 + − 25 p2 output is
p1 + 2
∆Q = QK (900, 1000)
p2
=
D2 1,500 − 30(1,000)1/3
p1 + 7 =
(900)1/2
∂D1
=−25 < 0 30(10)
∂p2 =
30
∂D2 p2 = 10,
= >0
∂p1 ( p1 + 7) 2 or daily output will increase by 10 units.
Hence these commodities are neither
substitutes nor complements. 48. (a) Q( K , L) = 30 K 0.3 L0.7
7 p2 QK ( K , L) = 9 K −0.7 L0.7
45. D1 ( p1 , p2 ) = −0.7
1 + p12 = =
QK (630, 830) 9(630 )(8300.7 ) 10.92
p1
D2 ( p1 , p2 ) = QL ( K , L) = 21K 0.3 L−0.3
1 + p22
∂D1 7 ∂D2 1 = =
QL (630, 830) 21(630 0.3
)(830−0.3 ) 19.33
= > 0 and =
∂p2 1 + p1 2 ∂p1 1 + p22
Since both partial derivatives are positive (b) The government should encourage
for all p1 and p2 , the commodities are additional labor employment.
substitute commodities.
49.
46. D1 = 200 p1−1/ 2 p2−1/ 2
(a)
D2 = 300 p1−1/ 2 p2−3/ 2
∂D1 −300[0.4 K −1/ 2 + 0.6 L−1/ 2 ]−3
=−100 p1−1/ 2 p2−3/ 2 < 0 QK =
∂p2
( −0.2 K −3/ 2 )
∂D2
= −150 p1−3/ 2 p2−1/ 2 < 0 = 60k −3/ 2 [0.4 K −1/ 2 + 0.6 L−1/ 2 ]−3
∂p1
Hence these commodities are
complementary.
47. The partial derivative
∂Q −1/2 1/3 30 L
1/3
Q= K = 30 K L=
∂K K 1/2
is the rate of change of the output with
respect to the capital investment. This is
an approximation to the additional
number of units that will be produced
each week if the capital investment is
(b) QL (5041, 4900)

= 60(5041) −3/2 [0.4(5041)−1/2 = 90(4900) −3/2 [0.4(5041) −1/2
+ 0.6(4900) −1/2 ]−3 + 0.6(4900) −1/2 ]−3
−3 −3
60  0.4 0.6  90  0.4 0.6 
= + =  + 
3  5041 
( ) ( )
3
5041  4900  4900  5041 4900 
≈ 58.48 ≈ 91.54
(c) additional labor employment
50. The profit is P(x, y) = (x − 30)(70 − 5x + 4y) + (y − 40)(80 + 6x − 7y) cents. An approximation to
the change in profit that will result if y is increased by 1 cent while x is held fixed is the partial
derivative Py ( x, y ) = ( x − 30)(4) + ( y − 40)(−7) + (1)(80 + 6 x − 7 y ) = 10 x − 14 y + 240. If the current
prices are x = 50 and y = 52, the change in profit is
=
∆p Py (50, = 52) 10(50) − 14(52) + 240
= 12 cents.
51. F ( x, y ) =200 − 24 x + 4(0.1 y + 3)3/2 (c) With D = a + bx + cy, Dx= b < 0 and
∂F D y= c > 0.
= 6(0.1 y + 3)1/2 (0.1) =
0.6(0.1y + 3)1/2
∂y
is the rate of change of demand with ∂ 2Q
54. If < 0, the marginal product of
respect to the price of gasoline. When the ∂K 2
selling price is kept constant, capital decreases as K increases. This
∂F implies that for a fixed level of labor, the
∆f ≈ ∆y .
∂y effect on output of the addition of $1,000
of capital is greater when capital
Since y = 380 cents and ∆y = −1,
investment is small than when capital
∆F ≈ 0.6[0.1(380) + 3]1/2 (−1) ≈ −3.84 or investment is large.
demand will decrease by approximately ∂ 2Q
4 bicycles. If > 0, it follows that for a fixed
∂K 2
∂f f ( x + ∆x, y ) − f ( x, y ) level of labor, the effect on output of the
52. f=
x = lim is addition of $1,000 of capital is greater
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x
when capital investment is large than
the change in demand per unit (of $1,000)
when it is small.
in advertising. f y is the change in
demand per unit (of $1) in selling price. In 55. Q( K , L) = 120 K 1/2 L1/3
general f x > 0 and f y < 0.
1 
53. (a) If the price x of the first lawnmower (a) QL = 120 K 1/2  L−2/3 
 3 
increases, the demand for that same
lawnmower should fall. If the price y = 40 K 1/2 L−2/3
80
of the second (competing) lawnmower QLL = − K 1/2 L−5/3
increases, the demand for the first 3
lawnmower should increase. QLL < 0; for a fixed level of capital
investment, the effect on output of the
(b) Dx < 0, D y > 0
addition of one worker hour is greater
when the work force is small, than ∂Q ∂ 2Q

when it is large. of , the law states that > 0 if
∂L ∂L2
(b) QK = 60 K −1/2 L1/3 ∂ 2Q
L < L0 and < 0 if L > L0 .
QKK = −30 K −3/2 L1/3 ∂L2
QKK < 0; for a fixed work force, the (b) Writing exercise; answers will vary.
effect on output of the addition of
$1,000 in capital investment is greater 59. (a) To store the output function,
when the capital investment is small, Press y = and input
than when it is large. 1,175 x + 483L1 + 3.1( x ^ 2) * L1
−1.2( x ^ 3) − 2.7( L1 ^ 2) for y1 = .
56. From the home screen, input {71}
sto→ 2nd L1.
Use window dimensions [0, 400]25
by [0, 250]25.
Use the value function under the calc
menu and enter x = 37 to find
Q(37, 71) ≈ 304,691 units.
Use the value function again and enter
x = 38 to find
Q(38, 71) ≈ 317,310 units.
Since and are both negative, From the home screen, input {72}
sto→ 2nd L1. Use the value function
the commodities are complementary. The
second commodity is more likely to be under the calc menu and enter x = 37
bread. to find Q(37, 72) ≈ 309,031 units.
57. D1 ( p1 , p2 ) =700 − 4 p12 + 7 p1 p2 (b) Qx ( x, y ) =1,175 + 6.2 xy − 3.6 x 2

To estimate the change in output
D2 ( p1 , p2 ) =300 − 2 p2 + 5 p1 p2 when x is increased from 37 to 38
∂D1 ∂D2 while y remains at 71, we find
= 7 p1 and = 5 p2 Qx (37, 71).
∂p2 ∂p1
Press y =.
Since p1 > 0 and p2 > 0 ,
Input 1,175 + 6.2 xL1 − 3.6 x 2 in y2 = .
∂D1 ∂D2
> 0 and >0 Deactivate y1 = so that only y2 is
∂p2 ∂p1
activated.
So, these are substitute commodities and From the home screen, input {71}
the second commodity is pencils. sto→ 2nd L1. Use the value function
58. (a) According to the law of diminishing under the calc menu and enter x = 37
∂Q and Qx (37, 71) = 12,534 units. Thus,
returns, is increasing if L < L0 if the skilled workforce is increased
∂L
∂Q from 37 to 38 and the unskilled
and is decreasing if L > L0 . remains constant at 71, the output is
∂L approximately increased by
Rephrased in terms of the derivative 12,534 units.
The actual change is y3 = is activated.

Q(38, 71) − Q(37, 71) From the home screen, input {71}
= 317,310 − 304,691 sto→ 2nd L1. Use the value function
= 12,619 units. under the calc menu and enter x = 37
to find Q y (37, 71) ≈ 4,344 units.
(c) Q y ( x, y ) =483 + 3.1x 2 − 5.4 y
Thus, if the unskilled workforce is
To estimate the change in output increased from 71 to 72 and the
when y is increased from 71 to 72 skilled remains at 37, the output is
while x remains at 37, we find approximately increased by
Q y (37, 71). 4,344 units. The actual change is
Press y =. Q(37, 72) − Q(37, 71)
= 309,031 − 304,691
Input 483 + 3.1x 2 − 5.4 L1 for y3 = .
= 4,340 units.
Deactivate y1 = and y2 = so only
60. (a) Q( x, y )= 1,731x + 925 y + x 2 y − 2.7 x 2 − 1.3 y 3/ 2
x 43 44 43
y 85 85 86
Q 304,212 313,103 306,968
(b) Qx = 1,731 + 2 xy − 5.4 x

Qx (43, 85) ≈ 8,809. The actual change is 313,103 − 304,212 = 8,891.
(c) Q y = 925 + x 2 − 1.95 y1/ 2

Q y (43, 85) ≈ 2,756. The actual change is 306,968 − 204,212 = 2,756.
61. Q( x, y ) = 10 xy1/2
∂Q ∂Q
∆Q ≈ ∆x + ∆y
∂x ∂y
 5x 
= (10 y1/2 )∆x +  1/2  ∆y
y 
 
 5 ⋅ 30 
(
= 10 36 (−3) +  )  36 
 (5)
= −55
or the number of units produced will decrease by 55.
dH ∂H dx ∂H dy
62.= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
 19 −1/2  1/2 1/2 −1/2
=− x  (350) + 9(0.1 y + 16) (0.1)(5(3 )t )
 2 
=−3,325 x −1/2 + 4.5(0.1y + 16)1/2 (31/2 )t −1/2
x(3) = 35,050 + 350(3) = 36,100
y (3) =300 + 10(9)1/2 = 330
dH 3,325 3
= − + 4.5 33 + 16
dt t =3 36,100 3
3,325
= − + 4.5(7)
190
= −17.5 + 31.5
= 14
The demand will be increasing at the rate of 14 cars per month.
63. Q( x, y ) =200 − 10 x 2 + 20 xy
x(t) = 10 + 0.5t
y=
(t ) 12.8 + 0.2t 2
dQ ∂Q dx ∂Q dy
(a) = ⋅ + ⋅
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
= (−20 x + 20 y )(0.5) + (20 x)(0.4t )
When t = 4, x(4) = 12 and y(4) = 16. So,
dQ
= [−20(12) + 20(16)](0.5)
dt
+ [20(12)][0.4(4)]
= 424 units per month/month
Q′(t ) 424
= 100
(b) When t = 4, Q(12, 16) = 2,600 so 100 ≈ 16.31%.
Q(t ) 2,600
dQ ∂Q dK ∂Q dL
64.= +
dt ∂K dt ∂L dt
dK dL
= 60 K −1/ 2 L1/ 3 + 40 K 1/ 2 L−2 / 3
dt dt
dK dL
Use K = 400, = 9, L = 1,000, and = −4.
dt dt
dQ
= 60(400) −1/ 2 (1,000)1/ 3 (9) + 40(400)1/ 2 (1,000) −2 / 3 (−4)
dt
60(10)(9) 40(20)(−4)
= +
20 100
= 27 − 32
= −5
Production is currently decreasing at a rate of 5 units per day.
65. Q( x, y ) = 0.08 x 2 + 0.12 xy + 0.03 y 2 (b) Px (70, 73) = −8(70) + 10(73) − 10

∂Q ∂Q = 160
∆Q ≈ ∆x + ∆y Py (70, 73) = 10(70) − 14(73) + 185
∂x ∂y
= (0.16 x + 0.12 y )∆x = −137
+ (0.12 x + 0.06 y )∆y (c) ∆P ≈ ( Px )(∆x) + ( Py )(∆y )
= [0.16(80) + 0.12(200)](0.5)
≈ (160)(1) + (−137)(2)
+ [0.12(80) + 0.06(200)](2)
= −114,
= 61.6
or an increase of 61.6 units produced per or the daily profit will decrease by
day. 114 cents.
(d) ∆P ≈ (160)(2) + (−137)(−1) = 457 or

66. Q( x, y ) = 20 x3/2 y the daily profit will increase by
∂Q ∂Q 457 cents.
∆Q ≈ ∆x + ∆y
∂x ∂y
68.
= (30 x1/2 y )∆x + (20 x3/2 )∆y
Using x = 36 thousand, y = 25 thousand,
∆x =0.5 thousand and ∆y =−1 thousand, (a)
= 30 36(25)  (0.5) + [20(36)3/2 ](−1)

= −2,070 (b)
or a decrease in sales of 2,070 books.
67. P(x, y) = (x − 40)(55 − 4x + 5y)

+ (y − 45)(70 + 5x − 7y) (c)
(a) Px = ( x − 40)(−4) + (55 − 4 x + 5 y )(1)

+ ( y − 45)(5) or Ethan’s satisfaction will decrease
= −4 x + 160 + 55 − 4 x + 5 y by 12 units.
+ 5 y − 225 (d) Need to find so that
= −8 x + 10 y − 10 when
Py = ( x − 40)(5) + ( y − 45)(−7)
+ (70 + 5 x − 7 y )(1)
= 5 x − 200 − 7 y + 315 + 70
+ 5x − 7 y
= 10 x − 14 y + 185
kL k (1.2 L)
69. F ( L, r ) = 4
(b) F (1.2 L, 0.8r ) =
r (0.8r ) 4
= 2.93F ( L, r )
(a) F(3.17, 0.085) = 60,727.24k
∂F ∂F
∂F k (1.2 L, 0.8r ) = 2.44 ( L, r )
= = 19,156.86k ∂L ∂L
∂L r 4
∂F ∂F
∂F 4kL (1.2 L, 0.8r ) = 3.66 ( L, r )
= − 5 = −2,857,752.58k ∂r ∂r
∂r r
70. S (W , H ) = 0.0072W 0.425 H 0.725
=
(a) =
SW (W , H ) (0.0072)(0.425)W −0.575 H 0.725
−0.575
= =
SW (34, 120) 0.00306(34 )(1200.725 ) 0.013
This is the rate of change of surface area with respect to weight for a child weighing 34 kg and
measuring 120 cm tall.
S H (W , H ) = (0.0072)(0.725)W 0.425 H −0.275
= =
S H (34, 120) 0.00522(34 0.425
)(120−0.275 ) 0.0063
This is the rate of change of surface area with respect to height for a child weighing 34 kg and
measuring 120 cm tall.
(b) The surface area increases by approximately 0.013 square centimeters.
∂F cπ x 2  1 
71. =  ( y − z ) −1/2 (−1) 
∂z 4 2 
−cπ x 2
=
8 y−z
is the rate of change of blood flow with respect to the pressure in the capillary. Since this rate is
negative, the blood flow is decreasing.
72.
All of these partials measure the rate of change of percentage of total blood flow with respect to
the quantities x, y, u, v respectively.
73. =
z x2 − y 2
∂z ∂2 z
= 2 x and 2 = 2
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂2 z
= −2 y and 2 = −2
∂y ∂y
∂2 z ∂2 z
Since + =
0 the function satisfies Laplace’s equation.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
74. z = xy
∂z
=y
∂x
∂z
=x
∂y
∂2 z
=0
∂x 2
∂2 z
=0
∂y 2
∂2 z ∂2 z
Therefore, + =
0 and z = xy satisfies Laplace’s equation.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
75. =z xe y − ye x
∂z ∂2 z
= e y − ye x and 2 = − ye x
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂2 z
= xe y − e x and 2 = xe y
∂y ∂y
∂2 z ∂2 z
Since + =
− ye x + xe y ≠ 0 the function does not satisfy Laplace’s equation.
∂x 2
∂y 2
76. z = [( x − 1) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 ]−1/ 2
∂z
= −[( x − 1) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 ]−3/ 2 ( x − 1)
∂x
∂2 z  3
= −( x − 1)  −  [( x − 1) 2 + ( y + 3)2 ]−5 / 2 (2)( x − 1) − [( x − 1)2 + ( y + 3)2 ]−3/ 2
∂x 2
 2
= [( x − 1) + ( y + 3) 2 ]−5 / 2 [2( x − 1) 2 − ( y + 3) 2 ]
2
∂2 z
= [( x − 1) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 ]−5 / 2 [−( x − 1) 2 + 2( y + 3) 2 ]
∂y 2
∂2 z ∂2 z 2( x − 1) 2 − ( y + 3)2 + 2( y + 3)2 − ( x − 1)2

Therefore + = = [( x − 1) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 ]−3/ 2 ≠ 0
∂x 2
∂y 2
[( x − 1) + ( y + 3) ]
2 2 5/ 2
and z does not satisfy Laplace’s equation.
∂V nRT ∂P nRT P
77. = 2π RH is the rate of change of the P= and = − 2 = −
∂R V ∂V V V
volume with respect to the radius. When ∂V ∂T ∂P  V  T  P 
∂V =    −  = −1
the height is kept constant, ∆V ≈ ∆R ∂T ∂P ∂V  T  P  V 
∂R
Since R = 3, H = 12, and ∆R = 1, 81. (a) Cost
∆V ≈ [2π(3)(12)](1) = 72π, or an increase = (area bottom)(cost per unit area)
in volume of approximately 226 cubic cm. + (area top)(cost per unit area)
+ (area sides)(cost per unit area)
78. S ( R, H ) = 2πR 2 + 2πRH + (volume)(cost per unit volume)
(a) S R ( R, H ) = 4πR + 2πH C ( R, H )

S R (3, 12)= 4π(3) + 2π(12)= 36π cm 2 = 0.0005[π R 2 + π R 2 + 2π RH ]
+ 0.001(π R 2 H )
(b) S H ( R, H =
) 12πR = 0.0005(2π )[ R 2 + RH ] + 0.001π R 2 H
− S H (3, 12) =−2π(3) =−6π cm 2 = 0.001π [ R 2 + RH + R 2 H ]
79. PV = nRT
Solving for V, ∂C ∂C
nRT ∂V nR V (b) ∆C ≈
∆R + ∆H
V= = =
and , or ∂R ∂H
P ∂T P T = [0.001π (2 R + H + 2 RH )]∆R
Solving for T,
+ [0.001π ( R + R 2 )]∆H
PV ∂T V T
T= = =
and , or When R = 3, H = 12, ∆R = 0.3 and
nR ∂P nR P
Solving for P, ∆H = −0.2,
∆C ≈ [0.001π (2 ⋅ 3 + 12 + 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 12)](0.3)
nRT ∂P nRT P
P= and = − 2 , or − + [0.001π (3 + 32 )]( −0.2)
V ∂V V V
So, ≈ 0.0773
or an increase of 0.08 cents per scan.
∂V ∂T ∂P V T − P
⋅ ⋅ =⋅ ⋅ = −1
∂T ∂P ∂V T P V 82. A = lw
∂A ∂A
nRT ∆A= ∆l + ∆w
80. PV = nRT, so V = . ∂l ∂w
P = w∆l + l ∆w
nRT ∂V nR V Use l = 30, w = 40, ∆l =1.6, and
V= and = =
P ∂T P T ∆w = 1.6. (Note that the length and width
PV ∂T V T are increased by twice the width of the
T= and = = border, since the border is on both ‘ends.’)
nR ∂P nR P
∆A ≈ 40(1.6) + 30(1.6) = 112
The area of the concrete path is 86. f ( x, y ) = x 2 y + 2 y 3 − 2e − x

approximately 112 square yards.
f x 2 xy + 2e − x
=
83. To estimate the amount of material used, 2 2
f=
y x + 6y
approximate the change in volume of the
cylinder as its radius increases by 4 inches dy 2(0)(2) + 2e0 2 1
=− =
− =
−
1  dx (0, 2) 2
0 + 6(2) 2 24 12
 ft  and its height increases by 6
3  1
y − 2 =− ( x − 0)
1  12
inches  ft  . Since the volume of a
2  y=
1
− x+2
right circular cylinder is V = π r 2 h , 12
12 y =− x + 24
∂V ∂V x + 12 y =
∆V ≈ ∆r + ∆h 24
∂r ∂h
≈ ( 2π rh ) ∆r + (π r 2 ) ∆h
1 21 7.3 Optimizing Functions of Two
≈ 2π ( 6 )( 80 )   + π ( 6 )   Variables
3 2
≈ 1, 005.3 + 56.5 1. f ( x, y ) =5 − x 2 − y 2
≈ 1, 062 cubic feet f x = −2 x so f x = 0 when x = 0
f y = −2 y so f y = 0 when y = 0
84. Differentiate both sides of f(x, y) = C with
respect to x. and only critical point is (0, 0).
∂f dx ∂f dy d f xx = −2, f yy = −2, f xy = 0
+ = C
∂x dx ∂y dx dx =D f xx f yy − ( f xy ) 2
∂f ∂f dy
(1) + = 0 For the point (0, 0),
∂x ∂y dx
∂f dy ∂f D =(−2)(−2) − 02 > 0
= − f xx < 0
∂y dx ∂x
dy f So, (0, 0) is a relative maximum.
= − x
dx fy
2. f ( x,=
y) 2 x2 − 3 y 2
f=
x 4= x 0 when x = 0.
85. x 2 + xy + y 3 =1
fy = −6 y =
0 when y = 0.
dy fx 2x + y
= − = − f xx = 4, f yy = −6 and f xy = 0
dx fy x + 3y2
When x = −1 and y = 1, the slope is D(0, 0) = 4(−6) − 02 < 0 so (0, 0) is a
2(−1) + 1 1 saddle point.
= − =
−1 + 3(1) 2 2 3. f(x, y) = xy
The equation of the tangent line is f x = y and f x = 0 when y = 0
1
y −=1 ( x + 1) f y = x and f y = 0 when x = 0
2
1 3 and only critical point is (0, 0).
y =x + , or x − 2 y = −3 =f xx 0,=f yy 0,= f xy 1
2 2
For the point (0, 0), also.

D= (0)(0) − (1) 2 < 0 = =
f xx 16 x −3 , f yy 16 y −3 , and f xy = 1
So, (0, 0) is a saddle point.  16  16 
D= (2, 2)    − 12 > 0 and
4. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 − xy + 14 y  8  8 
f xx (2, 2) > 0, so (2, 2) is a relative
f x = 2 x − y = 0 when y = 2x.
minimum.
f y = 4 y − x + 14 = 0 when x = 4y + 14.
When y = 2x, x = 4y + 14 = 8x + 14 or 7. f ( x, y ) = 2 x3 + y 3 + 3 x 2 − 3 y − 12 x − 4
x = −2. Thus (−2, −4) is the critical point.
f x = 6 x 2 + 6 x − 12 = 6( x + 2)( x − 1)
f xx = 2, f yy = 4, f xy = −1
So, f x = 0 when x = −2, 1.
D(−2, −4) = 7 and f xx > 0 so (−2, −4) is a
minimum. f y= 3 y 2 − 3= 3( y + 1)( y − 1)
So, f y = 0 when y = −1, 1 and the critical
16 6
5. f ( x, y ) = + + x2 − 3 y 2 points are (−2, −1), (−2, 1), (1, −1), and
x y (1, 1).
fx =
16
− 2 + 2x f xx =12 x + 6, f yy =
6 y, f xy =0
x For the point (−2, −1),
So, f x = 0 when 0 =
16
− 2 + 2 x, or x = 2. D = [12(−2) + 6][6(−1)] − 0 > 0
x and f xx < 0, so (−2, −1) is a relative
6 maximum.
fy = − 2 − 6y
y For the point (−2, 1),
D = [12(−2) + 6][6(1)] − 0 < 0
6
So, f y = 0 when 0 = − 2 − 6 y, or y = −1 So, (−2, 1) is a saddle point.
y For the point (1, −1),
and only critical point is (2, −1). D = [12(1) + 6][6(−1)] − 0 < 0
32 12 So, (1, −1) is a saddle point.
= 3 + 2, f =
f xx yy − 6, f xy = 0
x y3 For the point (1, 1),
D = [12(1) + 6][6(1)] > 0 and f xx > 0, so
For the point (2, −1),
(1, 1) is a relative minimum.
 32   12 
=
D  3 + 2  − 6 −0<0
  (−1)
3
 (2)  8. f ( x, y ) = ( x − 1) 2 + y 3 − 3 y 2 − 9 y + 5
So, (2, −1) is a saddle point. f x = 2( x − 1) = 0 when x = 1.
f y= 3 y 2 − 6 y − 9= 3( y + 1)( y − 3)= 0
6. f ( x, y ) = xy + 8 x −1 + 8 y −1
when y = −1 or y = 3.
8 8
f x =y − 2 =0 when y = 2 . = 2, f yy
f xx = 6 y − 6, and f xy = 0
x x
8 8 D(1, − 1) = (2)(−12) − 02 < 0, so (1, −1) is
f y =x − 2 = 0 when x = 2 .
y y a saddle point. D(1, = 3) (2)(12) − 02 > 0
8 and f xx (1, 3) > 0, so (1, 3) is a relative
x= is satisfied by x = 0 and x = 2.
( )
2 minimum.
8
x2
Discard x = 0 because it is not in the
domain of the function. If x = 2, y = 2
9. f ( x, y ) = x3 + y 2 − 6 xy + 9 x + 5 y + 2 saddle point.
D(−2, −2) = −72(4)(−2) > 0 and
f x = 3x 2 − 6 y + 9 f xx (−2, − 2) < 0, so (−2, −2) is a relative
So, f x = 0 when 0= 3( x 2 − 2 y + 3), or maximum.
0 = x 2 − 2 y + 3.
11. f ( x, y ) = xy 2 − 6 x 2 − 3 y 2
f y = 2 y − 6x + 5
f= y 2 − 12 x
So, f y = 0 when 0 = 2y − 6x + 5. Solving x
y2
this system of equations by adding, 0, or x =
So, f x = 0 when y 2 − 12 x =
12
0 = x 2 − 6 x + 8 = ( x − 2)( x − 4)
=
f y 2 xy − 6 y
So, x = 2, 4.
7 So, f y = 0 when
When x = 2, 0 = (2) 2 − 2 y + 3, or y = .
2 2 xy − 6 y =
0
19 y 
2
When x = 4, 0 = (4) − 2 y + 3, or y = .
2
2  y − 6y =0
2  12 
 
 7  1 3
So, the critical points are  2,  and y − 6y = 0
 2  6
 19  y 3 − 36 y =
0
 4,  .
 2  y ( y + 6)( y − 6) =
0
f xx = 6 x, f yy = 2, f xy = −6 or y = 0, y = −6, y = 6.
 7 When y = 0, x = 0; y = −6, x = 3; y = 6,
For the point  2,  , x = 3.
 2 So the critical points are (0, 0), (3, −6) and
=D 6(2)(2) − (−6) 2 < 0. (3, 6). Now, f xx = −12, f yy= 2 x − 6,
 7 f xy = 2 y.
So,  2,  is a saddle point.
 2 For the point (0, 0),
 19  D =(−12)(−6) − 02 > 0.
For the point  4,  ,
 2 Since f xx < 0, the point (0, 0) is a relative
=D 6(4)(2) − (−6) 2 > 0 and f xx > 0, so maximum. For the point (3, −6),
 19  D =− ( 12)(0) − [2(−6)]2 < 0.
 4,  is a relative minimum.
 2 So, the point (3, −6) is a saddle point.
For the point (3, 6),
10. f ( x, y ) =
− x 4 − 32 x + y 3 − 12 y + 7 D= (−12)(0) − [2(6)]2 < 0
fx =−4 x3 − 32 =−4( x3 + 8) =
0 when So, the point (3, 6) is a saddle point.
x = −2.
12. f ( x, y ) =x 2 − 6 xy − 2 y 3
f y = 3 y 2 − 12 = 3( y + 2)( y − 2) = 0 when
f x = 2 x − 6 y = 0 when 2x = 6y or x = 3y.
y = −2 or y = 2.
fy =−6 x − 6 y 2 =
0 when 6 x = −6 y 2 or
f xx =
−12 x 2 , f yy =
6 y, and f xy = 0.
x = − y2.
D ( x, y ) =
(−12 x 2 )(6 y ) − 02 =
−72 x 2 y
D(−2, 2) = −72(4)(2) < 0 so (−2, 2) is a Thus, 3 y = − y 2 or y 2 + 3 y =
0 so y = 0 or
−3. When y = 0, x = 0 and when y = −3,
x = −9. When y = 0, f x = 0 when

f xx = 2, f yy = −12 y, and f xy = −6
−2 xe1− x ( x 2 − 1) or, x = 0, −1, 1. So,
2
0=
D( x, y ) =2(−12 y ) − (−6) 2 =−24 y − 36 the critical points are (−1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0),
D(0, 0) = −24(0) − 36 = −36 < 0, so (0, 0) (0, −1) and (0, 1).
is a saddle point. Rewriting f x as
D(−3, −9) = −24(−9) − 36 = 180 > 0 and
−2e1− x − y2
2
f xx (−3, − 9) > 0 so (−3, −9) is a relative fx = ( x3 + 2 xy 2 − x)

−2[e1− x − y2
2
minimum. f xx = (3 x 2 + 2 y 2 − 1)
+ ( x3 + 2 xy 2 − x)(−2 xe1− x − y2
2
1− x 2 − y 2 )]
13. f ( x, =
y ) ( x + 2 y )e
2 2
−2[e1− x −y
2 2
f yy = ( x 2 + 6 y 2 − 2)
( x 2 + 2 y 2 )(−2 xe1− x − y2
2
fx = )
+ ( x 2 y + 2 y 3 − 2 y )(−2 ye1− x − y2
2
+ (e1− x − y2
2
)(2 x) )]
f xy = −2[e1− x −y
2 2
−2 xe1− x − y2
2
= ( x 2 + 2 y 2 − 1) (4 xy )
+ ( x3 + 2 xy 2 − x)(−2 ye1− x − y )]
2 2
So, f x = 0 when x = 0 or x 2 + 2 y 2 − 1 =0
For the point (−1, 0), D = (−4)(2) − 0 < 0
( x 2 + 2 y 2 )(−2 ye1− x − y2
2
fy = )
So, (−1, 0) is a saddle point.
+ (e1− x − y2
2
)(4 y ) For the point (0, 0), D = (2e)(4e) − 0 > 0
and f xx > 0, so (0, 0) is a relative
−2 ye1− x − y ( x 2 + 2 y 2 − 2)
2 2
=
minimum.
So, f y = 0 when y = 0, or
For the point (1, 0), D − (−4)(2) − 0 < 0
x2 + 2 y 2 − 2 =0. There are no solutions So, (1, 0) is a saddle point.
to the system of equations For the point (0, −1), D = (−2)(−8) − 0 > 0
and f xx < 0, so (0, −1) is a relative
x2 + 2 y 2 − 1 =0 and x 2 + 2 y 2 − 2 =0.
maximum.
Further, when x = 0, f y = 0 when
For the point (0, 1), D = (−2)(−8) − 0 > 0
−2 ye1− y (2 y 2 − 2), or y = 0, −1, 1.
0=
2
and f xx < 0, so (0, 1) is a relative
maximum.
− ( x + y −6 y )
e− x − y 2 +6 y
2 2 2
=
14. f ( x, y ) e=
f x = −2 xe − x − y + 6 y
2 2
So, f x = 0 when x = 0.
( 2 y + 6)e − x − y 2 +6 y
2
f y =−
−2( y − 3)e − x − y + 6 y
2 2
=
So, f y = 0 when y = 3. The only critical point is (0, 3).
−2[(−2 xe − x − y 2 +6 y
) + e− x − y 2 +6 y
2 2
f xx = (1)]
−2[( y − 3)(−2 y + 6)e − x − y +6 y
+ e− x − y 2 +6 y
2 2 2
f yy = (1)]
−2[ x(−2 y + 6)e − x − y +6 y

2 2
f xy = + 0]
For the point (0, 3), D =
(−2e9 )(−2e9 ) > 0 and f xx < 0, so (0, 3) is a relative maximum.
15. f ( x, y ) =x3 − 4 xy + y 3 16. f ( x, y=

) ( x − 4) ln( xy )
=
( x − 4)(ln x + ln y )
=
f x 3x 2 − 4 y
1
So, f x = 0 when=
0 3 x 2 − 4 y, or f x =( x − 4)   + ln x + ln y
 x
3x 2 4
y= . =1 − + ln x + ln y
4 x
fy =−4 x + 3 y 2 1
fy = ( x − 4)   = 0 when x = 4. From
So, f y = 0 when 0 =−4 x + 3 y 2  y
2 f x = 0 it follows that ln y = −ln 4, or
 3x 2 
=−4 x + 3 
 4 
1
y= .
  4
=
27 4
x − 4x 4 1 x−4 1
f xx = + , f yy = − 2 , and f xy =
16 x 2 x y y
 27 
= 4 x  x 3 − 1  4 1  4 − x  1
 64  D ( x, y ) =
 2 + x   2  − 2
4 x  y  y
or x = 0, .
3  1
D  4,  =0 − 42 < 0, which means that
When x = 0, f x = 0 when y = 0.  4
=
When x =
4
, f x 0 when  1
3  4,  is a saddle point.
 4
2
4 4
=0 3   − 4 y, or y = .
3 3 17. f ( x, y ) = 4 xy − 2 x 4 − y 2 + 4 x − 2 y
So the critical points are (0, 0) and f x =4 y − 8 x3 + 4
4 4
 , . So, f x = 0 when 4 y − 8 x3 + 4 =0
3 3
f y = 4x − 2 y − 2
f xx = 6 x, f yy = 6 y, f xy = −4
So, f y = 0 when 4x − 2y − 2 = 0, or
For the point (0, 0),
= D 6(0)6(0) − (−4) 2 < 0 y = 2x − 1
Substituting above,
So, (0, 0) is a saddle point.
4 y − 8 x3 + 4 =0
4 4
For the point  ,  , 4(2 x − 1) − 8 x3 + 4 =0
3 3
4 4 −8 x3 + 8 x = 0
= D 6   6   − (−4) 2 > 0 and f xx > 0, −8 x( x + 1)( x − 1) =0
3 3
or x = 0, x = −1, x = 1
4 4
so  ,  is a relative minimum. When x = 0, y = −1; when x = −1, y = −3;
3 3 when x = 1, y = 1.
So, the critical points are (0, −1), (−1, −3)
and (1, 1).
Now, f xx = −24 x 2 , f yy =
−2, f xy =
4
For the point (0, −1),
D = (0)(−2) − [4]2 < 0
So, the point (0, −1) is a saddle point. relative maximum.

For the point (−1, −3), For the point (1, 1),
D =(−24)(−2) − [4]2 > 0 D =(−24)(−2) − [4]2 > 0
Since f xx < 0, the point (−1, −3) is a Since f xx < 0, the point (1, 1) is a relative
maximum.
18. f ( x, y ) = 2 x 4 + x 2 + 2 xy + 3x + y 2 + 2 y + 5
f x = 8 x3 + 2 x + 2 y + 3
f y = 2x + 2 y + 2
1
Set f y = 0 and solve for 2y. Substitute this into f x = 0 yielding 8 x3 + 1 =0 or x = −
2
1
Solving for y yields y = − .
2
=f xx 24 x + 2, f yy = 2, and f xy = 2
2
 1 1
D  − , −  = 12 > 0
 2 2
 1 1
Since f xx > 0,  − , −  is a minimum.
 2 2
1
19. f ( x, y ) =
x + y + 3x − 2 y + 1
2 2
−(2 x + 3)
fx =
( x 2 + y 2 + 3 x − 2 y + 1)2
3
So, f x = 0 when x = − .
2
−(2 y − 2)
fy = 2
( x + y 2 + 3 x − 2 y + 1)2
 3 
So, f y = 0 when y = 1. The only critical point is  − , 1 .
 2 
1
f xx (( x 2 + y 2 + 3 x − 2 y + 1)2 (−2) + (2 x + 3)[(2( x 2 + y 2 + 3x − 2 y + 1)(2 x + 3)])
( x + y + 3 x − 2 y + 1)
2 2 4
1
f yy (( x 2 + y 2 + 3 x − 2 y + 1)2 (−2) + (2 y − 2) + [2( x 2 + y 2 + 3 x − 2 y + 1)(2 y − 2)])
( x + y + 3 x − 2 y + 1)
2 2 4
1
= f xy (0 + (2 x + 3)[2( x 2 + y 2 + 3 x − 2 y + 1)(2 y − 2)])
( x + y + 3 x − 2 y + 1) 4
2 2
 3   3 
For the point  − , 1 , D = (−4)(−4) − 0 > 0 and f xx < 0, so  − , 1 is a relative maximum.
 2   2 
 16 x2 + 9 y 2 
− 288 
20. f ( x, y ) = xye  
 16 x2 + 9 y 2   16 x2 + 9 y 2 
− 288  −
 x  288 
fx ye 
=  + xy  −  e   =
0 when x =
±3 or y =
0
 9
 16 x2 + 9 y 2   16 x2 + 9 y 2 
− 288  −
 y  288 
fy xe 
=  + xy  −  e   =
0 when y =
±4 or x =
0
 16 
 16 x2 + 9 y 2 
− 288 
Therefore f=
x y 0 at (3, 4), (3, −4), (−3, 4), (−3, −4), and (0, 0). Let t
f= =e  
xy  x2   x  xy  x 2 
f xx = − t + y  2 −   −  t = − 1 t
9  9   9  3  27 

xy  y2   y  xy  y 2 
f yy = − t + x 2 −   −  t = − 3t
16  16   16  16  16 
 
 x  2  x   y   x 
2 2
y2 
f xy =1 −  t + y 1 −   −  t =1 − 1 − t
 9   9   16   9  
   16 
D(0, 0) = −1 < 0 so the point (0, 0) is a saddle point.
 8  3 
D(3, 4) =D(−3, − 4) = − e−1  − e−1  > 0
 3  2 
f xx (3, 4)= f xx (−3, − 4) < 0 so the points (3, 4), (−3, −4) are maxima.
8  3 
D(−3, 4)= D(3, − 4)=  e −1  e −1  > 0
 3  2 
4) f xx (3, − 4) > 0 so the points (−3, 4), (3, −4) are minima.
f xx (−3, =
 y2 
21. f (=
x, y ) x ln   + 3 x − xy
2
 x 
 
= x(ln y − ln x) + 3 x − xy 2
2
= x ln y 2 − x ln x + 3 x − xy 2
2  1 
f=
x ln y −  x   + ln x (1)  + 3 − y
2
  x 
= ln y − ln x + 2 − y
2 2
So, f x = 0 when =
0 2ln y − ln x + 2 − y 3
1 2 x(1 − y 2 )
f=
y 2 x   − 2 =
xy
 y y
So, f y = 0 when x = 0, y = −1, 1. We must reject x = 0, since f is undefined when x = 0.
When y = −1, f x = 0 when
0= ln1 − ln x + 2 − 1
0 = 1 − ln x
=
ln x 1,= or x e.
When y = 1, f x = 0 when
0 = ln 1 − ln x + 2 − 1, or x = e.
So, the critical points are (e, −1) and
(e, 1).
1 2x 2
f xx = − , f yy = − 2 − 2 x, f xy =− 2 y
x y y
 −1 
For the point (e, −1), =D   (−4e) − 0 > 0 and f xx < 0, so
 e 
(e, −1) is a relative maximum.
 1
For the point (e, 1), D = −  (−4e) − 0 > 0
 e
(e, 1) is a relative maximum.
22. f ( x, y )= x( x 2 + y 2 + 4) −1
( x 2 + y 2 + 4) − x(2 x) y 2 + 4 − x2
f=
x = = 0 if x=
2
y 2 + 4.
( x + y + 4)
2 2 2
( x + y + 4)
2 2 2
−2 xy
− x( x 2 + y 2 + 4) −2 (2 y ) =2
fy = =0 if x =
0 or y = 0.
( x + y 2 + 4)2
For x = 0 the first equation leads to y 2 = −4 which has no solution in the real number system.
For y = 0, x = ±2, so the critical points are (2, 0) and (−2, 0). Now
1
= f xx [( x 2 + y 2 + 4) 2 (−2 x) − ( y 2 + 4 − x 2 )(2)( x 2 + y 2 + 4)(2 x)]
( x + y 2 + 4) 4
2
2 x( x 2 − 3 y 2 − 12)
=
( x 2 + y 2 + 4)3
(±4)(4 − 12) 1
Thus f xx (= ±2, 0) =  .
(4 + 4) 3 16
1
= f xy [( x 2 + y 2 + 4) 2 (2 y ) − ( y 2 + 4 − x 2 )(2)( x 2 + y 2 + 4)(2 y )]
( x + y 2 + 4) 4
2
2 y (3 x 2 − y 2 − 4)
=
( x 2 + y 2 + 4)3
Thus f xy (±2, 0) = 0.
( x 2 + y 2 + 4) 2 − y (2)( x 2 + y 2 + 4)(2 y ) −2 x( x 2 − 3 y 2 + 4)
f yy =
(−2 x) =
( x 2 + y 2 + 4) 4 ( x 2 + y 2 + 4)3
(4)(4 + 4) 1
Thus f yy (±=
2, 0) =  .
(4 + 4) 3 16
 1  1 
Now D= (±2, 0)      > 0
 16  16 
Checking the signs of f xx (2, 0) and f xx (−2, 0) we see (2, 0) is a relative maximum, while (−2, 0)
is a relative minimum.
23. f ( x, y ) = xy − x − 3 y ; vertices (0, 0),(5, 0), (5, 5)

Finding the critical points in R,
f x ( x, y )= y − 1 and f y ( x, y )= x − 3
f x ( x, y ) = 0 when y = 1
f y ( x, y ) = 0 when x = 3
So, the only critical point in R is (3, 1). Now, the boundary lines of R have the equations
x = 5, y = 0 and y = x. Start with the segment on the line x = 5. The original function becomes a
function of y only, or
u ( y ) = f ( 5, y ) = 5 y − 5 − 3 y = 2 y − 5 for 0 ≤ y ≤ 5
u ′ ( y )= 2 ≠ 0
So, the extremes for this segment can only occur at the endpoints (5, 0) and (5, 5).
Next, consider the segment on the line
y = 0. The original function becomes a function of x only, or
v ( x ) = f ( x, 0 ) = − x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 5
v′ ( x ) =−1 ≠ 0
So again, only the endpoints (0, 0) and (5, 0) must be considered.
Lastly, consider the segment on the line y = x. Substituting in the original function gives
w ( x ) = f ( x, x ) = x 2 − x − 3 x = x 2 − 4 x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 5
w′ ( x ) = 2 x − 4 = 0 when x = 2 and y = x = 2
So, the point (2, 2) must be considered along with the endpoints (0, 0) and (5, 5). Collecting these
possible extreme points, we need to test (3, 1), (0, 0), (5, 0), (5, 5), and (2, 2) in the original
function to see which yields the largest and smallest values of f.
f ( 3, 1) =( 3)(1) − 3 − 3 (1) =−3
f ( 0, 0 ) = 0
f ( 5, 0 ) =0 − 5 − 0 =−5
f ( 5,=
5) ( 5)( 5) − 5 − 3= ( 5) 5
f ( 2, 2 ) =( 2 )( 2 ) − 2 − 3 ( 2 ) =−4
So, the smallest value is −5 and the largest value is 5.
24. vertices (0, 0), (2, 0), (0, 3)

and
when y = 2
when x = 1
So, the only critical point in R is (1, 2). Now the boundary lines of R have the equations
x = 0, y = 0, and . Start with the segment on the line x = 0. The original function
becomes a function of y only, or
for
So, the extremes for this segment can only occur at the endpoints (0, 0) and (0, 3)
Next, consider the segment on the line y = 0. The original function becomes a function of x only, or
for
So again, only the endpoints (0, 0) and (2, 0) must be considered.

Lastly, consider the segment on the line or Substituting in the original
function gives
So, the point must be considered along with the endpoints (2, 0) and (0, 3). Collecting
these possible extreme points, we need to test (0, 0), (0, 3), (2, 0), and in the original
function to see which yields largest and smallest vales of f.
So, the smallest value is −11 and the largest value is 5.
25. f ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + y 2 + xy 2 − 2 ; (5, 5),(−5, 5), (5, −5), (−5, −5)

) 4 x + y 2 and f y ( x, y=) 2 y + 2 xy
f x ( x, y=
−1 2
f x = 0 when 4x = − y 2 , or x = y
4
when
2 y + 2 xy =
0
 1 
2 y + 2  − y2  y = 0
 4 
1
2 y − y3 = 0
2
 1 
y  2 − y2  = 0
 2 
1 1 2 2
y = 0 or 2 − y 2 == 0, 2 y , y ==
4, y ±2
2 2
So, the critical points in R are (0, 0),
(−1, −2) and (−1, 2).
The boundary lines of R have the equations x = −5, y = 5, x = 5 and y = −5. Using x = −5,
u ( y ) = f ( −5, y ) = 50 + y 2 − 5 y 2 − 2
= 48 − 4 y 2
u′ ( y ) =
−8 y =
0 when y =
0
and x = −5
So, the extremes can only occur at (−5, 0), (−5, 5) and (−5, −5).
Using y = 5,
v ( x ) = f ( x, 5 ) = 2 x 2 + 25 + 25 x − 2
25
v′ ( x ) =
4 x + 25 =
0 when x =
−
4
and y = 5
 25 
But,  − , 5  is not in R, so reject it. Using x = 5,
 4 
w ( y ) = f ( 5, y ) = 50 + y 2 + 5 y 2 − 2
= 48 + 6 y 2
w′ (=
y ) 12
= y 0 when=
y 0
and x = 5
So, the points to consider here are (5, 0), (5, −5) and (5, 5).
Using y = −5,
r ( x ) = f ( x, − 5 ) = 2 x 2 + 25 + 25 y − 2
25
r′ ( x ) =
4 x + 25 =
0 when x =
−
4
and y = −5
 25 
But,  − , − 5  is not in R, so reject it. Collecting all points to consider,
 4 
f ( 0, 0 ) =0 + 0 + 0 − 2 =−2
f ( −1, − 2 )
= 2 ( −1) + ( −2 ) + ( −1)( −2 ) − 2 = 0
2 2 2
f ( −1, 2 )
= 2 ( −1) + ( 2 ) + ( −1)( 2 ) − 2 = 0
2 2 2
f ( −5, 0 )
= 2 ( −5 ) + 0 + 0 − 2 = 48
2
f ( −5, 5 )
=2 ( −5 ) + ( 5 ) + ( −5 )( 5 ) − 2 =−52
2 2 2
f ( −5, − 5 )
2 ( 5 ) + ( −5 ) + ( −5)( −5) − 2 =
=− −52
2 2 2
f ( 5, 0 )
= 2 ( 5) + 0 + 0 −=
2
2 48
f ( 5, − 5)
= 2 ( 5) + ( −5) + ( 5)( −5) − 2= 198
2 2 2
f ( 5, 5)
= 2 ( 5) + ( 5) + ( 5)( 5) −=
2 2 2
2 198
So, the smallest value is −52, and the largest value is 198.
26. vertices (0, 0), (3, 0), (3, −3), (0, −3)
and
when x = 2
when y = −1
So, the only critical point in R is (2, −1).
Now, the boundary lines of R have the equations x = 0, x = 3, y = 0, and y = −3. Start with the
segment on line x = 0. The original function becomes a function of y only, or
for
when
So is a point to consider. Next, use x = 3. The original function becomes
when
So is a point to consider. Now use y = 0. The original function becomes a function of x
only, or
when x = 2
So (2, 0) is a point to consider. Finally, use . The original function becomes
when x = 2
So is a point to consider. Collecting all possible extreme points, including the corners, we
need to test (2, −1), (0, −1), (3, −1), (2, 0), (2, −3), (0, 0), (3, 0), (3, −3), and (0, −3).
So, the smallest value is −10, and the largest value is 6.
27. f ( x, y ) = x 4 + 2 y 3 ; x 2 + y 2 = 1
f x ( x, y ) = 4 x3 and f y ( x, y ) = 6 y 2
f x ( x, y ) = 0 when x = 0
f y ( x, y ) = 0 when y = 0
So, the only critical point in R is (0, 0). The boundary equations are =
x 1 − y 2 and
x=− 1− y2 .
Using =
x 1− y2 ,
u ( y) = (
f 1 − y 2 , y =− )
(1 y 2 ) + 2 y3
2
=−
1 2 y 2 + y 4 + 2 y3
u′ ( y ) = 4 y 3 + 6 y 2 − 4 y
= 2 y ( 2 y − 1)( y + 2 )
1
u ′ ( y ) = 0 when
= y 0, , − 2
2
1 1
Since y = −2 outside of R, reject that value. When y = 0, x = 1 or −1. When y =, x =± 1−
2 4
3 3
or, x = − or x = . Using x =− 1− y2 ,
2 2
(
v ( y ) = f − 1− y2 , y )
(1 y 2 ) + 2 y3
2
=−
so no new points are found. Collecting all points to consider,
f ( 0, 0 ) = 0
f (1, 0 ) = 1
f ( −1, 0 ) =
1
4
 3 1  3 3
 1  13
f  ,  =   + 2   =
 2 2  2   2  16
4
 3 1  3
3
 1  13
f  − ,  =
 −  + 2   =
 2 2  2   2  16
So, the smallest value is 0 and the largest value is 1.
28.
So, no points in R are critical; only points on the boundary have to be considered.
For all points along the boundaries x = 0 and y = 0,
For all points along the circular boundary, Using
Since x = 2 implies
the point must be considered, and here So, the smallest value is
0, and the largest value is 16.
29. Profit = (profit from sales Duncan shirts)

+ (profit from sales James shirts)
P ( x, y ) =( x − 2)(40 − 50 x + 40 y )
+ ( y − 2)(20 + 60 x − 70 y )
Px = ( x − 2)(−50) + (40 − 50 x + 40 y )(1)
+ ( y − 2)(60) + 0
= 20(−5 x + 5 y + 1)
So, Px = 0 when 0 = 20(−5x + 5y + 1), or
−5x + 5y + 1 = 0.
Py = ( x − 2)(40) + 0 + ( y − 2)(−70)
+ (20 + 60 x − 70 y )(1)
= 20(5 x − 7 y + 4)
So, Py = 0 when 0 = 20(5x − 7y + 4), or
0 = 5x − 7y + 4.
5
Solving this system of equations by adding, 0 = −2y + 5, or y= = 2.5
2
When y = 2.5, Px = 0 when
0 = −5x + 5(2.5) + 1, or x = 2.7.
So the critical point is (2.7, 2.5)
Pxx = −100, Pyy = −140, Pxy = 100
D= (−100)(−140) − (100) 2 > 0 and Pxx < 0
So, profit is maximized when Duncan shirts sell for $2.70 and James shirts sell for $2.50.
30. Since the first type of system sells for x hundred dollars and costs $1,000 (or 10 hundred dollars)
per system, the corresponding profit per system is (x − 10). The demand for the first system is
40 − 8x + 5y. Hence the profit from the sale of the type of system is P1 = ( x − 10)(40 − 8 x + 5 y )
The second type of system sells for y hundred dollars and costs $3,000 (or 30 hundred dollars) per
system. Since the demand for the second system is 50 + 9x − 7y, the profit from the sale of this
type of system is P2 = ( y − 30)(50 + 9 x − 7 y ).
Hence the total profit is
P ( x, y=
) P1 + P2
= ( x − 10)(40 − 8 x + 5 y ) + ( y − 30)(50 + 9 x − 7 y )
= −150 x − 8 x 2 + 14 xy − 1,900 + 210 y − 7 y 2
The first-order partial derivatives are
Px = −150 − 16 x + 14 y and Py = 14 x + 210 − 14 y
Setting each to 0 and solving simultaneously yields x = 30 and y = 45. Hence, (30, 45) is the only
critical point. The second order partial derivatives are Pxx =
−16, Pyy = −14, and Pxy = 14.
D( x, y ) = Pxx Pyy − ( Pxy ) 2 = (−16)(−14) − (−14) 2 = 28 > 0 for all x and y.
Thus, P has a relative extremum at (30, 45). Moreover, since Pxx = −16 < 0, this relative extremum
is a relative maximum. Assuming that the relative maximum and the absolute maximum are the
same, it follows that to maximize profit, the telephone company should price the first system at
$3,000 (x = 30 hundred dollars) and the second system at $4,500 (y = 45 hundred dollars).
31. Profit = revenue − cost

P ( x, =
y ) [ x(100 − x) + y (100 − y )]
− [ x 2 + xy + y 2 ]
= −2 x 2 − 2 y 2 + 100 x + 100 y − xy
Px = −4 x + 100 − y
So, Px = 0 when 0 = −4x + 100 − y.
Py = −4 y + 100 − x
So, Py = 0 when 0 = −4y + 100 − x.
Solving this system of equations by multiplying the first equation by −4 and adding to second,
0 = 15x − 300, or x = 20.
When x = 20, Px = 0 when
0 = −4(20) + 100 − y, or y = 20. So, the critical point is (20, 20).
Pxx = −4; Pyy = −4; Pxy = −1
D = (−4)(−4) − (−1) 2 > 0 and Pxx < 0
So, profit is maximized when 20 gallons of each are produced.
32. Let x denote the number of units of commodity A and y the number of units of commodity B. The
price of commodity A is p(x) = 20 − 5x and that of commodity B is q(x) = 4 − 2y, while the cost of
producing both commodities is C(x, y) = 2xy + 4. Thus the profit is
P ( x, y ) = (number of units of commodty A)(price per unit of A)
+ (number of units of commodity B)(price per unit of B) − cost
= 20 x − 5 x 2 + 4 y − 2 y 2 − 2 xy − 4
Then Px =20 − 10 x − 2 y and Py =4 − 4 y − 2 x. Setting each to 0 and solving simultaneously leads
to 20 − 10x − 2y − 5(4 − 4y − 2x) = −2y + 20y = 18y = 0 or y = 0, so x = 2.
Also, Pxx (2, 0) =−10, Pxy (2, 0) =
−2, and Pyy = −4.
D(2, 0) = (−10)(−4) − (−2) 2 > 0 and Pxx < 0, so (2, 0) is a relative maximum. This means that the
company ought to sell 2 units of commodity A and none of commodity B.
33. profit = (profit from domestic market)

+ (profit from foreign market)
 x y 
P ( x, y=
) x  60 − + 
 5 20 
 y x 
+ y  50 − +  − 10 ( x + y )
 10 20 
2
x xy y2
= 50 x − + + 40 y −
5 10 10
2 y
Px =50 − x +
5 10
2 y
So, Px = 0 when 0 = 50 − x + = 500 − 4 x + y.
5 10
x y
Py = + 40 −
10 5
x y
So, Py = 0 when 0 = + 40 − = x + 400 − 2 y
10 5
Solving this system by multiplying the first equation by two and adding to the second,
0 = 1400 − 7x, or x = 200.
When x = 200, Py = 0 when
0 = 200 + 400 − 2y, or y = 300.
2 1 1
Pxx = − , Pyy = − , Pxy =
5 5 10
2
 2  1   1 
D =−   −  −   > 0 and Pxx < 0
 5  5   10 
So, profit is maximized when
200 machines are supplied to the domestic market and 300 are supplied to the foreign market.
34. (a) The profit at home is

 x x2
Ph = x 150 −  − cx= (150 − c) x −
 6 6
where c is the cost of manufacturing a machine.
x
( Ph ) x= 150 − c − = 0 when x = 450 − 3c. ( Ph ) xx < 0 so x = 450 − 3c represents a maximum.
3
(b) The profit abroad is

y2
Pf = (100 − c) y −
10
y
( Pf ) y= 100 − c − = 0 if y = 500 − 5c. ( Pf ) yy < 0 so y = 500 − 5c represents a maximum.
5
(c) The total profit is Ph + Pf which is maximized when x = 450 − 3c and y = 500 − 5c.
(d) Writing exercise; answers will vary.
35. Using the hint

 640 y 216 x 
P ( x, y ) =
 +  (210 − 135)
 y+3 x+5
− 1,000( x + y )
noting that the price and cost per unit are in dollars, while promotion and development are in thousand
dollars.
 640 y 216 x 
P ( x, y =
) 75  +  − 1,000 x
 y+3 x+5
− 1,000 y
Px ( x, y )
 ( x + 5 )( 216 ) − ( 216 x )(1) 
75   − 1,000

 ( x + 5 ) 2 

 1,080 
= 75   − 1,000
 ( x + 5 )2 
 
81,000
= − 1,000
( x + 5 )2
Px ( x, y ) = 0 when
81, 000
− 1, 000 =
0
( x + 5)
2
81, 000
= 1, 000
( x + 5)
2
= ( x + 5)
2
81
9= x + 5, or x =
4
Py ( x, y )
 ( y + 3)( 640 ) − ( 640 y )(1) 
= 75  
( y + 3)
2
 
− 1, 000
 1,920 
= 75  2
− 1, 000
 ( y + 3) 
144, 000
= − 1, 000
( y + 3)
2
Py ( x, y ) = 0 when
144, 000
− 1, 000 =
0
( y + 3)
2
144, 000
= 1, 000
( y + 3)
2
= ( y + 3)
2
144
12 =
y + 3, or y =
9
To see if the point (4, 9) corresponds to maximum,

Px ( x=
, y ) 81, 000 ( x + 5 ) − 1, 000
−2
Py (=
x, y ) 144, 000 ( y + 3) − 1, 000
−2
Pxx ( x, y ) =
−162, 000 ( x + 5 )
−3
−162, 000
=
( x + 5)
3
Pyy ( x, y ) =
−288, 000 ( y + 3)
−3
−288, 000
=
( y + 3)
3
xy ( x, y )
P= yx ( x, y )
P= 0
 −162, 000   −288, 000 
=D ( 4, 9 )   −0
 93   12 
3
Since D ( 4, 9 ) > 0 and Pxx ( x, y ) < 0 ,

(4, 9) corresponds to a maximum. So, $4,000 should be spent on development and $9,000 should be
spent on promotion.
36.
Along the line y = 16, becomes
So, the point (3, 16) must be considered. Along the curve , becomes
So the point must be considered. Taking into account also the corner points (−4, 16) and (4,
16),
Maximum sales are 2508 units at (−4, 16).

Minimum sales are 33 units at
37. C ( x, y ) = x 2 − 280 x + y 2 − 380 y

+ 60, 000
(a) Since 400 − x − y ≥ 0 , y ≤ 400 − x . Similarly, since 600 − 2 x − y ≥ 0 , y ≤ 600 − 2 x .

Graphing the lines= y 400 − x and= y 600 − 2 x , the region R enclosed by the intersection of the
inequalities is a quadrilateral with vertices (0, 0), (0, 400), (200, 200) and (300, 0).
(b) Finding the critical points in R,

Cx ( x, y=
) 2 x − 280 and C y ( x, y=) 2 y − 380
Cx ( x, y ) = 0 when x = 140
C y ( x, y ) = 0 when y = 190
So, the critical point in R is (140, 190). The boundary equations of R are=
y 400 − x ,
=y 600 − 2 x , x = 0 and
y = 0. Using= y 400 − x ,
u ′ ( x ) = 0 when x = 175 and y = 225

So, the point (175, 225) must be considered along with the endoints
(0, 400) and (200, 200).
Using= y 600 − 2 x ,
v ( x ) C ( x, 600 − 2 x )
=
=x 2 − 280 x + ( 600 − 2 x )
2
− 380 ( 600 − 2 x ) + 60, 000

=
5 x 2 − 1,920 x + 192, 000
v′ (=
x ) 10 x − 1,920
v′ ( x ) = 0 when x = 192 and y = 216
So, the point (192, 216) must be considered as well as the endpoints
(200, 200) and (300, 0).
Using x = 0,
w( y) =
C ( 0, y ) =y 2 − 380 y + 60, 000
w′ ( y=
) 2 y − 380
w′ ( y ) 0=
= when y 190
So, the point (0, 190) must be considered as well as the endpoints (0, 0) and (0, 400). Using y = 0,
r ( x) =
C ( x, 0 ) =x 2 − 280 x + 60, 000
r ′ ( x=
) 2 x − 280
r ′ ( x ) 0=
= when x 140
So, the point (140, 0) must be considered as well as the endpoints (0, 0) and
(300, 0).
Collecting all points to consider,
C (140, 190 ) = 4,300
C (175, 225 ) = 6, 750
C ( 0, 400 ) = 68, 000
C ( 200, 200 ) = 8, 000
C (192, 216 ) = 7, 680
C ( 300, 0 ) = 66, 000
C ( 0, 190 ) = 23,900
C ( 0, 0 ) = 60, 000
C (140, 0 ) = 40, 400
So, the minimum cost is $4,300 when
x = $140 and y = $190.
38. (a) Since the cat food won’t be sold below cost, x ≥ 30 and y ≥ 40. Also, the quantity sold of each
must be nonnegative, so 70 − 5x + 4y ≥ 0 and 80 + 6x − 7y ≥ 0. Solving the corresponding
equations for y and graphing shows that R is the region enclosed by a triangle with sides described
by The vertices are
(b) The critical point found in Example 7.3.4, (53, 55), lies within the region and therefore must be
considered. Since this point was already found to represent the absolute maximum of the profit
function, it is also represents the absolute maximum for any bounded region within the domain
of f. The maximum value of the function is f(53, 55) is 770, for a maximum daily profit of $7.70
on sale of cat food, obtained by selling the local brand for 53 cents and the national brand for 55
cents. This result is no different from Example 7.3.4.
To find the smallest profit, we consider f(x, y) along each of the boundaries. For y = 40,
Since u (x) is a parabola that points down, and any minimum must occur at the ends
of this side of the triangle, that is, at the vertices. Now we consider the line
Substituting,
We could obtain and but we can already see by inspection of the squared terms that
the coefficient of in the simplified expression of will be negative. Therefore, is,
like u(x), a downward-pointing parabola and only the endpoints of this side of the triangle need
to be considered as possible minima. If we consider, finally, we obtain
Once again we see immediately that the leading coefficient will be negative and this will be a
downward-pointing parabola. Any minimum of w(x) must lie at one or both ends of the
corresponding side. Therefore to find the minima of we only need to examine the
vertices of the boundary triangle.
So the minimum profit is $0. This is obtained when cents and cents;
at these prices, which means no cat food of either brand is sold.
The same profit, $0, is obtained when x = 46 cents and y = 40 cents; here, and
which means all the cat food being sold (national brand only) is being sold at
cost. Also, note that at cents, y = 40 cents all the cat food being sold (local brand
only) is being sold at about 3 cents above cost, for a modest profit of $2.11 per day.
39. (a) The cost of obtaining each type of shirt is $2. Since won’t sell below cost, x ≥ 2 and y ≥ 2 .
Also, the quantity sold of each must be nonnegative, so 40 − 50 x + 40 y ≥ 0 and
5 6 2
20 + 60 x − 70 y ≥ 0 . Graphing =
y x − 1,=y x + , y = 2 and
4 7 7
 36 34   12 
x = 2, the region R enclosed is a triangle with vertices (2, 2),  ,  and  , 2  .
 11 11   5 
(b) P ( x, y ) =
−50 x 2 + 100 xy + 20 x
− 70 y 2 + 80 y − 120
Px ( x, y ) =
−100 x + 100 y + 20
Py ( x, y ) = 100 x − 140 y + 80
Px ( x, y ) = 0 when −100 x − 100 y + 20 =
0 , or x = y + 0.2
Py ( x, y ) = 0 when 100 x − 140 y + 80 =
0 , or=x 1.4 y − 0.8
So,
y + 0.2 = 1.4 y − 0.8
1 = 0.4 y
y = 2.5
and x = 2.7
5
The only critical point in R is (2.7, 2.5). Now, the boundary equations of R are =
y x − 1,
4
6 2 5
=
y x + and y = 2. Using = y x − 1,
7 7 4
 5 
u ( x ) P  x, x − 1 
=
 4 
5 
= −50 x 2 + 100 x  x − 1 + 20 x
4 
2
5  5 
− 70  x − 1 + 80  x − 1 − 120
4  4 
= −34.375 x + 195 x − 270
2
u′ ( x ) =−68.75 x + 195
u ′ ( x ) = 0 when −68.75 x + 195 =
0 or, x ≈ 2.84 and y ≈ 2.55
 12   36 34 
So, the point (2.84, 2.55) must be considered as well as the endpoints  , 2  and  ,  .
 5   11 11 
6 2
Using =
y x+ ,
7 7
v′ ( x ) =
−30.78 x + 82.84
v′ ( x ) = 0 when −30.78 x + 82.84 =
0 or,
 36 34 
So, the point (2.69, 2.59) must be considered as well as the endpoints (2, 2) and  , .
 11 11 
Using y = 2,
r ( x ) = P ( x, 2 )
=
−50 x 2 + 200 x + 20 x − 280 + 160 − 120
=
−50 x 2 + 220 x − 240
r′ ( x ) =
−100 x + 220
r ′ ( x=
) 0 when − 100 x + 220
= 0 or,
 12 
x = 2.2 and y = 2. So, the point (2.2, 2) must be considered as well as the endpoints  , 2  and
 5 
(2, 2). Collecting all points to consider,
So, the conclusion is again that Duncan shirts should sell for $2.70 and the James shirts for $2.50
(no change in answer). The smallest profit occurs at each of the three vertices of the triangular
region.
40. (a) D( x, y ) =−6 x 2 − y 2 + 16 x + 4 xy − 40

Dx = −12 x + 16 + 4 y = 0
Dy = −2 y + 4 x = 0
Solving the second equation for y and substituting into the first yields the point (4, 8).
Dxx = −12, D yy = −2, Dxy = 4
Since Dxx D yy − ( Dxy ) 2 > 0 and Dxx < 0, the point (4, 8) is a relative maximum. But,
D(4, 8) = −8 < 0. No, it is not possible for this enterprise to be desirable because D(4, 8) < 0.
(b) Writing exercise; answers will vary.
) C + xye1− x − y2
2
41. f ( x, y =
y[ x(−2 xe1− x − y2
) + e1− x − y2
2 2
fx = (1)]
= ye1− x −y
2 2
(−2 x 2 + 1)
2
So, f x = 0 when y = 0, or x = (rejecting the negative solution).
2
x[ y (−2 ye1− x − y2
) + e1− x − y2
2 2
fy = (1)]
= xe1− x − y (−2 y 2 + 1)
2 2
When y = 0, f y = 0 when x = 0.
2 2
When x = − , fy = 0 when y = .
2 2
2 2
When x = , f y = 0 when y = .
2 2
 2 2
Again rejecting the negative solutions, the critical points are (0, 0) and  ,  . Rewriting f x
 2 2 
f x e1− x − y2
2
as = (−2 x 2 y + y )
f xx (e1− x − y2
2
= )(−4 xy )
+ (−2 x 2 y + y )(−2 xe1− x − y2
2
)
Similarly,
f yy (e1− x − y2
2
= )(−4 xy )
+ (−2 xy 2 + x)(−2 ye1− x − y2
2
)
f xy (e1− x − y2
2
= )(−2 x 2 + 1)
+ (−2 x 2 y + y )(−2 ye1− x − y2
2
)
For the point (0, 0), D = (0)(0) − (e) 2 < 0
So, the point (0, 0) does not correspond to the maximum.

 2 2
For the point  , ,
 2 2 
D = (−2)(−2) − 0 > 0 and f xx < 0
2
So, units of each stimulus maximizes performance.
2
42. We minimize
S ( x, y ) = ( x + 300) 2 + ( x + 100) 2 + ( x − 400) 2 + x 2 + 2 y 2 + ( y − 500) 2 + ( y − 300) 2
S x = 2( x + 300) + 2( x + 100) + 2( x − 400) + 2 x
S y =4 y + 2( y − 500) + 2( y − 300)
S x = 0 at x = 0, S y = 0 at y = 200,=
S xx 8,=
S xy 0, S yy = 8, D = 82 − 0 = 64 > 0 and S xx > 0,
therefore (0, 200) is a minimum.
43. The square of the distance from S(a, b) to each point is:
(a + 5) 2 + (b − 0)2 = a 2 + 10a + 25 + b 2
(a − 1) 2 + (b − 7) 2 = a 2 − 2a + b 2 − 14b + 50 (a − 9) 2 + (b − 0) 2 = a 2 − 18a + 81 + b 2
(a − 0) 2 + (b + 8) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + 16b + 64
So, the sum of the distances is
f (a, b) = 4a 2 − 10a + 4b 2 + 2b + 220
5
f=a 8a − 10, so f a = 0 when a =
4
1
b 8b + 2, so fb = 0 when b = −
f=
4
f aa = 8,= fbb 8,= f ab 0 so,
D = (8)(8) − 0 > 0 and f aa > 0
5 1
The sum is minimized at  , −  .
4 4
44. (a) Taking the test “cold” results in a score of S(0, 0) = 15.
(b) First solve

Sx = −2 x + y + 10 =0
Sy = x − 2y +1 = 0
to find the critical point (7, 4). Furthermore, S xx =
−2, S yy =
−2, S xy =
1
so D =(−2)(−2) − 12 =3 > 0 at all points (x, y). Similarly S xx < 0 at all points so the values
x = 7 (minutes of study) and y = 4 (minutes of contemplation) yield a maximum test score of
S(7, 4) = 52.
45. Since p + q + r = 1, r = 1 − p − q and

P ( p, q )
= 2 pq + 2 p (1 − p − q ) + 2(1 − p − q )q
= 2 p − 2 p 2 − 2 pq + 2q − 2q 2
Pp =2 − 4 p − 2q
So, Pp = 0 when 0 = 2 − 4p − 2q, or
0 = 1 − 2p − q.
Pq =−2 p + 2 − 4q
So, Pq = 0 when 0 = −2p + 2 − 4q, or
0 = −p + 1 − 2q.
Solving this system of equations by multiplying the first equation by negative two and adding to
the second,
1
0 = −1 + 3p, or p = .
3
1 1 1
When= p = , Pq 0 when 0 =− + 1 − 2q, or q = .
3 3 3
Ppp = −4, Pqq = −4, Ppq =
−2
D = (−4)(−4) − (−2) 2 > 0 and Ppp < 0
1 1 1
So, P maximized when P = , q = , and r = . The maximum is
3 3 3
 1  1   1  1   1  1 
P = 2    + 2    + 2   
 3  3   3  3   3  3 
2
=
3
1
e −( γkt + ( r / 4t ))
2
46. (a) S (r , t ) =
4πt
1
e −( γkt + ( r
2
=St / 4t ))
(−4 γkt 2 − 2t + r 2 )
8t 5/ 2
π
St will be 0 when the quadratic factor −4 γkt 2 − 2t + r 2 is 0. By the quadratic formula, this
−1 + 1 + 48γkr 2
occurs when = =
t tm , the other root being discarded since t must be positive.
4 γk
A typical graph of S(r, t) for fixed r is shown below.
The graph shows the value of tm corresponds to a relative maximum. This is not the same as
saying S(r, t), as a function of two variables, has a relative maximum since we do not know the
behavior of Sr .
1+ z
(b) Let z = 1 + 4 γkr 2 , so that tm = . Then
4 γk
 1+ z  γk
e −((1+ z ) / 4+γkr /(1+ z ))
2
=
M (r ) S=
( r , tm ) S  r =
, 
 4 γk  π(1 + z )
z2 −1 γkr 2 z2 −1 z −1
Note that r 2 = , so= = .
4 γk 1 + z 4( z + 1) 4
γk γk
=M ( z) = e −((1+ z ) / 4+( z −1) / 4) e− z / 2
π(1 + z ) π(1 + z )
(c) Writing exercise. Answers will vary.

47. The goal is to maximize the livable space subject to a constraint on the surface area. Let s be the
length along the floor, at each end, where a 6-foot-tall person cannot stand. Then, the livable space
is
L = 6(x − 2s)y.
x
s 6  12  72
From similar triangles, = 2 or, s = and L =
6 x − y=
6 xy − y
6 3
x 3  3 3
2
 3 2
= 2 xy + 2 
Since the surface area must be 500, the constraint is 500 x  and
 4 
3 2
g (=
x) 2 xy + x
2
72
L=
x 6 y; L=
y 6x −
3
gx =
2 y + 3 x; g y =
2x
So, the three Lagrange equations are
(
6 y = 2 y + 3x λ )
72
6x − =2 xλ
3
3 2
2 xy + x = 500
2
Solving the second equation for λ and substituting into the first equation gives
 36 
6y = (2 y + 3x  3 −

) 
3x 
72 y
6 y =6 y + 3 3 x − − 36
3x
72
= y 3 3 x − 36
3x
1 2 3
= y x − x
8 2
Substituting into the third equation gives
1 3  3 2
2 x  x 2 − x  + x = 500
8 2  2
1 3 3 2
x − 3x 2 + x = 500
4 2
x3 − 4 3 x 2 + 2 3 x 2 =
2,000
x3 − 2 3 x 2 − 2,000 =
0
To use the calculator to solve x3 − 2 3 x 2 − 2,000 =
0
Press y =.
Input x ^ 3 − 2 ∗ (3) ∗ x 2 − 2,000 for y1 = .
Use window dimensions [0, 20]5 by
[-50, 500]150.
Press graph.
Use the zero function under the calc menu to find x = 13.866.
When x = 13.866 feet,
1 3
= y (13.866) 2 − (13.866)
8 2
≈ 12.025 feet.
48. T (r , z ) Ae − pr (e − qz − e − sz )
2
=
First,
(−2 pr ) Ae − pr (e − qz − e − sz )
2
Tr (r , z ) =
Tz (r , z )= Ae − pr (−qe − qz + se− sz ).
2
If the parameters q and s are equal, then e − qz = e− sz for any z so T(r, z) = 0 for all values of r and
z. That is, the maximum (or minimum) temperature is 0. So we can assume q ≠ s and therefore
(e − qz − e − sz ) ≠ 0.
ln s − ln q
Thus Tr = 0 means r = 0. The only way for Tz to be 0 is if − qe − qz + se− sz =
0 or z = so
s−q
ln s − ln q
the maximum temperature occurs at r = 0 and z = .
s−q
49. (a) The problem is to minimize the total time T(x, y), where
(1.2) 2 + x 2 (2.5)2 + y 2
=T +
2 4
4.3 − ( x + y )
+
6
∂T 1  1 2x 
= −1
∂x 2  2 (1.2) + x  6
2 2
 
∂T 1  1 2y  1
= −
∂y 4  2 (2.5) 2 + y 2  6
 
∂T ∂T 1 x 1 1 y 1
= = 0 when = and = which leads to
∂x ∂y 2 (1.2) 2 + x 2 6 4 (2.5) 2 + y 2 6
x = 0.424 and y = 2.236.
In addition to his path, the “boundary” cases must also be considered. That is, a path where
Tom moves directly to the river (perpendicular to the river), then Tom swims directly across
the river (perpendicular to the river), and Mary runs to the finish. The second boundary path is
along the diagonal connection S and F.
Case 1
x = 0, y = 0
1.2 2.5 4.3
Time = + + ≈ 1.942
2 4 6
Case 2
x = 0.424, y = 2.236
1.273 3.354 1.64
Time = + + = 1.748
2 4 6
Case 3
x = 1.395, y = 2.905
1.84 3.833 0
Time= + + = 1.878
2 4 6
The minimum time is when
x = 0.424 miles and y = 2.236 miles.
(b) For the second team, the time is

(1.2) 2 + x 2 (2.5)2 + y 2
=T +
1.7 3.5
4.3 − ( x + y )
+
6.3
∂T 1  x  1
−
=
∂x 1.7  (1.2) 2 + x 2  6.3
 
∂T 1  y  1
−
=
∂y 3.5  (2.5)2 + y 2  6.3
 
∂T ∂T
We must find when = = 0
∂x ∂y
Press y =.
∂T
Input for y1 = .
∂x
Use window dimensions [0, 2]0.5 by
[−1, 2]0.5
Press graph.
Use the zero function under the calc menu to find x ≈ 0.3363.
∂T
Repeat process for to find
∂y
y ≈ 1.6704.
Repeating the case scenarios as in
part (a)
Case x y Time
1 0 0 2.103
2 0.3363 1.6704 1.9562
3 1.395 2.905 2.177
Tom, Dick, and Mary will win by 0.208 hours (12.5 minutes).
(c) Writing ExerciseAnswers will vary.
50. The pasture has two sides, one of length x and one of length y. We have xy = 6,400. Therefore the
6, 400
length of the fence needed is F ( x, y ) = 2 x + y = 2 x + = F ( x).
x
Minimizing,
6, 400
F ′( x) = 2− 2 = 0
x
= x = 3, 200 40 2
6, 400
= y = 80 2
40 2
51. Let l, w, h be the dimensions of the box

Cost = (area)(cost per area)
Cost bottom = (lw)(3)
Cost top = (lw)(5)
Cost 4 sides = 2(lh)(1) + 2(wh)(1)

C = 8lw + 2lh + 2wh
32
Since volume must be 32, 32 = lwh, or h =
lw
 32   32 
C (l , w) =+8lw 2l   + 2 w  
 lw   lw 
64 64
= 8lw + +
w l
64
C=
l 8w − 2
l
64
So, Cl = 0 when = 0 8w − 2 .
l
64
Cw= 8l − 2
w
64
So, Cw = 0 when 0= 8l − 2 .
w
Solving each equation for w2 ,
64
8w = 2
l
8 64
=w = 2
, w2
l l4
64
8l = 2
w
2 8
w =
l
64 8
So, 4 = , 64l = 8l 4
l l
8l (l 3 − 8) = 0, or l = 2.
8
When l = 2,= w = 2.
(2) 2
So, (2, 2) is the critical point.
128 128
=Cll =
3
, Cww = , Clw 8
l w3
=
D (32)(32) − (8) 2 > 0 and Cll > 0
32
When l = 2 and w = 2, h = .
(2)(2)
So, cost is minimized when the dimensions of the box are 2 ft × 2 ft × 8 ft.
52. so and
So, when
So, when
and .
When ,
and .
and so the ground state energy is maximized when .
x
53. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 4 xy, f x = 2 x − 4 y = 0 when y = .
2
f y = 2 y − 4 x = 0 when y = 2x.
So, (0, 0) is a critical point.
f xx = 2, f xy = −4, and f yy = 2, so D = 4 − (−4) 2 < 0 and (0, 0) is a saddle point.
The above is true but not asked for. If
x = 0, f (0, y ) = y 2 which is a parabola with a minimum at (0, 0) (in the vertical
yz-plane). If y = 0, f ( x, 0) = x 2 which is a parabola with a minimum at (0, 0) (in the vertical xz-
plane).
If y = x, f ( x, x) = −2 x 2 which is a parabola with a maximum at (0, 0) (in the vertical plane passing
through the z-axis and the line y = x in the xy plane).
54. f ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + 3 y − 5)e − x −2 y 2
2
2 xe − x −2 y 2
+ ( x 2 + 3 y − 5)(−2 x)e − x −2 y 2
−2 x( x 2 + 3 y − 6)e − x −2 y 2
2 2 2
fx = =
3e − x −2 y 2
+ ( x 2 + 3 y − 5)(−4 y )e − x −2 y 2
( 4 x 2 y − 12 y 2 + 20 y + 3)e− x −2 y 2
2 2 2
fy = =−
The critical points are (0, −0.138), (0, 1.805), (1.936, 0.75) and (−1.36, 0.75).
x 2 + xy + 7 y 2
55. f ( x, y ) =
x ln y
To use the graphing utility to determine critical points of the function,
fx
( x ln y )(2 x + y ) − ( x 2 + xy + 7 y 2 )(ln y )
=
( x ln y ) 2
ln y[2 x 2 + xy − x 2 − xy − 7 y 2 ]
=
x 2 ln 2 y
x2 − 7 y 2
=
x 2 ln y
fy
=
( x ln y )( x + 14 y ) − ( x 2 + xy + 7 y 2 ) () x
y
( x ln y ) 2
( xy ln y )( x +14 y ) − x ( x 2 + xy + 7 y 2 )
y
= 2 2
x (ln y )
x[( y ln y )( x + 14 y ) − x 2 − xy − 7 y 2 ]
=
x 2 y (ln y ) 2
( y ln y )( x + 14 y ) − x 2 − xy − 7 y 2
=
xy (ln y )2
x2 − 7 y 2
Next, f x = 0 when 2
0. f y = 0 when
= 0, or x 2 − 7 y 2 =
x ln y
( y ln y )( x + 14 y ) − x − xy − 7 y 2 =
2
0.
The critical points are found by solving the system
x2 − 7 y 2 =
0
( y ln y )( x + 14 y ) − x 2 − xy − 7 y 2 =
0
From the first equation, x = ± 7 y. Substitute x = 7 y into the second equation to obtain
( y ln y ) ( )
7 y + 14 y − 7 y 2 − 7 y 2 − 7 y 2
=0
y 2 (ln y )
 ( )
7 + 14 − 14 − 7  =

0
Press y =.
( ( ) )
Input x 2 ln( x) ∗ 14 + 7 − 14 − 7 for y1 = . (Remember that we are actually solving for y.)
Use window dimensions [−5, 10]1 by [−10, 10]1.
Press graph.
Using trace and zoom or the zero function under the calc menu to find the zeros are
y ≈ 2.7182818 (y = e) and y = 0.
If x = − 7 y, we also find the zeros to be y = 0 and y = e. So, the critical points are ± 7e, e . The ( )
point (0, 0) cannot be a critical point since ln 0 is not defined.
56. f ( x, y )= 6 x 2 + 12 xy + y 4 + x − 16 y − 3
f x= 12 x + 12 y + 1= 0
f y = 12 x + 4 y 3 − 16 = 0
0. A graphing utility reveals that y = 2.217 and x = −2.301, so a
f y − f x yields 4 y 3 − 12 y − 17 =
critical point is (−2.301, 2.217).
57. f ( x, y ) = 2 x 4 + y 4 − 11x 2 y + 18 x 2
f x =8 x3 − 22 xy + 36 x
=
f y 4 y 3 − 11x 2
The critical points are found by solving the system
2 x(4 x 2 − 11 y + 18) =
0
4 y 3 − 11x 2 =
0
Solving the first equation gives 2x = 0, or 4 x 2 − 11 y + 18 =
0.
If 2x = 0, x = 0 and substituting this into the second equation gives 4 y 3 = 0, or y = 0.
One critical point is (0, 0).
4
To solve 4 x 2 − 11 y + 18 = 0, solve the second equation to get x 2 = y 2 and substitute. Then,
11
4 
4  y 3  − 11 y + 18 = 0
 11 
16 3
y − 11 y + 18 = 0
11
Press y =.
Input y = (16/11)x ^ 3 − 11x + 18 for y1 = . (Remember, we are actually solving for y.)
Use the window dimensions [−10, 5]1 by [−10, 10]1.
Press graph.
Use trace and zoom or the zero function under the calc menu to find the zero is
4
y ≈ −3.354. We find we cannot use this value, however, since x= 2
(−3.354)3 , x 2 ≈ −13.72,
11
which has no solution.
The critical point is (0, 0).
58. (a) The critical point appears to be a minimum.

(b) The critical point appears to be a saddle point.
7.4 The Method of Least-Squares

1. The sum S(m, b) of the squares of the vertical distances from the three given points is
S (m, b)
= d12 + d 22 + d32
= (b − 1) 2 + (2m + b − 3)2 + (4m + b − 2)2 .
∂S ∂S
To minimize S(m, b), set the partial derivatives = 0 and = 0.
∂m ∂b
∂S
= 2(2m + b − 3)(2) + 2(4m + b − 2)(4)
∂m
= 40m + 12b − 28
=0
∂S
∂b
= 2(b − 1) + 2(2m + b − 3) + 2(4m + b − 2)
= 12m + 6b − 12
=0
Solve the resulting simplified equations
1 3
10m + 3b = 7 and 6m + 3b = 6 to get m = and b = . So, the equation of the least-squares line is
4 2
1 3
=
y x+ .
4 2
2. The points are (1, 1), (2, 2), and (6, 0).
S (m, b) = (m + b − 1) 2 + (2m + b − 2) 2 + (6m + b) 2
∂S
= 2(m + b − 1) + 4(2m + b − 2) + 12(6m + b= ) 82m + 18b − 10
∂m
∂S
= 2(m + b − 1) + 2(2m + b − 2) + 2(6m + b= ) 18m + 6b − 6
∂b
∂S ∂S 2
Set = 0 and = 0. Solve the resulting equations for m and b to conclude m = − and
∂m ∂b 7
13 2 13
b = . Thus the least-squares line has the equation y = − x+ .
7 7 7
3. The sum S(m, b) of the squares of the vertical distances from the four given points is
S (m, b) = (m + b − 2) 2 + (2m + b − 4) 2
+ (4m + b − 4) 2 + (5m + b − 2) 2 .
∂S ∂S
To minimize S(m, b), set the partial derivatives = 0 and = 0.
∂m ∂b
∂S
= 2(m + b − 2) + 2(2m + b − 4)(2)
∂m
+ 2(4m + b − 4)(4)
+ 2(5m + b − 2)(5)
= 92m + 24b − 72
=0
∂S
= 2( m + b − 2) + 2(2m + b − 4)
∂b
+ 2(4m + b − 4) + 2(5m + b − 2)
= 24m + 8b − 24
= 0.
Solve the resulting simplified equations
23m + 6b = 18 and 3m + b = 3 to get
m = 0 and b = 3. So, the equation of the least-squares line is y = 3.
4. The points are (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 2), and (6, 0).
S (m, b) = (m + b − 5) 2 + (2m + b − 4) 2 + (3m + b − 2)2 + (6m + b)2
∂S
= 2(m + b − 5) + 4(2m + b − 4) + 6(3m + b − 2) + 12(6m + b= ) 100m + 24b − 38
∂m
∂S
= 2(m + b − 5) + 2(2m + b − 4) + 2(3m + b − 2) + 2(6m + b= ) 24m + 8b − 22
∂b
∂S ∂S 23
Set = 0 and = 0. Solve the resulting equations for m and b to conclude m = −1 and b = .
∂m ∂b 4
23
Thus the least-squares line has the equation y =− x + .
4
5. x y xy x2
1 2 2 1
2 2 4 4
2 3 6 4
5 5 25 25
Σx = 10 Σy = 12 Σxy = 37 Σx 2 =
34
4(37) − 10(12) 7 34(12) − 10(37) 19

=
Using the formulas with n = 4, m = = and b =
4(34) − (10) 2 9 4(34) − (10) 2 18
7 19
So, the equation of the least-squares line is =
y x+ .
9 18
6. For this data
x y xy x2
−4 −1 4 16
−3 0 0 9
−1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
1 2 2 1
∑x = −7 ∑ y = 2 ∑ xy = 6 ∑ x 2 = 27
When n = 5, the least-squares formula gives
n∑ xy − ∑ x ∑ y 22
=
m = ≈ 0.512
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2 43
=
b
∑ x 2 ∑ y − ∑ x∑ xy= 48
≈ 1.116
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2 43
The least-squares line has equation y = 0.512x + 1.116.
7. x y xy x2
−2 5 −10 4
0 4 0 0
2 3 6 4
4 2 8 16
6 1 6 36
Σx = 10 Σy = 15 Σxy = 10 Σx 2 =
60
5(10) − 10(15) 100 1 60(15) − 10(10) 800

Using the formulas with n = 5, m = =− =
− =
and b = = 4
5(60) − (10) 2 200 2 5(60) − (10) 2 200
1
So, the equation of the least-squares line is y =− x + 4.
2
8. For this data
x y xy x2
−6 2 −12 36
−3 1 −3 9
0 0 0 0
0 −3 0 0
1 −1 −1 1
3 −2 6 9
∑x = −5 ∑y= −3 ∑ xy = −22 ∑ x 2 = 55
When n = 6, the least-squares formula gives

n∑ xy − ∑ x ∑ y
=m ≈ −0.482
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2
=b
∑ x2 ∑ y − ∑ x∑ xy ≈ −0.902
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2
The least-squares line has equation y = −0.482x − 0.902.
9. x y xy x2
0 1 0 0
1 1.6 1.6 1
2.2 3 6.6 4.84
3.1 3.9 12.09 9.61
4 5 20 16
Σx Σy Σxy Σx 2
= 10.3 = 14.5 = 40.29 = 31.45
Using the formulas with n = 5,

5(40.29) − 14.5(10.3)
m=
5(31.45) − (10.3) 2
52.10
=
51.16
≈ 1.0184
31.45(14.5) − 10.3(40.29)
b=
5(31.45) − (10.3) 2
41.038
=
51.16
≈ 0.8022
So, the equation of the least-squares line is y = 1.0184x + 0.8022.
10. For this data, n = 5, and

= ∑ x 28.75,
= ∑ y 27.14, ∑ x2 = 184.471 and ∑ xy = 155.68
n∑ xy − ∑ x ∑ y
=m ≈ −0.01955
n∑ x − ( ∑ x )
2 2
=b
∑ x 2 ∑ y − ∑ x∑ xy ≈ 5.54040
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2
The least-squares line has equation y = −0.01955x + 5.5404.
11. x y xy x2
−2.1 3.5 −7.35 4.41
−1.3 2.7 −3.51 1.69
1.5 1.3 1.95 2.25
2.7 −1.5 −4.05 7.29
Σx Σy Σxy Σx 2
= 0.8 = 6.0 = −12.96 = 15.64

4(−12.96) − (0.8)(6.0)
m=
4(15.64) − (0.8) 2
−56.64
=
61.92
≈ −0.915
(15.64)(6.0) − (0.8)(−12.96)
b=
4(15.64) − (0.8) 2
104.208
=
61.92
≈ 1.683
So, the equation of the least-squares line is y = −0.915x + 1.683.
12. For this data, n = 4, and

∑ x = 3.05, ∑ y = −4.76, ∑ x 2 =
13.715 and ∑ xy = 18.451
n∑ xy − ∑ x ∑ y
=m ≈ 1.0756
n∑ x − ( ∑ x )
2 2
=b
∑ x2 ∑ y − ∑ x∑ xy ≈ −2.0101
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2
The least-squares line has equation

y = 1.0756x − 2.0101.
13. Since y = Ae mx
ln y = ln A + ln e mx = ln A + mx = mx + ln A
We can find the least squares line,
Y = Mx + b, using Y = ln y. Then, use
M = m and b = ln A.
x y = ln y xy x2
1 2.75 2.75 1
3 2.83 8.49 9
5 2.91 14.55 25
7 3.00 21 49
10 3.11 31.1 100
Σx = 26 Σy = 14.6 Σxy = 77.89 Σx 2 =

184

5(77.89) − (26)(14.6)
m=
5(184) − (26) 2
9.85
=
244
≈ 0.04
and
(184)(14.6) − (26)(77.89)
b=
5(184) − (26) 2
661.26
=
244
≈ 2.710
For our exponential model, y = Ae mx . Since ln A = b, =
A e=
b
e 2.71 ≈ 15.029.
So, the exponential function that best fits the data is y = 15.029e0.04 x .
14. x y z = ln y
5 9.3 2.23
10 10.8 2.38
15 12.5 2.53
20 14.6 2.68
25 17.0 2.83
For the x, z data ∑ x = 75, ∑ z ≈ 12.65, ∑ x 2 = 1,375 and ∑ xz ≈ 197.25, and so

m ≈ 0.03 and b ≈ 2.08.
For the fit y = Ae mx , ln A = b so =
A eb ≈ 8. The best fitting exponential function to the original
data is y = 8e0.03 x .
15. Since y = Ae mx ,
ln y =
ln A + ln e mx =mx + ln A
We can find the least-squares line,
Y = Mx + b, using Y = ln y. Then, use
M = m and b = ln A.
x y = ln y xy x2
2 2.60 5.20 4
4 2.20 8.80 16
6 1.79 10.74 36
8 1.39 11.12 64
10 0.99 9.9 100
Σx = 30 Σy = 8.97 Σxy = 45.76 Σx 2 =

220

5(45.76) − (30)(8.97)
m=
5(220) − (30) 2
−40.3
=
200
≈ −0.202
and
(220)(8.97) − (30)(45.76)
b=
5(220) − (30) 2
600.6
=
200
≈ 3.003
For our exponential model, y = Ae mx . Since ln A = b, =
A e=
b
e3.003 ≈ 20.15.
So, the exponential function that best fits the data is y = 20.15e −0.202 x .
16. x y z = ln y
5 33.5 3.51
10 22.5 3.11
15 15 2.71
20 10 2.30
25 6.8 1.92
30 4.5 1.50
For the x, z data ∑ x = 105, ∑ z ≈ 15.05, ∑ xz ≈ 228.30 and ∑ x 2 = 2, 275, and so m ≈ −0.08
and b ≈ 3.91.
For the fit y = Ae mx , ln A = b so =
A eb ≈ 49.97.
The best fitting exponential function to the original data is y = 49.97e −0.08 x .
17. (a)
(b)
x y = ln y xy x2
5 44 220 25
10 38 380 100
15 32 480 225
20 25 500 400
25 18 450 625
30 12 360 900
35 6 210 1,225
Σx Σy Σxy = 2,600 Σx 2
= 140 = 175 = 3,500

7(2,600) − (140)(175)
m=
7(3,500) − (140) 2
−6,300
=
4,900
≈ −1.29
and
(3,500)(175) − (140)(2,600)
b=
7(3,500) − (140) 2
248,500
=
4,900
≈ 50.71.
So, the equation of the least-squares line is y = −1.29x + 50.71.
(c) If 4,000 units are produced, x = 40 and y = −1.29(40) + 50.71 = −0.89.

Since this predicted price is negative, all 4,000 units cannot be sold at any price.
18. (a)
(b) The points are (1, 0.9), (2, 1.5),

(3, 1.9), (4, 2.4) and (5, 3.0).
15, ∑ y 9.7,
∑ x == = ∑ x2 55 and ∑ xy = 34.2
n∑ xy − ∑ x ∑ y
=m = 0.51
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2
=b =
∑ x 2 ∑ y − ∑ x ∑ xy
0.41
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2
Thus the best fitting line has the equation y = 0.51x + 0.41.
(c) If x = 6, y = 0.51(6) + 0.41 = 3.47 (billion dollars)
19. (a) Since V (t ) = Ae rt ,

ln=V ln A + ln e rt
ln V= rt + ln A
We can find the least-squares line using y = ln V. Then use m = r, x = t, and b = ln A.
x y = ln V xy x2
1 4.04 4.04 1
2 4.09 8.18 4
3 4.13 12.39 9
4 4.17 16.68 16
5 4.13 20.65 25
6 4.17 25.02 36
7 4.25 29.75 49
8 4.32 34.56 64
9 4.37 39.33 81
10 4.44 44.40 100
Σx Σy Σxy = 235.0 Σx 2 =
385
= 55 = 42.11

10(235.0) − (55)(42.11)
m=
10(385) − (55) 2
33.95
=
825
≈ 0.041
and
(385)(42.11) − (55)(235.0)
b=
10(385) − (55) 2
3, 287.35
=
825
≈ 3.985
For our exponential model, V (t ) = Aert . Since ln A = b, =
A e=
b
e3.985 ≈ 53.785.
So, the exponential function that best fits the data is V (t ) = 53.785e0.041t . Her account is
growing at a rate of approximately 4.1% per year.
(b) When t = 20, V (20) ≈ 53.785e0.041(20)

≈ 122.1 thousand, or $122,100
(c) To find t when V(t) ≈ 300 thousand,

300 = 53.785e0.041t
5.5778 = e0.041t
ln 5.5778 = 0.041t , or
ln 5.5778
t≈ ≈ 42 years
0.041
(d) Using the two points named by Frank, 57 = Ae

r (1)
68 = Ae r (10)
Solving the first for A and substituting in the second gives
68 = (57e − r )e10r
1.19298 = e9 r
ln1.19298 = 9r
ln1.19298
or r ≈ =
≈ 0.0196 and A 57e −0.0196 ≈ 55.89. Frank’s function fits the first and last
9
data point, but may not be a good fit with the other data points. Frank’s function would be less
usable to predict other values.
20. (a)
(b) For this data, n = 6, and and

where x represents disposable income and y personal consumption. The
least-squares formulas yield m ≈ 0.8055 and b ≈ −118.53 and the least-squares line is
y = 0.8055x – 118.53.
(c)
(d) Writing exercise. Answers will vary.
21. (a)
(b)
x y xy x2
0 109 0 0
3 111 333 9
6 103 618 36
9 142 1,278 81
12 185 2,220 144
15 280 4,200 225
18 276 4,968 324
Σx = 63 Σy = Σxy = Σx 2 =
819
1,206 13,617

7(13,617) − 63(1, 206)
=m ≈ 10.96
7(819) − (63) 2
819(1, 206) − 63(13,617)
=b ≈ 73.61
7(819) − (63) 2
So, the equation of the least squares line is y = 10.96t + 73.61, which is a reasonably good fit.
(c) In the year 2015, when t = 23, the predicted price is 10.96(23) + 73.61 = 325.69, or
approximately $3.26 per gallon.
22. (a)
=
(b) For this data, n = 6, and ∑ x 15,
= ∑ y 64,597, ∑ x2 = 55, and ∑ xy = 166,357 where x
represents the number of years after 2001 and y represents the DJIA. The least-squares
formulas yield
m ≈ 277.97 and b ≈ 10,071.24 and the least-squares line is
y = 277.97x + 10,071.24.
=
(c) y 277.97(7) + 10,071.24
= 12,017.03
(d) Writing exercise; answers will vary.
23. (a) Let t denote the number of years after 2004 and y the corresponding GDP. Then,
x y xy x2
0 15,988 0 0
1 18,494 18,494 1
2 21,631 43,262 4
3 26,581 79,743 9
4 31,405 125,620 16
5 34,051 170,255 25
Σx = 15 Σy Σxy Σx 2 =
55
= = 437,374
148,150

6(437,374) − (15)(148,150)
=m ≈ 3,828.5 and
6(55) − (15) 2
(55)(148,150) − (15)(437,374)
b ≈ 15,120.4
6(55) − (15) 2
So, the equation of the least-squares line is y = 3,828.5t + 15,120.4.
(b) In the year 2020, when t = 16, the predicted GDP is,
=y 3,828.5 (16 ) + 15,120.4 ≈ 76,376.4 or 76,376.4 billion yuan.
24. (a)
(b) Let x be the number of years after 1991 and y the cocaine usage.
x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
y 6.0 4.9 7.0 8.2 9.5 9.4 8.7 7.6 7.2
xy 0 9.8 28.0 49.2 76.0 94.0 104.4 106.4 115.2
x2 0 4 16 36 64 100 144 196 256
Using n = 9 in the least-squares formulas
and the least-squares line is y = 0.146x + 6.44.
(c) In the year 2013, x = 22 and the expected percentage of students who will have tried cocaine is
y = 0.146(22) + 6.44 = 9.65%.
25. (a) Let x be the number of catalogs requested and y the number of applications received (both in
units of 1,000). The given points (x, y) are plotted on the accompanying graph.
(b)
x y xy x2
4.5 1.0 4.5 20.25
3.5 0.8 2.8 12.25
4.0 1.0 4.0 16.00
5.0 1.5 7.5 25.00
Σx Σy = 4.3 Σxy = 18.8 Σx 2 =

73.50
= 17.0
4(18.8) − 17(4.3)
=
Using the formulas with n = 4, m ≈ 0.42 and
4(73.5) − (17) 2
73.5(4.3) − 17(18.8)
=b ≈ −0.71
4(73.5) − (17) 2
So, the equation of the least-squares line is y = 0.42x − 0.71.
(c) If 4,800 catalogs are requested by December 1, x = 4.8 and

y = 0.42(4.8) − 0.71 = 1.306, which means that approximately 1,306 completed applications
will be received by March 1.
26. (a) The data set to be fit is (0, 150.7), (1, 179.3), (2, 203.2), (3, 226.5), (4, 248.7), and (5, 291.4).
For this data, n = 6, and ∑ t = 15, ∑ y = 1, 299.8, ∑ t 2 = 55 and ∑ ty = 3,717 and the least-
squares slope and intercept are m ≈ 26.71 and b ≈ 149.85. The least-squares line is
y = 26.71t + 149.85.
(b) The year 2010 is t = 6 decades from 1950. The predicted population is
y = 26.71(6) + 149.85 ≈ 310.11 million people. The actual population in 2010 was
308.7 million.
27. (a) Let x denote the number of decades after 1950 and y the corresponding population (in
millions). Then,
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 150.7 179.3 203.2 226.5 248.7 291.4
Since y = Ae mx ,
ln=y ln A + ln e mx
ln=y mx + ln A
We can find the least-squares line, Y = Mx + b, using Y = ln y. Then, use M = m and b = ln A.
x y = ln y xy x2
0 5.02 0 0
1 5.19 5.19 1
2 5.31 10.62 4
3 5.42 16.26 9
4 5.52 22.08 16
5 5.67 28.35 25
Σx = 15 Σy = 32.13 Σxy = 82.5 Σx 2 =

55
6(82.5) − (15)(32.13) 13.05

Using the formulas with n = =
6, m = ≈ 0.124 and
6(55) − (15) 2 105
(55)(32.13) − (15)(82.5) 529.65
=b = ≈ 5.044. For our exponential model, P = Ae mx .
6(55) − (15) 2 105
Since ln A = b, =
A e=
b
e5.044 ≈ 155.089.
So, the exponential function that best fits the data is P = 155.089e0.124 x . So, the population is
growing approximately 12.4% per decade.
=
(b) In the year 2005, x = 5.5 and P 155.089e0.124(5.5) ≈ 306.74 million.
=
In the year 2010, x = 6 and P 155.089e0.124(6) ≈ 326.36 million.
28. (a)
(b) For this data, n = 5, and ∑ x = 31.9, ∑ y = 330, ∑ x 2 = 238.25 and ∑ xy = 2,339.2 where x
represents the units of pollutant and y the incidence of disease. The least-squares formulas
yield m ≈ 6.73 and
b ≈ 23.05 and the least-squares line is y = 6.73x + 23.05.
(c) y = 6.73(7.3) + 23.05 ≈ 72.18 or roughly 721,800 people.
29. (a) Let x denote the number of hours after the polls open and y the corresponding percentage of
registered voters that have already cast their ballots. Then
x 2 4 6 8 10
y 12 19 24 30 37
(b)
x y xy x2
2 12 24 4
4 19 76 16
6 24 144 36
8 30 240 64
10 37 370 100
Σx = 30 Σy = 122 Σxy = 854 Σx 2 =

220
5(854) − (30)(122) 610

Using the formulas with n = 5,=
m = = 3.05 and
5(220) − (30) 2 200
(220)(122) − (30)(854)
b=
5(220) − (30) 2
1, 220
=
200
= 6.10
(c) When the polls close at 8:00 P.M.,

x = 12 and y = 3.05(12) + 6.1 = 42.7, which means that approximately 42.7% of the registered
voters can be expected to vote.
30. (a)
The scatter diagram suggests that growth is linear.

(b) For this data, n = 8, ∑ t = 36, ∑ y = 2, 408, ∑ t 2 = 204 and ∑ ty = 11,092.

The least-squares line is
y = 6.095t + 273.576.
(c) Solve 400 = 6.095t + 273.57 for t to get t ≈ 20.7. It takes about 20.7 hours to reach 400,000.
2(280,000) = 560,000
Solve 560 = 6.095t + 273.57 for t to get t ≈ 47.0. It takes about 47.0 hours for the population to
double from 280,000 to 560,000.
31. (a)
(b)
x y xy x2
0 99 0 0
4 6,360 25,440 16
8 36,064 288,512 64
12 79,477 953,724 144
16 61,109 977,744 256
20 42,156 843,120 400
24 37,726 905,424 576
28 37,991 1,063,748 784
Σx = Σy Σxy Σx 2
112 = 300,982 = 5,057,712 = 2, 240

8(5,057,712) − 112(300,982)
=m ≈ 1, 255.9
8(2, 240) − (112) 2
2, 240(300,982) − 112(5,057,712)
b ≈ 20,040.2
8(2, 240) − (112) 2
So, the equation of the least squares line is y = 1,255.9t + 20,040.2.
(c) In the year 2012, when t = 32, the predicted number of cases is
y = 1,255.9(32) + 20,040.2 =60,229.
(d) No. The slope of the least squares line is positive, but since 1992, the number of cases is
decreasing. (Writing ExerciseAnswers will vary.)
32. (a)
(b) h w x = ln h y = ln w
87.9 52.4 4.48 3.96
95.3 60.3 4.56 4.10
106.7 73.1 4.67 4.29
115.4 83.7 4.75 4.43
127.2 98.0 4.85 4.58
135.8 110.2 4.91 4.70
∑ x = 28.22, ∑ y = 26.06
For this data, n = 6,
∑ x2 ≈ 132.87 and ∑ xy ≈ 122.80. The least-squares formulas yield

m ≈ 1.70 and b ≈ −3.66. The least-squares line is y = 1.70x − 3.66.
(c) Substituting y = ln w and y = ln h into the equation of the least-squares line gives ln w = 1.70 ln
h − 3.66.
Thus
w = eln w
= e1.70ln h−3.66
= e −3.66 (eln h )1.70
= 0.026h1.70 .
33. (a) ln W 4.054 4.693 5.297 5.704 5.873 6.040 6.284 6.611
ln C 1.668 2.617 3.645 4.358 4.649 4.905 5.276 5.766
(b) x y xy x2
4.054 1.668 6.762 16.435
4.693 2.617 12.282 22.024
5.297 3.645 19.308 28.058
5.704 4.358 24.858 32.536
5.873 4.649 27.304 34.492
6.040 4.905 29.626 36.482
6.284 5.276 33.154 39.489
6.611 5.766 38.119 43.705
Σx Σy Σxy Σx 2
= 44.556 = 32.884 = 191.413 = 253.221
8(191.413) − (44.556)(32.884) 66.124

=
Using the formulas with n = 8, m ≈ ≈ 1.631 and
8(253.221) − (44.556) 2 40.531
(253.221)(32.884) − (44.556)(191.413) −201.68
=b = ≈ −4.976.
8(253.221) − (44.556) 2 40.531
So, the equation of the least-squares line is y = 1.631x − 4.976.
=
(c) ln C 1.631ln W − 4.976
eln C = e1.631ln W −4.976
e −4.976
1.631
C = eln W
C = e −4.976W 1.631
C (W ) = 0.00690W 1.631
7.5 Constrained Optimization: The 2xy equal to each other to get λy 2 =

λx 2 ,
Method of Lagrange Multipliers y 2 = x 2 , or x = ±y. (Note that another
1. f(x, y) = xy solution of the equation λy 2 = λx 2 is
g(x, y) = x + y λ = 0, which implies that x = 0 and y = 0,
= f x y= ; f y x=; g x 1;=
gy 1 which is not consistent with the third
The three Lagrange equations are: equation.)
y = λ; x = λ; x + y = 1 If y = x, the third equation becomes
Fom the first two equations, x = y which, x 2 = 1, which implies that x = ±1 and
when substituted into the third equation y = ±1.
1 If y = −x, the third equation becomes
gives 2x = 1, or x = .
2
− x2 = 1, which has no solutions. So, the
Since x = y, the corresponding value for y
two points at which the constrained
1
is y = . So, the constrained maximum is extrema can occur are (1, 1) and (−1, −1).
2 Since f(1, 1) = 2 and f(−1, −1) = 2 , the
1 1 1 constrained minimum is 2.
f  , = .
2 2 4
4. f ( x, y ) =x 2 + 2 y 2 − xy
2. f(x, y) = xy g ( x, y ) = 2 x + y = 22
g ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 = 1 fx = 2 x − y, f y = 4 y − x, g x = 2, g y = 1,
=f x y= , f y x= , gx 2x
so 2x − y = 2λ and 4y − x = λ.
g y = 2 y, so y = 2λx and x = 2λy Substituting the second equation into the
Dividing the last two equations by each 4
first and solving for y gives y = x.
other will eliminate λ. 9
y x Substituting in the constraint equation
= or y 2 = x 2 4x
x y yields 2 x + = 22, or x = 9 and y = 4.
Substituting in the constraint equation 9
f min = 81 + 32 − 36 = 77
2
leads to x = y = ± or
2
5. f ( x, y=
) x2 − y 2
2 2
x= ± and y =  . g ( x, y=) x2 + y 2
2 2
1 1 fx = 2 x; f y =
−2 y; g x =
2 x; g y =
2y
f max = and f min = −
2 2 The three Lagrange equations are:
2x = 2λx; −2y = 2λy; x 2 + y 2 = 4
3. f ( x, y=
) x2 + y 2
From the first equation, either λ = 1 or
g(x, y) = xy x = 0. If x = 0, the third equation becomes
= f x 2 x=; f y 2 y=
; g x y=
; gy x
y 2 = 4 or y = ±2. From the second
The three Lagrange equations are: equation, either λ = −1 or y = 0. If y = 0,
2x = λy; 2y = λx; xy = 1
Multiply the first equation by y and the the third equation becomes x 2 = 4 or
x = ±2.
second by x to get 2xy = λy 2 and
If neither x = 0 nor y = 0, the first
2 xy = λx 2 . Set the two expressions for equation implies λ = 1 while the second
equation implies λ = −1, which is 1

impossible. becomes 2y − 2 = 2y, 4y = −2, or y = − .
2
So, the only points at which the 2
constrained extrema can occur are (0, −2),  1
From the third equation, x 2 +  −  = 1,
(0, 2), (−2, 0), and (2, 0).  2
Now, f(0, −2) = −4, f(0, 2) = −4, 3
f(−2, 0) = 4, and f(2, 0) = 4. So, the or x = ± .
2
constrained minimum is −4. If x = 0, the third equation becomes
02 + y 2 = 1 or y = ±1. So, the only points
6. f ( x, y ) =8 x 2 − 24 xy + y 2
at which the constrained extrema can
g ( x, y ) = 8 x 2 + y 2 = 1  3 1  3 1
=
f x 16 x − 24 y occur are  − , −  ,  , −  ,
 2 2  2 2
f=y 2 y − 24 x
(0, −1), and (0, 1). Now,
g x = 16 x and g y = 2 y  3 1  3 1 3
Solving 16x − 24y = 16λx and f  , −  = f  − , −  = ,
 2 2  2 2 2
2y − 24x = 2λy yields y 2 = 8 x 2 .
f(0, −1) = 1, and f(0, 1) = −3. So, the
Substituting in the constraint reveals 3
1 1 constrained maximum is and the
x= ± , y= ± . 2
4 2 constrained minimum is −3.
The four points at which the constrained
1 1  8. f ( x, y ) = xy 2 and g ( x, y ) =x + y 2 =1
extrema can occur are  , ,
4 2 f x = y 2 , f y = 2 xy, g x = 1, g y = 2 y
1 1   1 1 
 4, − ,  − ,  , and We have y 2 = λ and 2xy = 2λy.
 2  4 2
The second equation yields y = 0 or
 1 1  x = λ. If y = 0, then g(x, y) yields the point
− 4, − .
 2 (1, 0). If x = λ and y 2 = λ, substituting
1 1   1 1  1
f ,  =f  − , −  =−
1 3 2 into g(x, y) gives λ = , hence the point
4 2  4 2 2
 1 1  1 1  1 1 
f − ,  =f ,− = 1+ 3 2  2, .
 4 2 4 2  2
Maximum value is 1 + 3 2. Minimum =
f (1, =
0) 1(0) 2
0
value is 1 − 3 2. 2
1 1  1 1  1
f = ,  = 
7. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − y 2 − 2 y  2 2  2 2  4
1
g ( x, y=) x2 + y 2 The maximum value is .
4
fx = 2 x; f y =
−2 y − 2; g x =
2 x; g y = 2y
The three Lagrange equations are: 9. f ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 3 xy − 2 x − 23 y + 3
2x = 2λx; −2y − 2 = 2λy; x 2 + y 2 = 1 g ( x, y ) = x + y − 15 = 0
From the first equation, either λ = 1 or fx = 4x − 3y − 2
x = 0. If λ = 1, the second equation f y = 8 y − 3 x − 23
g=
x g=
y 1 Now, f ( ) (
2, − 2 =f − 2, 2 =e −2 )
( 2 ) =f ( − 2, − 2 ) =e 2 .
The three Lagrange equations are:
4x − 3y − 2 = λ and f 2,
−3x + 8y − 23 = λ So, the constrained maximum is e 2 and
x + y = 15
The first two lead to 7x − 11y = −21. the constrained minimum is e −2 .
Substitute y = 15 − x to obtain 18x = 144
or x = 8 and y = 7. 12. f ( x, y ) = ln( xy 2 )
The constrained minimum is f(8, 7) = −18. g ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 8
1 2
10. f ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy + 4 x + 2 y + 7 =fx = , fy
x y
g ( x, y ) = 4 x 2 + 4 xy = 1
=g x 4=
x, g y 6 y
f x = 4 x + 2 y + 4, f y = 2 y + 2 x + 2
1 2
gx =
8 x + 4 y, g y =
4x = 4λx, = 6λy
x y
2x + y + 2
We have λ = and We get λ =
1 1
and λ = 2 . Setting
4x + 2 y 2
4x 3y
x + y +1
λ= . 1 1
= 2 , we have 3 y 2 = 4 x 2 and
2x 2
4x 3y
Combining these yields y(y + 2x + 1) = 0
so y = 0 or y = −2x − 1. This leads to the since 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 = =
8, x =
2
,y
4
.
 1  3 3
points  ± , 0  . (Remember that x > 0 and y > 0.)
 2 
 4 4 32
 1  19  1  11 f  ,  = ln
f  , 0 = , f  − , 0 =
2  2  2  2  3 3 9 3
11
The minimum value is . 13. f(x, y, z) = xyz
2 g(x, y, z) = x + 2y + 3z − 24 = 0
= f x yz = , f y xz , and f z = xy
11. f ( x, y ) = e xy
=
g x 1,=
g y 2, and g z = 3
g ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 4 = 0
f x = ye xy , and f y = xe xy yz = λ; xz = 2λ; xy = 3λ
g x = 2 x and g y = 2 y Dividing the first two leads to y = ,
x
The three Lagrange equations are: 2
dividing the first by the third leads to
ye xy = 2λx
x
xe xy = 2λy z = . Substitute in x + 2y + 3z = 24 to
3
x2 + y 2 − 4 =0 8
obtain x = 8, y = 4, and z = .
y x 3
Dividing the first two leads to = , or
x y  8  256
The maximum is f  8, 4,  = .
x 2 = y 2 . Substitute in x 2 + y 2 =
4 to  3 3
obtain x = ± 2 and y = ± 2.
14. f(x, y, z) = x + 3y − z 16. f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2

g ( x, y, z )= 2 x 2 + y 2 − z= 0 g ( x, y , z ) = 4 x 2 + 2 y 2 + z 2 = 4
f x = 1, f y = 3, f z = −1 =f x 2= x, f y 2= y, f z 2 z
g x = 4 x, g y = 2 y, g z = −1 =
g x 8=
x, g y 4=
y, g z 2 z
1 2z = 2λz so λ = 1 or z = 0.
f z = λg z implies λ = 1. Thus x = and
4 If λ = 1 then x = 0 and y = 0 from which z
y= .
3 = ±2 and f(0, 0, ±2) = 4.
2 2 x 8λx
If z = 0 then = leads to xy = 0.
z= + =
1 9 19 2 y 4λy
8 4 8 If x = 0 then y = ± 2 and
1 9 19 19
f max = + − = f (0, ± 2, 0) = 2.
4 2 8 8
There is no minimum. If y = 0 the x = ±1 and f(±1, 0, 0) = 1.
Thus 1 and 4 are the minimum and
15. f(x, y, z) = x + 2y + 3z maximum values respectively.
g ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 16 = 0
17. P ( x, y ) =−0.3 x 2 − 0.5 xy − 0.4 y 2 + 85 x
= f x 1,= f y 2, and f z = 3
+ 125 y − 2,500
=g x 2=
x, g y 2 y, and g z = 2 z Since the constraint is x + y = 300
The three Lagrange equations are: (hundred units), g(x, y) = x + y.
1 = 2λx; 2 = 2λy; 3 = 2λz fx = −0.6 x − 0.5 y + 85
Dividing the first two leads to y = 2x, fy = −0.5 x − 0.8 y + 125
dividing the first by the third leads to = g x 1;= gy 1
z = 3x. Substitute in x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =16 to
obtain x = ±
4
, y= ±
8
, and −0.6x − 0.5y + 85 = λ
14 14 −0.5x − 0.8y + 125 = λ
12 x + y = 300
z= ± . Equating λ leads to
14
−0.6 x − 0.5 y + 85 = −0.5 x − 0.8 y + 125
 4 8 12  56
Now, f  , , =  = 4 14 1 400
 14 14 14  14 =y x+
3 3
and Substituting in the constraint equation
 −4 −8 −12  56 1 400
f , , = − = −4 14. leads to x + x + = 300
 14 14 14  14 3 3
So, the constrained maximum is 4 14 x = 125 hundred
y = 175 hundred
and the constrained minimum is −4 14. So, 12,500 Deluxe sets and
17,500 Standard sets should be produced.
18. We seek to maximize P ( x, y ) =−0.02 x 2 − 0.03 xy − 0.05 y 2 + 15 x + 40 y − 3,000 subject to

g(x, y) = x + y = 700.
Px = −0.04 x − 0.03 y + 15, Py =
−0.1 y − 0.03 x + 40, g x = 1, g y = 1.
We have Px = λ = Py so
−0.04 x − 0.03 y + 15 =−0.1 y − 0.03 x + 40
=
0.07 y 0.01x + 25
1 2500
=y x+
7 7
Substituting into g = 700 yields x = 300 and y = 400.
300 refrigerators should be delivered to store A and 400 to store B.
19. S ( x, y ) = 20 x3/2 y 25 x −1/2 y 3/2 = 75 x1/2 y1/2

y = 3x
(a) Since the constraint is x + y = 60 Substituting into g = 8 yields x = 2
(thousand dollars), g(x, y) = x + y. and y = 6.
= f x 30= =
x1/2 y; f y 20 x3/2 ; g x 1; $2,000 should be allocated for
gy =1 development and $6,000 for
promotion.
30 x1/2 y = λ, 20 x3/2 =
λ, x + y = 60 (b) When x = 2 and y = 6,
Equating λ leads to = λ 75 = 2 6 150 3 ≈ 259.81
30 x1/2 y = 20 x3/2 Approximately 260 more units will be
sold.
2
y= x
3 21. Q( x, y ) = 60 x1/3 y 2/3
Substituting in the constraint equation
2
leads to x + x = 60 (a) Since the constraint is x + y = 120
3 (thousand dollars), g(x, y) = x + y.
= =
f x = 20 x −2/3 y 2/3 ; f y = 40 x1/3 y −1/3 ;
x 36, y 24
So, $36,000 should be spent on
development and $24,000 should be =
g x 1;=
gy 1
spent on promotion. The three Lagrange equations are
S ( 36, 24 ) 20
= = ( 36 ) ( 24 ) 103, 680 20 x −2/3 y 2/3 = λ
3/2
So, the maximum sales level is 40 x1/3 y −1/3 = λ

103,680 copies. x+ y= 120
Equating λ leads to
(b) Using 20x3/2 = λ with x = 36 gives
20 x −2/3 y 2/3 = 40 x1/3 y −1/3
λ = 4,320 so, with an extra $1,000
approximately 4,320 more copies will y = 2x
be sold. Substituting in the constraint equation
leads to x + 2 x = 120
20. (a) We seek to maximize = x 40,= y 80
f ( x, y ) = 50 x1/2 y 3/2 subject to So, $40,000 should be spent on labor
g(x, y) = x + y = 8. and $80,000 should be spent on
equipment.
f x = 25 x −1/2 y 3/2 , f y = 75 x1/2 y1/2 ,
g x = 1, g y = 1. We have f x = λ = f y (b) Using 40x1/3 y −1/3 = λ with x = 40
so and y = 80 gives
40(40)1/3 So, with an additional $1,000

= λ ≈ 31.75. approximately 31.75 more units will
(80)1/3 be produced.
22. Let P denote the profit in dollars.

 320 y 160 x  32,000 y 16,000 x
P ( x, y ) =  +  (150 − 50) − 1,000 x − 1,000 y = + − 1,000 x − 1,000 y
 y+2 x+4 y+2 x+4
g(x, y) = x + y = 8
64,000
= Px − 1,000,
( x + 4) 2
64,000
= Py − 1,000
( y + 2) 2
=g x 1,= gy 1
The three Lagrange equations are
64,000
− 1,000 =
λ
( x + 4) 2
64,000
− 1,000 =
λ
( y + 2) 2
x+y=8
From the first two equations, we get ( x + 4) 2 =( y + 2) 2 or x + 4 = ±(y + 2), so x = −y − 6 or
x = y − 2. Reject the first solution because it would not satisfy the third Lagrange equation.
Therefore substitute x = y − 2 into x + y = 8 to get y = 5 and x = 3. Allocate $3,000 on development
and $5,000 on promotion to generate the largest profit.
23. From problem #22, Px = Py = λ. Using 32 y 16 x

P ( x, =
+ y) −x− y
6, 400 y + 2 x +4
= Py − 1,000 and y = 5,
( y + 2) 2 The partial derivatives of P are
( x + 4)(16) − (16 x)(1)
64,000 = Px −1
λ= Py= − 1,000= 306.122 (for ( x + 4) 2
49
64
each $1,000) = −1
Since the change in this ( x + 4)2
promotion/development is $100, the and
corresponding change in profit is $30.61 ( y + 2)(32) − (32 y )(1)
(Remember that the Lagrange multiplier= Py −1
is the change in maximum profit for a ( y + 2) 2
1 (thousand) dollar change in the 64

= −1
constraint. ( y + 2) 2
24. Let P denote the profit in thousands of (a) To maximize profit when unlimited
dollars. Then use the formula for profit in funds are available is to maximize
Problem 22, but divide by 1,000. Hence, P(x, y) without constraints. To do this,
find the critical points by setting
Px = 0 and Py = 0; that is, 64

get − 1 = 0, 64 = ( x + 4) 2 ,
64 ( x + 4)
2
=Px = −1 0
( x + 4) 2 x + 4 = 8 or x = 4. Similarly,
64
64= ( x + 4) 2 − 1 = 0, 64 = ( y + 2) 2 ,
x + 4 =±8 ( y + 2) 2
x = 4 or x = −12 y + 2 = 8 or y = 6, just as in part (a).
(We can disregard the negative 25. (a) The goal is to maximize utility,
solution.) Similarly,
64 U ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.25 y 0.75 subject to the
=Py = −1 0 constraint 2x + 5y = 280, so
( y + 2) 2
g(x, y) = 2x + 5y.
= ( y + 2) 2
U x = 25 x −0.75 y 0.75
64
y + 2 =±8
y = 6 or y = −10 U y = 75 x 0.25 y −0.25
(We can disregard the negative =
g x 2;=
gy 5
solution.) The three Lagrange equations are
Thus $4,000 should be spent on
development and $6,000 spent on 25 x −0.75 y 0.75 = 2λ
promotion to maximize profit. 75 x 0.25 y −0.25 = 5λ
2x + 5y = 280
(b) If there were a restriction on the
amount spent on development and Solving the first two equations for λ
promotion, the constraints would be and equating yields
g(x, y) = x + y = k for some positive 15 x 0.25 y −0.25 = 12.5 x −0.75 y 0.75 , or
constant k. y = 1.2 x.
The corresponding Lagrange Substituting in the third equation
equations would be yields x = 35 and y = 42.
64
− 1 =λ
( x + 4) 2 = (b) λ (15)(350.25 )(42−0.25 ) ≈ 14.33
64 which approximates the change in
− 1 =λ maximum utility due to an additional
( y + 2) 2
$1.00 in available funds.
x+y=k
To get the answer in part (a), λ = 0. 26. The goal is to maximize the utility
To see this from another point of function U ( x, y ) = x α yβ subject to the
dM
view, recall that λ = , where M is budgetary constraint that ax + by = k.
dk The three Lagrange equations are
the maximum profit if k thousand
αx α−1 yβ = aλ
dollars is available.
α β−1
This maximum profit will be greatest βx y = bλ
dM ax + by = k
when its derivative = 0, that is, From the first two equations
dk
λ = 0. αx α−1 yβ βx α yβ−1
=
a b
(c) Beginning with the Lagrange αy β x aβx
equations from part (b), set λ = 0 to = = or y
a b bα
Substituting this into the third equation px + qy = k. From the first two equations
 aβx  a (α + β) x Qx Q y
gives ax + b  = k, =k = .
 bα  α p q
kα kα
=x = (since α + β = 1). 30. C(x, y) = px + qy
a (α + β) a
α β
aβx Q=( x, y ) Ax= y k, α + β = 1
Finally, since y = , it follows that = C x p= , Cy q
bα
= y =
aβ  k α  kβ Aαx α−1 yβ , Q y =
Qx = Aβ x α yβ−1
  .
bα  a  b The first two Lagrange equations are
p= λ ( Aαx α−1 yβ ), q = λ ( Aβx α yβ−1 ).
27. λ ≈ ∆u if ∆k = $1. Since U ( x, y ) = xα y β ,
Solving for λ in each and equating yields
α xα −1 y β = λa and k = ax + by, it follows p q
α−1 β
= α β−1
that Aαx y Aβx y
α xα −1 y β Multiply both sides of the equation by
λ=
a Aαβx α yβ to get
β
αy βpx = αqy
= 1− α
ax  αq   βp 
β 1− α = x =  y or y  x
 α  k β   α   βp   αq 
=     
 a  b   kα   αq 
β β Substitute x =   y into the constraint
 α  k β   α   βp 
=     
 a  b   kα  Ax α yβ = k .
β
 α  k β a  α
=     αq  α β
 a  bkα  A  y y =k
αβ β a β −1  βp 
= 1−α
α β bβ k  αq 
y α+β =  
α β −1 β β A  βp 
= β
α β −1b β k  αq 
α β y=
 
α   β  A  βp 
=   
a b since α + β =1 and 1 − α = β. Similarly,
 βp 
28. C(x, y) = px + qy, Q(x, y) = c substitute y =   x into the constraint
= C x p= , Cy q  αq 
The first two Lagrange equations are Ax α yβ = k .
p = λQx , q = λQ y β
α  βp
 β
Qy Ax   x =k
So
p
=
q Q
or x =  αq 
Qx Q y p q 1−β
α+β k  βp 
x =  
A  αq 
29. Let Q(x, y) be the production level curve
α
subject to px + qy = k. The three Lagrange k  βp 
equations then are Qx = λp, Q y = λq, and x=  
A  αq 
31. Need to find extrema of Setting these equal,

= Q( K , L) 55[0.6 K −1/4 + 0.4 L−1/4 ]−4 33K −5/4 (0.6 K 1/4 + 0.4 L−1/4 ) −5
subject to g(K, L) = 2K + 5L − 150 = 0. 2
−220[0.6 K −1/4 + 0.4 L−1/4 ]−5
QK = 22 L−5/4 (0.6 K 1/4 + 0.4 L−1/4 ) −5
=
(−0.15 K −5/4 ) 5
−5/ 4 −5/ 4
33K 22 L
−220[0.6 K −1/4 + 0.4 L−1/4 ]−5
QL = =
2 5
(−0.1L−5/4 )
165L = 44 K 5/ 4
5/ 4
=
g K 2;= gL 5 4 /5
 44 K 5/ 4   44 
4 /5
The three Lagrange equations are = L =
 165    K
 165 
−220(0.6 K −1/4 + 0.4 L−1/4 )−5 (−0.15 K −5/4 )  
= 2λ Use the third equation,
−220(0.6 K −1/4 + 0.4 L−1/4 )−5 (−0.1L−5/4 )
4/5
 44 
2K + 5   K − 150 =
0
= 5λ  165 
2K + 5L − 150 = 0 K ≈ 40.14
Solving the first two equations for λ gives 4/5
 44 
33K −5/4 (0.6 K 1/4 + 0.4 L−1/4 ) −5 L≈  K ≈ 13.89
= λ  165 
2 Q(40.14, 13.89)
22 L−5/4 (0.6 K 1/4 + 0.4 L−1/4 ) −5 ≈ 55[0.6(40.14) −1/4 + 0.4(13.89) −1/4 ]−4
= λ
5 ≈ 1395.4
32. Q 50[0.3K −1/ 5 + 0.7 L−1/ 5 ]−5

=
g ( K , L) = 5 K + 2 L = 140
 1
−250[0.3K −1/ 5 + 0.7 L−1/ 5 ]−6 (0.3)  −  K −6 / 5
QK =
 5
−6 / 5 −1/ 5 −1/ 5 −6
= 15 K [0.3K + 0.7 L ]
 1
QL = −250[0.3K −1/ 5 + 0.7 L−1/ 5 ]−6 (0.7)  −  L−6 / 5
 5
−6 / 5 −1/ 5 −1/ 5 −6
= 35 L [0.3K + 0.7 L ]
g K = 5, g L = 2
We have 15 K −6 / 5 [0.3K −1/ 5 + 0.7 L−1/ 5 ]−6 = 5λ and 35 L−6 / 5 [0.3K −1/ 5 + 0.7 L−1/ 5 ]−6 =
2λ
Solving for λ and equating gives
5 −6 35 −6 / 5
3K −6 / 5 [0.3K −1/ 5 + 0.7 L−1/=] L [0.3K −1/ 5 + 0.7 L−1/ 5 ]−6
2
−6 / 5 35 −6 / 5
K = L
6
35
L6 / 5 = K 6 / 5
6
5/ 6
 35 
L=  K
 6 
Substituting into g yields

5/ 6
 35 
5K + 2   K=
140
 6 
140
=K ≈ 10.22
5+2 ( )
35 5 / 6
6
5/ 6
 35  140
=Then, L   ≈ 44.44. Thus, 10.22 units of capital and 44.44 units of labor
 6  5+2 ( )
35 5 / 6
6
maximizes the CES production, subject to the given constraint.
=
33. Q( K , L) A[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β 34. The goal is to maximize P(K, L) subject to
the constraint C(K, L) = A, so
Since the constraint is c1K + c2 L = B, g(K, L) = C(K, L). The three Lagrange
g (K ,=L) c1K + c2 L. equations are
QK
A
= − [α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β −1
β
(−αβ K β −1 ) Divide the first two equations to eliminate
= Aα K β −1[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β −1 and
A
QL =− [α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β −1
β
(− β (1 − α ) L− β −1 )
= A(1 − α ) L− β −1[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β −1
= g K c= 1 ; g L c2
The three Lagrange equations are: x2 y 2
35. + =
1
Aα K − β −1[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β −1 4 9
= c1λ
(a) Need to maximize
f ( x, y ) = ( x − 1) + ( y − 1)
2 2
subject to
x2 y 2
Solving both for λ and equating gives g ( x, y=
) + . So,
4 9
Aα K − β −1[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β −1 f x ( x, =
y ) 2 ( x − 1)
c1
f y ( x,=
y ) 2 ( y − 1)
A(1 − α ) L− β −1[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β −1
= x
c2 g x ( x, y ) =
α K − β −1 (1 − α ) L− β −1
2
= 2
c1 c2 g y ( x, y ) = y
− β −1 9
K c1  1 − α  and the three Lagrange equations are
  =  
L c2  α 
x x ≈ 1.82 and
2 ( x − 1) =λ
2 9 (1.82 )
=y ≈ 1.25
2 5 (1.82 ) + 4
2 ( y − 1) =yλ
9 To find the maximum,
x2 y 2 f(−0.49, −2.91) ≈ 17.5082
g ( x, y ) = + =1 f(1.82, 1.25) ≈ 0.7349
4 9 Since f measures the square of the
Equating λ leads to distance, the radius is
4 ( x − 1) 9 ( y − 1) 17.5082 ≈ 4.18 miles.
=
x y
(b) Writing exercise - Answers will vary.
4 xy − 4 y = 9 xy − 9 x
=
9 x 5 xy + 4 y 36. The goal is to maximize
9x S (W , H ) = 0.0072W 0.425 H 0.725 subject
y= to the constraint
5x + 4
g(W, H) = W + H = 160.
Substituting into the constraint
equation leads to SW = 0.00306W −0.575 H 0.725
S H = 0.00522W 0.425 H −0.275
2
 9x 
x  5 x + 4 
2
=
gW 1,= gH 1
+ =
1
4 9 The three Lagrange equations are
x2 81x 2 0.00306W −0.575 H 0.725 = λ
+ =
1
4 9 ( 5 x + 4 )2 0.00522W 0.425 H −0.275 = λ
W + H = 160
x2 9x2 It follows from the first two equations that
+ =
1
4 ( 5 x + 4 )2 0.00306W −0.575 H 0.725 = 0.00522W 0.425 H −0.275
29
Multiplying both sides by H= W
4 (5x + 4) ,
2 17
Substitute into the third equation to get
x 2 ( 5 x + 4 ) + 36 x 2 = 4 ( 5 x + 4 )
2 2
29
W+ W= 160
x 2 ( 25 x 2 + 40 x + 16 ) + 36 x 2
17
46
W = 160
= 4 ( 25 x 2 + 40 x + 16 ) 17
1,360
= W ≈ 59.13
25 x 4 + 40 x 3 + 52 x 2 23
The value for H is
= 100 x 2 + 160 x + 64
29  1,360  2,320
25 x 4 + 40 x 3 − 48 x 2 − 160 x − 64 = H  =  ≈ 100.87
17  23  23
=0 The surface area of Maria’s body is
Solving using a calculator or maximized by a height of 100.87 cm and
computer software, x ≈ −0.49 and a weight of 59.13 kg.
9 ( −0.49 )
=y ≈ −2.91
5 ( −0.49 ) + 4
37. Let S denote the surface area of the Substitute into the constraint equation to
bacterium. Then, get
, Y ) 2π R 2 + 2π RH .
S ( R= 4 3
πR = C
The goal is to maximize this function 3
3C
subject to the constraint π R 2 H = C R3 =
(volume is fixed, C is a constant), so 4π
3C
g ( R, Y ) = π R 2 H . R=3
4π
SR = 4π R + 2π H ; S H =
2π R;
=g R 2= π RH ; g H π R 2 ( R − 20 ) + 25 ( F − 5 ) =
2 2
39. 234
The three Lagrange equations are: The goal is to maximize F + R, subject to
4π R + 2π H =λ 2π RH the above constraint. Let T be the function
2π R = πλR 2 for the total number of foxes plus rabbits.
Then,
π R2 H = C
2 T ( F , R=
) F+R
The second equation leads to λ = ,
g ( F , R ) =( R − 20 ) + 25 ( F − 5 )
2 2
R
which leads to 2R = H, using the first
and
equation.
=
TF 1;=
T5 1
38. The constraint is the volume of the two gF =50 ( F − 5 ) ; g R =2 ( R − 20 )
hemispheres and the cylinder,
4 3 The three Lagrange equations are
V=
3
πR + πR 2 L= C. The goal is to =1 50 ( F − 5 ) λ
minimize the surface area, =1 2 ( R − 20 ) λ
S = 4πR 2 + 2πRL.
( R − 20 ) + 25 ( F − 5 ) =
2 2
The partial derivatives are 234
VR = 4πR 2 + 2πRL, S R = 8πR + 2πL, Equating λ leads to
1 1
VL = πR 2 , S L =
2πR =
The three Lagrange equations are 50 ( F − 5 ) 2 ( R − 20 )
4πR 2 + 2πRL =λ(8πR + 2πL) 2 ( R − 20 )= 50 ( F − 5 )
πR 2 = 2λπR ( R − 20 )= 25 ( F − 5 )
π
[4πR3 + 3R 2 L] =C Substituting in the constraint equation
3 leads to
Divide the first equation by the second
equation to get
4πR 2 + 2πRL λ(8πR + 2πL)
=
πR 2 2λπR
4R + 2L 4R + L
=
R R
L=0
 25 ( F − 5 )  + 25 ( F − 5 ) =
2 2
234 The partial derivatives are=
f x 1,=
f y 2,
g x = y, and g y = x.
625 ( F − 5 ) + 25 ( F − 5 ) =
2 2
234
650 ( F − 5 ) = 1 = λy; 2 = λx; xy = 3,200
2
234
1
From the first equation, λ = . From the
( F − 5) =
2
0.36 y
F −5 = 0.6 2
second equation λ = . Setting the two
F = 5.6 x
expressions for λ equal to each other
= 25 ( 5.6 − 5 )
and R − 20
1 2
gives = or x = 2y, and substituting
R − 20 =
15 y x
R = 35 this into the third equation yields
So, the largest total number is 560 foxes + 2 y 2 = 3, 200, y 2 = 1,600, or y = ±40.
3,500 rabbits = 4,060.
Only the positive value is meaningful in
40. Maximize subject to the context of this problem. So, y = 40,
and (since x = 2y), x = 80. That is, to
the constraint
minimize the amount of fencing, the
dimensions of the field should be
and for the constraint function 40 meters by 80 meters.
we find
42. Let x be the length and y the height of the
The Lagrange equations rectangle. The function to be maximized
are is A = xy subject to the constraint
g = x + y = 160.
= Ax y,= Ay x= , g x 1,=gy 1
y = λ, x = λ, x = y = 80
= = 6, 400 m 2
A (80)(80)
Solving this system of equations produces 43. Let f denote the volume of the parcel.
Then Then, f ( x, y ) = x 2 y.
The girth 4x plus the length y can be at
most 108 inches. The goal is to maximize
this function f(x, y) subject to the
constraint 4x + y = 108, so
g(x, y) = 4x + y.
The partial derivatives are f x = 2 xy,
Since any other test point yields a lower
value for P, this is the maximum. f y = x 2 , g x = 4, and g y = 1.
41. Let f denote the amount of fencing needed
to enclose the pasture, x the side parallel 2xy = 4λ; x 2 = λ; 4x + y = 108
to the river and y the sides perpendicular xy
From the first equation, λ = , which,
to the river. Then, f(x, y) = x + 2y. 2
The goal is to minimize this function combined with the second equation, gives
subject to the constraint that the area
xy = 3,200, so g(x, y) = xy.
xy 46. Let f denote the cost of constructing the

= x 2 or y = 2x. (Another solution is cylindrical can.
2
x = 0, which is impossible in the context The area of the top is πx 2 , the area of the
of this problem.)
bottom is πx 2 , and the area of the
Substituting y = 2x into the third equation
gives 6x = 108 or x = 18, and since y = 2x, cardboard side is 2πxy, where x is the
the corresponding value of y is y = 36. radius and y the height.
So, the largest volume is Let k denote the cost per square inch of
construction for the cardboard side. Then,
f= =
(18, 36) (18) 2
(36) 11,664 cubic 2k is the cost per square inch of
inches. constructing the top and bottom. The goal
is to minimize the total cost function
44. We seek to maximize f ( R, H ) = πR 2 H f ( x, y ) = 2k (2πx 2 ) + k (2πxy )
subject to g(R, H) = 2πR + H = 108.
= 4πkx 2 + 2πkxy
fR =2πRH , f H = πR 2 , g R =
2π, g H =1 subject to the volume constraint
We have RH = λ and also πR 2 = λ. g ( x, y ) = πx 2 y =
4π.
So H = πR. Substituting into g = 108 The partial derivatives are
yields R =
36
and H = 36. f x = 8πkx + 2πky, f y = 2πkx
π
gx =
2πxy, g y =
πx 2
 36  46,656
f = , 36  ≈ 14,851.07 in 3 Hence, the three Lagrange equations are
 π  π
8πkx + 2πky = 2λπxy
45. Let M denote the amount of metal used to 2πkx = λπx 2
construct the can. Then, πx 2 y =4π
, H ) 2π R 2 + 2π RH .
M ( R= k (4 x + y )
The goal is to maximize this function From the first equation, λ =
xy
M(R, H) subject to the constraint that
(since x ≠ 0 and y ≠ 0), and from the
(volume) π R 2 H = 6.89π , so 2k
second equation, λ = (since x ≠ 0).
g ( R, H ) = π R 2 H . The partial derivatives x
are M= R 4π R + 2π H ; M H = 2π R, Setting the two expressions for λ equal to
g R = 2π RH ; g H = π R 2
4x + y 2
each other gives = .
The three Lagrange equations are: xy x
4π R + 2π H =λ2π RH Solving this equation for y gives y = 4x.
Substituting this expression into the
2π R = πλR 2
constraint equation and simplifying gives
π R 2 H = 6.89π x3 = 1. Solving for x and then y yields the
2
The second equation leads to λ = , optimal dimensions of x = 1 and y = 4.
R
which leads to 2R = H, using the first 47. The goal is to maximize
equation. Using the third equation yields subject to the
H
= H 3 27.56 ≈ 3.02, and = R ≈ 1.51. constraint
1 1 1
+ =, so
2 d o di L
So, the amount of metal is minimized
1 1
when the can’s radius is 1.51 inches and g (d o , d=
i) + .
its height is 3.02 inches. d o di
1 1 16
g do = − ; g di = − =Cy =
kx, g x 2=xy, g y x 2
d o2 di2 3
The three Lagrange equations are: The three Lagrange equations are:
−1 −1 1 16 16
1= λ⋅ 2 ; 1= λ⋅ 2 ; + =
1
L 6kx + ky = 2λxy; kx = λx 2 ;
3 3
do di d o di
x 2 y = 800
This leads to λ = −(d o2 ); λ = −(di ) 2 , or
Solving the first two equations for λ and
d o = di 8
Substituting into the third equation, equating yields x = y. Substituting into
9
d=o d= i 2 L and the maximum value of s 9
is 4L. the third equation yields x3 = 800, or
8
48. Think of the interior partitions as merely x = 8.93 and y = 10.04.
two spare sides. Then the volume is
50. T ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 3 xy + 5 x + 15 y + 130
=V x= 2
y 800 and the surface area
Tx = 2 x + 3 y + 5 = 0
(including the spare sides) is
Ty = 2 y + 3 x + 15 = 0
= S 6 xy + 2 x 2
The trap door is along the circumference
S x =+
6 y 4 x, S y =
6 x, Vx =
2 xy, V y =
x2 .
of the circle. Thus g ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 = 60
The three Lagrange equations are is the constraint.
6y + 4x = 2λxy g x = 2 x and g y = 2 y
6 x = λx 2 Hence the three Lagrange equations are
x 2 y = 800 2x + 3y + 5 = 2λx
Dividing the first two leads to 3y = 2x, 3x + 2y + 15 = 2λy
substituting in the third gives x2 + y 2 = 60
= x 3 1, 200 ≈ 10.6266 cm and Dividing the first equation by the second
23 and simplifying yields
= y 1, 200 ≈ 7.0844 cm. The partitions
3 3 x 2 − 3 y 2 + 15 x − 5 y =
0.
can slide anywhere desired in the interior. From the third Lagrange equation,
49. Let k be the cost per square cm of the y=
2
60 − x 2 or y =
± 60 − x 2 . First
bottom and sides. Then the cost of the top
is 2k per square cm and the cost of the substitute=y 60 − x 2 into
2k 3 x 2 − 3 y 2 + 15 x − 5 y =
0 to get
interior partitions is per square cm.
3
6 x 2 − 180 + 15 x − 5 60 − x 2 =
0.
The goal is to minimize the cost of the
box, Using a graphing utility to solve this
2k equation gives x ≈ −7.0942 and
C ( x, y ) = k ( x 2 + 4 xy ) + 2kx 2 + (2 xy ) x ≈ 4.8021.
3 The corresponding values for y are
subject to the constraint x 2 y = 800, so y ≈ 3.1101 and y ≈ 6.0779.
g ( x, y ) = x 2 y. Next substitute y =
− 60 − x 2 into
16 3 x 2 − 3 y 2 + 15 x − 5 y =
=
C x 6kx + ky 0 to get
3
6 x 2 − 180 + 15 x + 5 60 − x 2 =
0.
Using a graphing utility to solve this Then the cost function is given by
equation gives x ≈ −6.5529 and C ( x, y, z ) = 31xy + 27(2 yz + xz ) + 55 zx
x ≈ 3.8450. = 31xy + 54 yz + 82 xz
The corresponding values for y are and the constraint function is g(x, y, z) =
y ≈ −4.1303 and y ≈ −6.7243. xyz = k where k = 16,000.
Evaluate T at the four points. 31y + 82z = λ(yz),
T(−7.0942, 3.1101) ≈ 135.0 31x + 54z = λ(xz),
T(4.8021, 6.0779) ≈ 392.7 54y + 82x = λ(xy).
T(−6.5529, −4.1303) ≈ 176.5 From the first two equations it follows
T(3.8450, −6.7243) ≈ 30.8 54 y
The trap door is at (3.8450, −6.7243) and that x = , and from the last two
82
the temperature is approximately 30.8°. 31 y
equations, it follows that z = .
82
k2  1 1 1 
51. E ( x, y,=
z)  2 + 2 + 2  Substituting into xyz = 16,000, we have
8m  x y z  (54)(31) 3
y = 16,000.
g(x, y) = xyz 822
k2  2  Thus y ≈ 40.1 ft, x ≈ 26.4 ft, and z ≈ 15.1
= −
8m  x3 
Ex ft.
k2  2  53. Let x denote the length of the shed, y the

=
Ey − 
8m  y 3  width, and z the height. the goal is to
maximize the volume, V = xyz subject to
k2  2  the constraint
= −
8m  z 3 
Ez 15xy + 12(2yz + xz) + 20xz = 8,000
so g(x, y, z) = 15xy + 12(2yz + xz) + 20xz.
g x = yz , g y = xz , and g z = xy = =
f x yz , f y xz , and f z = xy
The three Lagrange equations are: =
g x 15 y + 32 z
k2  2  g=
− =λyz y 15 x + 24 z
8m  x3  =
g z 24 y + 32 x
k2  2  The three Lagrange equations are:
−  = λxz yz = λ(15y + 32z)
8m  y 3 
xz = λ(15x + 24z)
k2  2  xy = λ(24y + 32x)
− =
λxy
8m  z 3  4x
Dividing the first two leads to y = and
Dividing the first two leads to y 2 = x 2 , or 3
dividing the first by the third leads to
y = x; dividing the first by the third leads
5x
to z 2 = x 2 , or z = x. Substitute in z = . Substitute in
8
xyz = V0 to obtain x= y= z= V01/3 . The
3k 2 −2/3
minimum E is V0 .
8m
52. Let z be the height of the building. Let x

and y be the dimensions of the roof with x
being the length along the glass front.
15xy + 24yz + 32xz = 8,000 to obtain  4 4 4

 ± , − , −  , (0, 4, 0), and
=x
20 3
≈ 11.55 ft  3 3 3
3
80 3
( 0, − 2, ± 3 ).
= y ≈ 15.40 ft
9  4 4 4  1928
T  ± , − , − = ≈ 643
25 3  3 3 3 3
=z ≈ 7.22 ft
6 T(0, 4, 0) = 600
( )
T 0, − 2, − 3 = 600 + 24 3 ≈ 642
54. T ( x, y, z ) = 8 x 2 + 4 yz − 16 z + 600
T ( 0, − 2, 3 ) = 600 − 24 3 ≈ 558
g ( x, y, z ) = 4 x 2 + y 2 + 4 z 2 = 16
T=
x 16 x, T= y 4 z , T=z 4 y − 16, g x = 8 x,
 4 4 4
The hottest points are  ± , − , −  ,
=
g y 2=
y, g z 8 z  3 3 3
where the temperature is 643°. The
( )
We have
16x = 8xλ coolest point is 0, − 2, 3 , where the
4z = 2yλ temperature is 558°.
4y − 16 = 8zλ
From 16x = 8xλ, either x = 0 or λ = 2. 55. Need to find extrema of f(x, y) = x − y
If λ = 2, then y = z and 4y − 16 = 16z, so subject to g ( x, y ) = x 5 + x − 2 − y = 0.
4
y = z = − . From the constraint equation, fx =
1, f y =
−1, g x =+
5 x 4 1, g y =
−1
3
4 The three Lagrange equations are:
then x = ± . The points are 1= λ(5 x 4 + 1)
3
 4 4 4 −1 =λ( −1)
 ± , − , − . x5 + x − 2 − y =0
 3 3 3
If x = 0, then the constraint equation is From the second equation, λ = 1. Then,
g ( x, y, z ) =+y 4z2 = 16. from the first equation, =1 5x4 + 1
2z 5x4 = 0
From 4z = 2yλ, λ =
y x=0
4 y − 16 =8 zλ Finally, from the third equation,
−2 − y =0
 2z 
4 y − 16 = 8z   y = −2
 y  Therefore, a possible extremum occurs at
4 y 2 − 16 y =
16 z 2 the point (0, −2). However, f(1, 0) = 1 and
y2 − 4 y =
4z2 f(−1, −4) = 3, which shows f(0, −2) = 2 is
not a local maximum or minimum point.
Substituting y 2 − 4 y for 4z 2 in the Press y =.
constraint equation gives 2 y 2 − 4 y =
16, Input x ^ 5 + x − 2 for y1 = and input
which yields y = 4 or y = −2. x − L1 for y2 = .
When y = 4, 4 z 2 =42 − 4(4) =0 so z = 0 From the home screen, input {2, 1, 0, −1}
and when y = −2, sto→ 2nd L1.
( 2) 2 − 4(−2) =12 so z = ± 3.
4 z 2 =− Use window dimensions [−4, 4]1 by
Thus, the possible points are [−4, 4]1.
Press Graph. 56. F ( x, y ) =x 2 + 2 xy − y 2

From the graphs that the point (0, −2) is
an inflection point. dy dy
(a) 2 x + 2 x + 2y − 2y = 0
dx dx
dy x+ y
Solving yields = − .
dx x− y
(b) Fx =
2 x + 2 y, Fy =
2x − 2 y
dy F x+ y
Thus =
− x =
− also.
dx Fy x− y
2 y
57. F ( x, y=
) xe xy + + x ln( x + y )
x
dy
 2  dy 2  xy 2
x dx − y ⋅ 1  1  dy  
=  x ⋅ 2 y + y ⋅ 1  + ( e )(1) +
(a) 0 ( x )  e xy + ( x )  x + y  1 + dx   + ln( x + y ) ⋅ 1
  dx  x2   
2 dy 2 2 1 dy y x x dy
=0 2 x 2 ye xy + xy 2 e xy + e xy + − + + + ln( x + y )
dx x dx x 2 x + y x + y dx
y x 2 xy 2 xy 2  2 xy 2 1 x  dy
− − − − = +  + +
x x + y  dx
xy e e ln( x y ) 2 x ye
x 2 x+ y 
2 2 y x
− xy 2 e xy − e xy + 2 − − ln( x + y ) xy 2 xy 2
e + e xy 2 y
− 2 + x +x y + ln( x + y )
dy x x+ y
= = − x
dx 2 xy 2 2
2 x ye + x + x+ y
1 x
2 x 2 ye xy + 1x + x +x y
2 2 y x
(b) =
Fx xy 2 e xy + e xy − + + ln( x + y )
x 2 x+ y
2 1 x
=
Fy 2 x 2 ye xy + +
x x+ y
2 2 y
dy Fx xy 2 e xy + e xy − 2 + x +x y + ln( x + y )
=
− =
− 2
x
dx Fy 2 x ye + 1x + x +x y
2 xy
 y   y  1 
, y ) e x + y − x ln  
58. f ( x= f x= e x + y − ln   + x  −  
x  x  x 
g(x, y) = x + y = 4 x
f y e x+ y −
=
y
g=
x g=
y 1 1 1
x( x + 1) + ( x + 1) = 5
 y 2 2
Therefore=λ e x + y − ln   + 1 and x( x + 1) + ( x + 1) =10
x ( x + 1)[ x + 1] =
10
x
λ e x+ y − .
= ( x + 1) 2 =
10
y
This gives x ≈ −4.1623, x ≈ 2.1623. This
 y x leads to the points (−4.1623, −1.5811) and
e x + y − ln   +=1 e x+ y −
 
x y (2.1623, 1.5811). We cannot use
x  y (−4.1623, −1.5811) since this point leads
− ln   + 1 = 0 f(x, y) to be undefined.
y x
Find
Since x + y = 4 or y = 4 − x, solve f(2.1623, 1.5811)
x 4− x = ln[2.1623 + 2(1.5811)]
− ln   +1 =0
4− x  x  ≈ 1.6724.
Using a graphing utility, x ≈ 0.871 so
y ≈ 3.129. 1
3 1
60. f ( x, y ) = 2
+ 2+
f(0.871, 3.129) ≈ 53.484 x xy y
g(x, y) = x + 2y = 7
59. Minimize f(x, y) = ln(x + 2y) subject to 2 3
xy + y = 5. fx = − 3− 2
f(x, y) = ln(x + 2y); g(x, y) = xy + y − 5 = 0 x x y
1 2 3 2
fx = ; fy = fy = − 2− 3
x + 2y x + 2y xy y
g x = y; g y= x + 1 g x = 1 and g y = 2
The three Lagrange equations are: 2 3
We have λ = − −
and
1 3
x2 y
= λy x
x + 2y 3 2
2 2λ = − 2 − 3 .
= λ ( x + 1) xy y
x + 2y
Equating and substituting x = 7 − 2y
xy + y = 5
yields
1
From the first equation, λ = . 4 y 3 + 6(7 − 2 y ) y 2 − 3(7 − 2 y )2 − 2(7 − 2 y )3
y( x + 2 y) = 0.
From the second equation, Solving reveals the points (41.80,
λ=
2
. −17.40), (−2.77, 4.88) and (2.96, 2.02).
( x + 1)( x + 2 y ) f(2.96, 2.02) ≈ 0.86 is a maximum.
Equating these two gives f(−2.76, 4.88) ≈ −0.05 is a minimum.
( x + 1) (Note that f(41.80, −17.40) ≈ −0.00025.)
(x + 1)(x + 2y) = 2y(x + 2y) or y = .
2 2
−y
1 61. f ( x, y ) = xe x and
Substituting= y ( x + 1) into the third
2 g ( x, y ) = x + 2 y − 1= 0
2 2
equation, 2
−y 2
−y
=fx ex + ( x)(e x )(2 x)
2
−y 2
−y
f y =xe x (−1) =− xe x
f x (2 x 2 + 1)(e x − y )
2 To solve, press y = and input
=
gx = 2x gy = 4y 8x ^ 3 + 2 x 2 − 6 x − 1 for y1 = (remember
we are actually solving for y).
Use window dimensions [−4, 4]1 by
2
−y
(2 x 2 + 1)(e x )=
λ(2 x) [−4, 4]1.
2
−y Press Graph.
− xe x =
λ (4 y )
Use the zero function under the calc menu
x + 2y =
2
1 2
to find that y ≈ −0.9184, y ≈ −0.1636, and
From the first equation, y ≈ 0.832. We reject y ≈ −0.9184 and
2
−y y ≈ 0.832 since these would result in x
(2 x 2 + 1)(e x )
λ= . being undefined. If y = −0.1636, then
2x
x = ±0.9729.
− xe x − y
2
From the second equation, λ = . The two points for consideration are
4y (0.9729, −0.1636) and
Equating these and simplifying, (−0.9729, −0.1636).
8x2 y + 4 y =
−2 x 2 Press y =.
2 x 2 (1 + 4 y ) =−4 y Input xe ^ ( x 2 − L1 ) for y1 = .
2y From the home screen, input {−0.1636}
x2 = − sto→ 2nd L1.
4y +1
Substituting this into the third equation, Press Graph.
2y Use the value function under the calc
− + 2 y2 =1 menu to find f(0.9729, −0.1636) ≈ 2.952
4y +1
and f(−0.9729, −0.1636) ≈ −2.952
−2 y + 2 y 2 (4 y + 1) = 4 y + 1 The maximum point is (0.9729, −0.1636).
8 y2 + 2 y2 − 6 y −1 =0
7.6 Double Integrals

y =1
y dx dy = ∫  ∫ x 2 y dx  dy
1 2 2 1 2
1. ∫0 ∫1 x 0 1  2.
2 1 2
∫ ∫
2
∫
x y dy dx = x 2
y2
dx
1 0 1 2
 2 y =0
1 x3
= ∫  y  dy 2 x2
0 3  =∫ dx
 1 1 2
18 1  x =2
= ∫  y − y  dy x3
0 3 3  =
6
1 x =1
7 2
= y 7
6 0 =
6
7
=
6
ln 2  0 x =1
dx  dy
ln 2 0 1
∫0 ∫−1 2 xe dx dy = ∫  ∫−1 2 xe I =x(e x − x) − ∫ (e x − x) dx
y y
3.
0  x =0 0
ln 2  2 y 0  x =1
= ∫ x e dy  x2 
0  −1  = e −1 − 0 −  ex − 

 2 
ln 2 x =0
= ∫0 [−e y ]dy
=
1
ln 2 2
= −e y
0
= −1
y dx dy = ∫  ∫ x 2 y dy  dx
4 1 4 1
∫0 ∫−1 x
2
7.
0  −1 
3 1 3 y =1
 1 
∫2 ∫−1 ∫ ( xy + y )
( x + 2 y ) dy dx = 2
4. dx 4 y2 2
2 y =−1 =∫  x  dx
3 0 2 
= ∫ 2 x dx  −1 
2
x =3 =0
= x2
x =2 1 5 1 x =5
∫0 ∫1 y 1 − y 2 dx dy
= ∫0 x x=1 y 1 − y
2
=5 8. dy
1
3 1 2 xy 3  1 2 xy  = 4 ∫ y 1 − y 2 dy
5. ∫1 ∫0 x2 + 1 dx dy = ∫1  ∫0 x2 + 1 dx  dy 0
y =1
(1 − y 2 )3/ 2
3 1 = −2
= ∫  y ln( x 2 + 1)  dy 3
1 0 2 y =0
3 4
= ∫ y ln 2 dy =
1 3
3
1
= ln 2   y 2
2 1 3 2 x+ y 3 2 1 1 
= 4ln 2
9. ∫2 ∫1 =
xy
dy dx ∫2  ∫1  y + x  dy  dx
2
3 y
6. I = ∫
1 1 2 xy
0 0 ∫
x e dy dx = ∫2 ln( y ) + x  dx
1
1 xy y =1 3
= ∫ xe dx = ( x ln 2 + ln x ) 2
0 y =0
3
1 = ln 2 + ln
= ∫0 x(e − 1) dx
x
2
= ln 3
u=x = (e x − 1) dx
dv
du = dx =
v ex − x
2 3 y x 1 1− y
10.
∫1 ∫2  x + y  dy dx 13. ∫0 ∫y −1 (2 x + y)dx dy
1  1− y 
2  y2 
y =3 = ∫0  ∫y −1 (2 x + y)dx  dy
= ∫  + x ln y  dx
1  2x  1 1− y 
  y =2 = ∫0 ( x + xy )
2
dy
y −1 
2 5  3 
= ∫1  2 x + x ln  2   dx =
1
∫0 [[(1 − y)
2
+ (1 − y ) y ]
x =2
5 x2  3   − [( y − 1) 2 + ( y − 1) y ]]dy
=  ln x + ln    1
2 2  2   = ∫0 2 y − 2 y
2
dy
 x =1
5 3 1
= ln 2 + (ln 3 − ln 2) 2 y3
2 2 = y − 2
( )
3
= ln 6 3 0
1
=
3
4 x 2 4 x 
11. ∫0 ∫0 x y dy dx = ∫  ∫ x 2 y dy  dx
0 0  1 x 1 y=x
 x
14. ∫0 ∫x 2 2 xy dy dx = ∫ xy 2
0 y = x2
dx
4  x2 y2  dx
=∫ 1
= ∫0 x( x − x )dx
2 4
0 2 
 0 
1 3
= ∫0 ( x − x ) dx
5
4 x3
=∫ dx 1
0 2  x 4 x6 
4 4 =  − 
=
x  4 6 
0
8  1 1 
0 =  − −0
= 32  4 6 
1
1 5 =
12. ∫0 ∫1 xy 1 − y 2 dx dy 12
x =5
x2
xy dy dx = ∫  ∫ x1/2 y1/2 dy  dx
1 1 4 1 4
= ∫ y 1− y ∫0 ∫0
2
dy 15.
0 2 0 0 
x =1
1 1  1/2 3/2 4 
∫0 y 1 − y 2 (25 − 1) dy
1 2x y
= =∫   dx
2
0 3 
1  0
= 12 ∫ y 1 − y 2 dy
0 1 16 x1/2
 1 1 =∫ dx
=12  −  ∫ (−2 y ) 1 − y 2 dy 0 3
 2 0 1
2 32 x3/2
=−6   (1 − y 2 )3/ 2
1
=
9
3 0 0
=−4(0 − 1) 32
=
=4 9
1 2 x y− x y =2 x
dy dx = ∫ e y − x
1 10− y 2
∫0 ∫x
3
16. e
0 y= x
dx 18. ∫0 ∫y 2
/4
xy dx dy
1
= ∫0 (e − 1) dx
x =x 10− y 2
3 x2
=∫ y dy
= [e x − x]10 0 2
x= y / 4
2
= (e − 1) − (1 − 0)
= e−2 1 3 y4 
2 ∫0 
=  (10 − y 2
) −  y dy
16 
xy dy dx = ∫  ∫ xy dy  dx
e ln x e ln x
17. ∫1 ∫0 1 3 3 y
5
2 ∫0 
1  0  =  10 y − y −  dy
 2 ln x  16 
xy
=∫   dx
e
3
1  2  1  2 y4 y6 
 0  = 5 y − − 
2  4 96 
e x (ln x ) 2 0
=∫ dx 1  81 729  
1 =  45 − − −0
2  4 96  
2
Using integration by parts with u = (ln x) 2
549
x =
and dV = dx 64
2
x2 ex
e
19. Solving x 2 = 3 x yields x = 0 and x = 3.
= (ln x) 2 − ∫ ln x dx Similarly, after solving each equation for
4 1 2
1 y
2 x, y = when y = 0 and y = 9. So, R
e x e 3
4 ∫1 2
= − ln x dx
can be described in terms of vertical cross
Using integration by parts again, with sections by 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 and x 2 ≤ y ≤ 3 x and
x in terms of horizontal cross sections by
u = ln x and dV = dx
2 y
0 ≤ y ≤ 9 and ≤ x ≤ y .
 e  3
e2  x 2 ex
= − ln x − ∫ dx 
4 4 1 4  20.
 1 
 e
e 2  x 2 x2 
= −  ln x −  
4  4 8  
 1 
2  2
e e e 2
 1 
= −  −  −  0 −  
4  4 8   8  
e2 − 1
=
8
The graphs intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1).
Vertical cross sections:
The region is below y = x and above
y = x2 .
R: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 2 ≤ y ≤ x
Horizontal cross sections: 24.

The region extends from y = x on the
left to y = x 2 on the right. These can be
rewritten as x = y 2 and x = y ,
respectively. R: 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y 2 ≤ x ≤ y
21. The given points form a rectangle. So, R

can be described in terms of vertical cross
sections by −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 and 1 ≤ y ≤ 2 and in The graph of y = e x intersects y = 2 at
terms of horizontal cross sections by (ln 2, 2) and x = 0 at (0, 1).
1 ≤ y ≤ 2 and −1 ≤ x ≤ 2. Vertical cross sections:
The region is below y = 2 and above
22.
y = ex .
R: 0 ≤ x ≤ ln 2, e x ≤ y ≤ 2
Horizontal cross sections:
The region extends from x = 0 on the left
to y = e x on the right. The equation
y = e x can be rewritten as x = ln y.
R: 1 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ ln y
The region is bounded by the lines x = 1,
y = 0, and y = 2 − x. 0 2
∫∫ 3xy dA = ∫ ∫
2
25. 3 xy 2 dx dy
Vertical cross sections: −1 −1
The region is below y = 2 − x and above R
= ∫  ∫ 3 xy 2 dx  dy
0 2
y = 0.
−1  −1 
R: 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 − x
Horizontal cross sections:  2 22 
0 3x y
The region extends from x = 1 on the left =∫   dy
−1  2 
to x = 2 − y on the right.  −1 
R: 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 − y 0 9 y2
=∫ dy
23. Solving ln x = 0 yields x = 1, with the −1 2
0
second boundary given as x = e. Similarly, 3 y3
solving y = ln x for x yields x = e y , with =
2
the second boundary given as y = 0. So, R −1
3
can be described in terms of vertical cross =
sections by 1 ≤ x ≤ e and 0 ≤ y ≤ ln x and 2
in terms of horizontal cross sections by Note: problem can be equivalently
2 0
0 ≤ y ≤ 1 and e y ≤ x ≤ e. ∫−1 ∫−13xy
2
worked as dy dx.
26. 27. Since the line joining the points (0, 0) and
(1, 1) is y = x,
1 x
∫∫ xe dA = ∫ ∫
y
xe y dy dx
0 0
R
= ∫  ∫ xe y dy  dx
1 x
0 0 
1 y x 
= ∫  xe  dx
0 0
1
= ∫0 ( xe − x)dx
x
Use vertical cross sections, the region R
can be described as R: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 1 x 1
0 ≤ y ≤ 2 − 2x. = ∫0 xe dx − ∫0 x dx
1
x2
∫∫ ( x + 2 y) dA
1
= ∫ xe dx − x
0 2
R 0
1 2− 2 x
= ∫0 ∫0 ( x + 2 y ) dy dx = ∫ xe dx −
0
11 x
1 y = 2− 2 x 2
= ∫0 ( xy + y 2 )
y =0
dx Using integration by parts with u = x and
1 dV = e x dx
= ∫0 [ x(2 − 2 x) + (2 − 2 x) 2 − 0] dx 1
=xe x − ∫ e x dx −
1 1
1
∫0 (2 x − 6 x + 4) dx
0 2
= 2 0
1 1
1 = ( xe x − e x ) −
2  0 2
=  x3 − 3 x 2 + 4 x  1
3 0 =
2 
2
=  − 3 + 4 − 0 Note: problem can be equivalently
3  1 y
∫0 ∫0 xe
y
5 worked as dx dy.
=
3
28.
Using vertical cross sections, the region R

can be described as R: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
x3 ≤ y ≤ x . 30.
1 x
∫∫ 48 xy dA = ∫0 ∫x 3 48 xy dy dx
R
1 y= x
= ∫ 24 xy 2 dx
0 y = x3
1
= ∫0 24 x( x − x ) dx
6
1
= ∫0 (24 x − 24 x ) dx
2 7
1 Using vertical cross sections, the region R

= (8 x3 − 3 x8 )
0 can be described as R: −3 ≤ x ≤ 2,
= (8 − 3) − 0 x 2 ≤ y ≤ 6 − x.
=5
∫∫12 x dA
29. Solving x = 2 x yields x = 0 and x = 2, so
2 R
2 6− x
=∫ ∫
∫∫ (2 y − x)dA −3 x 2
12 x dy dx
2 y = 6− x
= ∫ 12 xy
R
2 2x dx
−3 y = x2
= ∫0 ∫x 2 (2 y − x)dy dx
2
= ∫−312 x[(6 − x) − x ] dx
2
2  2x 
= ∫0  ∫x (2 y − x)dy  dx
2
2
= ∫−3 (72 x − 12 x − 12 x ) dx
2 3
2 2x 
= ∫0 ( y − xy )
2
 dx 2
x2  = (36 x 2 − 4 x3 − 3 x 4 )
2 −3
= ∫0 [[(2 x) 2 − x(2 x)] − [( x 2 ) 2 − x( x 2 )]]dx = (144 − 32 − 48) − (324 + 108 − 243)
2 = −125
= ∫0 (2 x − x + x )dx
2 4 3
2 31. The line joining the points (−1, 0) and

 2 x3 x5 x 4  (0, 1) is y = x + 1, or x = y − 1. Similarly,
=  − + 
 3 5 4  the line joining the points (0, 1) and (1, 0)
 0
is y = 1 − x, or x = 1 − y. So,
44 1 1− y
=
15 ∫∫ (2 x + 1)=
dA ∫ ∫ (2 x + 1)dx dy
0 y −1
Note: problem can be equivalently R
1  1− y 
∫0  ∫y −1 (2 x + 1)dx  dy
4 y /2
=
worked as ∫0 ∫ y
(2 y − x) dx dy.
1 1− y 
= ∫0 ( x + x)
2
dy
y −1 
1
= ∫0 [[(1 − y) + (1 − y )]
2
− [( y − 1) 2 + ( y − 1)]]dy
1
= ∫0 (2 − 2 y)dy
1
= (2 y − y 2 )
0
=1
32. 33. After solving each equation for x, 2y = −y

when y = 0, with the other boundary given
as y = 2. So,
1 2 2y 1
∫∫ y 2 + 1 dA = ∫0 ∫− y y 2 + 1 dx dy
R
2  2y 1 
= ∫ ∫ dx  dy
0 − y y2 + 1
 
 2y 
2
 x  dy
=∫
Using vertical cross sections, the region R 0  y2 + 1 
 −y 
can be described as R: 1 ≤ x ≤ 2,
2 2y −y 
1
≤ y ≤ x. = ∫  2 − 2  dy
0 y +1 y +1
x2  
2 3y
2 x =∫ 2 dy
∫∫ 2 x dA = ∫1 ∫1/ x
0 y +1
2 2 x dy dx
2 y
R
= 3∫ 2 dy
2 y=x
= ∫ 2 xy dx 0 y +1
1 y =1/ x 2
 21  Using substitution with = u y 2 + 1,
= ∫ 2 x  x − 2  dx 51 1
1  x  = 3∫ ⋅ du
2 1 u 2
2
= ∫  2 x 2 −  dx 3 51
1  x = ∫ du
2 1u
( )
2
2  3 5
=  x3 − 2ln x  = ln u
3 1 2 1
 16  2 3
= = (ln 5 − ln1)
 − 2ln 2  − 2
 3  3
3ln 5
14 =
= − 2ln 2 2
3
34.
Using horizontal cross sections, the region

R can be described as R: 0 ≤ y ≤ 1,
0 ≤ x ≤ y2. requires substitution as well)

1 y 2 y3 1 eu
 2 21 
3
 y y 1 y2
∫∫ e dA = ∫
y
∫e dx dy =4∫ du − 4 e − ∫ ye dy 
0 0 0 2  2 0 
R  0 
x= y2
1 y3  1 y2 1    2 2  1 1
= ∫ xe dy   y y  1 y2 
0 x =0 =4 e −4 e − e
2   2  2 
1
= ∫ y 2 e y dy
3
 0
 0 0

0 1
2 2 2
1 3
1 = 2( e y − y 2 e y + e y )
= ey 0
3 0 2 2 1
1 = 2(2e y − y 2 e y )
= (e − 1) 0
3 = 2( e − 2)
35. After solving each equation for x,
36.
y1/3 = y when y = 0 and y = 1. So,
2 y2
∫∫12 x e dA
R
1 y1/3 2
=∫
0 ∫y
12 x 2 e y dx dy
1  y1/3 2 
= ∫  ∫ 12 x 2 e y dx  dy

0 y

1 
1/3
2 y
= ∫  4 x 3e y  dy Using vertical cross sections, the region R
0 y  can be described as R: 1 ≤ x ≤ e,
 
1 y2 2 0 ≤ y ≤ ln x.
= ∫0 (4 ye − 4 y 3e y )dy Use integration by parts or Formulas 27
1 2 1 2 and 23 to integrate (ln x) 2 .
= 4 ∫ ye y dy − 4 ∫ y 2 ( ye y )dy
0 0 e ln x
Using substitution for the first integral ∫∫ y dA = ∫1 ∫0 y dy dx
R
with u = y 2 , and using integration by y =ln x
e1
parts for the second integral with u = y 2 =∫ y2
dx
2 1
2 y =0
and dV = ye y dy (where solving for V e1
= ∫ (ln x) 2
1 2
1 e
= [ x(ln x) 2 − 2 x ln x + 2 x]
2 1
1
= [(e − 2e + 2e) − 2]
2
1
= (e − 2)
2
2 4− x 2
37. The region for ∫0 ∫0 f ( x, y )dy dx is
bounded above by y= 4 − x 2 and below

by y = 0. It is bounded on the left by x = 0

and on the right by x = 2. So, the region Reversing the integration yields
is: 1 y1/3
∫0 ∫y 2 f ( x, y )dx dy.
40.
Reversing the integration yields

4 4− y
∫0 ∫0 f ( x, y )dx dy.
Using vertical cross sections, the region
38. can be described as 0 ≤ x ≤ 2,
x 2 ≤ y ≤ 2 x.
4 y 2 2x
∫0 ∫y / 2 f ( x, y) dx dy = ∫0 ∫x 2 f ( x, y ) dy dx
e2 2
41. The region for ∫1 ∫ln x f ( x, y)dy dx is
bounded above by y = 2 and below by
y = ln x. It is bounded on the left by x = 1
Using vertical cross sections, the region and on the right by x = e2 . So, the region
x
can be described as 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, ≤ y ≤ 1. is:
2
1 2y 2 x/2
∫0 ∫0 f ( x, y )dx dy = ∫ ∫
0 0
f ( x, y )dy dx
1 x
39. The region for ∫0 ∫x 3 f ( x, y )dy dx is
bounded above by y = x and below by
y = x3 . It is bounded on the left by x = 0
and on the right by x = 1. So, the region
is: Reversing the integration yields
2 ey
∫0 ∫1 f ( x, y )dx dy.
42. Using vertical cross sections, the region

can be described as − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2,
x 2 − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1.
1 y +1
∫−1 ∫− y +1
f ( x, y ) dx dy
2 1
=∫
2 ∫x −1
f ( x, y ) dy dx
− 2
Using horizontal cross sections, the region 45. The line joining the points (−4, 0) and
can be described as 1 ≤ y ≤ 3, 0 ≤ x ≤ ln x. (2, 6) is y = x + 4, with the bottom
ln 3 3 boundary being y = 0. So, the area of R is
∫0 ∫e f ( x, y) dy dx 2 x+4 2  x+4 
∫−4 ∫0 (1)dy dx = ∫−4  ∫0 1dy  dx
x
3 ln x
=∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dx dy x+4
= ∫  y 0  dx
1 0 2
−4  
1 2 2
43. The region for ∫−1 ∫x +1 f ( x, y)dy dx is
2 = ∫−4 ( x + 4)dx
bounded above by y = 2 and below by 2
 x2 
=y x 2 + 1. It is bounded on the left by =  + 4x 
 2 
x = −1 and on the right by x = 1. So, the   −4
region is: = 18
46.
Reversing the integration yields

2 y −1
∫1 ∫− y −1
f ( x, y )dx dy. Using horizontal cross sections, the region
can be described as −1 ≤ y ≤ 1,
−y − 1 ≤ x ≤ y + 1.
44. 1 y +1 1 x= y +1
∫−1 ∫− y −1 dx dy = ∫−1 x x=− y −1 dy
1
= ∫−1[( y + 1) − (− y − 1)] dy
1
= ∫−1(2 y + 2) dy
1
= ( y 2 + 2 y)
−1
= (1 + 2) − (1 − 2)
=4
47. Solving
1 2
x = 2 x yields x = 0 and x = 4. 49. Solving x 2 − 4 x + 3 = 0 yields x = 1 and
2 x = 3. So, the area of R is
So, the area of R is 3 x 2 − 4 x +3
(1)dy dx = ∫  ∫ 2 1 dy  dx
3 0
4 2x 4  2x  ∫1 ∫0 1  x − 4 x +3 
∫0 ∫x2 /2 (1)dy dx = ∫0  ∫x2 /21dy  dx
= ∫  y x 2 −4 x +3  dx
3 0
= ∫  y x 2 /2  dx
4 2x 1 
0  3
= ∫1 (− x + 4 x − 3)dx
2
4 x2 
= ∫  2 x −  dx 3
0 2   x3 
 =− + 2 x 2 − 3x 
4  3 
 x3   1
=  x2 − 
 6  =
4
 0 3
16
=
3 50.
48.
Using vertical cross sections, the region

can be described as −5 ≤ x ≤ −1,
x 2 + 6 x + 5 ≤ y ≤ 0.
Using vertical cross sections, the region −1 0
can be described as 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, ∫−5 ∫x +6 x+5 dy dx
2
x2 ≤ y ≤ x . −1 y =0
=∫ y dx
−5 y =x + 6 x +5
2
1 x 1 y= x −1
∫0 ∫x dy dx = ∫ y = ∫−5 [0 − ( x + 6 x + 5)] dx
2
dx
2
0 y = x2
−1
∫0 ( ) 1 
1
= x − x 2 dx =
−  x3 + 3 x 2 + 5 x 
1 3  −5
2 1 
 1
=  x3/ 2 − x3    125 
3 3 0 =−  − + 3 − 5  −  − + 75 − 25  
 3   3 
2 1
= − =
32
3 3 3
1
=
3 51. Solving ln x = 0 yields x = 1, with the
other boundary given as x = e. So, the area
of R is
3 4− y 
(1)dy dx = ∫  ∫ 1 dy  dx
e ln x e ln x 4− y
∫1 ∫0
3
1 0  ∫0 ∫ y / 3 (1)dx dy = ∫  ∫
0  y /3
1 dy  dx

e  ln x 
= ∫  y 0  dx 3 4− y 
= ∫ x y / 3 dy
1   0  
e
= ∫ ln x dx 3 y
1 = ∫  4 − y −  dy
Using integration by parts with u = ln x 0 3
and dV = dx 3 3y
= ∫ 4 − y dy − ∫ dy
e 0 0 3
= x ln x 1 − ∫ 1 dx
e
1 3
3 y2
=
e
( x ln x − x) 1 = ∫0 4 − y dy −
6
=1 0
3 3
= ∫ 4 − y dy −
52. 0 2
Using substitution with u = 4 − y,
1 3
= ∫ u1/2 − du −
4 2
1 1/2 3
= − ∫ u du −
4 2
4 1/2 3
= ∫ u du −
1 2
Using horizontal cross sections, the region 4
2 3/2 3
= u −
can be described as 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ e x . 3 1 2
1 ey 1 x =e y 19
∫0 ∫y dx dy = ∫ x x = y dy
0
=
6
1 y
= ∫0 (e − y ) dy 54.
1
 1 
=  e y − y2 
 2 0
 1
= e −  − 1
 2
3
= e−
2
53. After solving each equation for x,

y
4 − y = when y = −12 and y = 3.
3
However, the region is also bounded by
y = 0, making the limits y = 0 and y = 3.
So, the area of R is
Using vertical cross sections, the region 1 2 3

57. V = ∫ dy dx ∫
16 xy 1 1
can be described as 4 ≤ x ≤ 8, ≤ y ≤ x.
x 2 31 1 
8 x 8 y=x = ∫  ∫ ⋅ dy  dx
∫4 ∫16 / x dy dx = ∫4 y y =16 / x dx 
1 1 x y

21 
3
8 16 
= ∫4  x −  dx = ∫  ln y  dx
x 1 x
 1 
8
1  21
= ∫ ln 3 dx
=  x 2 − 16ln x 
2 4 1 x
2
= (32 − 16ln 8) − (8 − 16ln 4) = ln 3ln x 
1
= 24 − 16ln 2 = (ln 3)(ln 2)
1 2 Note: problem can be equivalently
55. =
V ∫0 ∫0 (6 − 2 x − 2 y)dy dx worked as ∫ ∫
3 2 1
dx dy.
1 2  1 1 xy
= ∫0  ∫0 (6 − 2 x − 2 y)dy  dx
1 y =ln 2
2 2
1 ln 2 x + y
dy dx = ∫ e x + y
1
= ∫0 (6 y − 2 xy − y ) 0  dx 58. ∫0 ∫0 e
0 y =0
dx
1
= ∫0 (2e − e x ) dx
1 x
= ∫0 (8 − 4 x)dx
1 1
= (8 x − 2 x 2 ) = ex
0 0
=6 = e −1
Note: problem can be equivalently
xe − y dy dx
1 2
2 1 59. V = ∫ ∫
worked as ∫0 ∫0 (6 − 2 x − 2 y )dx dy. 0 0
= ∫  ∫ xe − y dy  dx
1 2
2 1 0 0 
∫−2 ∫−1(9 − x − y 2 ) dx dy
2
56. 1 2 
x =1 = ∫  − xe − y  dx
0 0
 x3
2 
= ∫  9x − − y2 x  dy
=∫ (− xe−2 + x)dx
1
−2  3 
  x =−1 0
2  52  1 −2
= ∫  − 2 y 2  dy
−2  3
= ∫0 (1 − e ) x dx
 1
2 x2 −2
 52 2  = (1 − e )
=  y − y3  2
 3 3  −2 0
176 e −1
2
= =
3 2e 2
1 1 
=  1− 2 
2 e 
1 4 Using horizontal cross sections, the region

60. ∫0 ∫0 (1 − x)(4 − y) dy dx can be described as 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2y.
1 y =4 x =2 y
=∫ (1 − x)(4 y − 0.5 y 2 ) 1 2 y y2 1 2
0 y =0
dx
∫∫
0 0
e dx dy = ∫ xe y
0 x =0
dy
1
= 8∫ (1 − x) dx 1 2
0
1
= ∫0 (2 y − 0)e y dy
 1  2 1
= 8  x − x2  = ey
 2 0 0
=4 = e −1
61. After solving both equations for x, x 2 yields x = −2 and

63. Solving 8 − x 2 =
y = 2 − y when y = 1, with the other x = 2. So,
boundary given as y = 0. So, 2 8− x 2
=V
1 2− y
∫0 ∫ y (2 x + y )dx dy
=V ∫−2 ∫x 2 ( x + 1)dy dx
 8− x 2
2 
= ∫ ∫
1 2− y
(2 x + y )dx  dy
= ∫−2  ∫x2 ( x + 1)dy  dx
0  y 
2  8− x 2 
1 2− y  = ∫ ( x + 1) y x 2  dx
= ∫ ( x 2 + xy ) dy −2  
0 y 
2
= ∫−2[( x + 1)(8 − x ) − ( x + 1)( x
2 2
1 )]dx
= ∫0 [[(2 − y ) + (2 − y ) y ]
2
2
= ∫−2 (8 + 8 x − 2 x − 2 x )dx
2 3
− [( y )2 + ( y ) y ]]dy
1 2
= ∫0 (4 − 2 y − 2 y  2 x3 x 4 
2
)dy
=  8x + 4 x2 − − 
1  3 2 
 2 y3   −2
=  4 y − y2 − 
 3  =
64
 0 3
7
=
3 64.
62.
Using vertical cross sections, the region Using substitution with u = x 2 y,

can be described as 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 2x ≤ y ≤ 2.
1 2 y u 1 
2 ∫0  ∫0
1 2 1 y =2 = e ⋅ du  dy
∫0 ∫2 x 4 xe dy dx = ∫ 4 xe y
y
dx 2 
0 y =2 x
1 2 y 
1 = ∫  eu  dy
= ∫0 (4 xe − 4 xe 2 x ) dx
2
4 0 0
1 1 2 y
4 ∫0
= (2 x 2 e2 − 2 xe 2 x + e 2 x ) = (e − 1)dy
0
= (2e − 2e + e ) − 1
2 2 2
1 y
2
= (e − y )
= e2 − 1 4 0
1 2
65. The area of the rectangular region is 15. = (e − 3) ≈ 1.0973
4
1 3 2
15 ∫−2 ∫−1
= f av xy ( x − 2 y )dy dx
1 2 3 ln x
1 ∫1 ∫2 xy
2 68. AV = dy dx
1 3  x 2 y 2 2 xy 3 
15 ∫−2  2
=  −  dx y =3
3  2 ln x ln y
−1 =∫ dx
1 x
1  2 16 x x 2 2 x 
3 y =2
15 ∫−2 
=  2x − − −  dx 2 ln x  3
3 2 3  =∫  ln  dx
1 x  2
1 3
=
15 ∫−2
(1.5 x 2 − 6 x)dx
(ln x) 2  3 
x =2
3 = ln  
1  x3  2 2 x =1
=  − 3x 
2
15  2 
 (ln 2) 2  3 
−2 = ln  
1 2 2
= ≈ 0.1667
6
3
69. The area of the rectangular region is .
1 4 3 y x 2
=
66. AV ∫ ∫  +  dy dx
(3)(2) 1 1  x y 
The line joining the points (0, 0) and
x
y =3 (3, 1) is y = .
1 4  y2  3
= ∫ 
6 1  2 x
+ x ln y 

dx
1 3 1
 y =1 f av = 3 ∫ ∫ 6 xy dy dx
0 x/3
1 4 4  2
= ∫
6 x
 + x ln 3  dx
 2 3 21 
3 ∫0 
1
= 3 xy dx
1 x =4 x / 3 
= (4ln x + 0.5(ln 3) x 2 )
6 x =1 2 3 x3 
3 ∫0 
=  3 x −  dx
=
2 5
ln 4 + ln 3 3 
3 4 3
2  3x 2 x 4 
67. The area of the rectangular region is 2. =  − 
3  2 12 
1 2 1 2 0
f av = ∫ ∫ xye x y dx dy 9
2 0 0 =
2
Note: problem can be equivalently 72.

2 1 3y
worked as ∫ ∫ 6 xy dx dy.
3 0 0
70.
The area of the region is

1
1 2 1 3 1
∫0
=
x dx =
x
3 0 3
.
1 1
e x y −1/ 2 dx dy
1 1
1 ∫0 ∫
The area of the region is . AV =
2 y
1 1 x x2 3
1 ∫0 ∫0
AV = e dx x =1
= 3∫ e x y −1/ 2
1
dy
2 0 x= y
y=x
= 3∫  e − e y  y −1/ 2 dy
1 2
= 2∫ e x y
1
dx
0 y =0 0 
1 −1/ 2  dy
e − y −1/ 2 e y
1 x2
= ∫ 2 xe dx = 3∫  y 
0 0 
2 1 1
= ex = 3  2 y1/ 2 e − 2e y 

0  0
= e −1 =6
71. The area of the given region is 3 5 ln xy
2  x  32 3
2 73. ∫1 ∫2 y
dy dx
∫−2 4 − x dx = 4 x − 3  = 3
2
3 5 1
  −2 = ∫1 ∫2 ln xy ⋅ y dy dx
1 2 4 − x2
f av = 32 −2 0 ∫ ∫ x dy dx Using substitution with u = ln xy,
= ∫  ∫ u du  dx
3 3 ln 5 x
3 2 4 − x2 1  ln 2 x 
32 ∫−2
= ( xy ) 0 dx ln 5 x
 3 u2
3 2 =∫  
32 ∫−2
= (4 x − x 3 )dx dx
1 2 

  ln 2 x
2 1 3 2
3  2 x4  = ∫ (ln 5 x − ln 2 2 x)dx
=  2x −  1
32  4 
2
−2 1 3
= ∫ (ln 5 x + ln 2 x)(ln 5 x − ln 2 x)dx
=0 2 1
1 3  5
= ∫ (ln10 x 2 )  ln  dx
2 1  2
ln 2.5 3
2 ∫1
= ln10 x 2 dx
Using integration by parts with
u = ln10 x 2 and dV = dx 1 1 3 x2 y 1 1 x2 y 2
2 V =x
75. ∫0 ∫0 x e dy dx = ∫
0 ∫0
xe x dy dx
du = dx Using substitution with u = x 2 y,
x
ln 2.5  3 2  1 x2
=∫ ∫
3
=  x ln10 x 2 − ∫ x ⋅ dx  0 0
xeu du dx
2  1 1 x 
ln 2.5 1  x2 
= [ x ln10 x 2 − 2 x]13 = ∫  x  eu   dx
0 
2   0
 
ln 2.5
= [(3ln 90 − 6) − (ln10 − 2)] 1 x2
2
= ∫0 ( xe − xe0 )dx
≈ 3.297 1 x 2 1
= ∫0 xe dx − ∫ x dx
0
2 1
74. I = ∫ ∫
xy
ye dx dy Using substitution with u = x , 2
1 −1
2 xy x =1 1 1 u 1
=∫
1
e
x =−1
dy = ∫
2 0
e du − ∫ x dx
0
1
(e − e − y ) dy
2 y
= ∫ =
1  u 1  x2
−
2  0  2
1 e
−y 2
= (e + e y
) 0
1 1 1 0 1 
= (e − e ) −  − 0 
= e 2 + e −2 − (e + e −1 ) 2 2 
1
= e −1
2
e−2
=
2
76.
1 x3 y = x
2 1
x3 1 x 2 x3 1 2 x3 1 x3 1
∫∫ e =
dA ∫∫
0 0
e dy=
dx ∫
0
e y
y =0
=
dx ∫
0
x e =dx
3
e = (e − 1)
0 3
R
1 7 5
77.=
Qav
35 ∫ 0 ∫0
(2 x 3 + 3x 2 y + y 3 )dx dy
1 7 5
= ∫
35 0
(0.5 x 4 + x 3 y + xy 3 ) dy
0
1 7 5
= ∫
35 0
x (0.5 x 3 + x 2 y + y 3 ) dy
0
=
1 7
7 ∫0
(
62.5 + 25 y + y 3 dy )
7
1  25 y3 
= y  62.5 + y+ 
7  2 4 
0
175 343
= 62.5 + + = 235.75
2 4
1 324 305
 200 − 24 x + 4(0.1y + 3)3/2  dy dx
(35)(9) 289 ∫296 
∫
=
78. AV

1 324  y = 305
= ∫ 200 y − 24 x y + 16(0.1 y + 3)5/2  dx
315 289   y =296
1 324
315 ∫289
≈ [8,640.215 − 216 x1/2 ]dx
324
1
= (8,640.215 x − 144 x )3/2
315 289
≈ 540
Approximately 540 bicycles will be sold.
89 125
=
79. P ( xy ) ∫70 ∫100 [( x − 30)(70 + 5 x − 4 y) + ( y − 40)(80 − 6 x + 7 y)]dx dy
89 125
= ∫70 ∫100 [5 x + 7 y 2 + 160 x − 10 xy − 80 y − 5,300]dx dy
2
89 125
= ∫70 [1.6667 x + 7 xy 2 + 80 x 2 − 5 x 2 y − 80 xy − 5,300 x]
3
dy
100
89
= [1,906,041.67 y + 58.33 y 3 − 15.062.5 y 2 ]
70
= 1.1826(107 )
The area is (125 − 100)(89 − 70) = 475.
1.1826(107 )
The average profit is = 24,896.8 or $2,489,800.
475
3 2 −0.01x −0.05 y
80.=
Value ∫1 ∫0 (250 + 17 x)e dy dx
3 2 −0.01x −0.05 y
= ∫1 ∫0 (250 + 17 x)e e dy dx
y =2
−20 ∫ (250 + 17 x)e −0.01x e −0.05 y
3
= dx
1 y =0
−20(e−0.1 − 1) ∫ (250 + 17 x)e−0.01x dx

3
=
1
−0.1 3
=
−20(e − 1)[−100(250 + 17 x)e−0.01x − 170,000e−0.01x ]
1
−0.1 3
= −20(e − 1)(−1,700 x − 195,000)e −0.01x
1
−0.1 −0.03 −0.01
= −20(e − 1)(−200,100e + 196,700e )
≈ 1,059.4 thousand dollars or $1,059,400
1 1 −0.01x
81.=
Value ∫−1 ∫−1(300 + x + y)e dx dy
−0.01x
+ xe −0.01x ]dx dy
1 1
= ∫−1 ∫−1[(300 + y)e
x =1
 (300 + y ) −0.01x 
− 100 xe −0.01x − 10,000e −0.01x 
1
= ∫  e dy
−1  −0.01  x =−1
− 40,100e −0.01 + (100e0.01 − 100e −0.01 ) y ]dy
1
= ∫−1[39,900e
0.01
= 79,800e0.01 − 80, 200e −0.01

= 1, 200.007
or roughly 1.2 million dollars.
400 xe − y dy dx
1 x
82. Value = ∫ ∫
0 0
1 − y y=x
= ∫0 (−400 xe )
y =0
dx
= 400 ∫ ( x − xe− x ) dx
1
0
1
1 
= 400  x 2 + xe − x + e − x 
2 0
 1
= 400  2e−1 − 
 2
≈ 94.3 thousand dollars or $94,300
83. p ( x, y ) = x ln y
Need to find
5 3
∫ ∫ x ln ydxdy
1 0
3
 x2
5

= ∫  ln y  dy
1 
2 0
9 
5
= ∫  2 ln y − 0  dy
1
Using integration by parts,
9
u = ln y and dV = dy
2
1 9
du = dy V= y
y 2
So,
5 5 5
9 9 9
∫1=
2
ln ydy
2
y ln y
1
− ∫ dy
1
2
5 5 5
9 9 9
= y ln y − y = ( y ln y − y )
2 1 2 1 2 1
9 9
= ( 5ln 5 − 5) − ( 0 =
− 1) ( 5ln 5 − 4 )
2 2
≈ 18.212
So, approximately 18,212 people are positively influenced.
84.
Need to find
Sandy should expect approximately 1807 people to be interested.

90
85. = (2 x + y 2 ) miles
E ( x, y )
5, 280
0.01705 3 4
12 ∫0 ∫0
=Eav (2 x + y 2 )dx dy
3
= 0.00142 ∫ (16 + 4 y 2 )dy
0
3
= 0.00142(16 y + 1.333 y 3 )
0
= 630 ft.
=
86. AV
1 1 3
∫
3 0 0∫ (
10 + xye1− x − y dy dx
2 2
)
( )
y =3
1 1
= ∫ 10 y − 0.5 xe1− x − y
2 2
dx
3 0 y =0
1 1
(
=∫ 30 − 0.5 xe−8− x + 0.5 xe1− x dx
3 0
2 2
)
( )
x =1
1
30 x + 0.25e−8− x − 0.25e1− x
2 2
=
3 x =0
1 −9 −8
= (119 + e − e + e)
12
≈ 10.14
0 yields x = −2 and x = 2. So,

87. Solving 4 − x 2 =
2 4− x 2
=V ∫−2 ∫0 (20 − x 2 − y 2 )dy dx
 4− x 2 
2   y 3  
= ∫−2  20 y − x y − 3   dx
2
 0 

2  (4 − x 2 )3 
= ∫−2  − − − −
2 2 2
 20(4 x ) x (4 x )  dx
 3 
2  4 64 − 48 x + 12 x − x
2 4 6
= ∫−2  − − + −
2 2
80 20 x 4 x x  dx
 3 
2 176 4 x
6 
= ∫−2  3 − 8 x − 3x + 3  dx
2
 
2
176 8 3 3 5 1 7
=  3 x − x − x + x
 3 5 21  −2
 352 64 96 128   352 64 96 128  
=  3 − 3 − 5 + 21  −  − 3 + 3 + 5 − 21  
   
17, 408
= ≈ 165.79 m 3
105
30 20
= ∫−30 ∫−20 (12 − 0.003x − 0.005 y 2 ) dy dx
2
88. (a) Volume
y = 20
30  0.005 3 
= ∫ 12 y − 0.003 x 2 y − y  dx
−30  3  y =−20
30  1,360 
= ∫−30  3
− 0.12 x 2  dx

30
 1,360 
=  x − 0.04 x3 
 3  −30
= 25,040 m3
1 313
=
(b) AV =
(25,040) ≈ 10.43 m
60(40) 30
2 2  1 
= ∫−2 ∫−2 1 − 9 ( x + y 2 )  dy dx
2
89. E

y =2
2  1 y3 
=∫  y −  x 2 y +  dx
−2 
 9  3  
y =−2
x =2
 4 x3 16 x 
= 4x − − 
 27 27 
 x =−2
 64 
= 28 − 
 27 
304
=
27
3
90. z =6− x − 2y
2
3 3
The trace in the xy plane is the line 6 or y =
x + 2y = − x + 3.
2 4
4 − 34 x +3  3 
=
Volume ∫0 ∫0  6 − x − 2 y  dy dx
 2 
3
y=
− x +3
4 3  4
= ∫  6 y − xy − y 2  dx
0 2  y =0
4  
2
 3  3  3   3
∫0   4  2  4   4   dx
=
 6 − x + 3 − x − x + 3 − − x + 3
 
4 9
= ∫ ( x 2 − 8 x + 16) dx
0 16
4
9 1 3 
=  x − 4 x + 16 x 
2
16  3 0
9 1 3 
= (4 ) − 4(4) 2 + 16(4) 
16  3 
= 12
The volume is 12 cubic inches.
91. f ( x, y ) = 2,500e −0.01x −0.02 y

First, the triangular regions should be divided into two sections, using the y-axis as the dividing
line. Then, the left region is bounded above by y = x + 3 and below by y = −2. The values of x are
from x = −5 to x = 0. Similarly, the right region is bounded above by
y = −x + 3 and below by y = −2. The values of x are from x = 0 to x = 5. So, the population is
0 x +3 −0.01x −0.02 y 5 − x +3 −0.01x −0.02 y
2,500 ∫
−5 ∫−2
e dy dx + 2,500 ∫ ∫ e dy dx
0 −2
x +3  − x +3 
0  1 5 1
2,500 ∫  e −0.01x −0.02 y  dx + 2,500 ∫  e −0.01x −0.02 y  dx
−5  −0.02  0  −0.02 
 −2 −2
−125,000 ∫ [e −0.01x −0.02( x +3) − e −0.01x −0.02( −2) ]dx

0
=
−5
− 125,000 ∫ [e −0.01x −0.02( − x +3) − e −0.01x −0.02( −2) ]dx
5
0
−125,000  ∫ e −0.03 x −0.06 dx − ∫ e−0.01x + 0.04 dx + ∫ e0.01x −0.06 dx − ∫ e−0.01x +0.04 dx 

0 0 5 5
=
 −5 −5 0 0 
 1  −0.03 x −0.06 0  1  −0.01x +0.04 0  1  0.01x −0.06 5 
= −125,000  e + e + e 
 −0.03  −5  0.01  −5  0.01  0
1  −0.01x +0.04 5  
+ 
0.01 
e
0 
 1 1 1
= −125,000  − (e−0.06 − e0.09 ) + (e0.04 − e0.09 ) + (e −0.01 − e −0.06 )
 0.03 0.01 0.01
1 
+ (e −0.01 − e0.04 ) 
0.01 
≈ −125,000[5.080325 − 5.336351 + 4.828530 − 5.076094]
≈ 62,949 people
92. P = ∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dA
R
2 4 2 −0.01x
=∫
−2 ∫ y
1,000 y
2 e dx dy
2 2 −0.01x x = 4
= ∫−2 (−100,000 y e )
x= y2
dy
2 2 −0.04 2 −0.01 y 2
∫ (−100,000 y e + 100,000 y e
=
−2
)dy
≈ 8, 293.3
The total population in the region is 8,293.
93. p ( x, y ) = xy
Need to find
∫ ∫ p ( x, y )dydx
R
To determine the limits of integration, find the x-value where the graphs intersect and solve the
graph equations for y. Then,
4 32 − x 2
=∫ ∫ xydydx
0 x
x 4 32 − x 2 
= ∫ y 2  dx
 2 
0
 x

4
x x3 
= ∫  ( 32 − x 2 ) −  dx
0 
2 2
4
= ∫ (16 x − x ) dx
3
0
4
x4
= 8x − 2
4 0
 ( 4) 
4
= 8 ( 4 ) − =
− 0 64
2
 4 
So, approximately 64,000 people are susceptible.
94.
Need to find
(a)
(b) Solving by numerical means or by simply ignoring the term because it

gets very small as c gets larger, we find that miles.
0.0072 80 180 0.425 0.725

(142)(76.8) 3.2 ∫38
∫
95. (a) Sav = W H dH dW
80 0.425  180 0.725
dH  dW
0.0072
=
(142)(76.8) ∫3.2
W  ∫38 H
 
 180 
0.0072 80 0.425  H 1.725  dW
=
(142)(76.8) ∫3.2
W

 1.725 38 
 
0.0072 80 0.425
(142)(76.8) ∫3.2
≈ W (4195.71)dW
80
≈ 0.00277 ∫ W 0.425 dW
3.2
 1.425 80 
= 0.00277  
W
 1.425 3.2 
 
≈ 0.00277(357.802)
≈ 0.991 sq meters
(b) No; it could only be interpreted as the person’s average surface area from birth until his/her
adult weight and height was first reached.
96. Substituting y for x 2 in 4 x 2 + 3 y 2 =  1  1  2 3 y

 ∫1 ∫1 xy ln dy dx
7, 98. Average =  
the intersection points of the curves are  2 − 1  3 − 1  x
7 1 2 3 y
found to be (±1, 1). (The solution y = − = ∫ ∫ xy ln dy dx
3 2 1 1 x
is extraneous.) Solving the equation of the ≈ 0.9352
ellipse for y (taking the positive square
root, since this curve bounds the region
1 Checkup for Chapter 7
from above), yields= y (7 − 4 x 2 ).
3
1. (a) f ( x, y ) =x 2 + 2 xy 2 − 3 y 4
1
1 (7 − 4 x 2 ) The domain is the set of all real pairs
Area = ∫ ∫ 3 1 dy dx (x, y).
−1 x 2
1 fx = 3x 2 + 2 y 2 ; f y =4 xy − 12 y 3 ;
1 =y (7 − 4 x 2 )
=∫ y 3 dx =
f xx 6=
x; f yx 4 y
−1 y = x2
1  1 
= ∫−1 (7 − 4 x 2 − x 2  dx
(b) f ( x, y ) =
2x + y
 3  x− y
≈ 2.0652
The domain is the set of all real pairs
(x, y) such that x − y ≠ 0, or y ≠ x.
2 2  1 − xy
3
2 3 2 − xy
( x − y )(2) − (2 x + y )(1)
97. ∫ ∫
0 0
x e = dy dx ∫0
x − e
 x
 dx
0 
fx =
 ( x − y )2
2−3 x
∫ − x[e − 1]dx
=
0 = −
3y
2 2 −3 x
( x − y )2
= ∫0 x dx − ∫0 xe dx
( x − y )(1) − (2 x + y )(−1)
fy =
Using integration by parts for the second ( x − y )2
integral, with u = x and dV = e −3x dx 3x
gives =
( x − y )2
2
x2  1 2 
( −3 y )  −2 ( x − y )−3 (1) =
1 2 6y
−  − xe −3 x + ∫ e −3 x dx  f xx =
2
0 
 3 0 3
0  ( x − y )3
 1 1
2
= 2 −  − xe −3 x − e −3 x  ( x − y ) 2 (3) − (3 x)2( x − y )(1)
 3 9 0  f yx =
( x − y )4
 2 1   1 
=2 −  − e −6 − e −6  −  0 −   3( x + y )
 3 9   9  = −
( x − y )3
 7 1 
= 2 −  − e −6 + 
 9 9  (c) f ( x, y ) = e 2 x − y + ln( y 2 − 2 x)
7 −6 17
= e + The domain of e 2x − y is the set of all
9 9
real pairs (x, y), but the domain of
ln( y 2 − 2 x) is the set of all real pairs
such that y 2 − 2 x > 0, or y 2 > 2 x.
2 So, (1, 0) is a saddle point. For the

=f x 2e 2 x − y − point (1, 4),
y2 − 2x
D = [24(1) − 12][6(4) − 12] − 0 > 0
2y
−e 2 x − y +
fy = and f xx > 0
y2 − 2x So, (1, 4) is a relative minimum.
f xx= 4e 2 x − y + 2( y 2 − 2 x) −2 (−2)
4 (b) f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 4 xy + 3 y 2 + 2 x − 4 y
= 4e 2 x − y − 2 fx = 2x − 4 y + 2
( y − 2 x)2
f x = 0 when 2x − 4y = −2
−2e 2 x − y − 2 y ( y 2 − 2 x) −2 (−2)
f yx =
fy = −4 x + 6 y − 4
4y
−2e 2 x − y + 2
= f y = 0 when −4x + 6y = 4
( y − 2 x) 2
Solving this system of equations, by
multiplying the first by two and
2. (a) f ( x, y=
) x2 + y 2 adding to the second, gives y = 0 and
Level curves are of the form x = −1. So, the only critical point is
x2 + y 2 =C , which are circles having (−1, 0).
the origin as their center and radius f xx = 2; f yy = 6; f xy = −4
C , and also the single point (0, 0), =
D (2)(6) − (−4) 2 < 0
when C = 0.
So, (−1, 0) is a saddle point.
(b) f ( x, y )= x + y 2 1 1
Level curves are of the form (c) f ( x, y ) = xy − −
y x
x + y2 = C , which are parabolas 1
having a horizontal axis, opening to f x= y +
the left, and a vertex on the x-axis. x2
1 1
f x = 0 when y = − 2
, or y 2 =
3. (a) f ( x, y ) = 4 x3 + y 3 − 6 x 2 − 6 y 2 + 5 x x4
1
f x = 12 x 2 − 12 x = 12 x( x − 1) f y= y +
f x = 0 when x = 0, 1 y2
1
f y = 3 y 2 − 12 y = 3 y ( y − 4) f y = 0 when 0= x +
y2
f y = 0 when y = 0, 4
0= x + x 4
So, the critical points are (0, 0), (0, 4),
(1, 0), and (1, 4). =0 x( x3 + 1)
f xx =24 x − 12; f yy =6 y − 12; f xy =0 or, x = −1 (rejecting x = 0 since f
For the point (0, 0), undefined for x = 0) and y = −1. So,
D = [24(0) − 12][6(0) − 12] − 0 > 0 the only critical point is (−1, −1).
and f xx = 0 2 2
f xx = − 3 ; f yy = − 3 ; f xy = 1
So, (0, 0) is a relative maximum. For x y
the point (0, 4),  2  2 
D = [24(0) − 12][6(4) − 12] − 0 < 0 D=
−   − 3
− (1) 2 > 0
 (−1)   (−1) 
3
So, (0, 4) is a saddle point. For the
point (1, 0),
D = [24(1) − 12][6(0) − 12] − 0 < 0
and f xx > 0 2 1 1 2 2 xy
∫0 ∫−1 x e dx dy = ∫
−1 ∫0
2 xy
(b) x e dy dx
So, (−1, −1) is a relative minimum.
1 2
= ∫ ∫ xe xy x dy dx
−1 0
4. (a) f ( x, y=) x2 + y 2
Using substitution with u = xy,
g ( x, y )= x + 2 y 1 2x u
=f x 2 x= ; f y 2 y=
; g x 1;=
gy 2 = ∫ x∫ e du dx
−1 0
1  u 2x 
The three Lagrange equations are = ∫ xe  dx
2x = λ; 2y = 2λ; x + 2y = 4 −1  0 
Equating λ from the first two 1
= ∫−1 x(e − e )dx
2x 0
equations gives 2x = y.
Substituting in the third equation 1
= ∫−1( xe − x)dx
2x
4 8
gives x = . Then, y = and the 1 1
= ∫−1 xe dx − ∫−1 x dx
2x
5 5
minimum value of the function is
Using integration by parts with
 4 8  16
f  , = . u = x and dV = e 2 x dx
5 5 5
du = dx 1
V = e2 x
(b) f ( x, y ) = xy 2 2
1
x 1 1 2x 1
g ( x,=
y) 2 x2 + y 2 =e 2 x −∫ e dx − ∫ x dx
2 −1 2 −1
−1
=f x y=
2
=
; f y 2 xy ; g x 4=
x; g y 2 y 1
x 1 x2 
The three Lagrange equations are =  e2 x − e2 x − 
2 4 2 
y 2 = 4λx; 2xy = 2λy  −1
2 x2 + y 2 = 1 1 1
6 =  e2 − e2 − 
Solving the first two equations for λ  2 4 2
 1 1 1
and equating gives y 2 = 4 x 2 . −  − e −2 − e −2 − 
Substituting into the third equation  2 4 2
1 2 3 −2
gives x = −1, 1. When x = −1, y = −2 = e + e
or 2. When x = 1, y = −2, or 2. So, the 4 4
1 2
critical points are (−1, −2), (−1, 2), = (e + 3e −2 )
(1, −2), and (1, 2). 4
f(−1, −2) = f(−1, 2) = −4 and 1 2 3 
= e + 2
f(1, −2) = f(1, 2) = 4 4  e 
So, the maximum value of f is 4, and 1 e +3
4
the minimum value of f is −4. =  2 
4  e 
 4 2 e4 + 3
x y  =
=∫ 
3 2 3 3
5. (a) ∫ ∫
−1 0
x y dx dy
−1  4 
dy 4e 2
 0 
3
= ∫ 4 y dy
−1
3
= (2 y 2 )
−1
= 16
2 y y 2  y1  L = 20,736 worker-hours, QK = 180 and

(c) ∫1 ∫1 x
dx dy = ∫ y  ∫ dx  dy
1  x 
1 QL = 3.75.
1
2
= ∫ y ln x ( y
1 ) dy ( )
7. U ( x, y ) = ln x 2 y ; g(x, y) = 20x + 50y
2
= ∫ y ln y dy 1 2
1
Ux = ⋅ 2x y =
Using integration by parts with x2 y x
u = ln y and dV = y dy
1 1 1
y2 2y Uy = ⋅ x 2 y −1/2 =
ln y 1 − ∫ dy
2
= 2
x y 2 2y
2 1 2
2 = =
g x 20; g y 50
 y2 y2 
=  ln y −  The three Lagrange equations are
 2 4 
 2 1
1
= 20λ; = 50λ; 20x + 50y = 500
 1 x 2y
= (2ln 2 − 1) −  0 − 
 4 Solving the first two equations for λ and
3 equating gives x = 10y. Substituting in the
= 2ln 2 −
4 third equation gives y = 2, from which
follows that x = 20. So, Everett should
2 2− x buy 20 DVDs and 2 video games.
(d) ∫0 ∫0 xe − y dy dx
2 2− x 8. =
E 0.05( xy − 2 x 2 − y 2 + 95 x + 20 y )
= ∫0 ( − xe − y ) dx
0 E=x 0.05( y − 4 x + 95)
2 x −2
∫ xe
=−
0
+ x dx E x = 0 when 4x − y = 95
Using integration by parts with E=y 0.05( x − 2 y + 20)
u = −x and dV = e x −2 dx E y = 0 when −x + 2y = 20
2 2 2
− xe x − 2
= − ∫ − e x − 2 dx + ∫ x dx Solving the system of equations by
0 0 0 multiplying the first by two and adding to
x −2 2 2 x −2 2 the second gives x = 30 units of A, so
=
− xe +∫ e dx + x dx ∫ y = 25 units of B. Since the combined
0 0 0
2 dosage is less than 60 units, there will not
 x −2 x −2 x 
2
be a risk of side effects. Further, this is an
=
 − xe +e + 
 2  equivalent dosage of
0 E(30, 25) = 83.75 units, it will be
( 2e0 + e0 + 2) − (0 + e −2 + 0)
=− effective.
1
= 1− 2 9. The area of the rectangular region is 2.
e
1 1 2
e2 − 1 TAV = ∫ ∫ 10 ye − xy dx dy
= 2 2 0 0
e Using substitution with u = −xy and
6. Q( K , L) = 120 K 3/4 L1/4
90 L1/4 30 K 3/4
=QK = ; QL
K 1/4 L3/4
When K = 1,296 thousand dollars and
−du = y dy,
1 1 −2 y 
2 ∫0 
= −10eu  dx
0 
1
−5∫ ( e −2 y − 1)dy
=
0
1
 1 
=−5  − e −2 y − y 
 2 0
 1   1 
=−5  − e −2 − 1 −  − e0 − 0  
 2   2 
 1 1
=−5  − e −2 − 1 + 
 2 2
 1 −2 1 
=−5  − e − 
 2 2
5 −2
= ( e + 1)°C
2
10. Let x denote the year of operation and y the corresponding profit, in millions of dollars.
(a)
(b) x y xy x2
1 1.03 1.03 1
2 1.52 3.04 4
3 2.03 6.09 9
4 2.41 9.64 16
5 2.84 14.20 25
Σx = 15 Σy = 9.83 Σxy = 34.00 Σx 2 =

55

5(34) − (15)(9.83) 22.55
=m = ≈ 0.451
5(55) − (15) 2 50
(55)(9.83) − (15)(34) 30.65

=b = ≈ 0.613
5(55) − (15)2 30
So, the equation of the least squares line is y = 0.451x + 0.613.
(c) When x = 6, y = 0.451(6) + 0.613 = 3.319 so the prediction is $3,319,000.
Review Exercises
y x y
1. f ( x, y ) = 2 x3 y + 3 xy 2 + 5. f ( x, =
y) +
x y x
y
f x = 6 x2 y + 3 y 2 − = x1/2 y −1/2 + x −1/2 y1/2
2
x 1 −1/2 −1/2 1 −3/2 1/2
1 = fx x y − x y
f y = 2 x3 + 6 xy + 2 2
x 1 y
= − 3/2
2. f ( x=
, y ) ( xy 2 + 1)5 2 xy 2 x
1 1
fx =5( xy 2 + 1) 4 ( y 2 ) =5 y 2 ( xy 2 + 1) 4 − x1/ 2 y −3/ 2 + x −1/ 2 y −1/ 2
fy =
2 2
fy =
5( xy 2 + 1) 4 (2 xy ) =
10 xy ( xy 2 + 1) 4 x 1
=
− 3/ 2 +
2y 2 xy
3. f ( x, y ) = x ( x − y 2 ) = x3/2 − x1/2 y 2
= fx
3 1/2 1 −1/2 2
x − x y 6. f ( x, =
y ) x ln( x 2 − y ) + y ln( y − 2 x)
2 2  2x   −2 
3 y2 f=
x ln( x − y ) + x  2
2
 + y  
= x− x − y  y − 2x 
2 2 x
3x − y 2 2 x2 2y
= = ln( x 2 − y ) + 2 −
2 x x − y y − 2x
fy =
−2 x1/2 y =
−2 y x  −1   1 
=fy x 2 + ln( y − 2 x) + y 
 x − y  
 y − 2x 
 
, y ) xe − y + ye − x
4. f ( x= x y
=− 2 + ln( y − 2 x) +
f x e − y − ye − x
= x −y y − 2x
− xe − y + e − x
fy =
x3 − xy xy
10. f ( x, y ) = ln = ln x + ln y − ln( x + 3 y )
7. f ( x, y ) =
x+ y x + 3y
1 1 3y
( x + y )(3 x 2 − y ) − ( x3 − xy )(1) fx = − =
fx = x x + 3 y x( x + 3 y )
( x + y )2
1 3 x
2 x3 + 3 x 2 y − y 2 fy = − =
= y x + 3 y y( x + 3 y)
( x + y )2
( x + y )(− x) − ( x3 − xy )(1) 11. f ( x, y ) = e x
2
+ y2
fy =
( x + y )2 2
+ y2
f x = 2 xe x
−x − x
3 2
= =f xx (2 x)(2 xe x
2
+ y2
) + (e x
2
+ y2
)(2)
( x + y) 2
2
+y 2
− x 2 ( x + 1) = 2e x (2 x 2 + 1)
=
( x + y)2
2
+ y2
f y = 2 ye x
2
+ y2 2
+ y2
8. f ( x, y ) = xye xy =f yy (2 y )(2 ye x ) + (e x )(2)
2
+y 2
=
f x ( xy )(e xy ⋅ y ) + (e xy )( y ) = 2e x (2 y 2 + 1)
= ye xy ( xy + 1)
2
+ y2
f=
xy f=
yx 4 xye
x
=
f y ( xy )(e xy ⋅ x) + (e xy )( x)
= xe xy ( xy + 1) 12. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 3 − 2 xy 2
f=
x 2x − 2 y
2
x2 − y 2 =
f y 3 y 2 − 4 xy
9. f ( x, y ) =
2x + y
f xx = 2
(2 x + y )(2 x) − ( x − y )(2)
2 2
f xy = −4 y
fx =
(2 x + y )2 = 6 y − 4x
f yy
2 x 2 + 2 xy + 2 y 2 f yx = −4 y
=
(2 x + y ) 2
2( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) 13. f(x, y) = x ln y
= x
(2 x + y )2 f x = ln y fy =
f xx = 0
y
(2 x + y )(−2 y ) − ( x 2 − y 2 )(1)
fy = f yy = −
x
(2 x + y ) 2 y2
− x − 4 xy − y
2 2
1
= f= f=
(2 x + y ) 2 xy yx
y
14. f ( x=
, y ) (5 x 2 − y )3
fx =
3(5 x 2 − y ) 2 (10 x) =
30 x(5 x 2 − y ) 2
fy =3(5 x 2 − y ) 2 (−1) =−3(5 x 2 − y ) 2
= 30(5 x 2 − y )2 + 30 x(2)(5 x 2 − y )(10 x)

f xx the same line translated up one unit.
= 30(5 x 2 − y )2 + 600 x 2 (5 x 2 − y )
f xy =30 x(2)(5 x 2 − y )(−1) =−60 x(5 x 2 − y )
f yy =−3(2)(5 x 2 − y )(−1) =6(5 x 2 − y )

f yx =
−3(2)(5 x 2 − y )(10 x) =
−60 x(5 x 2 − y )
15. (a) When f = 2, the level curve 16. (a) f ( x, y ) =−x2 y3 , f x = 2 x,

x2 − y = 2 is a parabola, with vertical f y = −3 y 2 , and so
dy
=
f
− x =2 ,
2x
axis, opening up, and having the dx f y 3y
vertex (0, −2). which is the slope of the tangent line
When f = −2, the level curve at any point on the level curve. When
x2 − y = −2 is a parabola, with x = 1 and c = 2,
vertical axis, opening up, and having 2 = 1 − y or y = −1. At the point (x,
3
the vertex (0, 2). y) = (1, −1), the slope is

dy 2(1) 2
=
m = = .
dx 3(−1) 2 3
(b) f (=
x, y ) xe=
y
, f x e=
y
, f y xe y , and
dy f −e y 1
so = − x =y = − , which is
dx f y xe x
the slope of the tangent line at any
point on the level curve. When x = 2
(b) When f = 0, the level curve is dy 1
the slope is m = = − .
6x + 2y = 0, or y = −3x, which is a line dx 2
through the origin with slope −3.
When f = 1, the level curve is 17. f ( x, y ) = ( x + y )(2 x + y − 6)
6x + 2y = 1, or y =
1
−3x + , which is f x = ( x + y )(2) + (2 x + y − 6)(1)
2 = 4x + 3y − 6
1
the same line translated up a unit. f y = ( x + y )(1) + (2 x + y − 6)(1)
2 = 3x + 2 y − 6
When f = 2, the level curve is
To find the critical points, set f x = 0 and
6x + 2y = 2, or y = −3x + 1, which is
f y = 0 and solve the system of equations.
4x + 3y − 6 =0
3x + 2 y − 6 =0
Multiply the first equation by 2 and the
second equation by −3. Then, add the two
resulting equations
8 x + 6 y − 12 =0 inflection point at (−11, 8) but is

−9 x − 6 y + 18 = 0 increasing otherwise.
Thus, f(x, y) has neither a relative
−x + 6 = 0 maximum nor a relative minimum at
x=6 (−11, 8).
When x = 6, 4(6) + 3 y − 6 = 0
y = −6 19. f ( x, y ) = x3 + y 3 + 3 x 2 − 3 y 2
So, the only critical point is (6, −6). fx =
3 x 2 + 6 x; f y =
3y2 − 6 y
=f xx 4;= f yy 2;= f xy 3
f x = 0 when 3x(x + 2) = 0, x = 0 and
D = (4)(2) − (3) < 0
2
x = −2
So, the point (6, −6) is a saddle point. f y = 0 when 3y(y − 2) = 0, y = 0 and
y=2
18. f ( x, y ) = ( x + y + 3)3 − ( x + 2 y − 5)2 So, the critical points are (0, 0), (0, 2),
f x = 3( x + y + 3) 2 − 2( x + 2 y − 5) (−2, 0) and (−2, 2).
f xx =+
6 x 6; f yy = 6 y − 6; f xy = 0
f x = 0 when 3( x + y + 3) 2 = 2( x + 2 y − 5)
For the point (0, 0), D = (6)(−6) − 0 < 0
f y = 3( x + y + 3) 2 − 4( x + 2 y − 5) So, it is a saddle point.
f y = 0 when 3( x + y + 3) 2 = 4( x + 2 y − 5) For the point (0, 2), D = (6)(6) − 0 > 0
Since f xx > 0, it is a relative minimum.
Thus 2(x + 2y − 5) = 4(x + 2y − 5) or
For the point (−2, 0), D = (−6)(−6) − 0 > 0
0 = 2x + 4y − 10, which is x + 2y − 5 = 0.
Since f xx < 0, it a relative maximum.
Thus x + y + 3 = 0 to make f x and
For the point (−2, 2), D = (−6)(6) − 0 > 0
f y = 0. Since x + 2y − 5 = 0, x = 5 − 2y.
So it is a saddle point.
Since x + y + 3 = 0, x = −3 − y.
Solving 5 − 2y = −3 − y yields y = 8, from 20. f ( x, y ) = x3 + y 3 + 3 x 2 − 18 y 2 + 81 y + 5
which x = −11. The only critical point is
=
f x 3x 2 + 6 x
(−11, 8).
f xx = 6( x + y + 3) − 2, f y = 3 y 2 − 36 y + 81
f yy = 6( x + y + 3) − 8, To find any critical points, set f x = 0 and
f xy = 6( x + y + 3) − 4 f y = 0.
At (−11, 8), since x + y + 3 = 0, f xx = −2, Thus 3 x 2 + 6 x= 3 x( x + 2)= 0 or x = 0 and
f yy = −8, and f xy = −4. x = −2. Similarly,
=D f xx f yy − ( f xy ) 2 3 y 2 − 36 y + 81 = 3( y − 3)( y − 9) = 0
at y = 3 and y = 9. Hence, the critical
= (−2)(−8) − (−4) 2
points of f are (0, 3), (0, 9), (−2, 3), and
=0 (−2, 9). Since f xx =+ 6 x 6, f yy =− 6 y 36,
so the second-derivative test is
inconclusive. and f xy = 0,
Along the line x + y + 3 = 0,
D = f xx f yy − ( f xy ) 2 = 36( x + 1)( y − 6).
f ( x, y ) = −( x + 2 y − 5) 2 which has a
Since D(0, 3) = 36(1)(−3) = −108 < 0, f
maximum at (−11, 8).
has a saddle point at (0, 3). Since
Along the line x + 2y − 5 = 0, D(0, 9) = 36(1)(3) = 108 > 0, and
f ( x, y ) = ( x + y + 3)3 which has an f xx (0, 9)= 6 > 0, f has a relative
minimum at (0, 9). Since 1 

D(−2, 3) = 36(−1)(−3) = 108 > 0, and So, the critical points of f are  , 1 ,
2 
f xx (−2, 3) =−6 < 0, f has a relative
 23 
maximum at (−2, 3). Since D(−2, 9) =  − , 5 .
36(−1)(3) =−108 < 0, f has a saddle point  2 
at (−2, 9). Since= f xx 2,= f yy 6 y, and f xy = 6,
=D f xx f yy − ( f xy ) 2
21. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 3 + 6 xy − 7 x − 6 y
= (2)(6 y ) − 36
fx = 2x + 6 y − 7 = 12( y − 3)
f y = 3y2 + 6x − 6 1 
For the point  , 1 ,
To find the critical points, set f x = 0 and 2 
f y = 0. So, 2x + 6y − 7 = 0 and D = 12(−2) = −24 < 0 and f has a saddle
1 
3y2 + 6x − 6 =0, or 2x + 6y − 7 = 0 and point at  , 1 .
2 
2x + y2 − 2 = 0.
 23 
Subtracting the two equations gives For the point  − , 5  ,
 2 
y2 − 6 y + 5 =0, (y − 1)(y − 5) = 0, or D = 12(2) = 24 > 0 and f xx > 0
y = 1 and y = 5. So, f has a relative minimum at
1
When y = 1, the first equation gives x =  23 
2  − , 5 .
and when y = 5, the first equation gives  2 
23
x= − .
2
22. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 y + 2 xy 2 − 10 xy − 8 y 2
f x= 6 xy + 2 y 2 − 10 y= 2 y (3 x + y − 5)
f y = 3 x 2 + 4 xy − 10 x − 16 y
Set f x = 0 and f y = 0. When f x = 0,
y = 0 or 3x + y − 5 = 0.
If y = 0, f y = 3 x 2 − 10 x = x(3 x − 10), so
10
x = 0 or x = .
3
If 3x + y − 5 = 0, then substitute y = −3x + 5 into f y = 0.
3 x 2 + 4 x(−3 x + 5) − 10 x − 16(−3 x + 5) =
0
−9 x 2 + 58 x − 80 =
0
(−9 x + 40)( x − 2) =
0
40
= x = or x 2
9
40 25
when x = , y = − . When x = 2, y = −1.
9 3
 40 25   10 
The critical points are (0, 0),  , −  , (2, −1) and  , 0  .
 9 3   3 
= 4 x − 16
f xx = 6 y, f xy = 6 x + 4 y − 10, f yy
(0, 0) (2, −1) ( 409 , − 253 ) ( 103 , 0)

f xx 0 −6 −50 0
f xy −10 −2 − 50
3
10
f yy −16 −8 16
9
− 83
D <0 >0 <0 <0
 40 25   10 
 , −  ,  , 0  , and (0, 0) are saddle points while (2, −1) is a relative maximum.
 9 3   3 
23. f ( x, y ) = xe 2 x
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2 5 4 5 2
When y = − , x = − −  =
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2 6 5 6 3
=f x ( x)[e 2 x (4 x + 5 y )
 2 5
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2 So, the critical points are  − ,  and
+ (e 2 x )(1)  3 6
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2
= e2 x [ x(4 x + 5 y ) + 1] 2 5
+5 xy + 2 y  , − .
3 6
2 2
= e2 x (4 x 2 + 5 xy + 1)
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2
f x = 0 when 4 x 2 + 5 xy + 1 =0 =f xx (e 2 x )(8 x + 5 y )
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2
+5 xy + 2 y 2 + (4 x 2 + 5 xy + 1)[e 2 x (4 x + 5 y )]
2
=f y x[e 2 x (5 x + 4 y )]
f yy = x[(e 2 x +5 xy + 2 y )(4)
2 2
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2
f y = 0 when x(5 x + 4 y )e 2 x =
0
+ (5 x + 4 y )e 2 x +5 xy + 2 y (5 x + 4 y )]
2 2
So, f y = 0 when x = 0 and when
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2
4
5x + 4y = 0, or x = − y f xy = (e 2 x )(5 x)
5 2
+5 xy + 2 y 2
When x = 0, substituting into f x = 0 + (4 x 2 + 5 xy + 1)e 2 x (5 x + 4 y )
yields no solution.  2 5
For the point  − ,  ,
4  3 6
When x = − y, f x = 0 when
5 D ≈ (−0.7076)(−2.0218) − (−1.6174) 2 < 0
2
 4   4   2 5
0 = 4  − y  + 5  − y  ( y ) + 1 or, So,  − ,  is a saddle point.
 5   5   3 6
y= ±
5 2 5
For the point  , −  ,
6 3 6
5 45 2
When y = , x = −  = −
6 56 3
D ≈ (0.7076)(2.0218) − (1.6174) 2 < 0 u ( x ) = f ( x, 0 ) = x 2 + 2 x + 12

2 5
So,  , −  is also a saddle point. u ′ ( x=
) 2x + 2
3 6
u ′ ( x ) = 0 when x = −1
24. f ( x, y ) = 8 xy − x 4 − y 4 and y = 0
1 3 So, the point (−1, 0) must be considered
f x =8 y − 4 x3 =0 when y = x . along with the endpoints (−4, 0) and
2
1 (1, 0). Using y = x +4,
f y =8 x − 4 y 3 =0 when x = y 3 .
2
v ( x ) f ( x, x + 4 )
=
= x2 + 2x + ( x + 4) − 4 ( x + 4)
3 2
11 3 1 9
=
Thus y =  y  y ,
2  2  16 + 12
16 y − y =
0 or y (16 − y ) =
9
0. 8
= 2 x + 6 x + 12
2
=
Thus y = 0 or =
y 161/8
21/2. v′ ( x=
) 4x + 6
When y = 0, x = 0. When y = 2 1/2
, 3
x=2 1/ 2
. The two critical points are (0, 0)
v′ ( x ) = 0 when x = −
2
and (2 , 21/ 2 ).
1/ 2
3 5
and y =− + 4 =
f xx =
−12 x , f yy =
2
−12 y , f xy =
2
8. 2 2
=D 144 x 2 y 2 − 64  3 5
So, the point  − ,  must be
D(0, 0) = −64 < 0 so f has a saddle point  2 2
at (0, 0). considered along with the endpoints
D(21/ 2 , 21=
/2
) 512 > 0 and (−4, 0) and (0, 4). Using y = −4x +4,
w ( x )= f ( x, − 4 x + 4 )
f xx (21/ 2 , 21/ 2 ) = 24, 0 so f has a relative
= x 2 + 2 x + ( −4 x + 4 )
2
maximum at (21/ 2 , 21/ 2 ).
− 4 ( −4 x + 4 ) + 12
25. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 x + y 2 − 4 y + 12 ;
= 17 x 2 − 14 x + 12
(−4, 0), (1, 0), (0, 4)
Finding the critical points in R, w′ (=
x ) 34 x − 14
f x ( x, y ) =
2 x + 2 and f y ( x, y ) =
2y − 4 7
w′ ( x ) 0=
= when x
f x ( x, y ) = 0 when x = −1 17
f y ( x, y ) 0=
= when y 2  7
and y =−4   + 4 =
40
 17  17
So, the only critical point in R is (−1, 2).  7 40 
The boundary equations are y = 0, So, the point  ,  must be
 17 17 
y = x + 4 and y = −4x +4. Using y = 0,
considered along with the endpoints (0, 4)
and (1, 0). Collecting all points to
consider,
boundary, it does not need to be

considered. The boundary equations are
y = x, y = −x, and y = 5. Using y = x,
So, the point must be considered
along with the endpoints (0, 0) and (5, 5).

Using
So, the point must be

and Using y = 5,
So, the point (1, 5) must be considered

along with the endpoints and
(5, 5). Collecting all points to consider,
So, the smallest value is 7 and the largest
value is 20.
26.

and
So, the only critical point is Since
this point lies outside the triangular

in R is (2, 4). The boundary equations are

y = 2, y = 5, x = 1, and x = 4.
Using y = 2,
u ( x ) = f ( x, 2 )
= x3 − 4 x ( 2 ) + 4 x + ( 2 )
2
= x3 − 4 x + 4
u ′ (=
x ) 3x 2 − 4
4 2 3
u ′ ( x ) 0=
= when x , or
3 3
4
(rejecting x = − since not in R)
3
So, the smallest value is 11.8 and the 2 3 
So, the point 
largest value is 120.  3 , 2  must be
 
27. f ( x, y ) = x 3 − 4 xy + 4 x + y 2 ; (1, 2),
and (4, 2).
(4, 2), (1, 5), (4, 5) Using y = 5,
f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − 4 y + 4 and
f y ( x, y ) =−4 x + 2 y
f x ( x, y ) = 0 when
0 = 3x 2 − 4 y + 4
4=
y 3x 2 + 4
3x 2 + 4 3 2 So, the point must be
=y = x +1
4 4
and (4, 5). Using x = 1,
Substituting,
3 
0= −4 x + 2  x 2 + 1
4 
3 So, the endpoint (1, 2) is considered along
0= −4 x + x 2 + 2 with the other endpoint (1, 5).
2 Using x = 4,
0 = 3x − 8 x + 4
2
0 =( 3 x − 2 )( x − 2 )
2 2
or, x = and x = 2. Reject x = , since
3 3
it is not in R. Then, the only critical point
r (=
y ) f ( 4,=
y) ( 4) − 4 ( 4) y
3
+ 4 ( 4) + y 2
=y 2 − 16 y + 80
r ′ ( y=
) 2 y − 16
r ′ ( y ) 0=
= when y 8
(reject since not in R)
Collecting all points to consider, So, the only critical point is (0, 1). The
f ( 2, 4 ) =
( 2 ) − 4 ( 2 )( 4 ) + 4 ( 2 )
3
boundary equations are
+ ( 4) =
2
0 We choose these boundary equations
3 because x appears in only as
2 3  2 3 2 3
f  = , 2    − 4   ( 2 ) and this simplifies the testing.
 3   3   3 
2 3
+ 4   + ( 2 ) ≈ 0.92
2
 3 
when or . When
, x = ±1, and when
We must also examine
the boundary endpoints and
. Collecting all the endpoints to

consider,
So, the smallest value is 0 and the largest

value is 52.
28.

30.
So the smallest value is −7.389 and the

largest value is 1.745.
( x, y ) e x
29. f= +4 x+ y2
; x 2 + 4=
x + y2 0
2

So the only critical point is (ln2, 1). Since
this point does not lie in the interior of R,
we will consider it as we review the
boundary. The equations along the
boundary are x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, and y = 1.
Using x = 0,
2
+4 x+ y2
( ex is never zero)
f y ( x, y ) = 0 when 2y = 0, or y = 0
So, the only critical point in R is (−2, 0).
The boundary equations are
y =− − x 2 − 4 x and y = − x 2 − 4 x .
So, we must consider the point
Using y =− − x 2 − 4 x ,
u ( x= (
) f x, − − x 2 − 4 x ) along with the endpoints (0, 0) and (0, 1).
Using x = 1,
= e x + 4 x − x − 4= e=
2 2
x 0
1
u ′ ( x ) = 0 for all x. So, all points on the
boundary y =− − x 2 − 4 x must be
considered.
Since the point (1, 1.34) lies outside the
Similarly, using y = − x 2 − 4 x , square boundary, it does not need to be
v (= (
x ) f x, − x 2 − 4=
x e0 ) considered. We need only consider the
endpoints (1, 0) and (1, 1). Using y = 0,
v′ ( x ) = 0 for all x. So, all points on the
boundary y = − x 2 + 4 x must be
considered. Collecting the points to be So, there is no new point to consider.
considered, Finally, using y = 1,
f ( −2, 0 ) =e −4 ≈ 0.018
(
f x, − − x 2 − 4 x = e 0 = 1 ) all points (x, 1) along the top boundary
must be considered. Collecting all points
f ( x, )
− x 2 + 4 x = e0 = 1 to consider,
So, the smallest value is 0.018 and the

largest value is 1.
32. Optimize f(x, y) = 4x + y, subject to

1 1
g ( x, y ) = + = 1.
x y
1 1
f x = 4, f y = 1, g x = − 2 , g y = − 2
x y
λ λ
4 = − 2 so λ = −4 x 2 ; 1 = − 2 so
which covers points (0, 1), (ln2, 1) and x y
(1, 1).
So, the smallest value is −2.718 and the λ = − y 2 , and −4 x 2 = − y 2 so y = ±2x.
largest value is −0.75. When y = 2x, +
1 1
=
3
1 and x = , so
x 2x 2
31. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 x + 3; x 2 + y 2 =
4 y = 3.
1 1 1
Since the constraint is x 2 + y 2 =
4, When y = −2x, − = 1 and x = , so
x 2x 2
g ( x, y=
) x2 + y 2 . y = −1.
f=
x 2x + 2
fy = 4y 3 
f  , 3  = 6 + 3 = 9 is the maximum
gx = 2x gy = 2y 2 
The three Lagrange equations are value.
2 x + 2 = 2 xλ 1 
4=y 2 yλ f  , − 1 = 2 − 1 = 1 is the minimum
2 
x2 + y 2 = 4 value.
From the second equation, λ = 2, or y = 0.
Substituting λ = 2 in the first equation 33. f(x, y) = x + 2y, 4 x 2 + y 2 =
68
gives 2x + 2 = 4x, or x = 1. Using the third Since the constraint is 4 x 2 + y 2 =
68,
equation y = − 3 or y = 3.
g ( x,=
y) 4 x2 + y 2 .
Substituting y = 0 into the third equation
gives x = −2 or x = 2. So, the critical =
f x 1;= f y 2;=g x 8 x;=
gy 2y
(
points are (2, 0), (−2, 0), 1, − 3 and ) The three Lagrange equations are
1 = 8xλ, 2 = 2yλ, 4 x 2 + y 2 = 68
(1, 3 ). Solving the first two equations for λ and
Testing all points in the original function equating gives y = 8x. Substituting in the
yields: third equation gives 68 x 2 = 68, or x = −1
f (2, 0) = 11 f (−2, 0) =3 and x = 1. It follows that y = −8 and y = 8.
(
f 1, − 3 =
12) ( )
f 1, 3 = 12 So, the critical points are (−1, −8) and
So, the maximum value is 12, and it (1, 8). Testing these points in the original
function gives f(−1, −8) = −17,
(
occurs at the points 1, − 3 and ) f(1, 8) = 17.
(1, 3 ). The minimum value is 3 and it So, the maximum value is 17 and it occurs
at (1, 0). The minimum value is −17 and it
occurs at (−2, 0). occurs at (−1, −8).
34. Optimize f ( x, y=
) x 2 + y 3 subject to
g ( x, y ) = x 2 + 3 y = 4.
=f x 2=
x, f y 3 y=
2
, g x 2=
x, g y 3 37. Q( x, y ) = 60 x1/3 y 2/3
From f x = λg x , 2x = 2xλ and either x = 0 For any value of x, the slope of the level
curve Q = k is an approximation of the
or λ = 1.
change in unskilled labor y that should be
From f y = λg y , 3 y 2 = 3λ so y 2 = λ. made to offset a one-unit increase in
4 skilled labor x so that the level of output
If x = 0, then y = . will remain constant. So,
3 ∆Q = change in unskilled labor
If λ = 1, then y = ±1; when y = 1, then dQ
x = ±1 and when y = −1, then x = ± 7. ≈
dx
 4 Q
The points of interest are  0,  , (1, 1), = − x
 3 Qy
(−1, 1), ( ) ( )
7, − 1 , and − 7, − 1 .
= −
20 x −2/3 y 2/3
 4 64 64 40 x1/3 y −1/3
f  0,  =02 + = ≈ 2.37 is neither y
 3 27 27 = −
a maximum nor a minimum. 2x
f (1, 1) = 1 + 1 = 2 is the minimum value. When x = 10 and y = 40,
f (−1, 1) = 1 + 1 = 2 is the minimum dQ 40
∆Q ≈ = − =−2
value. dx 2(10)
f ( )
7, − 1 = 7 − 1 = 6 is the maximum That is, the level of unskilled labor should
be decreased by approximately 2 workers.
value.
( )
f − 7, − 1 = 7 − 1 = 6 is the maximum 38. Let x be the length of the two equal sides
and 2y the length of the third side.
value.
35. Q = 40 K 1/3 L1/2

The marginal product of capital is
∂Q 40 −2/3 1/2 40 L1/2
= = K L which is
∂K 3 3K 2/3
approximately the change ∆Q in output
due to one (thousand dollar) unit increase
in capital. When K = 125 (thousand) and
L = 900, By the Pythagorean theorem,
∂Q 40(900)1/2 x 2 , so=
h2 + y 2 = h x 2 − y 2 , and the
∆=
Q≈ = 16 units
∂K 3(125) 2/3 1
area is A= (2 y ) x 2 − y 2= y x 2 − y 2 .
2
36. The marginal product of labor is the Let the set perimeter be k, then we seek to
∂Q
partial derivative . To say that this maximize f (= x, y ) y x 2 − y 2 subject to
∂L
partial derivative increases as K increases g(x, y) = 2x + 2y = k.
is to say that its derivative with respect to 1 xy
fx = y   ( x 2 − y 2 ) −1/2 (2 x) = ,
∂ 2Q 2 x2 − y 2
K is positive, that is > 0.
∂K ∂L
fy = x2 − y 2 + y ( 12 ) ( x2 − y 2 )−1/2 (−2 y) minus the cost per units is $200 or

1
5
of a
x2 − 2 y 2 thousand dollars. Putting it all together,
= ,
x2 − y 2 50 y 20 x
P ( x, =
y) + −x− y
g x = 2, g y = 2. y+2 x+5
100
xy x2 − 2 y 2 = Px −1
Thus = 2λ = . ( x + 5) 2
x2 − y 2 x2 − y 2 100
= Py −1
( y + 2) 2
x2 − 2 y 2 xy To find the critical points, set Px = 0 and
=
x −y
2 2
x − y2
2
Py = 0. Thus
x2 − 2 y 2 =
xy 100
−1 =0
x − xy − 2 y =
2
0 2
( x + 5) 2
( x + y )( x − 2 y ) =
0 ( x + 5) 2 =
100
x = −y or x = 2y x= + 5 10 or
= x 5
Since both x and y must be positive, x = since x > 0.
−y does not work in this context, and x = Similarly,
2y, which makes the triangle equilateral. 100
Note that the value of k does not matter. −1 =0
( y + 2) 2
39. The goal is to maximize the area of a ( y + 2) 2 = 100
rectangle A(l, w) = lw subject to the y= + 2 10 or = y 8.
constraint 2l + 2w = k, where k is some since y > 0.
positive constant. So, g(l, w) = 2l + 2w. Hence the critical point is (5, 8). Since
= Al w; = Aw l ;= gl 2; =gw 2 200 200
The three Lagrange equations are Pxx = − , Pyy =
− , and
( x + 5) 3
( y + 2)3
w = 2λ; l = 2λ; 2l + 2w = k
Solving the first two for λ and equating Pxy = 0,
w l 40,000
gives = , or w = l. So, the rectangle D(5, 8) = Pxx Pyy − ( Pxy ) 2 = >0
2 2 (10)3 (10)3
having the greatest area is a square. 200
Pxx (5, 8) =
− <0
40. Let x denote the amount spent on 1,000
development and y the amount spent on It follows that P(x, y) has a relative
promotion in thousands of dollars. The maximum at (5, 8). Assuming that the
profit is absolute maximum and the relative
P(x, y) = (number of units sold)(price per maximum are the same, it follows that to
unit − cost per unit) maximize the profit, $5,000 should be
− (total amount spent on development and $8,000 spent on
spent on development and promotion) promotion.
250 y 100
The number of units sold is + . 41. From problem 40, the profit function is
y+2 x+5 50 y 20 x
The selling price is $350 per unit and the P ( x, =
y) + −x− y
y+2 x+5
cost is
$150 per unit. Hence, the price per unit The constraint is x + y = 11 thousand
dollars, so g(x, y) = x + y. either expression for above.

100 100 100
=Px =
− 1; Py − 1; =λ −1
( x + 5) 2
( y + 2) 2 ( x + 5) 2
=g x 1;= gy 1 =
100
−1
The three Lagrange equations are 92
100
100
− 1 =λ = −1
( x + 5) 2 81
= 0.235 thousand or $235.
100
− 1 =λ
( y + 2) 2 43. f ( x, y ) =
12 18
+ + xy
x + y = 11 x y
From the first two equations, Suppose y is fixed (say at y = 1), then f is
( x + 5) 2 =( y + 2) 2 or y = x + 3 (rejecting very large when x is quite small.
the negative solution). Substituting into f is also large when x is large, with
the third equation gives x = 4, and the smaller values of f occurring between
corresponding value of y is 7. these extremes. The same reasoning
So, to maximize profit, $4,000 should be applies to y when x is fixed.
12 18
spent on development and $7,000 should fx = − 2 + y; f y = − 2 +x
be spent on promotion. x y
To find the critical points, set f x = 0 and
42. Let M denote the maximum profit when k
thousand total dollars are spent on 12 18
f y = 0. Then y = 2 and x = 2 .
development and promotion. That is, M is x y
a function of k and is the maximum value Substituting leads to
50 y 20 x
of P ( x, =
y) + − x − y subject 12 12 12 y 4
y+2 x+5 =
y = = or y = 0 (which
x 2  18 2 182
to the constraint g(x, y) = x + y = k. Then  y2 
dM  
the Lagrange multiplier satisfies = λ is not in the domain of the function) and
dk
and represents the approximate change in 12 y 3 = 182 , y 3 = 27, y = 3. The
M when k is increased one unit. 18
∂g ∂P 100 corresponding value for = x = 2. So,
λ = λ (1) = λ = = − 1 and 32
∂x ∂x ( x + 5) 2 the critical point of f is (2, 3).
∂g ∂P 100 24 36
λ = λ (1) = λ = = − 1. =f xx = ; f yy = ; f xy 1
∂y ∂y ( y + 2) 2 x 3
y3
When k = 11, that is when the allocation (24)(36)
For the point (2, = 3), D −1 > 0
of funds totals $11,000, the maximum (23 )(33 )
profit is achieved when x = 4 and y = 7
(see Problem 19.) When the allocated and f xx (2, 3) > 0, so the minimum is
funds total $12,000 (k = 12) the f(2, 3) = 18.
approximate change in M is given by
1 0 y =1
44. ∫0 ∫−2 (2 x + 3 y) dy dx 48. ∫ ∫ 2
2 1 6 xy 2
dy dx = ∫  2
2 xy 3 

2
dx
y =0 0 −1 x + 1 0  x +1
1 3y2    y =−1
= ∫  2 xy +  dx 2 4x
 2  =∫ 2
0
y =−2 dx
0 x +1
1
= ∫0 [0 − (−4 x + 6)] dx = 2ln( x 2 + 1)
2
1 0
= (2 x 2 − 6 x) = 2ln 5
0
= −4
49.
1 2 − x− y 1 2 −x − y
45. ∫∫
0 0
e dy dx =
0 0 ∫∫
e e dy dx
1 −x − y 2
= ∫0 (−e e ) dx
0
− x −2
+ e − x )dx
1
∫(e e
=−
0
= (1 − e −2 ) ∫ e − x dx
1
0
1
(1 e −2 )(−e − x )
=−
0 1 1− x
−2
=(1 − e )(−e −1
+ 1) 50. ∫0 ∫0 x( y − 1) 2 dy dx
= 0.5466 1 1 3 y = 1− x
3 ∫0
= x ( y − 1) dx
y =0
1 2
46. ∫0 ∫0 x 1 − y dx dy 1 1
= ∫ x[(− x)3 − (−1)3 ] dx
3 0
1 x2 x =2
= ∫0 2
1− y
x =0
dy 1 1
= ∫ ( x − x 4 ) dx
3 0
1
= 2 ∫ (1 − y )1/ 2 dy 1 1 1 
1
0 =  x 2 − x5 
4 1 3 2 5 0
= − (1 − y )3/ 2
3 0 1  1 1  
=  − −0
3  2 5  
4
=
3 1
=
1 10
1 1 1 1  2 y
∫0 ∫−1 xe dy dx = ∫0  2  xe dx
2y
47.
−1

1 xe 2
xe −2 
= ∫  −  dx
0 2 2 

e2 − e −2 1
=
2 ∫0 x dx
e2 − e −2
= ≈ 1.8134
4
2 x y/ x 2 x 1y
51. ∫1 ∫0 e dy dx = ∫
1 ∫0
e x dy dx
2 x
= ∫ xe y / x dx
1 0
2
= ∫1 xe − x dx
2
= ∫1 (e − 1) x dx
2
x2
= (e − 1)
2
1
 1
=(e − 1)  2 − 
 2
3
= (e − 1)
2
52. Describe R by −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 3.

2 3 2 2 2 y =3 2 2
∫∫ (6 x y ) dA = ∫−1 ∫0 6 x=
y dy dx = ∫ 3x y dx = ∫ 27 x dx = 9 x3 = 9(8 + 1) = 81
2 2 2
−1 y 0 −1 −1
R
1 2
53. ∫∫ ( x + 2 y)dA = ∫0 ∫−2 ( x + 2 y)dy dx
R
1 2 2
= ∫0 ( xy + y ) dx
−2
1
= ∫ 4 x dx
0
1
= 2 x2
0
=2
2
2 3 2 y =3 2  x2 
=
54. V ∫0 ∫0 2 xy=
dy dx ∫
0
xy 2=
y =0
dx ∫0
9= x dx 9 =
 2 
 18
 0
xe − y dy dx
2 3
55. V = ∫ ∫
1 2
2 −y 3
= ∫1 (− xe ) dx
2
2 −2 −3
= ∫1 ( x)(e − e )dx
3
= (e−2 − e−3 )
2
= 0.1283
2 5
5 2 5 x2 y 2 5 3y2 y3
∫3 ∫−1 xy dx dy = ∫3 dy = ∫3 dy = = 0.5(125 − 27) = 49
2
56.
2 2 2
−1 3
The area of the rectangle is (5 − 3)(2 − (−1)) = 6.
49
The average value is .
6
57. The sum of the three numbers is

x + y + z = 20, so z = 20 − x − y. Their product is
P = xyz
= xy (20 − x − y )
= 20 xy − x 2 y − xy 2
Px = 20 y − 2 xy − y 2
Px = 0 when y(20 − 2x − y) = 0
Py = 20 x − x 2 − 2 xy
Py = 0 when x(20 − x − 2y) = 0
Since the numbers must be positive, reject the solution x = 0 or y = 0. Solving the system of
20 20
equations by multiplying the first by −2 and adding to the second gives x = . When x = ,
3 3
20 20 20 20 20
20 − − 2y = 0, or y = . Then, z = 20 − − = . So, the product is maximized when
3 3 3 3 3
20
x= y= z= .
3
58. With z = 60 − 2x − 3y, the sum of the squares of the three numbers is
S = x 2 + y 2 + (60 − 2 x − 3 y ) 2 .
Thus
S x = 2 x + 2(60 − 2 x − 3 y )(−2) = 2(5 x + 6 y − 120)
S y = 2 y + 2(60 − 2 x − 36)(−3) = 4(3x + 5 y − 90)
Set S x = 0 and S y = 0 to get 5x + 6y = 120 and 3x + 5y = 90.
These equations lead to
15 x + 18 y − 15 x − 25 y = 360 − 450
7 y = 90
90
y=
7
Thus
450
3=
x 90 −
7
150 60
x =30 − =
7 7
120 270 30
z =60 − − =
7 7 7
=
With =
S xx 10, S yy 20, and S xy = 12, D = (10)(20) − (12) 2 = 200 − 144 > 0, which means that
 60 90 30 
P , ,  minimizes S, since S xx > 0.
 7 7 7 
59. Using the hint in the problem, let D denote the square of the distance from the origin to the surface.
Then, D = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
Since y 2 − z 2 =10, y 2 =10 + z 2 and D = x 2 + 10 + 2 z 2
Dx = 2 x, so Dx = 0 when x = 0
Dz = 4 z , so Dz = 0 when z = 0
When z = 0, y 2 = 10 or y = ± 10.
( ) (
So, the critical points are 0, − 10, 0 and 0, 10, 0 . )
=
Dxx 2,=
Dzz 4,=
Dxz 0
(
For the point 0, − 10, 0 , )
D = (2)(4) − 0 > 0 and Dxx > 0
( ) ( )
So, 0, − 10, 0 is a relative minimum. For the point 0, 10, 0 , D > 0 and Dxx > 0
So, it is also a relative minimum. The square of the distance, using either point, is D = 0 + 10 + 0 =
10.
So, the minimum distance = 10.
60. The sum S(m, b) of the squares of the vertical distances form the four given points is
S (m, b) = (m + b − 1) 2 + (m + b − 2) 2 + (3m + b − 2) 2 + (4m + b − 3) 2 .
To minimize S(m, b), set the partial derivatives equal to zero:
∂S
= 2(m + b − 1) + 2(m + b − 2) + 2(3m + b − 2)(3) + 2(4m + b − 3)(4)
∂m
= 2(27 m + 9b − 21)
=0
∂S
= 2(m + b − 1) + 2(m + b − 2) + 2(3m + b − 2) + 2(4m + b − 3)
∂b
= 18m + 8b − 16
=0
4
Solve the resulting simplified equations 9m + 3b = 7 and 9m + 4b = 8 to get m = and b = 1.
9
4x
Hence the equation of the least squares line is =
y + 1.
9
61. (a) Let x denote the monthly advertising expenditure and y the corresponding sales (both measured
in units of $1,000). Then
x 3 4 7 9 10
y 78 86 138 145 156
(b) x y xy x2
3 78 234 9
4 86 344 16
7 138 966 49
9 145 1,305 81
10 156 1,560 100
Σx = 33 Σy = 603 Σxy = 4,409 Σx 2 =

255

5(4, 409) − 33(603)
=m = 11.54
5(255) − (33) 2
255(603) − 33(4, 409)
=b = 44.45
5(255) − (33) 2
(c) y = 11.54(5) + 44.45 = 102.15 thousand, or $102,150.
∂U ∂U kV 1/ 3
62. ∆U= ∆x + ∆y =
64. (a) With h = kV 1/ 3 D −2 / 3
∂x ∂y D 2/3
= 3 x 2 y 2 ∆x + 2 x3 y ∆y 1
hV = kV −2 / 3 D −2 / 3
With x = 5 and y = 4, 3
=∆U 3(25)(16)∆x + 2(125)(4)∆y 2
= 1200∆x + 1000∆y hD = − kV 1/ 3 D −5 / 3
3
When ∆U = 0, then 1000∆y =−1200∆x
or ∆y =−1.2∆x. 1 kV −2 / 3 D −2 / 3
hV D
Thus, increasing the second commodity (b) =
−3 1/ 3 −5 / 3
=
−
hD 2 kV D 2V
by 1 unit and decreasing the first 3
commodity by 1.2 units leaves ∆U
unchanged, or 1.2 units of the second 1 1/3 1/2
65. P ( x, y ) =x y
commodity could substitute for 1 unit of 4
the first commodity. =
x 129 − 8t
y = 15.60 + 0.2t
63. Q( x, y ) =200 + 10 x 2 − 20 y 4184
x(t) = 18 + 0.02t Q=
p
y (t=
) 21 + 0.4 t
dQ dQ dp
dQ ∂Q dx ∂Q dy = ⋅ where
= + ⋅ dt dp dt
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
dp ∂p dx ∂p dy
 0.2  = ⋅ + ⋅
= (20 x)(0.02) + (−20)   dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
 t 
dQ 4184  1  8 
When t = 9, x(9) = 18.18 and − 2  x −2 / 3 y1/ 2   −
= 
dQ  0.2  dt p  12  2 t 
= 20(18.18)(0.02) + (−20)  
dt  9 1  
+  x1/ 3 y −1/ 2  (0.2) 
≈ 5.94  8  
So, demand is decreasing at a rate of
approximately 6 quarts per month. When t = 2, x = 125, y = 16 and
p(125, 16) = 5 so
dQ 4184  1 1   8 
= −   ⋅ ⋅ 4   − 
dt (5)2  12 25   2 2 
1 1 
+  ⋅ 5 ⋅  (0.2) 
8 4 
≈ −3.00
or demand is decreasing at a rate of 3 pies
per week.
66. T ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 − xy + y 2 − 2 y + 1
The area is A = 4, thus the average temperature is
1 1 1
4 ∫−1 ∫−1
= Tav (2 x 2 − xy + y 2 − 2 y + 1) dy dx
y =1
1 1  2 xy 2 y 3 
= ∫ 
4 −1
2 x y −
2
+
3
− y2 + y 

dx
 y =−1
1  2 2 1 
4 ∫−1
=  4 x + + 2  dx
3 
1 1
= (4 x + 8 x)
3
12 −1
=2
Since this average temperature is less than 5°C, Arnold will move.
67. Q( E , T ) = 125 E 2/3T 1/2

dQ ∂Q dE ∂Q dT
= ⋅ + ⋅
dt ∂E dt ∂T dt
 250 −1/3 1/2  1 
= E T  
 3  11 
 125 2/3 −1/2 
+ E T  (−0.21)
 2 
 250   1
= (151) −1/3 (10)1/2   
 3   11 
125 
+ (151) 2/3 (10) −1/2  ( −0.21)
 2 
≈ −113.19
or decreasing at a rate of 113 units per day.
68. The curve intersects the y axis when y = ±2.

2 4− y 2 2 x = 4− y 2
∫−2 ∫0 ∫ ( x + 2 xy )
(1 + 3 y 2 )dx dy = 2
dy
−2 x =0
2
= ∫−2 (4 − y + 3(4 − y ) y
2 2 2
)dy
2
= ∫−2 (4 + 11y − 3 y )dy
2 4
2
 11 3 
= 4 y + y 3 − y 5 
 3 5  −2
544
=
15
544
The population is hundred people or about 3,627 people.
15
69. N (r , s ) = 40e − r /2 e− s /3
Pollution
3 2
=∫ ∫ 40e − r / 2 e − s / 3ds dr
2 1
3 −r / 2 −s / 3 2 
= ∫2  40 e ⋅ −3e
1
 dr
3
−120∫ [e − r / 2 ( e −2 / 3 − e −1/ 3 )]dr
=
2
3
−120( e −2 / 3 − e −1/ 3 ) ∫ e − r / 2 dr
=
2
 3
= −120( e −2 / 3 − e1/ 3 )  −2e − r / 2 
 2
= 240( e2 / 3 − e −1/ 3 )( e −3/ 2 − e −1 )
≈ 7.056 units
 W − B  W (W − B ) − kgt / W
70. s (W , t ) =
 t + (e − 1)
 k  k2g
∂s t 1 t (W − B ) − kgt / W
(a) = + 2 (2W − B )(e − kgt / W − 1) + e
∂W k k g kW
and represents the change in depth with respect to weight.
∂s W − B W − B − kgt / W
= − e and represents the change in depth with respect to time.
∂t k k
Intuitively an increase or decrease in the object’s weight would result in an increase or
decrease in its depth for a given time t. That is, all other factors being equal, a heavier object
∂s
will have sunk further that a lighter one in the same period of time. Thus ≠ 0. Similarly, it
∂W
is unlikely that an object would actually stop at some point while sinking before continuing to
∂s
sink. Hence ≠ 0.
∂t
∂s
(b) Using a graphing utility we find = 10 at t ≈ 5.7 sec. The container should be dropped at
∂t
appoint where it can sink no more than S(2417, 5.7) ≈ 28.46 meters.
71. With Q = x a y b , Qx = ax a −1 y b and Q y = bx a y b−1.

yQ y x(ax a −1 y b ) + y (bx a y b−1 )
xQx + =
= ( a + b) x a y b
= (a + b)Q
If b = 1 − a, then xQx + yQ y =(a + b)Q =Q.

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Chapter 7

Calculus of Several Variables

4. g(x, y) = xy − x(y + 1) 8. g (u , v) = 10u1/ 2 v 2 / 3

13. f(x, y, z) = xyz

16. f ( x, y, z ) = xye z + xze y + yze x

29. f ( x, y ) = xe y (d) With one more skilled worker and one

(a) The cost is C(x, y) = 40x + 20y.

(b) C (500, 800) = 40 × 500 + 20 × 800

(c) Let ∆y be the number of business

33. (a) Let R denote the total monthly

(b) Let’s replace K by

39. (a) Q(10, 20) = 30 + 40 = 70 units (c)

(d) 70 = 3 ⋅ (12) + 2(20 + ∆y ) 41. U(25, 8) = (25 + 1)(8 + 2) = 260

46. (a) Q( K , L) = 57 K 1/ 4 L3/ 4

K 277 311 493 554 718

(b) Q(3(277), 3(743)) = 99,279 = 3(33,093)

47. (a) S(15.83, 87.11) (c) Let W0 , H 0 be Jenny’s weight and

(c) Writing exercise; answers will vary.

49. (a) Bm (90, 190, 22)

51. (a) V (3,875,1.675, 0.004) 100m

(b) To find T (1.13, 31.275 × 103 ),

56. The ice pack was thickest near the poles.

7.2 Partial Derivatives

f y= 2 x(5 y 4 ) + 3 x 2= 10 xy 4 + 3 x 2 12. f ( x, y ) = xye x

2(−1) 28. f(x, y) = xy(ln y − ln x) + 2 ln(2x − 3y)

36. z = x2y; x = 3t + 1, y = t2 − 1 38. z = x1/2y1/3; x = 2t, y = 2t2

41. D1 ( p1 , p2 ) = 500 − 6 p1 + 5 p2 ∂D1

(b) QL (5041, 4900)

(c) additional labor employment

when the work force is small, than ∂Q ∂ 2Q

57. D1 ( p1 , p2 ) =700 − 4 p12 + 7 p1 p2 (b) Qx ( x, y ) =1,175 + 6.2 xy − 3.6 x 2

The actual change is y3 = is activated.

60. (a) Q( x, y )= 1,731x + 925 y + x 2 y − 2.7 x 2 − 1.3 y 3/ 2

(b) Qx = 1,731 + 2 xy − 5.4 x

(c) Q y = 925 + x 2 − 1.95 y1/ 2

65. Q( x, y ) = 0.08 x 2 + 0.12 xy + 0.03 y 2 (b) Px (70, 73) = −8(70) + 10(73) − 10

(d) ∆P ≈ (160)(2) + (−137)(−1) = 457 or

= 30 36(25)  (0.5) + [20(36)3/2 ](−1)

67. P(x, y) = (x − 40)(55 − 4x + 5y)

(a) Px = ( x − 40)(−4) + (55 − 4 x + 5 y )(1)

(b) The surface area increases by approximately 0.013 square centimeters.

∂2 z ∂2 z 2( x − 1) 2 − ( y + 3)2 + 2( y + 3)2 − ( x − 1)2

and z does not satisfy Laplace’s equation.

(a) S R ( R, H ) = 4πR + 2πH C ( R, H )

The area of the concrete path is 86. f ( x, y ) = x 2 y + 2 y 3 − 2e − x

For the point (0, 0), also.

x = −9. When y = 0, f x = 0 when

f xx (−3, − 9) > 0 so (−3, −9) is a relative fx = ( x3 + 2 xy 2 − x)

−2[ x(−2 y + 6)e − x − y +6 y

15. f ( x, y ) =x3 − 4 xy + y 3 16. f ( x, y=

So, the point (0, −1) is a saddle point. relative maximum.

23. f ( x, y ) = xy − x − 3 y ; vertices (0, 0),(5, 0), (5, 5)

24. vertices (0, 0), (2, 0), (0, 3)

So again, only the endpoints (0, 0) and (2, 0) must be considered.

function to see which yields largest and smallest vales of f.

So, the smallest value is −11 and the largest value is 5.

25. f ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + y 2 + xy 2 − 2 ; (5, 5),(−5, 5), (5, −5), (−5, −5)

So, the smallest value is −10, and the largest value is 6.

29. Profit = (profit from sales Duncan shirts)

31. Profit = revenue − cost

33. profit = (profit from domestic market)

34. (a) The profit at home is

(b) The profit abroad is