September 5, 2018

Ang Prehispanikong Pilipinas

Padre Pedro Chirino: “all these islanders are much given to reading and writing and there is
hardly a man, and much less a woman, who does not read and write in the letters used in the
island of Manila…”
Ang Prehispanikong Barangay

 Just LIKE many other societies, in pre-colonial Philippines, men were there leaders in
politics
 Luzon:
o Maginoo (ruling class)
 Military service, agricultural service,
 Datu – pangunahing pinuno
o Timawa – Maharlika (Malaya)
 Malaya mag bigay ng serbisyo
 Timawa – magsasaka
 Maharlika – military service
o Namamahay – Sagigilid (slaves/alipin)
 Namamahay – may sariling bahay
 Sagigilid – nakatira sa gilid ng bahay (not literally) but doesn’t have his own
house, nakatira siya sa bahay ng kanyang amo, pagaari ng kanyang amo,
pwedeng bilhin/benta, wala siyang sariling buhay
 These are the prisoners of war, instead of killing them they’re made into
slaves
 Maliliit lang mga tribo dahil hindi komplikado mag communicate in the Philippines (rizal)
 30-100 families in a Barangay na ginagabayan ng isang DATU
 No kings and Morga thought this was primitive
o So rizal said this is the system na bagay na dispersed ang natural resources
 Visayas
o Datu
 Social class and name of pinuno na galling din sa Datu na social class
o Timawa
 Technically part of the Oripun
o Oripun
 Refers to everyone who isn’t part of the Datu (ruling class)
 Sa Luzon mas maraming kailangan sa agriculture,
 Ipakita ang ugnayan ng mga sinaunang lipunan sa Pilipinas sa mga karatig na lugar sa Asya
 Pagpapakita ng pagkakapareho ng iba’t ibang pangkat sa kapuluan (nasyonalismo)
 Tattooing Is not laganap in the Philippines, only in Visayas no more in Luzon
  Baybayin ay para lamang sa mga Tagalog di applicable to other places in the Philippines
 Rizal tends to generalize it which to some extent stretches the truth
Mga Limitasyon ng Anotasyon

 Anakronismo ng nasyonalismo
o Not exactly at this time
 Gregorio del Pilar movie but someone is calling through a phone (wala sa
tamang panahon)
o We’re saying that Rizal’s paghahambing is not in the right time also
o He was saying pre-colonial Philippines was civilized
 But at this time wala pang isang bansang Pilipinas na tinatawag noon
 Kanya kanyang systema sa mga Barangay sa iba’t ibang lugar
 He was thinking in national terms when in the 1500’s the “national” didn’t
even exist yet and that’s a big limitation of Rizal’s writing
 We should be critical about rizal’s writings
 We’re here to criticize Rizal also, maraming limitasyon ang kanyang anotasyon
 Pagmamalabis at pananahimik sa ngalan ng nasyonalismo
o We have pre-colonial ship building but for Rizal to say it was big and comparable
to Galleons is one big exaggeration in Rizal’s part
o Propaganda, political agenda
 Against the Spanish
 Negrito and Aeta
o Mas civilized ang mga Tagalog according to Rizal which is a weakness of his
annotations
o Mataas tingin ng mga tagalog sa sarili nila
o Rizal was saying he’s different from the Aetas thus he was quiet on the accounts
of Morga relating to this
Bakit di mahanap ni Rizal ang mga sulatin mula sa katutubo?
Anotasyon ni Rizal ay produkto rin ng propaganda at hindi lang siya purely academic.
pagkiling
- Sa panahon dati, sinusulat ng mga katutubo ang baybayin sa mga dahon at puno
 Kadalasan mas matimbang ang tradisyong oral kaysa sa pagsusulat noong panahon ng
katutubo

Ferdinand Blumentritt *1853-1913

 Rizal's bestfriend
 Interested in precolonial Philippines
 Tells Rizal if Rizal is too biased already
 “ikaw ang mag sulat para di sabihin na biased si Rizal” they can say Blumentritt is not
biased
  But he said no, he said trabaho ng Pilipino gumawa ng history
 Writing history is always a political action

Pedro paterno
 Brains behind the biak na bato truce
 Wrote La antigua civilizacion Tagalog in 1887
- Product of biased and far-fetched conclusions
- First historical work by a native
 Nauna pero pangit ang isinulat

Isabelo De Los Reyes

 Isinulat ang El Folk-Lore Filipino 1889 >> very scholarly
 "Ang mga Malay at Negrito ay pare-parehong mga tao ngunit ibang katangian"
 Considered blasphemy before especially for Rizal
 Rizal said na hindi niya kaano-ano ang mga Negrito kaya siya ay tahimik
 tungkol sa issue ng pagtawak sa kanila ni Morga bilang barbarians

Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog

 What the Tagalogs should realize
o Tagalog is such an ethnolinguistic group
o But in Bonifacio’s writings it wasn’t just for the Tagalogs
o For the lack of a better term cause they didn’t have “Pilipino” before they used
Tagalog
 Annotations of Rizal in Sucesos influenced Bonifacio's writing
 This was also a propaganda for them
o Join the revolution
o Published in Kalayaan
 Membership in Katipunan increased
o Katipunan was starting but it was still a secret from the Spanish
o Nagpaparami palang sila so that in the event that it starts marami ng pwedeng
lumaban
 Evidence: Examples used by Bonifacio in his writings
o To show that the Spanish people fooled us
 Relations with our country with japan
 Bonifacio read Rizal in the original Spanish and was influenced by him = saying that this
was the history of the Philippines before Spain and he makes it more political from the
scholarly annotations
 Ang Dapat Mabatid was more political written in layman's terms or in
 Tagalog that was understood by the common folk

Ang Pacto de Sangre

 Tulad ni Magellan, pumasok sa mga kasunduan si Miguel Lopez de Legazpi kasama ang
mga datu sa Kabisayaan
  Ang di magandang pag tanggap sa Bohol (1565)
 Pananaw nina Rizal, del Pilar, at Bonifacio
 Limitasyon ng “nasyonalistang” kasaysayan

Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos

Serye ng limang artikulo sa La Solidaridad (15-Hulyo – 15 setyembre 1890)

Rizal: How then, and in what way, was that active and enterprising infidel native of ancient times
converted into the lazy and indolent Christian, as our contemporary writers say?
 NAGING tamad na Christian
o What was the independent variable that wasn’t there before and is now here?
CHRISTIANISM
 It’s the same framework all over again, Spanish and Christianism with colonialism
 Umiiral ang katamaran!
o Kapaligiran bilang salik
o “Indolence in the Philippines is a chronic malady, but not a hereditary one.”
 Hindi likas sa Pilipino ang maging tamad
o Kasysaysayan ang patunay
o Nakakapagod ang sikat ng araw at 12
o Gumigising ng 10 ang mga Spanish, at that time the filipinos have been working
since 6-8am, that’s break time
 Hindi lang nakikita ng Spanish yung hard work ng Filipinos
Ang Prayle at ang Indio
 ISSUE ON RACE
 Ang konsepto ng Patronato Real at kolonyalismo
o Kapangyarihan secular at panrelihiyon
o Gobernadora-heneral bilang vice royal patron
 In relation to the catholic church ang tingin ng simbahan sa kaharian ng
Espana ay ito ang kanyang patron, ito ang taga suporta, palagi niya
daladala ang simbahan,
 Church and state are mixed in Spain
o Sistemang encomiendo
 Right to collect taxes
 In exchange of heaven/evangelization/the word of God
 manipestasyon ng konsepto ng Patronato Real = where the church and
state mix
 ideally dapat encomiendero ang nag sspread ng word but it didn’t work
that way, ang mga Prayle ang gumagawa ng religious affairs because
encomienderos are business men
 Marami sa mga encomendero nasa Manila pero may mga lupa in far away
places
  Incentive for locals to preserve the existing barangay systems
because itwas efficient; all they had to do was talk to the local
leaders
 Walang presence mga Kastila on the local level; they weren't in the
provinces but in Manila
 Assign local people to do their job for them (datus) and these people get a
cut from the tribute/taxes
 Prayles were the ones who did the evangelical systems
 Skin deep yung penetration ng Spanish regime sa local communities

 Prayle: pangunahing ahente ng kolonyalismo; gawing Kristiyano ang katutubo  indio

 Pagkakahati-hati ng lipunan batay sa lahi, relihiyon at pulitika: peninsulares,
insulares/creole, mestizo Espanyol, indio, mestizo Tsino, Tsino
 Implikasyon sa buwis, sapilitang pagtatrabaho at kaparian

Race Base ang paghahati ng lipunan

 Pinakamataas: Kastila (Europeans who were born in Europe) = peninsulares (Iberian
peninsula)
 Insulares/creole/Filipino: Europeans born in Philippines >> you aren't 100% European
o Europeans were the ones using this term not rizal
 Mestizo Espanyol: mixed race, (for example katutubo then prayle)
 Indio (tax paying people are the last 3)
o Mga katutubo
 Ditto pinanganak sa Pilipinas
 Not just a racial component but also religious
 Lowland Christians (Igorots, Aetas were the ones in the upland)
 Tausug,
 Ifugao, and Moro that weren't colonized by the Spanish weren't indio
o The people who gave them Christianism were the ones who called them indios
(PRAYLE)
 Mestizo Tsino – halo ng tsino and katutubo
 Tsino were the pinakamababa because they weren't Christians
o They were needed in trade, etc. but they weren't Christians so they were looked
down upon

Taxes had a hierarchy also

 Those with European blood don't pay taxes
 Tsino had the highest tax rate while the indio had the lowest
o Because mas may kaya sila
 Mas malaki ang kinikita ng mga Tsino kaysa sa mga Indio because they viewed the indios
as tamad
o Tsino are masipag, negosyante
 Mestizo Tsino were in the middle
Race as a biological concept it doesn’t exist but as a socio-political concept during the Spanish
political time, it was very real

Mga Pananaw ni Gaspar de San Agustin (1651-1724)

 Pareho ang pagtingin sa mga Pilipino
 These are some of the lines from his letters
 It is a fact that the difficulty of knowing these Indians is not in the individuals, but in the
race.
 “exceedingly barbarous”; fickle, false, and mendacious; the temperament of these
Indians… is cold and humid
 Fickle, malicious, untrustworthy, dull and lazy
o Hindi umuunlad ang indio kasi lazy sila
Important text whom the prayles used as a basis for saying the indios are indolent.
 He was racist it showed how low he saw the Filipinos
 If they borrow anything that is not money, they will never return it until it is requested
and, as an excuse for not having returned it, they say that they have not been asked for it
 Their laziness is such that if they open a door, they never close it
 If they are paid anything in advance, they will leave work and keep the pay
 They are naturally rude, and consequently, it is strange to see them, when talking with
the father or a Spaniard, first scratch themselves on the temples, and if it be a woman, on
the thigh; but the more polished scratch themselves on the head
 If any letter is read before them, they will go behind one to see it, although they do not
know how to read. And if they hear any talking in private….
 When he gets a peso he stays at home without working, until it is all eaten up or drunk
up, for it all amounts to the same thing. This is the reason why they are so poor, in
comparison with the Sangleys (tsino) and mestizos, who live in abundance, for they know
how to seek and work.

Reduccion at Ebanghelisasyon
Pagtugon sa kakulangan ng pari: reduccion
 Pagkukumpul-kumpol sa mga permanenting pamayanan
 Ginawa sa mga patag na lugar, malapit sa ilog o dagat
 Malaking pagbabago sa istilo ng pamumuhay para sa marami

Sistemang Reduccion
 Konti ang pari maraming tao na kalat kalat
 Ang solution = pagsamasamahin sa isang permanenting pamanayan
o Umusbong ang plaza complex
o Simbahan: sentro ng pamayanan at napaliligiran ng mga importanteng gusali
 Kaingin = nawawalan ng minerals ang lupa
Pagusbong ng plaza complex
 Simabahan: sentro ng pamayanan at napaliligiran ng mga importanteng gusali
 “Bajo de la campana” at ang mga taong-labas
 o Under the church bells
o If you hear the kampana then you are still within the scope of the church
 Plaza being sentro
o Make the permanent residency look the same
o Distance of your house from the plaza is directly proportional to the power you
hold near the center of power (state and church)
 Permanent settlements para mas madali magevangelize mga prayle
Paghahati-hati sa mga rehiyon sa ilalim ng isang limang misyonerong orden
 Pransiskano, heswita, augustino, rekoletos, Dominikano (PHARDs!)
 Pag-aaral at paggamit ng mga misyonero sa mga wikang katutubo

Wika at Ebanghelisasyon
 Upang mapadali ang ebanghelisasyon, hinati-hati sa mga rehiyon ang Pilipinas na nasa
ilalim ng isang partikular na orden
 Pumili sila ng iba’t ibang mga rehiyon
 Constraints: kalat ang tao and different languages tapos konti lang yung mga
o Hinati mga tao in different language groups
o Naging amateur language experts agad ang mga prayle
o Prayles attempted to study the katutubo's native script
o The God that they translated into was their God, not Bathala
o Assigning an order for each ethnolinguistic group
 The friars didn't want to teach Spanish
 Spanish homogenized the language: made it uniform
 Doctrina Kristiyana first book published in the philippines
o Religious nature – Christian Doctrine
 Oral tradition for the Katutubos
o Kung isinusulat man sa mga dahon ito sinusulat
o The written is not as important as the oral
 Possibility of different translations in prayers or doctrines, cannot be word per word
o some words don’t have the same meaning or don’t have a direct translation

Maling Relihiyon
Gaspar de San Agustin: For in all the rest that treat or trickery, drunken revelries, and
ceremonies in their marriages, burials, and tyrannies one against another, they observe exactly
what they learned from their ancestors

Katutubong wika + bagong relihiyon: mga hindi inaasahang posibilidad

 pag-aangkp[ sa mga turong Kristiyano gamit ang mga paniniwalang prekolonyal
 pag-usbong ng folk Catholicism
 aktibong paglalapat ng mga katutubo

Folk Catholicism
 Active appropriation of a new doctrine
  ILAN MGA PANINIWALA NA WALA SA DOCTRINE PAGHAHALO NG OFFICIAL
DOCTRINE/BELIEFS NG SIMBAHAN AT
Rizal: but the fact is the Filipinos were much less laxy before the word miracle was introduced
into their language.
 Ipinauubaya nila ang lahat sa simbahan sa halip na magtrabaho at magsikap
Nagkakaiba ba ang mga prayle at ni Rizal sa pananaw nila sa folk Catholicism

May mga nakatagong kontradiksyon ang pananaw ng mga prayle at ni Rizal tungkol sa folk
Catholicism


Noli Me Tangere, kabanata 6

Ang Principalia at ang Masa

Malinaw na hirarkiya sa nibel ng pamayanan
PRINCIPALIA /PRINCIPALES – reigning family in the Barangay (Maginoo, Datu)
Why did they keep this system?
 Why is this favorable?
 Sino ba nagpapasunod sa mga tao noon? Ang mga maginoo at datu naman noon
pa so ayaw galawin ng kastila ang socio-political ng Pilipinas on the grassroot level
o May naghahari pa din at pinagsisilbihan ng masa
o Hindi na nila sinira ito dahil pag tinaggal ng kastila ang priviledge ng Datu
mag rrevolution sila
 They continued to let the maginoo and datu rule but they just changed the name
Ang Principalia na ang kumokolekta sa mga encomiendero
Malinaw ang paghihiwalay sa loob ng plaza complex
 Pamana ng panahong prekolonyal
 Posisyon sa loob ng pamayanan
 Pisikal na hitsura at pangalan
 Karapatan at tungkulin
Maraming konlonyal na institusyon ang ipinataw na nagpahirap sa masa: datu’s and maginoo are
exempted from this, they don’t need to pay for it
 Tributo
 Polo y Servicio - sapilitang paggawa (forced labor) - mainly sa paggawa ng mga galyon
(galleon)  FOR GALLEON TRADE
o Rizal: As they were so large, the timber needed was scarcely to be found in the
forests, and thus it was necessary to seek it with great difficulty in the most
remote of them, where, once found, in order to haul and convey it to the
shipyard the towns of the surrounding country had to be depopulated of natives,
who get it out with immense labor, damage, and cost to them
o .. the natives furnished the masts for a galleon, according to the assertion of the
Franciscans, and I heard the governor of the province where they were cut, which
 is Laguna De Bay, say that to haul them seven leagues over very broken
mountains 6,000 natives were engaged three months
Atrasadong Ekonomiya
Kalakalang Galyon: sistemang pangkalakalan na nakasentro sa Maynila
 Pilak mula sa Mexico at seda mula sa Tsina
 Galleon Trade or Manila Acapulco Trade (Acapulco in the Pacific coast of Mexico)
 Maynila: isang bagsakan (entrepot) lamang
 Rizal: negatibo ang epektibo ng kalakalan!
 Walang nasasamang produkto ang nasasama ditto
 Silver: China
- Silk for silver trade (silk from china)
 Marginal products that came to Manila because of this trade: products in Bahay Kubo
 Itinali ng Kalakalang Galyon ang ekonomiya ng Pilipinas sa Imperyong Espanyol
 Mexico: pagbibigay ng situado
 Kaisipang merkantilismo
o Control the economy
o Box out the kalaban in terms of trade
Mercantilismo: namamayanang ideolohiya na namamahala sa kalakalan galyon

Papel ng iba pang grupo sa ekonomiyang kolonyal

 Pagbuhos ng mga Tsino – number one partner in this trade
o Reverse racism kung saan ang tingin sa mga indio ay tamad, mga tsino tinitignan
bilang industrious
 Pamimirata ng mga Moro
o Slave raiding kung saan pagbihag ng mga tao sa mga Moro
o Bago dumating ang mga kastila pangangayaw pangunahing form of warfare
Everyone was investing in the Galleon trade cause it was an instant return on investment
 Why would invest in a pabrika if tamad nga mga indio and if wala naman makikipag trade
sakin?
 Bakit ako bibili ng lupa pang tanim kung masisira yan ng peste?
 Lahat ng pwede mong pag ka kitaan nasa isang lugar lamang
 Nakatutok attention ng lahat sa galleon
 It didn’t help the Philippines’ economy
Ginagawang fortress ang mga simbahan, fortresses and kampana places overlook the sea
 “ayan na mamimirata satin”
o Kaya’t nung nakikita nila noon ang mga moro tatakbo na ang lahat papunta ng
simbahan para magtago
o The architecture of the church served this
May aral pa rin ba tayong makukuha mula sa “sobre la indolencia de los Filipinos” para sa
kasalukuyang lipunang Pilipino?
Simula ng Pagbabago ng Ekonomiya
UK –
Mga bagong proyekto ng pamahalaan para matugunan ang kakulangan ng pera
 Monopolyo ng Tabako (1782)
 Mula pagtatanim hanggang pagbebenta
 Dagdag sa badyet ng pamahalaan
 Nasamantala ang yaman ng bansa

SEPT 28
Lipunang Cash-Crop
Sa bagong ekonomiya, LUPA ang sentro ng lipunan
 mga panginoong-maylupa at panggitnang-uri
 asyenda ng mga prayle sa Gitna at Timog Luzon

Paglaki ng pagitan ng mga uri sa lipunan

 sanglang-bili o pacto de retroventa
 inquilinio (lease tenants) at kasama (share tenants) o mga pesanteng nakikisaka
 pagtaas ng antas ng tenancy at paglakas ng mga cacique

John Bowring: a very marked change has taken place in the dress and general exterior
appearance of the inhabitants…

Rizal: produkto ng mga pagbabago sa ekonomiya at lipunan noong ika-19 siglo

ANG PAG ANGAT NG MGA MESTISO TSINO

Ang mga mestizo tsino at ang nagbabagong lipunan
 pagpapalayas sa mga Tsino (1766)
 kapital, lupa, at lipunang cash-crop
 Nagkaroon ng Mestiso Tsino because of colonialism even though they are the product of
mixture of Tsino and Indio
o Product of Spanish colonialism
o The Tsino were the important traders in the galleon trade (China-Acapulco trade
na bumabagsak lang sa Manila)
o Bubuhos ang Chinese sa Manila because they want to take advantage of the
galleon trade
 Silk for silver = ang Chinese bumibili ng silver

Nicholas loney: The Yloilo mestizos, especially those of Chinese origin, are a remarkably
commercial, industrial, and speculative race, increasing yearly in social and political importance.

 Wickberg: a special kind of Filipino, not special kind of Chinese

Pagdagsa muli ng mga Tsino sa huling bahagi ng ika-19 na siglo

  Pagbabalik pagkatapos ng 1766
 Coolie labor
 Pagtutulak ng opium

Ang Impluwensiya ng mga Heswita

Heswita: ang ‘naiibang’ relihiyong orden
 Ibang turing ng mga Pilipinoi sa mga Heswita
 Reputsayon ng liberalism sa mga paaralang Heswita
 Madalas na paghihinala ng mga prayle sa mga Heswita

Ang Isyu ng Sekularisasyon

Sekularisasyon: paglipat ng mga parokya mula sa mga paring regular  paring secular
 1768: pagpapatalsik sa mga Heswita
o Acute shortage of priests
o Get from the native population  paring secular
 Mabilisang ordinasyon ng mga katutubo
 Mababang pagtingin sa mga secular: walang kakayahan at walang katapatan

La verdad (1864): The Filipino, by his nature, by his character, by influence of the climate or of
race, is not good for carrying out high offices… the Filipino who consecrates himself to the
service of the altar can carry out well the routine functions of a church, but he never succeeds in
excelling when is adorned with the dignity of the priesthood.
 Masyadong sagrado ang pagiging pari na clearly racially, inherently incompetent and non-
Peninsulares
The archbishop… wants to expel the regulars from the administration of the parishes… as if the
lofty and important mission that the former carries out could be limited by the secular clergy,
such as they call there those [priests] who do not have the quality of being European.

Regular vs Sekular
Sekular
 Handles the parokya
 Pamamahala ng sacramento sa mga indibidual na simbahan
o Misa, kasal, kumpisal
 Diocesan priests
o Bishop is the superior

Regular
 Missionary work
 Conversion, go to places where there are no Christians and convert them into Catholics
 Franciscans, Dominicans did this
 Those who are converted will be organized into a community/Parish
o Thus the start of Paring Sekular’s
Manuel Hidalgo
 Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexican tradition
o Most renowned patroness of the Mexican church
 Secular Priest, ama ng independence movement
o Pag wakas ng Spanish colonization in Mexico
o Used his reputation and influence to organize and fight for their freedom mula sa
mananakop ng mexico

Kontra-sekularisasyon: unti-unting pagbawi ng mga parokya noong ika-19 na siglo

 1859: Pagbabalik ng mga Heswita
 Paglipat ng mga parokya sa Maynila at Cavite sa kamay ng mga Rekoletos
 Paglala ng alitang regular kontra secular
o Can be seen in many parishes
o Parokya ng Antipolo – Antipolo Church: sikat sa pilgrimage site for travelers
o Population centers – masmaraming pera
Ang tunay na isyu?
Burgos Manifiesto: truly, the archbishop is making an unjust war against them with his intended
division of parishes, thus attacking their financial interests… [the author] should have taken into
account the fact that the regular parish priests are those with the wealthiest parishes and will
suffer a considerable drop in their revenues

Pedro Pelaez (1812-1863): huwarang paring secular na lumaban sa kontra-sekularisasyon

 Paring Filipino (creole) mula Laguna