Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
13/12/2009
Disclaimer: As we all know, we are all still students and henceforth bound to make mistakes, however, we will try our
very best to convey all knowledge based on the Malaysian protocols. By that, we do not hold any responsibilities should
our presentations bear mishaps in the future.
History Taking Pg 3
Example of Cases Pg 22
Contributors:
Examination of the GIT System: Adrian Nicholas Lim, Jessica Saw Ying Fong
Demonstrators: Cheng Sing Hoon, Tan Jenq Uei, Rex Tan Kean Sheng, Liew Ming Kuang
1. Age/Race/sex
56/M/
2. K/C/O ( Known case of@ co morbid)
A. Exp: 1) DM 20 years
Currently on T Metformin 500mg bd
2) HPT
Currently on? Follow up where?
B. Previously healthy
C. Refer from KK Taman Ehsan, differential diagnosis disease?
3. C/C ( Chief complaints)
A. State the MAJOR Problem in one or two of the patient’s own words. Do not use medical terminology.
Relevant positive
- X fever
- X cough
- X risk of DVT
- X related with food / lying flat
C- Thirdly, ask about the any risk factors and relevant past history for the diagnoses you might have in mind at this
point.
For example:
Positive family history for ischemic heart disease,
Past medical history of angina or myocardial infarction,
Hypercholesterolaemia etc.
Example: Patient with chest pain you should ask about previous Ml, angina, HT or DM and record whether these are
present or absent.
'MJ THREADS’
M–
J-
T–
H–
R–
E–
A–
D–
S–
7. MENSTRUAL HISTORY
Regular/ Irregular?
? Pack
Hx of flooding? Blood clot?
Intermenstrual bleeding
Menorrhagia? Dysmenorrhea?
OCP? Hormone pill?
8. FAMILY HISTORY
Includes any family member with similar conditions; parents health,
If diseased then cause of and age at death
Health of siblings
Any children and their health
Example : Hypertension , hyperlipidemia, TB, DM ,Ca
Draw family tree inherited disease / Ca
9. SOCIAL HISTORY
Living conditions of the patient, for example: whether living alone or not, independent or has special
helper to manage care at home, income etc.
Habits that are proven risk factors for certain disease.
a. Smoking
1 Pack per year = 20 cigarettes per day for 1 year
No. Pack per year =
b. Alcohol intake specifying ‘present or previous intake’, ‘daily intake’, ‘intake over years’.
Alcoholism screening test
TWEAK
Have u increased Tolerance of alcohol? 2pts
Have close friends or relatives Worried or complained about your drinking in the past year? 2pts
Do you sometimes take a drink in the morning when you first get up? (Eye opener) 1pt
Has a friend or family member ever told you about things you said or did while you were
drinking that you could not remember? (Amnesia) 1pt
Do you sometimes feel the need to c(K)ut down on your drinking? 1pt
c. If appropriate also ask about illicit drug use, sexual history, occupation and pets.
Recent travel (chest pain might be the hidden pulmonary embolism due to deep venous thrombosis
developed during long flights).
10. Allergy Hx
Ask for any allergies that the patient might have.
Drugs, food, environment
Traditional medicine ( can promote renal and liver failure)
13. Plan
List the investigations required.
When a result is already available, for example of an ECG, record it.
If uncertain about an investigation or treatment, precede with a “?” and discuss with a more senior member of
staff
E.g. 1) Fluids – 1 pint D5% over 24h
2) Investigation: FBC/ RP/ LFT/ CXR/ECG
3) Medication: IV Ranitidine 50Mg
4) Other - refer Palliative
- VS monitor every 4 hours
- I/O chart
- To D/W Mr. Ng for further management
14. Management
Record any immediate management instigated
Clerked By:
Presenting Summary:
56/M/
K/C/O
Presented with the CC of
Relevant HOPI
@ this stage my provisional diagnosis is
With the differential diagnosis of
Example: 56 years old Malay gentlemen, refer from ED, with known case of DM for 20 years currently on Metformin 500mg
bd, HPT for 10 years, patient is not sure of the name of the medication for HPT. Currently patient is on follow up at KK Taman
Ehsan for HPT.
Patient complaints of acute central pain which radiate to the left arm and neck, associated with dyspnea and palpitation, pain
last more than 1 hour and intensity is 8/10 according to the patient. GTN doesn’t help.
Patient smokes 10 packs per year. Patient’s father passed away on 2003 due to AMI. Patient has past medical history of MI for
2 times, which is on 2005 and 2007.
At this stage my provisional diagnosis is Acute Myocardium Infraction with DD of Pulmonary Embolism and Pericarditis.
If it is revision of patient:
I/O: 1500cc/1520cc
-20cc
RT / tapping : Volume/ color
- 70cc (Greenish)
Urine Output: 50-75cc/ hr
3) General Examination
A) Upper Limbs
i. Palms
ii. Finger and nails
iii. Dorsal part of hand Horner’s syndrome:
iv. Wrist 1) Ipsilateral partial ptosis
v. Pulse
2) Ipsilateral miosis
vi. BP
vii. Flapping tremor ( asterixis) 3) Ipsilateral reduced sweating
4) Enophthalmos
B) Head
i. Eyes
ii. Nose and ears Causes of tracheal deviation:
a. towards the lesion
iii. Mouth and tongue
-upper lobe collapse
iv. Character of cough -upper lobe fibrosis
-pneumonectomy
C) Neck
b. away from the lesion
i. Jugular venous pressure
-massive pleural effusion
ii. Trachea deviation -tension pneumothorax
iii. Tracheal tug -upper large mediastinal masses
iv. Distance from cricoid cartillage to suprasternal notch
D) Lower Limbs
--Pitting edema
B) Palpation
i. Chest expansion Causes of reduced chest expansion:
ii. Apex beat 1. unilateral
-Localized pulmonary fibrosis
iii. Vocal Fremitus
-Consolidation
- Collapse
C) Percussion -Pleural effusion
i. Resonant - Pneumothorax
ii. Hyperesonant
2. bilateral
iii. Dull
-Chronic airflow limitation
iv. Stony dull -Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis
D) Auscultation
i. Breath sound
a. Intensity ( normal, reduced, absent)
b. Nature ( vesicular, bronchial)
Ask the patient to sit up, repeat the examination on the back
While percussing, ask the patient to move the elbows forward across the front of the chest to move the
scapular away from the lung field.
While the patient is sitting, palpate for cervical lymph nodes.
Look for vertebrae tenderness.
Examine the heart for signs of cor pulmonale.
Examine the sputum.
Example of conclusion: There’s pleural effusion over the left lower zone evidenced by reduced chest
expansion, decreased vocal resonance and fremitus, stony dull notes and reduced breath sounds over the
left lower zone.
1. Introduce yourself and ask for permission to examine the heart. This is good bedside manner and will help to establish
rapport with px.
3. Observe carefully for tachypnea, orthopnea, cyanosis, and “spot diagnoses” that are associated with heart diseases:
-
-
-
4. Upper limbs:
a) Palms
- moisture -> dry @ moist
- temperature -> warm @ cold
- colour -> pink @ pale
b) Finger
- cyanosis -> peripheral cyanosis
- capillary filling
- clubbing
- stigmata of IE:
- tendon xanthomas
- nicotine stain
c) Pulse
- Rate
- Rhythm -> regular @ irregular
- Volume -> good @ thready etc.
- Character (particularly looking for collapsing pulse)
- Radio –radial delay
- Radio – femoral delay
5. Neck:
a) Carotid pulse
- Volume
- Character
- Bruits Causes of elevated JVP
1.
b) Jugular venous pressure
2.
3.
6. Head:
4.
a) Eyes 5.
- Conjunctiva -> pink @ pale(anemia) 6.
- Sclera -> jaundice?
b) Mouth & Tongue
- Tongue -> moist @ dry @ coated
7. Lower limb:
a) Pitting edema
b) Peripheral pulses -> present? symmetrical?
c) Cyanosis, cold limbs, trophic changes, ulceration (peripheral vascular disease)
d) Clubbing of toes
c) Auscultation
- Listen with bell at the apex beat
- Change to diaphragm -> listen again at apex beat -> trace up to axilla
- Listen at tricuspid, pulmonary, aortic area -> trace up R side of neck
- Sit the patient up and listen these 2 areas again
- Perform the dynamic maneuver (respiration) if murmur present
CSMU HOW MEDICINE TEAM Page 11
- Listen at subclavian area, if suspect PDA
**Every auscultation, listen for:
1st & 2nd heart sound & their intensity
Extra heart sound (S3 & S4)
Murmur
Additional sound ( opening snap, systolic ejection click)
Fixed splitting 2nd heart sound (only in pulmonary area, ASD )
Mr ASS
Mitral regurgitation Aortic stenosis = Systolic murmur
Ms ARD
Mitral stenosis Aortic regurgitation = Diastolic murmur
Before begining
Introduction
Permission
Positioning
Exposure
Comfortable
General Inspection
-PCLCPRHNGMA
General Examination
1. Upper limb
a) Palms
Moisture
Temperature
Color
Palmar erythema
Dupuytren contractures
b) Finger & nails
Cyanosis
Clubbing
Leuconychia
Wasting of interossei, thenar and hypothenar
c) Pulse
Rate
Rhythm
Volume
d) Forearm & arm
Scratch marks
Bruising
e) BP
f) Flapping tremor
2. Head
a) Eyes
Conjunctiva
Sclera
4. Lower limbs
a) Pitting edema
Purpose of Palpation
1. Superficial Palpation
Consistency (soft/tense)
Tenderness (include guarding, rigidity, rebound tenderness)
2. Deep Palpation
Deep tenderness
Palpate for masses & solid viscera
Auscultation
1) Bowel sound
At lower right of umbilicus
Describe its character, intensity, frequency)
Normal????
2) Renal bruits
At upper left and right of umbilicus
Short Summary :
The abdomen is soft and non tender.
There were no mass on deep palpation
Liver was palpated 2cm below costal margin, it was firm, smooth
surface,well defined margin, non tender, non pulsatile.
No bruits was heard
Spleen and kidney were non plapable
Shifting dullness was negative
Bowel sound were present with normal intensity
No renal bruits
General Examination
5 imp things b4 you start:
-IPPEC- Introduce, Permission, Position, Exposure, Comfort.
Position: Sitting for cranial nerve examination, lying for general & LL examination.
-Then do a 10 s inspection - PCLC PR HN GMA
Neurological Examination
Mental State Examination (MSE)
– Level of consciousness
– Handedness
– Orientation to time, place, person
– Speech
– Abnormal movement : tremor
– Short, long term memory
– General Knowledge
– Posture
3) Pupils – CNIII
9) CN XI – Accessory Nerve
a. Shrug you shoulder – don’t let me push them down”
b. “Turn your head to the left and then right”
Upper Limbs
Divided into – Motor and Sensory system
Inspection
3S W A D F
Symmetry Wasting Attitude & Posture Deformity Fasciculation
Skin
Scar
Pronator Drift
• Ask the patient to put the palms down then close eyes few sec later turns palms up.
• Weak arm usually pronates and drift downwards.
• 3 cause:
1)
2)
3)
Tone
• Ensure the patient is relax
• Asses the tone by:
Power
• Compare muscle power by “fighting” against the patient.
• Asses by “active movement”.
POWER GRADE
0/5 No movement
Barest flicker of movement of the muscle, though not enough to move the structure to which it's
1/5
attached.
Voluntary movement which is not sufficient to overcome the force of gravity. For example, the
2/5
patient would be able to slide their hand across a table but not lift it from the surface.
Voluntary movement capable of overcoming gravity, but not any applied resistance. For example,
3/5
the patient could raise their hand off a table, but not if any additional resistance were applied.
4/5 Voluntary movement capable of overcoming "some" resistance
5/5 strength
Reflex
Biceps Reflex (C5,C6)
Triceps Reflex (C7,C8)
Supinator Jerk (C6,C7)
Tendon Reflex Grading Scale
Grade Description
0 Absent
1+ or + Hypoactive
2+ or ++ "Normal"
3+ or +++ Hyperactive without clonus
4+ or ++++ Hyperactive with clonus
Sensory system
• Pain
• Light touch
• Joint position
• Vibration
• Temperature
Power
• Hip flexion and extension
• Hip abduction and adduction
• Knee flexion and extension
• Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
• Toe extension and flexion
Reflex
• Knee jerk ( L3-4)
• Ankle Jerk ( S1-2)
• --- when it’s absent ask the patient to clench teeth / pull clasped hand apart
Sensation
• Pain
• Light touch
• Temperture
Vibration
– Use a 128 Hertz tuning fork.
– Compare with the opposite side.
– Use the medial malleolus at the ankles, over the patella at the knees and the anterior superior iliac spine
in the hips
– Appreciation of vibration may also be lost in tabes dorsalis, in peripheral neuropathies.
Joint position
– Hold the lateral aspect of the big toe (not the dorsum of the toe) and move it gently up and down (do
not move too wide an arch). The examiner’s fingers should not rub against the skin of the adjoining toe
during the test.
Coordination
• Upper limb
– Finger nose test
– Rapidly alternating movements
• Lower limb
– Heel- shin test
Summary:
Case 1
Mr A / 36 / I/ M
K/C/O: 1) DM since early 2009
- T. metformin 500mg BD
- under KK f/up
Case 2
Ms C/ 60/ M/ F
K/C/O:1) HPT for 5 years on T atenolol 100mg OD – under GP f/up
3) Rt breast CA- MAC done, Inv lobular CA – post chemo 5th cycle on 3/8/09
*not known to have DM/ IHD
C/O:
Generalised weakness 8/7 since chemo
K/C/O: NKC
C/O:
Fever for 3 days, headache, pain in joints and limbs, pain behind eyes, rash