IMPACT OF JET ON VANES

instruction manual
 IMPACT OF JET ON VANES

OBJECTIVE:
Study of hydraulic force.
AIM:
To study the effect of force on following type of vanes:
1. Hemispherical Vane
2. Flat Plate Vane

INTRODUCTION:
When a plate is placed in the path of a jet, the jet exerts a force on the
plate. This force can be calculated from the impulse-momentum equation.
Momentum equation is based on Newton’s Second Law of motion, which states
that “The algebraic sum of external forces applied to control volume of
fluid in any direction is equal to the rate of change of momentum in that
direction.” The external forces include the components of the weight of the
fluid and of the forces exerted externally upon the boundary surface of the
control volume.
THEORY:
If a vertical water jet moving with velocity ‘v’ is made to strike a target,
which is free to move in the vertical direction, then a force will be exerted on the
jet by the impact of jet. According to momentum equation, this force (which is
also equal to the force required to bring back the target in its original position)
must be equal to the rate of change of momentum of the jet flow in the same
direction.
Due to impact of the jet on the flat stationary plate, the entire velocity of
the jet is destroyed and due to the rate of change of momentum, force acts on the
plate. The jet after striking will move along the plate. But the plate is at right
angles to the jet. Hence the components of the velocity of the jet in the direction
of the jet after striking it will be zero. The force exerted by the jet on the flat plate
in the direction of the jet.
Fx = Rate of change of momentum in the direction of force
Final momentum  Initialmomentum
= time
Mass  Final velocity  Mass  Initial velocity
= time
Mass
=   Final velocity  Initial velocity 
time

= v   v  0

= v 2

 Fx = 2 Q 2 / 

DESCRIPTION:
The experimental setup primarily consists of a nozzle through which a
water jet emerges vertically in such a way that it may be conveniently observed
through the transparent sheet. It strikes the target vane positioned above it. The
force applied on the vane by the jet can be measured by applying weights to
counteract as a reaction force for the impact of jet. Vanes are interchangeable i.e.
flat plate & hemispherical.
Arrangement is made for the movement of the plate under the action of the
jet and also because of the weight placed on the loading pan. A scale is provided
for carrying the vanes to its original position i.e. as before the jet strikes the vane.
A collecting tank is used to fine the actual discharge & velocity through the
nozzle.
UTILITIES REQUIRED:
1. Power supply: Single Phase, 220 Volts, 50 Hz, 5-15 Amp socket with earth
connection.
2. Water Supply(Initial fill)
3. Floor Drain.
4. Floor Area: 1.6m x 0.6m
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Starting Procedure:
1. Clean the apparatus and make all tanks free from dust.
2. Close the drain valves provided.
3. Fix desired vane on the apparatus.
4. Fill sump tank ¾ with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are
there.
5. Ensure that all On/Off Switches given on the Panel are at OFF position.
6. Now switch on the Main Power Supply (220 V AC, 50 Hz).
7. Switch on the Pump.
8. Regulate Flow of water through channel with the help of given Flow
Control Valve.
9. Note the initial reading of the plate provided at the top and then put known
value of weight.
10. Now control the valve so that the applied weight on the top is counter
balanced by the impact of jet.
11. Measure Flow Rate using Measuring Tank and Stop Watch.
12. Repeat the experiment with different weights.
Closing Procedure:
1. When experiment is over, Switch off Pump.
2. Switch off Power Supply to Panel.
3. Drain water from all three tanks with the help of given drain valves.

FORMULAE:
Rate of change of momentum in the direction of force:
For Flat pate vane:
Fx = Q 2 / a

For Hemispherical vane:

 Fx = 2 Q 2 / a

Velocity of jet:
V=Q/a
Discharge:
Q = v/t
R* A
v 
100

OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

DATA:
Diameter of nozzle = 10 mm = 0.010 m
d2
Area of cross section of nozzle,  ,(a) = 7.85 x 10-5 m2
4

Area of measuring tank (A) = 0.077 m2

Density of water at ambient conditions = 1000 Kg/m3
Weight of Aluminum disc = 0.0675 Kg
Weight of SS Rod = 0.220 Kg
Weight of Flat plate vane = 0.0554 Kg
Weight of Hemispherical vane = 0.0415 Kg
Sample weights = 200, 300, 500 gms.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Weight
S. No. R1 (cm) R2 (cm) t (sec)
applied (Kg)
1
2
3

CALCULATION TABLE:
 S. No. W Actual Q (m3/s) Theoretical Error
(Kg) force (F1) force (F2) (%)
1
2
3

NOMENCLATURE:
Q = actual discharge in m3/s
 = density of water, kg/m3
v = volume of water in collecting tank, m3
R = rise of water level in measuring tank, cm.
t = Time for R, Sec
a = Area of cross section of nozzle in m2
A = Area of measuring tank

PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Never switch on main power supply before ensuring that all the on/off
switches given on the Panel are at off position.
2. Never run the Pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts.
3. Never fully close the Delivery and By-pass line valves simultaneously.
4. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
5. Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
6. Always use clean water.
7. If apparatus will not be in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus
completely and fill pump with cutting oil.

TROUBLESHOOTINGS:
1. If pump gets jam, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft
manually.
2. If pump gets heat up, switch off the main power for 15 minutes and avoid
closing the flow control valve and by-pass valve simultaneously.

REFERENCES:

1. Streeter, V.L., Wylie, E.B., “Fluid Mechanics”, 1st ed., pp. 357-362,
McGraw Hill, NY, 1983.
2. Garde, R.J., “Fluid Mechanics through Problem”, 2nd ed., pp. 139-140,
New Age International, ND, 1997.