Pharmacopeia Myanmar

MYANMAR HERBAL PHARMACOPOEIA
2013
VOLUME I
MYANMAR HERBAL PHARMACOPOEIA
2013
VOLUME I
Department of Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health

Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
In cooperation with the
Nippon Foundation, Japan
CONTENTS

PAGE
PREFACE I
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE II
MONOGRAPHS
1. Acori calami Rhizoma vif;av^vif;ae (lin:lei, lin:nei) 1
2. Aloe Folium &Sm;apmif;vufyyf (sha:zaun:le' pa') 6
3. Andrographidis Herba aq;cg;BuD; (hsei:ga:gji) 11
4. Betel Folium uGrf;&Guf (kun:jwe') 16
5. Black pepper Fructus i½kwfaumif; (nga jou' kaun:) 21
6. Centellae Herba jrif;cGm^jrefrmjrif;cGm
(mjin: khwa/ mjama mjin: khwa) 26
7. Croton oblongifoliae Cortex ouf&if;ôuf&if;BuD;
(the' jin: / the' jin: gji:) 31
8. Curcuma Rhizoma eEGif;wufêEGif;
Copy right©2013 by Department of Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health
(nanwin: de'/ nanwin) 35
First Edition 2013
9. Emblica Fructus qD;jzL (zi: bju) 40
ISBN 978-99971-0-044-3
10. Galangae Rhizoma uGrf;pm;*rkef; (kun: sa: gamoun:) 44
11. Leadwort Stem uefYcsKyfeD (kan. gjou' ni) 49
12. Morindae Citrifoliae Fructus &J,dk (je: jou) 53
13. Moringa Cortex 'efYovGef (dan. dalun) 57
14. Neem Folium wrm(tama) 62
15. Nutmeg Kernel ZmwdyædKvf(za dei' hpou) 67
16. Swertia Herba yef;cg;^&Srf;aq;cg;
(pan: ga:/shan: hsei: ga:) 72
17. Tinospora Stem qifwHk;rEG,f
(hsin doun: manwe) 76
18. Vasaka Folium rk&m;BuD; (majagji:) 80
19. Vitex Folium aMumifyef;âMumifyef;av;
(kjaun ban:/ khaun ban: lei:) 85
20. Zingiber Rhizoma csif;wuf^csif; (gjin: de'/gjin:) 90
REFERENCES 95
APPENDIX I 104
INDEX 105
Preface
PREFACE
Since over 2000 years ago, Myanmar has possessed and nurtured a civilization,
high enough to set up city states and the traditional medicine was already flourishing
significantly as a major part of the Myanmar cultural superstructure during this
time. Nowadays tremendous use of traditional and herbal medicines could be clearly
seen in Myanmar and it is also greatly contributing primary health care needs of
Myanmar people. At the same time, traditional and herbal medicine are being used
increasingly not only in Asia but also in the rest of the world including developed
countries. It is indicating the important role of traditional medicine in public health
care services at grass-root level. In this circumstance, quality control programme of
herbal medicine is vitally necessary to meet their authenticity and traditional
therapeutic merits.
The Department of Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health has formed a

Technical Committee for the development of Myanmar Herbal Pharmacopoeia
(MHP) in order to establish the quality specifications of Myanmar medicinal plants
together with their traditional therapeutic uses. The MHP technical committee has
arranged to select twenty medicinal plants as an initial phase according to wider use
in local traditional drug Industries. The research laboratory of the Department of
Traditional Medicine has determined both botanical authentic characters,
physicochemical and phytochemical quality specifications of these twenty medicinal
plants and also compiled traditional therapeutic uses together with research reports.
Now the Myanmar Herbal Pharmacopoeia, volume 1 including pharmacopoeial
monographs of twenty medicinal plants has been successfully documented and
published. Subsequent volumes are also being attempted and will be developed year
by year. It is believed that this MHP and developing volumes will provide technical
guidance for the quality control system of medicinal herbs in the authorized
regulatory organization and herbal medicine Industries. Meanwhile, the Nippon
Foundation (Japan) should be recorded here for their financial support and
encouragement for the development of Myanmar Herbal Pharmacopoeia.
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
MYANMAR HERBAL PHARMACOPOEIA TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
Chairperson : Dr. Htun Naing Oo, Director General,

Department of Traditional Medicine.
Members : - Prof. Dr. Than Maung, Rector,

University of Traditional Medicine .
- Prof. Dr. Mar Lar Myint, Rector,
University of Pharmacy (Yangon)
- Prof. Dr. San San Nwet, Rector,
University of Pharmacy (Mandalay)
- U Aung Myat Kyaw,
Deputy Director General (Retired)
Department of Traditional Medicine.
- Dr. Yi Yi Myint, Deputy Director General
Department of Medical Research
(Central Myanmar).
- Prof. Dr. Nant Hla Hla Win,
Head of Pharmacology Department
University of Medicine 1, Yangon
- Prof. Dr. May Hla Thwin,
University of Medicine 2, Yangon
- Prof. Dr. Nu Nu Aye,
University of Medicine , Mandalay
- Prof. Dr. Daw Hla Ngwe,
Head of Chemistry Department
University of Yangon
- Prof. Dr. Aye pe,
Botany Department
University of Yangon
- Dr. Ne Win, Director, National Health Laboratory.
- Dr. Khin Phyu Phyu, Director (Research), Working Japanese Experts (Short-term)
Department of Medical Research (Upper Myanmar)
- Dr. May Aye Than, Deputy Director, 1. Professor Dr.Motoyoshi Satake, PhD
2. Assistant Professor Dr.Cohay Kazuma, PhD
Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar)
- Dr. Thazin Yi Hlaing, Assistant Director,
Working group on Plant Collection Survey and Laboratory Analysis
Food and Drug Administration.
- U Than Tun, Head (Retired), 1. U Win Myint, BSc(Chemistry), MSc(Chemistry),
Pharmacology Department, Director(Research& Development), Department of Traditional Medicine
University of Traditional Medicine.
- U Maung Maung Thet, Associate Professor, 2. Daw Thidar Swe, BSc(Botany), MSc(Botany),
University of Traditional Medicine. Deputy Director (Research), Department of Traditional Medicine
- Daw Lay Myint, Traditional Drug Manufacturer,
3. Dr.Theim Kyaw, MBBS, Dip.Med.Sc(HA), Dip.Ayur.Med (INDIA), CTMP,
U Tha Yin Medicine Hall.
MACTM (AUS), Deputy Director (Biomedical Research), Department of
- Dr. Khin Maung Lwin, Traditional Drug Manufacturer, Traditional Medicine
Fame Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
- U Maung Maung Oo, Traditional Drug Manufacturer, 4. Daw Khin Win Yee, BSc (Botany), MSc (Botany), Assistant Director
Great Wall Traditional Medicine Production . (Research) (Retired), Department of Traditional Medicine
Secretary : U Win Myint, Director (Research and Development),
Department of Traditional Medicine. 5. U Hla Myint, BSc(Chemistry), Assistant Director (Analysis)(Retired),
Department of Traditional Medicine
Joint Secretary: Daw Thidar Swe, Deputy Director (Research),
6. Daw Myint Myint Than, Dip. T.Med., BSc (Chemistry), M.Phil.
(Pharmaceutical Sciences), Assistant Director (Research), Department of
Traditional Medicine
7. Daw Nwe Nwe Win, B.Pharm., M.Pharm., Analysis Officer, Department of

8. Daw Htar Zin Zin Ei, BSc(Botany), MSc(Botany), Research Officer,

9. Daw Hlaing Moe Myat, Dip.T.Med., BSc(Chemistry), Analysis Officer,

10. Daw Khin San Lin, BSc(Botany), MSc(Botany), Research Officer,
11. U Tun Aung Kyaw, Dip.T.Med., BSc(Mathematics), Research Assistant(2),

12. Daw Wai Hnin Lwin, B.Med.Tech., Research Assistant(2), Department of

13. Daw Kyu Kyu win, B.Med.Tech., Research Assistant(2), Department of

14. Daw Wai Wai Mar, BMTM, Research Assistant(2), Department of

15. Daw Zin Mar Naing, BMTM, Research Assistant(2), Department of

MONOGRAPHS
16. Daw Phyo Nandar, BMTM, Research Assistant(2), Department of
17. Daw Soe Sandar Phyo, B.Pharm., Research Assistant (2), Department of
18. U Khin Maung Aye, Clerk, Department of Traditional Medicine
19. Daw Kywe Wai Phyo, BSc (Botany), Dip.Agri., Research Assistant(3),
20. Daw Khine War War Tun, BSc (Chemistry), Laboratory Assistant,
XX Myanmar Herbal Pharmacopoeia Volume I Myanmar Herbal Pharmacopoeia Volume I 1
Acori calami Rhizoma

Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae) vif;av^vif;ae (lin:lei, lin:nei)
Acorus clatus Salisb.

Synonym(s) -
Acorus undulatus Stokes.
Acorus terrestris Spreng.
Acorus griffithii Schott.
Acorus nilaghirensis Schott.
Acorus tartarinowii
Other name(s) - Sweet Flag (English)

Myrtle Grass (English)
Calamus (English)
Vaj (Arabic)
Acore odorant (French)
Acori (French)
Waan nan (Thai)
Chang-po (Korea)
Vacã (India)
Che Ts’ang P’ou (China)
Pai ch’ang (China)
Choui Ts’ang P’ou (China)
Part(s) used - Rhizome
Definition
Acori calami rhizoma consists of the dried rhizome of Acorus calamus L.
(Acoraceae).
Description of the part used

Macroscopic characteristics
Subcylindrical horizontal rhizome, covered within the thin brown cork. The
outer surface is light yellowish brown with longitudinal furrows and rootlets scar.
Internally buff color and fewer root scars, spongy surface. Aromatic odour and
pungent bitter taste.
2 Myanmar Herbal Pharmacopoeia Volume I Myanmar Herbal Pharmacopoeia Volume I 3
Microscopic characteristics TLC analysis

Transverse section of Acorus calamus L. rhizome shows: To 1 g of powdered drug add 5 mL of methanol, shake for 30 minutes, allow to
1. epidermis composed of a single layer of thin-walled cells stand for 30 minutes, filter and filtrate is used for chromatography.
2. under the epidermis, the outer cortex region consisting several layers of Application volume : 10 µL
collenchyma
Developing solvent system : Chloroform: Ethly acetate: Methanol (5:2:1.5)
3. inner cortex region consists chain of starchy parenchyma surrounding large
Spray reagent : 10 % Potassium hydroxide
intercellular spaces with oil cells and some parenchyma contains prismatic
crystals and starch grains Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C are
4. vascular bundles are found scattered throughout this region aluminium sheets GF254)
5. under the cortex region, the endodermis composed of a single layer of thin-
walled elliptical cells
6. stele composed of round, parenchymatous cells enclosing large schizogenous
intercellular space. Parenchyma cells contain small starch granules and
volatile oil globules. Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stele
Characters of the powdered drug

Buff coloured powder, aromatic odour, pungent and bitter taste. The diagnostic
characters are-
1. parenchyma attached with vessels
2. rounded parenchyma cells containing small starch granules A B C D E
3. chains of parenchymatous cell with starch grains and oil droplets
4. fibres attached with calcium oxalate prism sheath UV 254 UV 365
Rf Visual UV 365 nm Spray
nm after spray
5. starch grains
0.89 Yellow Light green Pale pink Reddish
yellow borwn
Identification 0.85-0.84 Green Brown Red Green Brown
A. Add 2 mL of acetic anhydride solution to 1 mL of petroleum ether extract of the 0.80-0.79 Pale Brown Red Pale
drug in chloroform followed by 1 mL of sulphuric acid. A greenish blue colour is green brown
produced. 0.64 Brown Light blue Light blue
0.55 Brown Red Yellow Yellow
B. Add 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid to 2 mL of chloroform extract of the
0.41 Brown Light blue Light blue
drug, carefully, from the side of the test tube. Red colour is produced in the
0.19-0.14 Brown Pale yellow
chloroform layer.
• Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 11.56 %

• Foreign matter : Not more than 2.00 %
• Total ash : Not more than 10.00 %
• Acid-insoluble ash : Not more than 0.06 %
• Ethanol soluble extract : Not less than 5.02 %
• Water soluble extract : Not less than 13.50 %
• Important formulation : Traditional Medicine Formulations
(TMFs)69 - 8/31/34/37/47/Sup: 29
• Traditional therapeutic uses : Indigestion, diarrhoea, cough,
oedema, tingling & numbness,
giddiness, infantile illness
• Research reports : Antibacterial1,2, antituberculous3
antidiarrhoeal4 and anthelmintic5
activities, 58

a. Parenchyma attached with vessels
b. Fragment of parenchyma cells
containing small starch granules
c. Chains of parenchymatous cells
with starch grains and oil droplets
Transverse section of Acorus calamus L. d. Fibres attached with calcium
Rhizome oxalate prism sheath
1. Epidermis e. Starch granules
2. Collenchyma
3. Cortical fibres
4. Calcium oxalate crystal
5. Oil cell
6. Vascular bundle
7. Endodermis
Source: Magway region 8. Vascular bundle
9. Intercellular space
Aloe Folium 3. a central region which occupies 3/5 of the total diameter of leaf consists of
large mucilagenous parenchymatous cells
Aloe vera L. Burm.f. (Aloaceae) &Sm;apmif;vufyyf (sha:zaun:le' pa')
4. two rows of vascular bundles which occur at the junction of the two previous
Aloe barbadensis Mill.
Synonym(s) - regions and have a well-marked pericycle and endodermis. The mucilage
Aloe indica Royle. contained in this region as above
Aloe chinensis Bak.
Aloe elongata Murray. Characters of the powdered drug
Aloe officinalis Forsk. Greenish powder, odour not characteristic, taste very bitter. The diagnostic
Aloe perfoliata L. characters are:
Aloe rubescens DC. 1. parenchyma containing bundles of needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals
Aloe vulgaris Lam. and starch
Other name(s) - Aloe (English) 2. minute slender prism and needles (Treated with lactophenol)
Star Cactus (English)
Musabar (Arabic) Identification
Aloes (French) A. Dissolve 2 mL of alcoholic extract of the drug in 1 mL of water, add sodium
Aloe (Germany) hydroxide solution. Yellow colour is produced.
Aloe (Italy)
Lu Hui (China) TLC analysis
Part(s) used - Leaf To 1 g of powdered drug add 5 mL of methanol, shake for 30 minutes, allow to
stand for 30 minutes, filter and filtrate is used for chromatography.
Definition Application volume : 10 µL
Aloe folium consists of the fresh leaves of Aloe vera L.Burm.f (Aloaceae). Developing solvent system : Chloroform: Ethly acetate: Methanol (5:2:1.5)
Spray reagent : 10 % Potassium hydroxide
Description of the part used Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C are
Macroscopic characteristics aluminium sheets GF254)
Leaves are pea green colour, slightly concave, lanceolate, thick, succulent,
glabrous, apex sharp and acute spine, margin spiny toothed. Odour not characteristic
and very bitter taste.
Microscopic characteristics
Transverse section of Aloe vera L.Burm.f. leaf shows:
1. a strongly cuticularized epidermis with stomata on both surfaces
2. Palisade layer containing chlorophyll, starch and occasional bundles of
calcium oxalate needles
• Traditional therapeutic uses : Hypertension, indigestion,

hyperlipoproteinemia, constipation,
menstrual disorder, eye and
ear diseases, numbness,
paresis, paralysis, skin disease
A B C D E
UV 254 UV 365
Rf Visual UV 365 nm Spray
nm after spray
0.89 Yellow Light green Pale pink Reddish
yellow borwn
0.85-0.84 Green Brown Red Green Brown
0.80-0.79 Pale Brown Red Pale
green brown
0.55 Brown Red Yellow Yellow
0.19-0.14 Brown Pale yellow

• Foreign matter : Not more than 2 %
Source: Mon state, Taninthayi and Magwe regions

Aloe Folium Andrographidis Herba
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Wall.ex Nees. (Acanthaceae)

aq;cg;BuD; (hsei:ga:gji:)
Justicia latebrosa Russ.

Synonym(s) -
Justicia paniculata Burm.f.
Justicia stricta Lam. ex. Steud.
Other name(s) - King of bitter (English)

Creat (English)
Common andrographis (English)
Kariyat (English)
Sinta (English)
Halviva (English)
Qasabhuva (Arabic)
Sadilata (Java)
Hempedu bumi (Malaysia)
Part(s) used - Aerial parts of plant
Definition
Andrographidis Herba consists of the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata
(Burm.f.) Wall.ex Nees. (Acanthaceae).
a. Parenchyma containing bundles of Description of the part used
Transverse section of needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals Macroscopic characteristics
Aloe vera L.Burm.f. leaf and starch Broken green lanceolate leaves and quadrangularly stem. Rarely found capsule
1. Stomata b. Minute slender prism and needle-shaped fruits and flowers. Leaves opposite, petiole short, tapering at both ends, margin entire,
2. Upper epidermis calcium oxalate crystals glabrous on both surfaces, upper surface dark green, pale beneath. Characteristic
3. Palisade (Treated with lactophenol) odour and bitter taste.
4. Spongy parenchyma
5. Calcium oxalate crystal
6. Pericyclic cells
7. Mucilage parenchyma
8. Vascular bundle
Microscopic characteristics TLC analysis

Transverse section of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Wall.ex Nees. leaf Extract 1 g of powdered drug in 15 mL of methanol for 15 minutes, filter and filtrate
shows: is used for chromatography.
1. upper epidermis consisting of single layer cells, glandular trichomes present, Application volume : 10 µL
stomata absent, cystoliths fairly large, columnar palisade cells Developing solvent system : Chloroform: Methanol: Ethyl acetate
2. spongy mesophyll consists of 4-6 layers of cells containing chloroplast, under (15:1:2.5)
the palisade layer Spray reagent : Vanillin-sulphuric acid
3. in midrib is composed of collenchyma cells beneath upper and lower Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C
epidermis are aluminium sheets GF254)
4. collateral type vascular bundle composed of lignified xylem in the upper part
and phloem in the lower part. Vessel spiral, scalariform and reticulate
5. lower epidermis consisting a layer of wavy-walled cells, cystoliths present,
stomata diacytic

Greenish, slightly characteristic odour, strongly bitter taste. The diagnostic
characters are:
1. surface view of upper epidermis with cystoliths
2. surface view of lower epidermis, wavy-walled cells with diacytic stomata
3. vessels
4. fragments of fibres
A B C D
Identification
A. Dissolve 1 g of alcoholic extract in 5 mL of distilled water, add 2 M hydrochloric Rf Visual UV 254 nm UV 365 nm Spray
acid until an acid reaction occurs, then add 1 mL of Dragendorff ’s reagent, 0.80 Red Light violet
orange colour is produced. 0.78 Yellow Light yellow
B. In a test tube containing 0.5-1.0 mL of ethanol extract of sample, add 5-10 drops 0.71 Orange
of hydrochloric acid followed by a small piece of magnesium ribbon. Boil 0.68 Light violet Blue
solution for few minutes, red colour is produced. 0.56-0.53 Light yellow Orange Violet
0.51-0.49 Greenish yellow Violet
C. Add 1 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid to 2 mL of chloroform extract of the
0.48 Light violet Light blue
raw material, carefully, from the side of the test tube. Red colour is produced in
0.44 Violet Light blue
the chloroform layer.
• Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 8.25 % Andrographidis Herba

(TMFs)69-
• Traditional therapeutic uses : Diabetes mellitus, malaria, fever,
indigestion, paresis and paralysis,
tingling and numbness
• Research reports : Analgesic and antipyretic6,
antibacterial7, antihyperglycemic8 Transverse section of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Wall.ex Nees. leaf
1. Upper epidermis
and antidiarrhoeal9 activities
2. Collenchyma
3. Palisade
5. Xylem
6. Phloem
7. Parenchyma
8. Collenchyma
9. Lower epidermis

a. Surface view of upper epidermis with cystoliths
b. Surface view of lower epidermis, wavy-walled cells with diacytic stomata
c. Vessels
d. Fragments of fibres
Source: Taninthayi region

Betel Folium 3. mesophyll layer differentiated into palisade single layered and 2-3 layers of
spongy parenchyma containing abundant chloroplast and oil cells
4. in the midrib region consists of vascular bundles, schizogenous oil cavities
Piper betle L. (Piperaceae) uGrf;&Guf (kun:jwe')
and starch granules
Piper siriboa L.
Synonym(s) - 5. lower epidermis single layered and almost similar to the polygonal and rath-
Piper peepuloides Ham. er wavy- walled, numerous of anomocytic stomata present
Piper charya Ham.
Chavica betle Miq. Characters of the powdered drug
Other name(s) - Betel leaf (English) Greenish powder, aromatic odour, pungent and slightly hot taste.
Betel vine (English) The diagnostic characters are:
Betel leaf pepper (English) 1. upper epidermis with vascular bundles and oil glands
Vine pepper (English) 2. lower epidermis with anomocytic stomata
Poivre bètel (French) 3. oil cells
Chavique bètel (French) 4. spiral vessels
Sireh (Malaysia) 5. scalariform vessels
Pelu (Thailand) 6. trichomes
Chu chiang (China)
Sirih hudang, sirih (Malaysia) Identification
Part(s) used - Leaf A. Add 1 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid to 2 mL of chloroform extract of the
sample, from the side of the test tube. Red colour is produced in the chloroform
Definition layer.
Betel folium consists of the leaves of Piper betle L. (Piperaceae). B. Allow 0.1-0.2 mL of the petroleum extract of sample to place onto a filter paper
and leave it at room temperature for a period of 24 hours. Any greasy mark is left
Description of the part used on filter paper within 24 hours.
Leaves are simple broadly ovate, base cordate, apex shortly acuminate, margin TLC analysis
entire, glabrous, upper surface shiny deep green and paler beneath, palmate 7-9 Extract 1 g of powdered drug with 10 mL of methanol under reflux on water bath
nerves, petiole cylindrical. Odour is aromatic, taste pungent. for one hour. Cool and filter. Filtrate is used for chromatography.
Application volume : 10 µL
Microscopic characteristics Developing solvent system : Toluene: Ethyl acetate (97:3)
Transverse section of Piper betle L. leaf shows: Spray reagent : Vanillin-sulphuric acid
1. upper epidermis covered with thick smooth cuticle. It consists of polygonal Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C
and straight-walled in surface view. Stomata absent. are aluminium sheets GF254 )
2. under the epidermis, 2-3 layers of hypodermis consisting of colourless cells
and a few layers of collenchyma and vascular bundle collateral
• Traditional therapeutic uses : Indigestion, fever, constipation,

inflammation, cough, foul smelling
oral disease
• Research reports : Antibacterial10,11,12,13,14,15,16
antihyperglycemic17 and
smooth muscle relaxant18 and
antiasthmatic83 activities
A B C D
Rf Visual UV 254 nm UV 365 nm Spray

0.94-0.98 Brown Brown Red Bluish black
0.84-0.86 Faint brown / Red Pink
0.78 Green / Red Brown
0.70 Light green / Red Faint green
0.63-0.66 Faint red Violet
0.56 / Faint red Faint brown
0.46 / Violet Brown
0.41 Yellow / Brown
0.16 Faint yellow / Light brown

• Important Formulations : Traditional Medicine Formulations
(TMFs)69- 4/39/54/Supp: 1/2/17/22/23

Betel Folium Black pepper Fructus
Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) i½kwfaumif; (nga jou' kaun:)

Synonym(s) - Piper trioicum Roxb.
Piper malabarense C.DC.
Piper baccatum C.DC.
Piper glyphium Hoffmgg.
Piper rotumdum Noronha.
Piper spurium Link.
Other name(s) - Black pepper (English)

Part (s) used - Fruit
Transverse section of Piper betle L. leaf Definition

1. Cuticle
Black pepper fructus consists of the dried mature fruit of Piper nigrum L.
2. Upper epidermis
3. Hypodermis (Piperaceae).
4. Palisade
5. Spongy chloroplastics Description of the part used
6. Collenchyma Macroscopic characteristics
7. Oil cells
Fruits are drupes, globose or ovoid. Externally brownish to black with wrinkled
8. Xylem
9. Phloem surface. Single seeded, white in colour. Odour aromatic and characteristic, taste
10. Collenchyma strongly pungent and hot.
11. Glandular trichome
12. Lower epidermis Microscopic characteristics
Transverse section of Piper nigrum L. fruit shows:
1. epicarp composed of a single layered tabular epidermis having a distinct
cuticle with dark brown to blackish contents
2. 2-3 layers of thin-walled parenchyma present below the epidermis intermingle
with 1-2 layers of radially elongated lignified stone cells
Characters of the powdered drug 3. a broad zone of mesocarp filled with a big band of tangentially elongated
a. Upper epidermis with vascular bundles and oil glands
parenchymatous cells, containing a few isolated, tangentially elongated oil
b. Lower epidermis with anomocytic stomata
c. Oil droplets cells in outer region. Collateral fibrovascular bundles and a regular row of oil
d. Spiral vessels cells present in the inner region of mesocarp
e. Scalariform vessels
f. Trichome
4. a row of beaker-shaped stone cells lie in endocarp Spray reagent : Vanillin-sulphuric acid
5. a single layer of yellow coloured testa composed of a thick-walled Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C are
sclerenchymatous cells aluminium sheets GF254)
6. perisperm consists of parenchymatous cells containing oil globules, abundant

starch and a few aleurone grains

Brownish powder, strongly characteristic odour and very strong pungent and hot
taste. The diagnostic characters are:
1. stone cells with reddish brown contents from epicarp
2. beaker-shaped stone cells from endocarp
3. masses of cells containing abundant starch, aleurone grains and oil globules
from perisperm
A B C D
Identification
A. Dissolve a few mg of alcoholic extract of the powder in 5 mL of distilled water, Rf Visual UV 254 nm UV 365 nm Spray
add 2 M hydrochloric acid until an acid reaction occurs, then add 1 ml of 0.18 Brown
Dragendorff ’s reagent, orange precipitate is produced immediately. 0.59 Brown
B. Add 1 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid to 2 mL of chloroform extract of the 0.5 Brown
sample, from the side of the test tube. Red colour is produced in the chloroform 0.41 Yellow Brown Yellow Yellow
layer. 0.26 Brown Light yellow
C. In a test tube containing 0.5-1.0 mL of ethanol extract of sample, add 5-10 drops 0.23 Light blue
of hydrochloric acid followed by a small piece of magnesium ribbon. Boil solution
for few minutes, pink colour is produced. • Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 12.64 %
D. Add 0.5 mL of sodium hydroxide and 1 mL of Benedict,s solution to 0.5 mL of
aqueous extract of powder and then boiled for 5 minutes. A brick red coloured
precipitate is produced.
TLC analysis
To 2 g of powdered drug add 20 mL of 95 % ethanol, shake for 30 minutes, allow
(TMFs)69-1/23/24/29/34/40/42/45/
to stand for overnight, filter and use the filtrate for chromatography.
Supp: 2/7/9/14/27
Developing solvent system : Mixture of toluene and ethyl acetate (80:20)
Black pepper Fructus

• Traditional therapeutic uses : Fever, gastro-intestinal disease,
Menstrual disorder, diarrhoea
• Research reports : Antibacterial activity7,10,14,19

a. Stone cells with reddish brown
content from epicarp
b. Beaker-shaped stone cells from
endocarp
c. Masses of cells containing
Transverse section of Piper nigrum L. fruit abundant starch, aleurone grains
1. Cuticle and oil globules from perisperm
2. Reddish brown content stone cells
3. Oil cells of outer mesocarp
4. Fibrovascular bundle
5. Oil cells in inner mesocarp
6. Beaker-shaped stone cell
7. Testa
8. Perisperm consists of aluerone grains, starch and oil globules
Source: Mon state and Taninthayi regions

Centellae Herba 4. vascular bundle is collateral, the fibrovascular bundle consists of phloem and
xylem tissue
Centella asiatica L. Urban (Apiaceae) jrif;cGm^jrefrmjrif;cGm (mjin: khwa/ 5. the midrib region shows a few large of collenchyma cells under and the both
mjama mjin: khwa) of epidermis
Synonym(s) - Hydrocotyl asiatica L. 6. the lower epidermis is prominent cuticular striation and anisocytic stomata
Centella coriacea Nannfd.
Hydrocotyl lunata Lam. Characters of the powdered drug
Trisanthus cochinchinensis Lour. Greenish powder, slightly characteristic odour, slightly bitter and sweet taste. The
diagnostic characters are:
Other name(s) - Penny wort (English)
1. fragment of lamina
Asia Penny wort (English)
2. fibre and vessel from stolon part
Indian water Nawel wort (English)
3. fibres
Centella (English)
4. lower epidermis with anisocytic stomata
Part(s) used - Whole plant / Aerial parts
5. upper epidermis of polygonal cells with anisocytic stomata
6. rosette and prismatic calcium oxalate crystals
Definition
Centellae herba consists of the aerial parts or whole plant of Centella asiatica L.
Identification
Urban (Apiaceae)
A. Shake vigorously 500 mg of powder sample with 10 mL of water, a long lasting
Description of the part used form is produced.
Macroscopic characteristics B. Add 2 mL of acetic anhydride solution to 1 mL of petroleum ether extract of the
Dried aerial parts or whole plant, greenish brown, stoloniferous plant. Stem thin, drug in chloroform, followed by 1 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid. Greenish
long. Leaves thin, orbicular or reniform with crenate margin, cordate at the base, colour is developed which turns to blue.
petiole long. Slightly characteristic odour and slightly bitter and sweet taste.
C. Add 1 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid to 2 mL of chloroform extract of the
Microscopic characteristics drug, carefully, from the side of the test tube. Red colour is produced in the
Transverse section of Centella asiatica L. Urban leaf shows: chloroform layer.
1. a layer of rectangular-shaped upper epidermis which are straight- walled

TLC analysis
with anisocytic stomata in surface view, covered with cutin
One gram of dried powder is extracted in 20 mL of 70% ethanol under reflux
2. under the epidermis mesophyll layer composed of a large palisade and on a water bath for 30 minutes and filter. Evaporate the solvent and redissolve the
several layers of spongy parenchyma residue in 1 mL of ethanol for chromatography.
3. oil ducts and calcium oxalate crystals present in the mesophyll and around Application volume : 6 µL
the vascular bundle Developing solvent system : Chloroform: Methanol: n-butanol: water (5:4:3:1)
Spray reagent : Anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid
Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C • Traditional therapeutic uses : Memory impairment, oliguria and
are aluminium sheets GF254) burning mituration, eye disease
• Research reports : Antipeptic ulcer20 and antioxidant
activities21
A B C D

0.64-0.63 Brown Bluish black
0.48-0.44 Brown Blue Yellow
0.35-0.33 Brown Blue Brown
0.23-0.21 Brown Brown
0.18-0.14 Brown Blue
0.08-0.09 Yellow Brown Yellowish brown


Centellae Herba Croton oblongifoliae Cortex
Croton oblongifolius Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae) ouf&if;ôuf&if;BuD;

(the' jin: / the' jin: gji:)
Croton roxburghii Balak.

Synonym(s) -
Croton elaeocarpifolius Wall.
Croton laevigatus Wall.
Other name(s) - Ganasur (India)

Trapung (Cambodia)
Plao Yai (Thailand)
Part(s) used - Root bark, Stem bark
ranseverse section of Centella asiatica L. Urban leaf
T
1. Upper epidermis
Definition
2. Palisade cells
3. Calcium oxalate crystal Croton oblongifoliae cortex consists of the root bark of Croton oblongifolius
4. Collenchyma Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae).
5. Oil duct
6. Spongy cells Description of the part used
7. Phloem
8. Xylem
9. Stomata Sub-cylindrical, outer surface grey to pale brown, with wrinkled and longitudinal
10. Parenchyma striations. Inner surface white and fibrous. Odour slight, taste astringent.
11. Collenchyma
12. Lower epidermis Microscopic characteristics
Transverse section of Croton oblongifolius Roxb. root shows:
1. outermost 4-6 layers of rectangularly elongated cork cells
2. followed by cortex composed of thick-walled polygonal, tangentially
elongated, the cells toward more elongated and flattened, containing small
rosette-shaped calcium oxalate crystals and orange brown contents
Characters of the powdered drug 3. in phloem region, composed of thin-walled sieve tube, phloem fibres and
a. Fragment of lamina companium cell. Sclereids are also present
b. Fibre and vessel 4. innermost region is the lignified xylem forming the compact central corse
c. Fibre
d. Lower epidermis with anisocytic stomata
e. Upper epidermis of polygonal cells with anisocytic stomata
f. Rosette and prismatic calcium oxalate crystals
Characters of the powdered drug Rf Visual UV 254 nm UV 365 nm Spray

Light brown powder, slight odour and slight astringent taste. The diagnostic
0.96 Violet Greenish blue Purple
characters are:
0.89 Violet Blue
1. cork fragment
0.81 Violet Light blue Violet
2. group of sclereids
0.75 Faint Light blue Bluish black
3. parenchyma with rosette calcium oxalate crystals from cortex region 0.69 Faint Purple
0.54-0.50 Faint Light blue Purple
Identification: 0.43-0.39 Faint Light blue Violet
Add 2 mL of acetic anhydride solution to 1 mL of petroleum ether extract of 0.35 Faint Light blue Violet
the drug in chloroform followed by 1 mL of sulphuric acid. Greenish blue colour is 0.28 Light blue Violet
produced. 0.13 Light blue Purple
TLC analysis: • Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 4.14 %

Extract 1 g of coarse powder sample in a test tube with 5 mL of dichloromethane • Foreign matter : Not more than 2 %
by shaking for 15 minutes at room temperature. Filter and filtrate is used for • Total ash : Not more than 8.25 %
chromatography. • Acid-insoluble ash : Not more than 0.04 %
Application volume : 10 µL • Ethanol soluble extract : Not less than 11.5 %
Developing solvent system : Hexane: Ethyl acetate (10:3) • Water soluble extract : Not less than 9.25 %
Spray reagent : Vanillin-sulphuric acid • Important Formulations : Traditional Medicine Formulations
Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C (TMFs)69-27,28
are aluminium sheets GF254) • Traditional therapeutic uses : Indigestion, constipation,
inflammation
A B C D
Source: Kayah State
Croton oblongifoliae Cortex Curcuma Rhizoma
Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) eEGif;wufêEGif;

(nanwin: de'/ nanwin)
Synonym(s) - Curcuma domestica Val.

Other name(s) - Tumeric (English)
Indian saffron (English)
Banley (Cambodia)
Aurukesafur (Arab)
Kunyit (Malaysia)
Kunir (Java)
Kamin (Thailand)
Jiánghuáng (China)
Curcuma (French)
Part(s) used - Rhizome
Definition
Curcuma Rhizoma consists of the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa L.
(Zingiberaceae).

Characters of the powdered drug Primary rhizome known as bulb is thick and ovate or pear-shaped. Lateral
a. Cork in surface view rhizome known as finger is curved or nearly straight, ovate or oblong or pyriform
b. Sclereids or cylindrical in shape, slightly bent, outer surface is yellowish brown colour,
c. Parenchyma with rosette calcium longitudinally wrinkled and marked with transverse ring. Internally bright orange
oxalate crystal
colour and waxy appearance. Characteristic odour and warm bitter taste.
Transverse section of Croton oblongifolius Roxb. stem Microscopic characteristics

1. Cork Transverse section of Curcuma longa L. rhizome shows:
2. Calcium oxalate crystal 1. epiblema layer composed of a layer of rectangular cells
3. Orange brown content
4. Phloem 2. cork consisting several layers of rectangular, thin-walled parenchyma
5. Sclereids 3. cortex characterized by the presence of thin-walled parenchymatous cells
6. Lignified xylem containing gelatinized starch grains volatile or bright yellow colouring matter
4. pseudoendodermis layer composed of thin-walled rectangular cells divides

the cortical zone into the outer and inner parts. Vascular bundles found
scattered. Vessels mostly spiral, a few with reticulate and annular thickenings

Bright orange-yellow powder, characteristic aromatic odour, warm and bitter
taste. The diagnostic characters are:
1. polygonal cork cells in surface view
2. cork cells rectangular in sectional view
3. parenchyma filled with gelatinized starch
4. altered starch mass
5. starch granules A B C D
Identification Rf Visual UV 254 nm UV 365 nm Spray

A. Dissolve a small amount of ethanol extract of sample in 1 mL of distilled water, 0.78 Yellow Violet Light blue Red
add sodium hydroxide solution. Yellow colour is produced. 0.75 Yellow Yellowish brown Yellowish brown Red
0.57 Pale greenish blue
B. Warm 500 mg of powder sample in 5 mL of methanol for 5 minutes and filter. 2
0.55 Yellow Yellowish brown Yellowish brown Red
mL of filtrate are added a few drops of sulphuric acid. Ggreen colour is produced.
0.37 Pale yellow
C. Shake vigorously 500 mg of powder sample in 10 mL of water, a long lasting form 0.35 Yellow Yellowish brown Yellowish brown Red
is produced. 0.30 Pale orange
D. Dissolve 0.015 g of Iodine and 0.075 g of potassium iodide in 5 mL of distilled
water, and add 2-3 mL of an aqueous extract of the sample. Blue colour is • Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 16.56 %
produced. • Foreign matter : Not more than 1.52 %
TLC analysis
Dissolve 1 g of powder sample in 10 mL of methanol, and shaking for a while,
allow to stand for 5 minutes. Filter and filtrate is used for chromatography. • Ethanol soluble extract : Not less than 7.8 %
Application volume : 4 µL • Water soluble extract : Not less than 7.2 %
Solvent system : Dichloromethane: Methanol (100:3) • Important Formulations : Traditional Medicine Formulations
Spray reagent : Vanillin-sulphuric acid (TMFs)69-6/32/40/46/53/54/
Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C Supp: 1/3/12/13/17
are aluminium sheets GF254)
• Traditional therapeutic uses : Diarrhoea, indigestion, fractures, Curcuma Rhizoma

inflammation
• Research reports : Antidiarrhoeal22, antioedema23,
antipeptic ulcer24, hypoglycemic25,
antioxidant26, hypocholestrolemic82
and antibacterial19 activities

a. Cork cells in surface view
b. Cork cells rectangular in sectional view
c. Parenchyma filled with gelatinized starch
d. Altered starch mass
e. Starch granules
Transverse section of Curcuma longa L. Rhizome

1. Epiblema
2. Cork
3. Oil droplets
4. Gelatinized starch mass
5. Spiral vessel
6. Starch granules
7. Yellow coloring matter
Source: Mon state, Shan state and Taninthayi regions 8. Pseudoendodermal cells
9. Vascular bundle
Emblica Fructus Characters of the powdered drug

Brown powder, slightly characteristic odour, sour and astringent taste.
The diagnostic characters are:
Phyllanthus emblica L. ( Euphorbiaceae) qD;jzL (zi: bju:)
1. epicarp in surface view
Emblica officinalis L.
Synonym(s) - 2. sclereids
Other name(s) - Emblic Myrobalan (English) 3. fibre sclereids
Malacca Tree (English) 4. prismatic calcium oxalate crystals
Indian Gooseberry (English) 5. rosette calcium oxalate crystals
Ambala (India)
Part(s) used - Fruit Identification:
A. To 2 mL of aqueous extract of the sample add 1 mL of a mixture of equal part of
Definition Fehling’s solution ‘A’ and Fehling’s solution ‘B’ and boil the contents of the test
Emblica fructus consists of the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae). tube for few minutes. A brick red coloured precipitation is produced.
B. One mL of alcoholic extract of sample is dissolved in 1 mL of water and added
Description of the part used sodium hydroxide solution. Yellow colour is produced.
Macroscopic characteristics C. One mL of alcoholic extract of sample is dissolved in 1 mL of water and 2 drops
Shining yellowish green, globose, 6 obscure vertical furrows, seeds, trigonous, of 10 % ferric chloride solution. Blue colour is produced.
two each in three crustaceous cocci. Taste sour and astringent, odour slightly
characteristic.
TLC analysis
Dissolve 1 g of powder sample in 5 mL of ethanol, and shaking for a while, allow
standing for 5 minutes. Filter and filtrate is used for chromatography.
Transverse section of Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit shows:
1. a layer of epicarp cells are rectangular-shaped and outer walls are highly Solvent system: Chloroform : Chloroform: Ethyl acetate: Acetic acid
cutinized (60:35:5)
2. under the epicarp layer consists of different types of sclereids occuring as a Spray reagent : Iodine vapour
single or small groups Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C
3. vascular bundles composed of spiral vessels are scattered throughout the are aluminium sheets GF254)
inner mesocarp
4. prismatic and rosette calcium oxalate crystals are present in the thin-walled
parenchyma
Emblica Fructus
A B C D

0.60-0.58 Yellow Brown Black Deep yellow
0.08-0.3 Yellow Brown Black Yellow

• Ethanol soluble extract : Not less than 26.8 % Characters of the powdered drug
a. Epicarp in surface view
b. Sclereids
• Important Formulations : Traditional Medicine Formulations c. Fibre sclereids
(TMFs)69-22/ Sup.: 9/26 d. Prismatic calcium oxalate crystals
e. Rosette calcium oxalate crystals
• Traditional therapeutic uses : Anti-aging and general well-being,
menorrhagia, insomnia Transverse section of Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit
1. Cuticle
• Research reports : Antimicrobial13,15,27,
2. Epicarp
hepatoprotective28,29 and 3. Group of sclereids
hypocholesterolemic30 activities 4. Sclereid
5. Parenchyma containing prismatic crystals
6. Rosette calcium oxalate crystals
7. Fibrous sclereids
Source: Taninthayi and Magwe regions
8. Spiral vessel
Galangae Rhizoma Characters of the powdered drug

Off-white powder, aromatic odour and pungent taste. The diagnostic characters
are -
Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) uGrf;pm;*rkef; (kun: sa: gamoun:)
1. parenchyma containing starch granules and yellow oil drops
Kaempferia procumbens Noroncha.
Synonym(s) - 2. scalariform vessel
Kaempferia plantaginifolia Salisb. 3. cork in sectional view
Kaempferia latifolia Donn. 4. numerous ovoid or spheroid-shaped starch granules
Other name(s) - East Indies galingale (English)
Kaempferia, Faux galanga (French) Identification:
Chandramula (India) A. Add 2 mL of acetic anhydride solution to 1 mL of petroleum ether extract of the
Cekur (Malaysia) drug in chloroform, followed by 1 mL of sulphuric acid. Greenish blue colour is
Kencur (Java) produced.
Part(s) used - Dried Rhizome B. Dissolve a small amount of aqueous extract of sample in 2 mL of distilled water,
and add a few drops of 10 % aqueous ferric chloride solution. Blue colour is
Definition produced.
Galangae rhizoma consists of dried rhizome of Kaempferia galanga L.
(Zingiberaceae). TLC analysis:
Add 1 g of sample powder in 5 mL of methanol, shake vigorously for 15 minutes,
Description of the part used allow to stand and filter. Filtrate is used for Chromatography.
Macroscopic characteristics Application volume : 5 µL
Rhizome includes little ovate tuber. Outer brownish yellow, rootlets or rootlets Solvent system : Hexane: Ethyl acetate (7:3)
scar on the surface, inner off-white colour. Fragile and starchy. Odour aromatic, taste Spray reagent : Anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid
pungent. Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A, D & E are glass plates, B &
C are aluminium sheets GF254)
Transverse section of Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome shows:
1. cork layers consisting several layers of rectangular cells
2. cortical parenchyma composed of cortical or polygonal cells, containing
vascular bundle and starch granules
3. endodermis with casparian strip adjoining pericycle
4. pith parenchyma with slightly thick-walled cells, consisting starch granules
and scattered with vascular bundles
5. oil cells present in both cortical and pith parenchyma

(TMFs)69-7/14/15
• Traditional therapeutic uses : Sore eye, inflammation, wounds,
giddiness, palpitation, anti-aging &
well-being agent, poisoning,
hiccup, nausea and vomiting,
indigestion
• Research report : Antimicrobial activity31
A B C D
365 nm
after spray
7.5-7.4 Black Violet Violet
7.2-7.0 Blue Violet
6.5-6.4 Green Green
6.2 Green Yellow
5.8-5.7 Light black Blue Blue
5.5 Light yellow Violet Light blue
5.2-5.0 Light black Dark blue Dark blue
4.5-4.4 Light black Green Greenish blue Violet
3.8 Light black Light blue
3.5 Light yellow Violet
2.8 Greenish blue
2.5-2.2 Light black Green Bluish black Light blue

• Water soluble extract : Not less than 9.25 % Source: Shan state, Taninthayi and Magway regions
Galangae Rhizoma Leadwort Stem
Plumbago rosea L. (Plumbaginaceae) uefYcsKyfeD (kan. gjou' ni)
Other name(s) - Rosy flowered leadwort (English)

Leadwort (English)
Fire plant (English)
Officinal leadwort (English)
Chittermul (Arab)
Cheraka merah (Malaysia)
Part(s) used - Dried stem, whole plant
Definition
Leadwort stem consists of the stem of Plumbago rosea L. (Plumbaginaceae).

Reddish brown short stout stem, cylindrical, bark thin, longitudinally striated
and glabrous. Slightly astringent taste, odour not characteristic.
Transverse section of Plumbago rosea L. stem shows:
1. outermost epidermis layer composed of rectangular cells
2. under the epidermis, collenchymatous cells are found
3. vascular bundles consists of vascular cambium, phloem cells and xylem
a. Parenchyma with yellow drops
and starch grains elements. In each bundle separated by uni-biseriate rays
b. Scalariform vessel 4. pith consists of parenchymatous cells, tannin present
c. Cork in sectional view
d. Starch granules
Transverse section of Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome Reddish brown powder, slight odour not characteristic, astringent taste. The
1. Cork layers diagnostic characters are:
2. Oil cells
1. thin-walled epidermal cells
3,6. Vascular bundle
4,7. Starch granules 2. parenchymatous pith cells
5. Endodermis with casparian strip
Identification: Rf Visual UV 254 nm UV 365 nm Spray

A. In a test tube containing 0.5-1.0 ml of ethanol extract of sample, add 5-10 drops of 0.78 Greenish yellow Light blue
hydrochloric acid followed by a small piece of magnesium ribbon. Boil solution 0.70 Light brown Pink
for few minutes, red colour is produced. 0.61 Yellow Blue Yellow
B. Dissolve a small amount of aqueous extract of sample in 2 mL of distilled water, 0.55 Light yellow Violet
and add a few drops of 10 % aqueous ferric chloride solution. Blue colour is 0.31 Light blue
produced.
TLC analysis • Foreign matter : Not more than 1.00 %
To 1 g of powdered drug add 5 mL of methanol, shake for 30 minutes, and allow • Total ash : Not more than 5.05 %
standing for overnight, filter and using the filtrate for chromatography. • Acid-insoluble ash : Not more than 0.01 %
Application volume : 2 µL • Ethanol soluble extract : Not less than 9.20 %
Developing solvent system : Toluene: Ethyl acetate, Formic acid: • Water soluble extract : Not less than 6.80 %
Methanol (3:3:0.8:0.2) • Important Formulations : Traditional Medicine Formulations
Spray reagent : Anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid (TMFs)69- 12/23/24/27/31/34/35A/
Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C 35B /37/38/40/Supp: 9/17
are aluminium sheets GF254) • Traditional therapeutic uses : Amenorrhoea, diarrhoea, diabetes
Mellitus and vitiligo
A B C D

Leadwort Stem Morindae citrifoliae Fructus
Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae) &J,dk ( je: jou )
Morinda bracteata Roxb.

Synonym(s) -
Morinda littoralis Blanco.
Other name(s) - Indian mulberry (English)

East Indian mulberry (English)
Awl tree (English)
Noni (English)
Morinde (French)
Mulberry (India)
Tombongaso (Philippine)
Mengkudu (Malaysia)
Part (s) used - Fruit
Definition
Morindae citrifoliae fructus consists of the unripe fruit of Morinda citrifolia L.
(Rubiaceae).

Transverse section of Plumbago rosea L. stem Character of the powdered drug Unripe fruit, syncarpium berries, polygonal marking on the outer surface, ovoid
1. Epidermis a. Parenchymatous pith cells to elongated, greenish white, yellow when ripe. Seeds numerous. Odour disagreeable,
2. Collenchyma b. Thin walled epidermal cells taste sour.
3. Xylem
4. Parenchyma
5. Tannin Microscopic characteristics
Transverse section of Morinda citrifolia L. fruit shows:
1. epicarp composed of rectangular or ovoid lignified and pitted cells and thin-
walled parenchyma. Beneath the epicarp sclereids groups are found
2. mesocarp consisting of parenchymatous cells containing starch granules,
rosette crystals and acicular calcium oxalate crystals. Collateral vascular
bundles are scattered in mesocarp region
3. spermoderm composed of narrow lignified fibre cells

4. endocarp is closed to the centre axis, packed round parenchyma cell

Brown powder, disagreeable odour, slightly sour.
The diagnostic characters are:
1. parenchyma cells with rosette and acicular calcium oxalate crystals
2. vessels
3. sclereids
Identification
A B C D
A. Dissolve a small amount of ethanol extract of sample in 1 mL of distilled water,
add sodium hydroxide solution. Yellow colour is produced.
B. Boil 0.5 g of powdered sample in 20 mL of distilled water and filter. Add a few
0.75 Light yellow Pink
drop of 10 % ferric chloride solution, blue colour is produced.
0.70 Black Violet
C. Two mL of aqueous extract of the sample is acidified and add 1 mL of a mixture 0.48 Light yellow
of equal parts of Fehling’s solution ‘A’ and Fehling’s solution ‘B’ and boil the 0.45 Black Violet
contents of the test tube for few minutes. Brick red precipitate is formed. 0.42 Grey
0.35 Blue Blue Pink
TLC analysis
Extract 1 g of sample powder in 10 mL of ethanol for 10 minutes, filter and • Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 3.5 %
filtrate is evaporated to dryness. Dissolve dried extract in 0.3 mL of benzene for • Foreign matter : Not more than 1 %
chromatography.
Solvent system : Benzene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (8:2:1) • Acid-insoluble ash : Not more than 0.5 %
Spray reagent : Anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid • Ethanol soluble extract : Not less than 13.16 %
Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C • Water soluble extract : Not less than 26.58 %
are aluminium sheets GF254) • Traditional therapeutic uses : Infection, immunodeficiency
• Research reports : Hypoglycemic32, antioxidant 33,
hypocholesterolemic33 and
antidiarrhoeal34 activities

Morindae citrifoliae Fructus Moringa Cortex
Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) 'efYovGef (dan. dalun)

Moringa polygona DC.
Synonym(s) -
Moringa pterygosperma Gac.
Moringa nuxben Perr.
Local name(s) - Horse radish tree (English)

Drum stick tree (English)
Murungai (India)
La ken (China)
Bois nèphrètigue (French)
Part(s) used - Stem bark, leaf
Definition
Moringa cortex consists of the dried stem bark of Moringa oleifera Lam.
(Moringaceae).

Pieces of dried stem bark, outer surface dark brown with lenticels, inner surface
light brown, corky with longitudinal fibres, adhering soft wood. Slightly characteristic
odour, astringent and bitter taste.
a. Parenchyma cells with rosette and
acicular calcium oxalate crystals Microscopic characteristics
b. Vessels Transverse section of Moringa oleifera Lam. bark shows:
c. Sclereids 1. numerous layers of brownish cork consisting of rectangular tangentially
Transverse section of Morinda citrifolia L. fruit flattened cells
1. Epicarp
2. cortex layer composed of groups of sclereids and parenchymatous cells
2. Sclereids
3. Oil globules containing rosette calcium oxalate crystals, prismatic calcium oxalate
4. Starch crystals, oil globules and starch granules
5. Acicular crystal 3. phloem consisting mainly of large patches phloem fibres and phloem
6. Rosette crystal
parenchyma. Rosette and prismatic calcium oxalate crystals, oil globules and
7. Vessel
8. Fibres starch grains are also present in phloem parenchyma cells. Mucilagenous
cavities found scattered, filled with mucilage. Phloem rays numerous and
composed of elongated thin-walled cells

Brownish powder, slightly characteristic odour, astringent and bitter taste. The
1. polygonal cork cells in surface view
2. rectangular cork cells in sectional view
3. stone cells
4. rosette and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate
5. lignified fibres
6. thin-walled parenchyma containing rosette calciulm oxalate crystals A B C D E
Identification After spray After spray

Rf Visual UV 254 nm UV 365 nm
visual 365
A. In a test tube containing 0.5-1.0 mL of ethanol extract of sample, add 5-10 drops
0.93 Violet Violet
of hydrochloric acid followed by a small piece of magnesium ribbon. Boil solution
0.68-0.60 Faint yellow Greenish Violet Pale yellow
for few minutes, pale pink colour is produced.
blue
B. Dissolve a small amount of ethanol extract of sample in 5 mL of distilled water, 0.46 Pale yellow Red Orange
add 2 M hydrochloric acid until an acid reaction occurs, then add 1 mL of 0.37 Pale yellow Red Red
Dragendorff ’s reagent, orange-red colour is produced. 0.22 Yellow Yellow Yellow
C. Dissolve a small amount of ethanol extract of sample in 1 mL of distilled water,
add sodium hydroxide solution. Yellow colour is produced. • Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 9.1 %
TLC analysis • Total ash : Not more than 8.2 %
Macerate 1 g of powder in 10 mL of dichloromethane for overnight, filter and • Acid-insoluble ash : Not more than 0.7 %
filtrate is used for chromatography.
Developing solvent system : Hexane: Ethyl acetate (8:2) • Water soluble extract : Not less than 8.4 %
Spray reagent : Analsaldehyde-sulphuric acid • Traditional therapeutic uses : Menstrual disorder, tingling and
Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A, D & E are glass plates, B & numbness, oedema, dry cough,
C are Aluminium sheets GF254) menorrhagia, oligospermia

• Research reports : Antihyperglycemic35, hypotensive36, Moringa Cortex
antimicrobial37 and
hypocholesterolemic38 activities
Transverse section of Characters of the powdered drug

Moringa oleifera Lam. bark a. Polygonal cork cells in surface
1. Cork view
2. Rosette Calcium oxalate crystals b. Rectangular cork cells in sectional
3. Oil globules view
4. Stone cell c. Stone cells
5. Phloem parenchyma d. Rosette and prismatic crystals of
6. Fibre calcium oxalate
7. Prismatic Calcium oxalate crystal e. Lignifed fibres
8. Mucilagenous cavity f. Thin-walled parenchyma
9. Ray containing rosette calcium oxalate
Source: Shan state and Mandalay regions
crystals
Neem Folium Characters of the powdered drug

Greenish powder, characteristic odour , bitter taste. The diagnostic characters
are:
Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) wrm (tama)
1. leaf fragment in sectional view
Melia azadirachta Linn.
Synonym(s) - 2. upper epidermis in surface view
Melia indica Brand. 3. unicellular trichome
Melia fraxinifolia Salisb. 4. lower epidermis with anomocytic stomata and rosette calcium oxalate
Melia pinnata Stockes. crystals
Melia japonica Hassk.
Melia parviflora Moom. Identification:
Other name(s) - Neem (English) A. In a test tube containing 0.5-1.0 mL of ethanol extract of sample, add 5-10 drops
Margosa (English) of hydrochloric acid followed by a small piece of magnesium ribbon. Boil solution
Indian Lilac (English) for few minutes, red colour is produced.
Azadarach (English) B. Dissolve a small amount of aqueous extract of sample in 2 mL of distilled water,
Part(s) used - Leaf and add a few drops of 10 % aqueous ferric chloride solution. Blue colour is
produced.
Definition
Neem folium consists of the leaves of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae). TLC analysis:
Macerate 1 g of powder drug in 5 mL of methanol for three hours, filter and
Description of the part used filtrate is used for chromatography.
Macroscopic characteristics Application volume : 5 µL
Leaves compound, leaflets with oblique base, opposite, lanceolate, upper surface Developing solvent system : Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid:
dark green, paler beneath, apex acute, margin serrate. Characteristic odour and Methanol (3:3:0.8:0.2)
bitter taste. Spray reagent : Anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid
Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C
Microscopic characteristics are aluminium sheets GF254)
Transverse section of Azadirachta indica A. Juss leaf shows:
1. epidermis covered with cuticle, unicellular trichomes are present
2. two layers of palisade cells below the upper epidermis
3. spongy parenchyma composed of 5-6 layered thin-walled cells
4. midrib region composed of several layers of collenchymatous cells
5. anomocytic stomata present only on lower surface
• Research reports : Antiulcer39, antihyperglycemic40

antibacterial7,10,41,42, mosquito repellant43
and hypoglycemic25 activities
A B C D

0.92 Red
0.82 Yellow Yellow Red Violet
0.75 Greenish blue Light blue

• Ethanol soluble extract : Not more than 16.93 %
• Water soluble extract : Not more than 26.94 %
• Important Formulations : Traditional Medicine Formulation
(TMF)69-36
• Traditional therapeutic uses : Diabetes mellitus, skin diseases,
malaria, fever, dysentery, worm
infestation, injuries, oedema
Source: Magway and Mandalay regions

Neem Folium Nutmeg Kernel
Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) ZmwdyædKvf (za dei' hpou)
Myristica aromatic Sio.

Synonym(s) -
Myristica moschata Thunb.
Myristica officinalis L.f.
Other name(s) - Nutmeg (English)

Pala (Malaysia)
Boch kak (Cambodia)
Jou Tar K’ou, Tou K’ou (China)
Part(s) used - Kernel
Transverse section of Azadirachta indica A.Juss leaf
1. Unicellular trichome
Definition
2. Collenchymatous cells
3. Upper epidermis Nutmeg kernel consists of the kernel of dried seeds of Myristica fragrans Houtt.
4. Palisade cells (Myristicaceae)
6. Vascular bundles Description of the part used
7. Lower epidermis
Ovoid-shaped fruit, externally brown or reddish brown, dark reddish brown
pointed lines and reticulately marked with furrows. Internally light brown with
longitudinal striation. Odour aromatic, warm and aromatic taste.
Transverse section of Myristica fragrans Houtt. kernel shows:
1. the outer perisperm cells are radially flattened and have brownish contents. A
Characters of the powdered drug few of the cells contain prismatic or disc-shaped crystals. The inner perisperm
a. Leaf fragment in sectional view
shows numerous extensive lamellae, corresponding to the furrows on the
b. Upper epidermis in surface view
c. Unicellular trichome surface and penetrating into the endosperm
d. Lower epidermis with anomocytic stomata and rosette calcium oxalate 2. ruminated endosperm are composed of parenchymatous cells with thin
crystals brown walls and oval oil cells and show in their outer part vascular strands
composed of lignified vessels and large oil cells
3. the endosperm is composed of parenchymatous cells with thin brown cell

walls and containing simple or 2-10 compounds starch grains, globular or
irregular in shape with a slit-like hilum. A few tannin cells, containing tannin
and starch, occur scattered in the endosperm

Reddish brown powder, strong aromatic odour, astringent and warm taste. The
1. simple or compound globular or irregular-shaped starch grains with slit-like
hilum
2. parenchyma containing starch grains from endosperm layer
A B C D
Identification:
A. In a test tube containing 0.5-1.0 mL of ethanol extract of sample, add 5-10 drops Rf Visual UV 254 nm UV 365 nm Spray
of hydrochloric acid followed by a small piece of magnesium ribbon. Boil solution 0.88-0.86 Pale yellow Violet Reddish brown
for few minutes, pink colour is produced. 0.59-0.56 Pale yellow Violet Yellow
B. Add 1 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid to 2 mL of chloroform extract of the 0.45-0.44 Violet Reddish brown
sample from the side of the test tube. Red colour is produced in the chloroform 0.38-0.36 Pale yellow Light brown Violet Purple
layer. 0.21 Light brown Purple
0.18 Light brown Reddish brown
TLC analysis 0.14-0.10 Pale yellow Violet Purple
Extract 1 g of the powder sample in 5 mL of petroleum ether in a test tube by 0.06-0.04 Violet Violet Brown
shaking for 30 minutes at room temperature and then filter and filtrate is used for
chromatography. • Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 13.0 %
Application volume : 5 µL • Foreign matter : Not more than 1.0 %
Developing solvent system : Toluene: Ethyl acetate (97:3)
Spray reagent : Vanillin-sulphuric acid
are aluminium sheets GF254) • Ethanol soluble extract : Not less than 17.6 %

(TMFs)69- 3/8/10/11/12/16/17/20
/23/24/25/26/29/30/31/33/34/35A
/35B/36/37/38/39/40/41/Supp:
4/5/10/15/17/25/27/28
• Traditional therapeutic uses : Fever, cough, ulcer and tumors, Nutmeg Kernel
diarrhoea, indigestion, gingivitis,
asthma
• Research reports : Antimicrobial44, antibacterial45 and
antidiarrhoeal34 activities
Transverse section of Myristica fragrans Houtt. kernel

1. Perisperm
2. Vessel
3. Oil cells
4. Endosperm
5. Ruminated endosperm

a. Simple or compound globular or irregular-shaped starch grains with slit-
like hilum
b. Parenchyma containing starch grains from endosperm layer
Source: Mon State

Swertia Herba B. Dissolve a small amount of aqueous extract of sample in 2 mL of distilled water,
and add a few drops of 10 % aqueous ferric chloride solution. Blue colour is
produced.
Swertia purpurascens Wall. (Gentianaceae) (yef;cg;^&Srf;aq;cg;)
(pan: ga:/shan: hsei: ga:)
TLC analysis
Part(s) used - Aerial part
Macerate 1 g of powdered drug in 5 mL of methanol, shake for 30 minutes, allow
to stand for overnight, filter and filtrate is used for chromatography.
Definition
Application volume : 2 µ mL
Swertia herba consists of the aerial part of Swertia purpurascens Wall.
Developing solvent system : Hexane: Ethyl acetate (7:3)
(Gentianaceae)
Spray reagent : 10% Ethanolic sulphuric acid
Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A, D & E are glass plates, B &
C are aluminium sheets GF254)
Yellowish herb, glabrous, with cylindrical stem. Leaf oblong or lanceolate, flowers
small, pale red-purple, a darker complete ring at its base, 5 merous, filaments dilated
downwards , united into a short tube free from the corolla.Odour aromatic, taste
bitter.
Transverse section of Swertia purpurascens Wall. stem shows:
1. cork 4-6 layers, composed of rectangular cells
2. cortex layer composed of 10-12 layers of thick-walled cells
3. under the cortex layer pith consists of thin-walled parenchyma cell
surrounded by vascular bundles
A B C D E
365 nm
Yellowish brown powder, aromatic odour and strongly bitter taste. The diagnostic Rf Visual UV 254 nm UV 365 nm Spray
after spray
characters are:
0.89 Greenish Light green
1. pollens from flower blue
2. cork in sectional view 0.82 Red Brown Yellowish green
3. parenchyma cells from pith 0.81 Red Yellow Dark blue
0.72 Green Brown Red Violet Orange
Identification: 0.61 Green Brown Dark blue Dark brown Dark blue
A. In a test tube containing 0.5-1.0 mL of ethanol extract of sample, add 5-10 0.53 Red Brown Pink
drops of hydrochloric acid, followed by a small piece of magnesium ribbon. Boil 0.41 Dark blue Dark blue
solution for few minutes, red colour is produced.
0.11 Yellow Dark blue Swertia Herba

0.08 Light blue Pale yellow
• Loss on drying at 105 ºC : Not more than 8.92 %

• Traditional therapeutic uses : Malaria, diabetes mellitus, fever
• Research reports : Antimalarial activity46
Transverse section of Swertia purpurascens Wall.stem

1. Cork
2. Thick-walled parenchymatous cells
3. Thin-walled parenchymatous cells
4. Vascular bundle

a. Pollens from flower
b. Cork in sectional view
c. Parenchyma cells from pith
Source: Kayah State
Tinospora Stem Characters of the powdered drug

Greenish brown powder, odour not characteristic, bitter taste. The diagnostic
characters are:
Tinospora cordifolia Miers. (Menispermaceae) qifwHk;rEG,f
1. cork in surface view
(hsin doun: manwe)
2. vessels
Synonym(s) - Menisperma cordifolium Willd.
3. various shape of sclereids
Cocculus cordifolius DC.
Other name(s) - Ambarvel (Indian) Identification:

K’uan chu Hsing (China) A. In a test tube containing 0.5-1.0 mL of ethanol extract of sample, add 5-10 drops
Garjo (Nepal) of hydrochloric acid followed by a small piece of magnesium ribbon. Boil solution
Part(s) used - Stem for few minutes, red colour is produced.
B. Shake vigorously 500 mg of the sample in powder, with 10 mL of water: a long
Definition
lasting form is produced.
Tinospora stem consists of the stem of Tinospora cordifolia Miers.
(Menispermaceae) C. Add 2 mL of acetic anhydride solution to 1 mL of petroleum ether extract of the
sample in chloroform followed by 1 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid. Green
Description of the part used colour is developed.
Macroscopic characteristics D. Dissolve 1 g of alcoholic extract in 5 mL of distilled water, add 2 M hydrochloric
Corky grooved stem. Young stem green, glabrous, older one with protuberances. acid until an acid reaction occurs, then add 1 mL of Dragendorff ’s reagent,
Externally greenish brown to grayish, inner surface shows a radial structure orange colour is produced.
medullary rays. Odour not characteristic, taste very bitter.
TLC analysis
Microscopic characteristics Extract 1 g of powdered drug with 25 mL of methanol in a conical flask on
Transverse section of Tinospora cordifolia Miers. stem shows: water bath for 3 hours and filter. Evaporate until 2 mL of residue are left and use for
1. outermost cork layer composed of thick-walled brownish and compressed chromatography.
cells Application volume : 10 µL
2. beneath the cork layer, cortex, a broad zone of parenchymatous cells Developing solvent system : Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Water
containing sclereids and calcium oxalate crystals are present (100:13.5:10)
3. stele, composed of xylem and phloem . It occurs several bands from cortex to Spray reagent : Anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid
pith. The medullary ray is between the bands Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C
4. phloem consists of thick-walled fibres and phloem tissue are aluminium sheets GF254)
5. xylem consists of large vessels, xylem fibres and xylem parenchymatous
cells containing starch and various types of vessels. Such as annular, spiral,
reticulate, pitted and bordered pitted
6. pith composed of large thin-walled cells containing starch granules.
Tinospora Stem
A B C D

0.85 Red Violet
0.75 Brown Characters of the powdered drug
a. Cork in surface view
0.63-0.61 Brown Faith yellow
b. Vessels
0.48 Brown Faint blue c. Various shape of sclereids
0.41-0.35 Yellowish green Faint green
0.26-0.24 Yellowish green Faint green

• Ethanol soluble extract : Not less than 8.25 % Transverse section of Tinospora corifolia L. stem
1. Epidermis
2. Cork
• Important Formulations 1
: Traditional Medicine Formulations 3. Sclereids
(TMFs)69-27/Supp: 25 4. Calcium oxalate crystals
• Traditional therapeutic uses : Impotence, diabetes mellitus, 5. Cortical parenchyma
hypertension, paralysis and paresis, 6. Phloem
generalized weakness 7. Fibres
8. Cambium
• Research reports : Antihyperglycemic activity47,48
9. Xylem fibres
10. Vessel
Source: Thaninthayi greion 11. Pith
Vasaka Folium Characters of the powdered drug

Greenish powder, characteristic odour and bitter taste. The diagnostic characters
are:
Adhatoda vasica Nees. (Acanthaceae) rk&m;BuD; (majagji:)
1. sinuous epidermal cell with anomocytic stomata in surface view
Synonym(s) - Adhatoda zeylanica Medicus.
2. trichomes more or less with base
Justica adhatoda Linn.
3. elongated cystolith in mesophyll layer
Other name(s) - Vasaka (English)
Adalsa (India) Identification:
Carmantine (French) A. Dissolve a few mg of alcoholic extract of the powder in 5 mL of distilled water,
Part (s) used - Leaf add 2 M hydrochloric acid until an acid reaction occurs, then add 1 mL of
Dragendorff ’s reagent, orange precipitate is produced immediately.
Definition
B. In a test tube containing 0.5 mL of alcoholic extract of raw material, add 5-10
Vasaka folium consists of the mature leaves of Adhatoda vasica Nees. (Acanthaceae)
drops of hydrochloric acid follow by a small piece of magnesium. Boil the
solution for few minutes. Pink color is produced.
Upper surface greenish and paler beneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, apex TLC analysis:
acuminate, base tapering, margin entire and 9-10 pairs of veins, pinnate venation, Extract 2 g of test sample in 2 mL of 25% ammonium hydroxide for one minute
few hairs present on the midrib, petiole glabrous. Slightly characteristic odour and and add 10 mL of chloroform, shake vigorously for 10 minutes and filter. Filtrate
bitter taste. is evaporated to dryness. Dried extract is redissolved in 1 mL of methanol for
chromatography.
Microscopic characteristics Application volume : 4 µL
Transverse section of Adhatoda vasica Nees. leaf shows: Developing solvent system : Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Diethylamine
(7:2:1)
1. large central midrib region and long wings of the lamina on both side
Spray reagent : Dragendorff ’s reagent
2. in dorsiventral surface with two layers of palisade cells under the upper Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C
epidermis are aluminium sheets GF254)
3. in the midrib region 4-6 layers of collenchyma cells occurring beneath the
epidermis
4. epidermal cells sinuous with anomocytic stomata on both surfaces, more
numerous on lower surface in surface view
5. clothing trichomes and glandular trichomes are present on both surfaces
6. prismatic calcium oxalate crystals and elongated cystoliths are found in the
mesophyll layer

(TMF)69-20
• Traditional therapeutic uses : Cough, asthma, haematemesis,
dysentery, piles, menorrhagia
• Research Reports : Bronchodilating activity49,50,51
A B C D

0.73-0.75 Green Greenish yellow Red Green
0.7 Violet
0.65 Orange
0.60-0.56 Yellow Pale yellow Reddish brown Green
0.49-0.50 Pale yellow Orange
0.45-0.40 Yellow Pale yellow Reddish brown
0.35-0.38 Green Violet
0.25 Pale yellow Reddish brown Pale green
0.20-0.19 Orange
0.15-0.14 Violet Reddish brown
0.10 Violet
0.05-0.03 Green Pale yellow Orange Pale green

Source: Mon state, Mandalay regions
Vasaka folium Vitex Folium
Vitex trifolia L. ( Verbenaceae) aMumifyef;âMumifyef;av;

(kjaun ban:/ khaun ban: lei:)
Synonym(s) - Vitex rotundifolia L.f.
Local name(s) - Indian wild pepper (English)

Vitex (English)
Man kinh (Vietnam)
Man ching (China)
Mon kin (China)
Lagundindagat (Phillippine)
Part(s) used - Leaf
Transverse section of Adhatoda vasica Nees. leaf
1. Upper epidermis Definition
2. Trichome Vitex folium consists of the leaflets of Vitex trifolia L. (Verbenaceae)
3. Cystoliths
4. Vascular bundle Description of the part used
5. Calcium oxalate
6. Lower epidermis
Compound trifoliate leaf, upper surface dark green and grayish below, oblong-
obovate, base tapering, apex obtuse or accuminate, surface glabrous above and white
tomentose beneath. Strong smell when crushed, taste not characteristic.
Transverse section of Vitex trifolia L. leaf shows:
1. a layer of epidermis having unicellular hairs and multicellular trichomes
2. mesophyll layer consists of palisade cells and spongy parenchyma present in
both epidermis
a. Sinuous epidermal cell with anomocytic stomata in surface view 3. in midrib, 3-4 layers of collenchyma cells under the upper and lower epidermis
b. Trichomes more or less with base 4. beneath the collenchyma cells, large parenchyma cells are present
c. Elongated cystolith in mesophyll layer
5. vascular bundle consists of xylem surrounded by phloem
6. anomocytic stomata present in both surfaces
7. lower epidermis also covered with unicellular or multicellular trichomes

Greenish brown powder, characteristic smell, tasteless. The diagnostic characters
are:
1. upper epidermis
2. lower epidermis
3. leaf fragment
4. trichome
Identification
A. In a test tube containing 0.5-1.0 mL of ethanol extract of sample, add 5-10
drops of hydrochloric acid, followed by a small piece of magnesium ribbon. Boil
solution for few minutes, red colour is produced. A B C D
B. Dissolve a small amount of aqueous extract of sample in 2 mL of distilled water,
and add a few drops of 10 % aqueous ferric chloride solution. Blue colour is Rf Visual UV 254 nm UV 365 nm Spray
produced. 0.88 Green Red Reddish brown
0.72 Red Light blue
TLC analysis: 0.65 Red Light blue
To 1 g of powder sample add 5 mL of methanol, shake for 30 minutes, allow to 0.42 Green Green Red Light blue
stand for overnight. Filter and filtrate is used for chromatography. 0.37 Yellowish brown Red Yellowish green
Application volume : 2 µL 0.28 Yellowish brown Red
Developing solvent system : Hexane: Ethyl acetate (7:3) 0.2 Yellow Green Light brown
Spray reagent : 10% Ethanolic sulphuric acid
Stationary phase : Silica gel G (A & D are glass plates, B & C • Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 8.10 %
(TMF)69-34
• Traditional therapeutic uses : Indigestion, diarrhoea, dysentery,
menstrual disorders, urinary
disorders, muscle cramps

• Research Reports : Antimalarial37, antimicrobial37, Vitex Folium
antibacterial19 and
hepatoprotective52 activities
Transverse section of Vitex trifolia L. leaf

1. Trichome
2. Upper epidermis
3. Palisade
4. Collenchyma
5. Xylem
6. Phloem
7. Parenchyma
8. Collenchyma
9. Trichome

a. Upper epidermis
b. Lower epidermis
c. Leaf fragment
d. Trichome

Zingiber Rhizoma Microscopic characteristics

Transverse section of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. rhizome shows:
1. outer cork layer composed of irregular parenchymatous cells
Zingiber officinale Roscoe. ( Zingiberaceae) csif;^csif;wuf (gjin: de'/gjin:)
2. a few layer of inner cork consists of parenchymatous cells radially arranged
Amomum zingiber L.
Synonym(s) - in regular rows
Amomum angustifolium L. 3. cortex, a broad zone characterized by parenchymatous cells containing starch
Zingiber blancoi Massk. granules, oils, oleoresin and resin. This region is divided into outer and inner
Zingiber missionis Wall. parts by thin-walled pseudoendodermis layer
Zingiber majus Rumph. 4. fibro vascular bundles are scattered throughout the cortex
Zingiber aromaticum Noronha.
Other name(s) - Ginger (English ) Characters of the powdered drug

Zingiber (English) Creamy coloured powder, characteristic aromatic odour and pungent and slight-
Gung (Vietnam) ly hot taste. The diagnostic characters are:
Zanjabil (Arabic) 1. cork cells in surface view
Mangaratia (Bragil) 2. thin-walled septate fibres
Gingembre (French) 3. strach granules
Ingwer (German) 4. parenchyma filled with starch granules
Ingefaer (Norway)
Ada (Punjab) Identification:
Part(s) used - Rhizome A. Dissolve a few mg of alcoholic extract of the powder in 5 mL of distilled water,
add 2 M hydrochloric acid until an acid reaction occurs, then add 1 mL of Dra-
Definition gendorff ’s reagent, orange precipitate is produced immediately.
Zingiber rhizoma consists of the dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. B. Add a few drops of mayer’s reagent to 1 mL of acid aqueous extract. A white pre-
(Zingiberaceae) cipitate is formed.
C. Add 1 mL of conc. sulphuric acid to 2 mL of chloroform extract of the sample,
Description of the part used from the side of the test tube. Red colour is produced in the chloroform layer.
Dried rhizome horizontal, tuberous. Externally buff coloured, longitudinally TLC analysis
striations and internally pale yellow with fibrous surface. Aromatic and To 1 g of powdered drug add 10 mL of chloroform, shake for 15 minutes at room
characteristic odour, pungent and hot taste. temperature, filter and use the filtrate for chromatography.
Developing solvent system : Toluene: Ethyl acetate (97:3)
Spray reagent : Vanillin-sulphuric acid

• Traditional therapeutic uses : Indigestion, cough, dyspepsia

• Research reports : Antibacterial19, hypoglycemic53,
anti- inflammatory54,
nephroprotective55 and
antihyperlipidaemic activities56
A B C D

0.99-0.98 Yellow Light green Violet
0.81 Faint yellow Brown Violet
0.76 Brown Violet
0.71 Light green
0.69-0.64 Brown Bluish black
0.58 Light green Violet
0.51 Light violet Light green
0.45 Light violet Light green

(TMFs)69-1/3/10/23/24/29/34/40/
Sup.:14/15/25/27
Source: Shan state and Magway regions

94 Myanmar Herbal Pharmacopoeia Volume I
Zingiber Rhizoma
REFERENCES
a. Cork cell in surface view
b. Septate fibre
c. Starch granules
d. Parenchyma containing starch
Transverse section of Zingiber officinale

Roscoe. rhizome
1. Outer cork
2. Inner cork
3. Starch
4. Yellow oil
5. Vascular bundle
6. Vessel
7. Pseudoendodermis layer

Myanmar Herbal Pharmacopoeia Volume I 95
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APPENDIX I
Preparation for Spray Reagents
1. Anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent
Anisaldehyde (0.5 mL) is mixed with 10 mL glacial acetic acid, followed by 85

mL methanol and 5 mL concentrated sulphuric acid. Spray the plate with about 10
mL and heat at 1050 C for 5-10 minutes. Evaluate in day light or in UV 365 nm light.
Reagent must be freshly prepared.
2. Dragendorff ’s reagent
Dissolve 8 g of Potassium iodide in 20 mL of water and add the solution to a

mixture of 0.85 g of bismuth oxynitrate, 40 mL of water and 10 mL of glacial acetic
acid. Reagent must be freshly prepared.
3. Ethanolic sulphuric acid
Prepare a solution of 10-20 % v/v of sulphuric acid in ethanol by adding the acid INDEX
dropwise to ethanol with shaking. Spray the plate with about 10 mL and heat at 1050
C for 5-10 minutes.
4. Iodine reagent (Iodine vapour)
About 10 g solid iodine are spread on the bottom of a chromatograph tank; the
developed TLC plate is placed into the tank and exposed to iodine vapour.
5. Potassium hydroxide reagent
Prepare a solution of 5-10 % ethanolic potassium hydroxide. The plate is sprayed

with 10 mL and evaluated in day light or in UV 365 nm, with or without warming.
6. Vanillin-sulphuric acid reagent
1 % ethanolic vanillin (solution 1)
10 % ethanolic sulphuric acid (solution 2)
The plate is sprayed with 10 mL solution 1, followed immediately by 10 mL solu-

tion 2. Heat at 1100 C for 5-10 minutes under observation. Evaluate in day light.
Myanmar Herbal Pharmacopoeia Volume I 105
INDEX
A
Acori calami Rhizoma, 1, 5
Aloe Folium, 6, 10
Amenorrhoea, 51
Analgesic, 14
Andrographidis Herba, 11, 15
Anthelmintic, 4
Anti-aging and well-being, 42, 47
Anti-asthmatic, 19
Anti-bacterial, 4, 14, 19, 24, 38, 65, 70, 88, 93
Anti-diarrhoeal, 4, 14, 38, 55, 70
Anti-hyperglycemic, 14, 19, 60, 65, 78
Anti-hyperlipidaemic, 93
Anti-inflammatory, 93
Anti-malarial, 74, 88
Anti-microbial, 42, 47, 60, 70, 88
Anti-oedema, 38
Anti-oxidant, 29, 38, 55
Anti-peptic ulcer, 29, 38
Anti-pyretic, 14
Anti-tuberculous, 4
Anti-ulcer, 65
Asthma, 70, 83
B
Betel Folium, 16, 20
Black pepper Fructus, 21, 25
Bronchodilating activity, 83
Burning maturation, 29
C Hyperlipoproteinemia, 9
Centella Herba, 26, 30 Hypertension, 9, 78
Constipation, 9, 19, 33 Hypocholestrolemia, 38, 42, 55, 60
Cough, 4, 19, 70, 83, 93 Hypoglycaemic, 38, 55, 65, 93
Croton oblongifoliae Cortex, 31, 34 Hypotensive, 60
Curcuma Rhizoma, 35, 39
I
D Immunodeficiency, 55
Diabetes mellitus, 14, 51, 64, 74, 78 Impotence, 78
Diarrhoea, 4, 24, 38, 51, 70, 87 Indigestion, 4, 9, 14, 19, 33, 38, 47, 70, 87, 93
Dry cough, 59 Infantile illness, 4
Dysentery, 64, 83, 87 Infection, 55
Dyspepsia, 93 Inflammation, 19, 33, 38, 47
Injuries, 64
E Insomnia, 42
Ear diseases, 9
Emblica Fructus, 40, 43 L
Eye diseases, 9, 29 Leadwort Stem, 49, 52
M
F Malaria, 14, 64, 74
Fever, 14, 19, 24, 64, 70, 74 Memory impairment, 29
Foul smelling oral diseases, 19 Menorrhagia, 42, 59, 83
Fractures, 38 Menstrual disorder, 9, 24, 59, 87
Morindae citrifoliae Frutus, 53, 56
G Moringa Cortex, 57, 61
Galangae Rhizoma, 44, 48 Mosquito repellant, 65
Gastro-intestinal diseases, 24 Muscle cramps, 87
Generalized weakness, 78
Giddiness, 4, 47 N
Gingivitis, 70 Nausea & vomiting, 47
Neem Folium, 62, 66
H Nephroprotective, 93
Haematemesis, 83 Numbness, 4, 9, 14, 59
Hepatoprotective, 42, 88 Nutmeg Kernel, 67, 71
Hiccup, 47
O
Oedema, 4, 59, 64
Oligospermia, 59
Oliguria, 29
Oral disease, 19
P
Palpitation, 47
Paresis and paralysis, 9, 14, 78
Piles, 83
Poisoning, 47
S
Skin diseases, 9, 64
Smooth muscle relaxant, 19
Sore eye, 47
Swertia Herba, 72, 75
T
Tingling, 4, 14, 59
Tinospora Stem, 76, 79
Tumors, 70
U
Ulcer, 70
Urinary disorders, 87
V
Vasaka Folium, 80, 84
Vitex Folium, 85, 89
Vitiligo, 51
W
Worm infestation, 64
Wounds, 47
Z
Zingiber Rhizoma, 90, 94

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MYANMAR HERBAL PHARMACOPOEIA

Department of Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health

The Department of Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health has formed a

Chairperson : Dr. Htun Naing Oo, Director General,

Members : - Prof. Dr. Than Maung, Rector,

7. Daw Nwe Nwe Win, B.Pharm., M.Pharm., Analysis Officer, Department of

8. Daw Htar Zin Zin Ei, BSc(Botany), MSc(Botany), Research Officer,

9. Daw Hlaing Moe Myat, Dip.T.Med., BSc(Chemistry), Analysis Officer,

11. U Tun Aung Kyaw, Dip.T.Med., BSc(Mathematics), Research Assistant(2),

12. Daw Wai Hnin Lwin, B.Med.Tech., Research Assistant(2), Department of

13. Daw Kyu Kyu win, B.Med.Tech., Research Assistant(2), Department of

14. Daw Wai Wai Mar, BMTM, Research Assistant(2), Department of

15. Daw Zin Mar Naing, BMTM, Research Assistant(2), Department of

18. U Khin Maung Aye, Clerk, Department of Traditional Medicine

Acori calami Rhizoma

Acorus clatus Salisb.

Other name(s) - Sweet Flag (English)

Description of the part used

Microscopic characteristics TLC analysis

Characters of the powdered drug

• Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 11.56 %

Characters of the powdered drug

• Traditional therapeutic uses : Hypertension, indigestion,

• Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 10.56 %

Source: Mon state, Taninthayi and Magwe regions

Aloe Folium Andrographidis Herba

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Wall.ex Nees. (Acanthaceae)

Justicia latebrosa Russ.

Other name(s) - King of bitter (English)

Microscopic characteristics TLC analysis

Characters of the powdered drug

• Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 8.25 % Andrographidis Herba

Characters of the powdered drug

Source: Taninthayi region

• Traditional therapeutic uses : Indigestion, fever, constipation,

Rf Visual UV 254 nm UV 365 nm Spray

• Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 5.0 %

Source: Taninthayi region

Betel Folium Black pepper Fructus

Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) i½kwfaumif; (nga jou' kaun:)

Other name(s) - Black pepper (English)

Transverse section of Piper betle L. leaf Definition

6. perisperm consists of parenchymatous cells containing oil globules, abundant

Characters of the powdered drug

Black pepper Fructus

Characters of the powdered drug

Source: Mon state and Taninthayi regions

1. a layer of rectangular-shaped upper epidermis which are straight- walled

Rf Visual UV 254 nm UV 365 nm Spray

• Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 9.80 %

Source: Mon state and Taninthayi regions

Centellae Herba Croton oblongifoliae Cortex

Croton oblongifolius Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae) ouf&if;^ouf&if;BuD;

Croton roxburghii Balak.

Other name(s) - Ganasur (India)

Characters of the powdered drug Rf Visual UV 254 nm UV 365 nm Spray

TLC analysis: • Loss on drying at 105ºC : Not more than 4.14 %

Croton oblongifoliae Cortex Curcuma Rhizoma

Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) eEGif;wuf^eEGif;

Synonym(s) - Curcuma domestica Val.

Description of the part used

Transverse section of Croton oblongifolius Roxb. stem Microscopic characteristics

4. pseudoendodermis layer composed of thin-walled rectangular cells divides