Navrachana University

School of Engineering and Technology

Course: Thermodynamics
Program: B. Tech (Mechanical) 2nd semester

Branch: Mechanical Engineering

Course Code: ME 102 Course Title: Thermodynamics

Evaluation Structure: Page : 1 of 2
Course Structure:
Theory : 4.0 credits Academic Year : 2014-15
Lectures: 4 Hours per Week
Practicals : 0.0 credits Semester : Second
Practicals:Nil
Total Credits : 4.0 Level : B. Tech – I
Prerequisite : NIL

(a) Faculty contact information:

Prof. P.Prabhakaran
Office Room No. : 302
Office hours : 9 am to 5 pm
For students to contact : every Tuesday from 2.30 pm to 5.30 pm
Dr. K. A. Pathak
Office Room No. : 307
Office hours : 9 am to 5 pm

(b) Course coverage:

Course Description:
This course introduces the work and heat interactions. Prepares students to look at these
interactions with the mathematical perspective. It delves into such perspective to see how they
spring forth from the observed scientific laws, i.e. first and second laws. It investigates these
laws to better understand real processes. It shows how and why the law beyond first and
second is required in the study of Thermodynamics.

Unit – 1 08 hours
Basic Concepts & Definitions:
Classical (Equilibrium) and Statistical thermodynamics – macroscopic and microscopic
points of view, thermodynamic system, surroundings, system boundary, control mass and
control volume – thermodynamic properties, processes and cycles, thermal equilibrium,
quasi-static process – pure substance, simple compressible substance, continuum concept.
Matter–its phases, working medium/substance/agent–its definition, definition of
thermodynamic equilibrium–mechanical, thermal, chemical, representation of
thermodynamic processes and cycles on 2-property plots.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics – reproducible reference points – ideal gas temperature and
ideal gas thermometer

Energy and Various Forms:

Thermodynamic definitions of work and heat – work done at the moving boundary of a
simple compressible substance-displacement (pdV) work and other types of work
interactions – net work done by a system, free expansion with zero work done, work
interaction: a path function, Energy – its definitions, forms of its occurrence in various fields
– mechanical, electrical, electronics, chemical, atomic, nuclear, thermal, - the units of energy
measurements and their equivalents.
Unit – 2 16 hours
First Law Analysis:
Statements of first law of thermodynamics for a control mass undergoing a cycle and for a
change in state – internal energy as a thermodynamic property – heat energy as path
function, perpetual motion machine of first kind, different forms of energy – enthalpy –
specific heat at constant pressure and constant volume, First law analysis of elementary
processes such as isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, adiabatic and polytropic undergone by an
ideal gas.
First law applied to control volume – steady flow processes – mass and energy balance in
simple steady flow process – application of steady flow energy equation to systems like
nozzle, diffuser, throttling devices, pumps, compressors, turbine and heat exchanger –
general form of energy equation. First law applied to transient processes.

Unit – 3 20 hours
Second Law Analysis:
Thermodynamic definition of heat engine, direct and reversed heat engine, diagrammatic
representation of heat engine, performance parameters of direct and reversed heat engines
– Kelvin-Plank and Clausius statements of second law – their equivalence – perpetual
motion machine of the second kind – Concept of reversibility, reversible process and
reversible cycle - conditions of reversibility – irreversibility –factors that render a process
irreversible – concept of reversible heat transfer process – examples – Carnot reversible
cycle – Carnot theorem and its consequences – definition of thermodynamic (Absolute)
temperature scale using the concept of reversible engines
Inequality of Clausius – definition of entropy as property – temperature – entropy diagram –
entropy change during irreversible adiabatic process – reversible adiabatic process –
entropy principle & applications - change of entropy during processes undergone by ideal
gas - entropy generation – principle of increase of entropy, entropy as a rate equation.
Second law applied to a control volume- steady state and transient processes- reversible
steady state process- Concept of available energy, reversible work and irreversibility-
availability (exergy) and second law efficiency- Guoy-stodola theorem – simple engineering
applications.
Unit – 4 16 hours
Properties of Pure Substances:
P-V-T surfaces, P-V, P-T, T-S and H-S diagrams of pure substance, use of steam tables
and charts.
Equation of State for Real Gases:
Ideal gas equation – Van-der-waal equation of state, Berthelot equation of state, Dieterici
equation of state, Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state, virtual expansion etc. – Amagat
isotherms – compressibility factor – compressibility chart.
 Thermodynamic Relations:
Maxwell relation, T-dS relations, volume coefficient of expansion and isothermal
compressibility, specific heat relations, Joule-Thompson coefficient and their relation,
Clausius-Clapeyron equation
Unit – 5 (Self Study)
Basics of Exergy analysis – Exergy analysis of a simple thermal system
Model making of P-V-T surface to illustrate properties of pure substance
Model making of any closed and open thermodynamic systems

Text Books:
 Sonntag, R.E., Borknakke,C& Van Wylen, G. J, “Fundamental of Thermodynamics”, 6 th Ed., Wiley
Student Edition, 2003
 Nag, P.K., “Engineering Thermodynamics”, 3rd ed., Tata McGraw Hill Pub.,2005
 Cengel, Y., A., and Boles, M.A, “Thermodynamics- An Engineering Approach”, McGraw Hill, 2 nd
Revised Ed., 1997
Reference Books:
 Achuthan, M, “Engineering Thermodynamics”, Prentice Hall India, 2002
 Rao, Y.V.C.,”An Introduction to Thermodynamics”, University Press, India P Ltd., Revised Ed., 2004.
 Chattopadhyay, P., “Engineering Thermodynamics”, Revised 1st Ed., Oxford University press, 2011
 Zemensky, M.W., “Heat and Thermodynamics”, 7th Ed., McGraw Hill Pub., 1997
 Dittman, R.H., &Zemensky, M.N., ”Heat & Thermodynamics”, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi,2008
 Rogers, G.F.C., &Mayhew,Y.R., ”Engineering Thermodynamics, Work and Heat Transfer”, 4 th Ed.,
Longman
 Spalding, D.B. and Cole,E.H., “Engineering Thermodynamics” Edward Arnold,1967
 Kumar, D.S., “Thermal Science & Engineering”, 4th Ed., Kataria& Sons, New Delhi, 2006

(c) Learning Outcome:

 Strengthening of analytical capability

 Strengthening of thermal system analysis and design capability involving various
energy transfer systems
 Strengthening of presentation skills
 Strengthening of fundamentals of thermal-fluid systems design stream in
mechanical engineering

(d) Modes of Teaching:

 Lecture class
 Solving problems involving energy systems through the application of 1st
and 2nd law of thermodynamics

(e) Evaluation Criteria:

The evaluation criteria for the course theory includes (i) continuous assessment
Part I (15% weightage), (ii) mid term closed book examination (30% weightage),
(iii) continuous assessment, Part II (15% weightage) and (iv) end semester
closed book examination (40% weightage).

(f) Grade Breakdown for Quantitative Assessment

 As per University norms

(g) Course Schedule:

Theory topics to be engaged by Prof. P. Prabhakaran - 2 hours/week

(Second Law of thermodynamics, Properties of pure substances, Equation of state for

real gases)

Topic Teaching method Lecture

no.
Introduction to Classical Thermodynamics Lecture & discussion 1
Definition of ‘heat engine’- direct and reversed types-examples Lecture & discussion 2
Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of 2nd law Lecture & discussion 3
Concept of reversibility- reversible process and cycle Lecture & discussion 4
Irreversible process – factors that render a process irreversible Lecture & discussion 5
Carnot cycle- Direct Carnot cycle and reversed Carnot cycle Lecture & discussion 6
Illustrative problems related to Carnot efficiency &C.O.P Illustration & discussion 7
Carnot theorem and its consequences Lecture & discussion 8
Absolute (thermodynamic )temperature scale Lecture & discussion 9
Illustrative problems related to above topic Illustration & discussion 10
Inequality of Clausius – definition of entropy Lecture & discussion 11
T-S diagrams for Carnot cycles – direct & reversed Lecture & discussion 12
Entropy change during irreversible adiabatic process Lecture & discussion 13
Principle of increase of entropy Lecture & discussion 14
Illustrative problems related to above topic Illustration & discussion 15
Change of entropy during processes undergone by ideal gas Lecture & discussion 16
2nd law applied to control volume – steady & transient Lecture & discussion 17
processes
Illustrative problems related to above topic Illustration & discussion 18
Concept of available and unavailable energy Lecture & discussion 19
Second law efficiency- Guoy-Stodola theorem Lecture & discussion 20
Illustrative problems related to above topic Illustration & discussion 21
Properties of pure substance – p-v-T surface Lecture & discussion 22
p-v, p-T, T-s and h-s diagrams Lecture & discussion 23
Steam tables- problems related to steam processes Lecture & discussion 24
Illustrative problems related to above topic Illustration & discussion 25
Illustrative problems related to above topic Illustration & discussion 26
Ideal gas equation – van-der Waal equation of state Lecture & discussion 27
Various equations of state for real gas Lecture & discussion 28
Amagat isotherm- compressibility factor and charts Lecture & discussion 29
Illustrative problems related to above topic Illustration & discussion 30

Theory topics to be engaged by Dr. K. A. Pathak - 2 hours/week

(First Law of thermodynamics, Thermodynamics relations)

Topic Teaching method Lecture

 no.
Why Thermodynamics? Illustration &Lecture 1
Background and nature of Thermodynamics Lecture 2
Requirement of 1st law Lecture 3
Zeroth law Lecture 4
First law analysis for a control volume Lecture 5
Fundamental people and their work Lecture 6
Fundamental people and their work Lecture 7
Mathematical foundations Lecture 8
Maxwell relations Lecture 9
Illustrative problems related to above topic Illustration 10
What is Two independent variables? Lecture 11
Basic Transformations Lecture 12
Free energy Lecture 13
Specific heat Lecture 14
Example Illustration 15
The vander Waals gas Lecture 16
Examples discussions Illustration 17
Examples discussions Illustration 18
Examples discussions Illustration 19
Revision Lecture 20
Revision Lecture 21
Sound speed Lecture 22
Examples discussions Illustration 23
Revision Lecture 24
Discussions on four laws Lecture 25
Third law touch up Illustration & Lecture 26