APPENDIX F Solubility Products*

Formula pK sp K sp Formula pK sp K sp
Azides: L 5 N23 Chromates: L 5 CrO22
4
CuL 8.31 4.9 3 1029 BaL 9.67 2.1 3 10210
AgL 8.56 2.8 3 1029 CuL 5.44 3.6 3 1026
Hg2L2 9.15 7.1 3 10210 Ag2L 11.92 1.2 3 10212
TlL 3.66 2.2 3 1024 Hg2L 8.70 2.0 3 1029
PdL2(a) 8.57 2.7 3 1029 Tl2L 12.01 9.8 3 10213

Bromates: L 5 BrO23 Cobalticyanides: L 5 Co(CN)32

6
BaL ? H2O (f) 5.11 7.8 3 10 26
Ag3L 25.41 3.9 3 10226
AgL 4.26 5.5 3 1025 (Hg2)3L2 36.72 1.9 3 10237
TlL 3.78 1.7 3 1024
PbL2 5.10 7.9 3 1026 Cyanides: L 5 CN2
AgL 15.66 2.2 3 10216
Bromides: L 5 Br 2
Hg2L2 39.3 5 3 10240
CuL 8.3 5 3 1029 ZnL2 (h) 15.5 3 3 10216
AgL 12.30 5.0 3 10213
Hg2L2 22.25 5.6 3 10223 Ferrocyanides: L 5 Fe(CN)42
6
TlL 5.44 3.6 3 1026 Ag4L 44.07 8.5 3 10245
HgL2 (f) 18.9 1.3 3 10219 Zn2L 15.68 2.1 3 10216
PbL2 5.68 2.1 3 1026 Cd2L 17.38 4.2 3 10218
Pb2L 18.02 9.5 3 10219
Carbonates: L 5 CO22
3
MgL 7.46 3.5 3 1028 Fluorides: L 5 F2
CaL (calcite) 8.35 4.5 3 1029 LiL 2.77 1.7 3 1023
CaL (aragonite) 8.22 6.0 3 1029 MgL2 8.13 7.4 3 1029
SrL 9.03 9.3 3 10210 CaL2 10.50 3.2 3 10211
BaL 8.30 5.0 3 1029 SrL2 8.58 2.6 3 1029
Y2L3 30.6 2.5 3 10231 BaL2 5.82 1.5 3 1026
La2L3 33.4 4.0 3 10234 LaL3 18.7 2 3 10219
MnL 9.30 5.0 3 10210 ThL4 28.3 5 3 10229
FeL 10.68 2.1 3 10211 PbL2 7.44 3.6 3 1028
CoL 9.98 1.0 3 10210
NiL 6.87 1.3 3 1027 Hydroxides: L 5 OH2
CuL 9.63 2.3 3 10210 MgL2 (amorphous) 9.2 6 3 10210
Ag2L 11.09 8.1 3 10212 MgL2 (brucite crystal) 11.15 7.1 3 10212
Hg2L 16.05 8.9 3 10217 CaL2 5.19 6.5 3 1026
ZnL 10.00 1.0 3 10210 BaL2 ? 8H2O 3.6 3 3 1024
CdL 13.74 1.8 3 10214 YL3 23.2 6 3 10224
PbL 13.13 7.4 3 10214 LaL3 20.7 2 3 10221
CeL3 21.2 6 3 10222
Chlorides: L 5 Cl2 UO2 ( Δ U41 1 4OH 2 ) 56.2 6 3 10257
CuL 6.73 1.9 3 1027 UO2L2 ( Δ UO221 1 2OH 2 ) 22.4 4 3 10223
AgL 9.74 1.8 3 10210 MnL2 12.8 1.6 3 10213
Hg2L2 17.91 1.2 3 10218 FeL2 15.1 7.9 3 10216
TlL 3.74 1.8 3 1024 CoL2 14.9 1.3 3 10215
PbL2 4.78 1.7 3 1025 NiL2 15.2 6 3 10216

*The designations a, b, or g after some formulas refer to particular crystalline forms (which are customarily identified by Greek
letters). Data for salts except oxalates are taken mainly from A. E. Martell and R. M. Smith, Critical Stability Constants, Vol. 4
(New York: Plenum Press, 1976). Data for oxalates are from L. G. Sillén and A. E. Martell, Stability Constants of Metal-Ion
Complexes, Supplement No. 1 (London: The Chemical Society, Special Publication No. 25, 1971). Another source: R. M. H. Verbeeck
et al., Inorg. Chem. 1984, 23, 1922.
Conditions are 258C and zero ionic strength unless otherwise indicated: (a) 198C; (b) 208C; (c) 388C; (d) 0.1 M; (e) 0.2 M; (f) 0.5 M;
(g) 1 M; (h) 3 M; (i) 4 M; (j) 5 M.

(Continued)

APPENDIX F Solubility Products AP23

Formula pK sp K sp Formula pKsp K sp
Hydroxides: L 5 OH2—(Continued) Phosphates: L 5 PO342
CuL2 19.32 4.8 3 10220 MgHL ? 3H2O ( Δ Mg21 1 HL22 ) 5.78 1.7 3 1026
VL3 34.4 4.0 3 10235 CaHL ? 2H2O ( Δ Ca21 1 HL22 ) 6.58 2.6 3 1027
CrL3 (d) 29.8 1.6 3 10230 SrHL ( Δ Sr21 1 HL22 ) (b) 6.92 1.2 3 1027
FeL3 38.8 1.6 3 10239 BaHL ( Δ Ba21 1 HL22 ) (b) 7.40 4.0 3 1028
CoL3 (a) 44.5 3 3 10245 LaL (f) 22.43 3.7 3 10223
VOL2 ( Δ VO21 1 2OH 2 ) 23.5 3 3 10224 Fe3L2 ? 8H2O 36.0 1 3 10236
PdL2 28.5 3 3 10229 FeL ? 2H2O 26.4 4 3 10227
ZnL2 (amorphous) 15.52 3.0 3 10216 (VO) 3L2 ( Δ 3VO21 1 2L32 ) 25.1 8 3 10226
CdL2 (b) 14.35 4.5 3 10215 Ag3L 17.55 2.8 3 10218
HgO (red) ( Δ Hg21 1 2OH 2 ) 25.44 3.6 3 10226 Hg2HL ( Δ Hg221 1 HL22 ) 12.40 4.0 3 10213
Cu2O ( Δ 2Cu 1 1 2OH 2 ) 29.4 4 3 10230 Zn3L2 ? 4H2O 35.3 5 3 10236
Ag2O ( Δ 2Ag 1 1 2OH 2 ) 15.42 3.8 3 10216 Pb3L2 (c) 43.53 3.0 3 10244
AuL3 5.5 3 3 1026 GaL (g) 21.0 1 3 10221
AlL3 (a) 33.5 3 3 10234 InL (g) 21.63 2.3 3 10222
GaL3 (amorphous) 37 10237
Sulfates: L 5 SO422
InL3 36.9 1.3 3 10237
CaL 4.62 2.4 3 1025
SnO ( Δ Sn21 1 2OH 2 ) 26.2 6 3 10227
SrL 6.50 3.2 3 1027
PbO (yellow) ( Δ Pb21 1 2OH 2 ) 15.1 8 3 10216
BaL 9.96 1.1 3 10210
PbO (red) ( Δ Pb21 1 2OH 2 ) 15.3 5 3 10216
RaL (b) 10.37 4.3 3 10211
Iodates: L 5 IO23 Ag2L 4.83 1.5 3 1025
CaL2 6.15 7.1 3 1027 Hg2L 6.13 7.4 3 1027
SrL2 6.48 3.3 3 1027 PbL 6.20 6.3 3 1027
BaL2 8.81 1.5 3 1029
Sulfides: L 5 S22
YL3 10.15 7.1 3 10211
MnL (pink) 10.5 3 3 10211
LaL3 10.99 1.0 3 10211
MnL (green) 13.5 3 3 10214
CeL3 10.86 1.4 3 10211
FeL 18.1 8 3 10219
ThL4 (f) 14.62 2.4 3 10215
CoL (a) 21.3 5 3 10222
UO2L2 ( Δ UO221 1 2IO32 )(e) 7.01 9.8 3 1028
CoL (b) 25.6 3 3 10226
CrL3 (f) 5.3 5 3 1026
NiL (a) 19.4 4 3 10220
AgL 7.51 3.1 3 1028
NiL (b) 24.9 1.3 3 10225
Hg2L2 17.89 1.3 3 10218
NiL (g) 26.6 3 3 10227
TlL 5.51 3.1 3 1026
CuL 36.1 8 3 10237
ZnL2 5.41 3.9 3 1026
Cu2L 48.5 3 3 10249
CdL2 7.64 2.3 3 1028
Ag2L 50.1 8 3 10251
PbL2 12.61 2.5 3 10213
Tl2L 21.2 6 3 10222
Iodides: L 5 I2 ZnL (a) 24.7 2 3 10225
CuL 12.0 1 3 10212 ZnL (b) 22.5 3 3 10223
AgL 16.08 8.3 3 10217 CdL 27.0 1 3 10227
CH3HgL ( Δ CH3Hg 1 1 I 2 ) (b, g) 11.46 3.5 3 10212 HgL (black) 52.7 2 3 10253
CH3CH2HgL ( Δ CH3CH2Hg 1 1 I 2 ) 4.11 7.8 3 1025 HgL (red) 53.3 5 3 10254
TlL 7.23 5.9 3 1028 SnL 25.9 1.3 3 10226
Hg2L2 28.34 4.6 3 10229 PbL 27.5 3 3 10228
SnL2 (i) 5.08 8.3 3 1026 In2L3 69.4 4 3 10270
PbL2 8.10 7.9 3 1029
Thiocyanates: L 5 SCN2
C2O422
Oxalates: L 5 CuL (j) 13.40 4.0 3 10214
CaL (b, d) 7.9 1.3 3 1028 AgL 11.97 1.1 3 10212
SrL (b, d) 6.4 4 3 1027 Hg2L2 19.52 3.0 3 10220
BaL (b, d) 6.0 1 3 1026 TlL 3.79 1.6 3 1024
La2L3 (b, d) 25.0 1 3 10225 HgL2 19.56 2.8 3 10220
ThL2 (g) 21.38 4.2 3 10222
UO2L ( Δ UO221 1 C2O422 ) (b, d) 8.66 2.2 3 1029

AP24 APPENDIX F Solubility Products

 APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
Ionic strength (m) 5 0 m 5 0.1 M§
† ‡
Name Structure* pKa Ka pKa†

Acetic acid CH3CO2H 4.756 1.75 3 1025 4.56

(ethanoic acid)

NH⫹3

Alanine CHCH3 2.344 (CO2H) 4.53 3 1023 2.33

9.868 (NH3) 1.36 3 10210 9.71
CO2H

Aminobenzene NH⫹3 4.601 2.51 3 1025 4.64

(aniline)

4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid ⫺O S
3
NH⫹3 3.232 5.86 3 1024 3.01
(sulfanilic acid)

NH⫹3
2-Aminobenzoic acid 2.08 (CO2H) 8.3 3 1023 2.01
(anthranilic acid) CO2H 4.96 (NH3) 1.10 3 1025 4.78

1
2-Aminoethanethiol HSCH2CH2NH3 —— 8.21 (SH)
(2-mercaptoethylamine) —— 10.73 (NH3)
1
2-Aminoethanol HOCH2CH2NH3 9.498 3.18 3 10210 9.52
(ethanolamine)

OH
4.70 (NH3) (20°) 2.0 3 1025 4.74
2-Aminophenol
9.97 (OH) (20°) 1.05 3 10210 9.87
NH⫹3
1
Ammonia NH4 9.245 5.69 3 10210 9.26

NH⫹3
NH⫹2 1.823 (CO2H) 1.50 3 1022 2.03
Arginine CHCH2CH2CH2NHC 8.991 (NH3) 1.02 3 1029 9.00
NH2 —— (NH2) —— (12.1)
CO2H

O
2.24 5.8 3 1023 2.15
Arsenic acid HO As OH 6.96 1.10 3 1027 6.65
(hydrogen arsenate) (11.50) 3.2 3 10212 (11.18)
OH

Arsenious acid As(OH)3 9.29 5.1 3 10210 9.14

(hydrogen arsenite)

NH⫹3 O

Asparagine CHCH2CNH2 —— —— 2.16 (CO2H)

—— —— 8.73 (NH3)
CO2H

*Each acid is written in its protonated form. The acidic protons are indicated in bold type.
†
pKa values refer to 258C unless otherwise indicated. Values in parentheses are considered to be less reliable. Data are from
A. E. Martell, R. M. Smith, and R. J. Motekaitis, NIST Database 46 (Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and
Technology, 2001).
‡
The accurate way to calculate Kb for the conjugate base is pKb 5 13.995 2 pKa and Kb 5 102pKb.
§
See marginal note on page 191 for distinction between pKa at ␮ 5 0 and at ␮ 5 0.1 M.
(Continued)

APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants AP25

 Ionic strength (m) 5 0 m 5 0.1 M
Name Structure pKa Ka pKa

NH⫹3
␤ 1.990 (a-CO2H) 1.02 3 1022 1.95
Aspartic acid CHCH2CO2H 3.900 (b-CO2H) 1.26 3 1024 3.71
10.002 (NH3) 9.95 3 10211 9.96
␣ CO2H

Aziridine NH⫹2 8.04 9.1 3 1029 ——

(dimethyleneimine)

CO2H 2.86 1.38 3 1023 2.67

Benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid CO2H 4.30 5.0 3 1025 3.91
(hemimellitic acid) 6.28 5.2 3 1027 5.50
CO2H

Benzoic acid CO2H 4.202 6.28 3 1025 4.01

Benzylamine CH2NH⫹3 9.35 4.5 3 10210 9.40

—— —— (1.3)
2,29-Bipyridine 4.34 4.6 3 1025 4.41
N⫹ ⫹N
H H

9.237 5.79 3 10210 8.98

Boric acid B(OH)3 (12.74) (20°) 1.82 3 10213 ——
(hydrogen borate) (13.80) (20°) 1.58 3 10214 ——

Bromoacetic acid BrCH2CO2H 2.902 1.25 3 1023 2.71

HON NOH
Butane-2,3-dione dioxime 10.66 2.2 3 10211 10.45
(dimethylglyoxime) CH3 CH3 (12.0) 1 3 10212 (11.9)

Butanoic acid CH3CH2CH2CO2H 4.818 1.52 3 1025 4.62

CO2H
cis-Butenedioic acid 1.92 1.20 3 1022 1.75
(maleic acid) CO2H 6.27 5.37 3 1027 5.84

CO2H
trans-Butenedioic acid 3.02 9.5 3 1024 2.84
(fumaric acid) 4.48 3.3 3 1025 4.09
HO2C

1
Butylamine CH3CH2CH2CH2NH3 10.640 2.29 3 10211 10.66

O
Carbonic acid* 6.351 4.46 3 1027 6.13
(hydrogen carbonate) HO C OH 10.329 4.69 3 10211 9.91

Chloroacetic acid ClCH2CO2H 2.865 1.36 3 1023 2.69

3-Chloropropanoic acid ClCH2CH2CO2H 4.11 7.8 3 1025 3.92

Chlorous acid HOCl£O 1.96 1.10 3 1022 ——

(hydrogen chlorite)

*The concentration of “carbonic acid” is considered to be the sum [H2CO3] 1 [CO2(aq)]. See Box 6-4.

AP26 APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants

 Ionic strength (m) 5 0 m 5 0.1 M
Name Structure pKa Ka pKa

Chromic acid HO Cr OH (20.2) (20°) 1.6 (20.6) (208C)

(hydrogen chromate) 6.51 3.1 3 1027 6.05
O

Citric acid CO2H 3.128 7.44 3 1024 2.90

(2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3- 4.761 1.73 3 1025 4.35
tricarboxylic acid) HO2CCH2CCH2CO2H 6.396 4.02 3 1027 5.70
OH

Cyanoacetic acid NCCH2CO2H 2.472 3.37 3 1023 ——

Cyclohexylamine NH⫹3 10.567 2.71 3 10211 10.62

NH⫹3 (1.7) (CO2H) 2 3 1022 (1.90)

Cysteine 8.36 (SH) 4.4 3 1029 8.18
CHCH2SH 10.74 (NH3) 1.82 3 10211 10.30
CO2H

Dichloroacetic acid Cl2CHCO2H (1.1) 8 3 1022 (0.9)

1
Diethylamine (CH3CH2)2NH2 11.00 1.0 3 10211 11.04

OH
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene 9.45 3.5 3 10210 9.26
(catechol) —— —— (13.3)
OH

OH
1,3-Dihydroxybenzene —— —— 9.30
(resorcinol) —— —— 11.06
OH

OH

d-2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic HO2CCHCHCO2H 3.036 9.20 3 1024 2.82

acid (d-tartaric acid) 4.366 4.31 3 1025 3.97
OH

HOCH2CHCH2SH
2,3-Dimercaptopropanol —— —— 8.63
SH —— —— 10.65

Dimethylamine (CH3)2NH21 10.774 1.68 3 10211 10.81

NO2
2,4-Dinitrophenol 4.114 7.69 3 1025 3.92
O2N OH

Ethane-1,2-dithiol HSCH2CH2SH —— —— 8.85 (308C)

—— —— 10.43 (308C)

Ethylamine CH3CH2NH31 10.673 2.12 3 10211 10.69

Ethylenediamine ⫹ ⫹ 6.848 1.42 3 1027 7.11

(1,2-diaminoethane) H3NCH2CH2NH3 1.18 3 10210
9.928 9.92

(Continued)

APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants AP27

 Ionic strength (m) 5 0 m 5 0.1 M
Name Structure pKa Ka pKa

—— (CO2H) —— (0.0) (CO2H) (m 5 1 M)

—— (CO2H) —— (1.5) (CO2H)
⫹ ⫹
Ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic (HO2CCH2)2NHCH2CH2NH(CH2CO2H)2 —— (CO2H) —— 2.00 (CO2H)
acid (EDTA) —— (CO2H) —— 2.69 (CO2H)
6.273 (NH) 5.3 3 1027 6.13 (NH)
10.948 (NH) 1.13 3 10211 10.37 (NH)

Formic acid HCO2H 3.744 1.80 3 1024 3.57

(methanoic acid)

NH⫹3
␥ 2.160 (a-CO2H) 6.92 3 1023 2.16
Glutamic acid CHCH2CH2CO2H 4.30 (g-CO2H) 5.0 3 1025 4.15
9.96 (NH3) 1.10 3 10210 9.58
␣ CO2H

NH⫹3 O
Glutamine CHCH2CH2CNH2 —— —— 2.19 (CO2H)
—— —— 9.00 (NH3)
CO2H

NH⫹3

Glycine CH2 2.350 (CO2H) 4.47 3 1023 2.33

(aminoacetic acid) 9.778 (NH3) 1.67 3 10210 9.57
CO2H

⫹NH
2
Guanidine —— —— (13.5) (m 5 1 M)
H2N C NH2

1,6-Hexanedioic acid 4.424 3.77 3 1025 4.26

(adipic acid) HO2CCH2CH2CH2CH2CO2H 5.420 3.80 3 1026 5.04

O O
Hexane-2,4-dione 9.38 4.2 3 10210 9.11 (208C)
CH3CCH2CCH2CH3

NH⫹3
NH ( 1.6) (CO2H) 3 3 1022 (1.7)
Histidine CHCH2 ⫹ 5.97 (NH) 1.07 3 1026 6.05
N 9.28 (NH3) 5.2 3 10210 9.10
CO2H H

1 1
Hydrazine H3N 2 NH3 20.99 1.0 3 101 (20.21) (m 5 0.5 M)
7.98 1.05 3 1028 8.07

⫹ ⫺
Hydrazoic acid HN N N 4.65 2.2 3 1025 4.45
(hydrogen azide)

Hydrogen cyanate HOCΩN 3.48 3.3 3 1024 ——

210
Hydrogen cyanide HCΩN 9.21 6.2 3 10 9.04

Hydrogen fluoride HF 3.17 6.8 3 1024 2.94

212
Hydrogen peroxide HOOH 11.65 2.2 3 10 ——
28
Hydrogen sulfide H2S 7.02 9.5 3 10 6.82
14.0* 1.0 3 10214* ——

Hydrogen thiocyanate HSCΩN (21.1) (20°C) 1.3 3 101 ——

Hydroxyacetic acid HOCH2CO2H 3.832 1.48 3 1024 3.62

(glycolic acid)
*D. J. Phillips and S. L. Phillips. “High Temperature Dissociation Constants of HS2 and the Standard Thermodynamic Values for S22,”
J. Chem. Eng. Data 2000, 45, 981.

AP28 APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants

 Ionic strength (m) 5 0 m 5 0.1 M
Name Structure pKa Ka pKa
210
Hydroxybenzene 9.997 1.01 3 10 9.78
OH
(phenol)

CO2H
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid 2.972 (CO2H) 1.07 3 1023 2.80
(salicylic acid) (13.7) (OH) 2 3 10214 (13.4)
OH

OH
l-Hydroxybutanedioic acid 3.459 3.48 3 1024 3.24
(malic acid) HO2CCH2CHCO2H 5.097 8.00 3 1026 4.68

1
Hydroxylamine HONH3 5.96 (NH) 1.10 3 1026 5.96
(13.74) (OH) 1.8 3 10214 ——

8-Hydroxyquinoline 4.94 (NH) 1.15 3 1025 4.97

N⫹
(oxine) H 9.82 (OH) 1.51 3 10210 9.65
HO

Hypobromous acid HOBr 8.63 2.3 3 1029 ——

(hydrogen hypobromite)

Hypochlorous acid HOCl 7.53 3.0 3 1028 ——

(hydrogen hypochlorite)

Hypoiodous acid HOI 10.64 2.3 3 10211 ——

(hydrogen hypoiodite)

O
Hypophosphorous acid (1.3) 5 3 1022 (1.1)
(hydrogen hypophosphite) H2POH

Imidazole NH⫹ 6.993 1.02 3 1027 7.00

(1,3-diazole) (14.5) 3 3 10215 ——
N
H

⫹
(1.85) (CO2H) 1.41 3 1022 (1.77)
Iminodiacetic acid H2N(CH2CO2H)2 2.84 (CO2H) 1.45 3 1023 2.62
9.79 (NH2 ) 1.62 3 10210 9.34

O
Iodic acid 0.77 0.17 ——
(hydrogen iodate) HOI O

Iodoacetic acid ICH2CO2H 3.175 6.68 3 1024 2.98

NH⫹3
Isoleucine CHCH(CH3)CH2CH3 2.318 (CO2H) 4.81 3 1023 2.26
9.758 (NH3) 1.75 3 10210 9.60
CO2H

NH⫹3
Leucine CHCH2CH(CH3)2 2.328 (CO2H) 4.70 3 1023 2.32
9.744 (NH3) 1.80 3 10210 9.58
CO2H

␣ NH⫹
3
⑀ (1.77) (CO2H) 1.7 3 1022 2.15
Lysine CHCH2CH2CH2CH2NH⫹3 9.07 (a-NH3) 8.5 3 10210 9.15
10.82 (e-NH3) 1.51 3 10211 10.66
CO2H

(Continued)

APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants AP29

 Ionic strength (m) 5 0 m 5 0.1 M
Name Structure pKa Ka pKa
23
Malonic acid HO2CCH2CO2H 2.847 1.42 3 10 2.65
(propanedioic acid) 5.696 2.01 3 1026 5.27

Mercaptoacetic acid HSCH2CO2H 3.64 (CO2H) 2.3 3 1024 3.48

(thioglycolic acid) 10.61 (SH) 2.5 3 10211 10.11

2-Mercaptoethanol HSCH2CH2OH 9.72 1.9 3 10210 9.40

NH⫹3
Methionine CHCH2CH2SCH3 —— —— 2.18 (CO2H)
—— —— 9.08 (NH3)
CO2H

OCH3
2-Methoxyaniline 4.526 2.98 3 1025 ——
(o-anisidine) ⫹
NH3

4-Methoxyaniline ⫹ 5.357 4.40 3 1026 5.33

CH3O NH3
( p-anisidine)
⫹
CH3NH3 10.632 2.33 3 10211 10.65
Methylamine

CH3
2-Methylaniline 4.447 3.57 3 1025 ——
(o-toluidine) ⫹
NH3

⫹
4-Methylaniline CH3 NH3 5.080 8.32 3 1026 5.09
( p-toluidine)

CH3
2-Methylphenol 10.31 4.9 3 10211 10.09
(o-cresol)
OH

4-Methylphenol 10.269 5.38 3 10211 10.04

CH3 OH
( p-cresol)

Morpholine O NH⫹2 8.492 3.22 3 1029 ——

(perhydro-1,4-oxazine)

CO2H
1-Naphthoic acid 3.67 2.1 3 1024 ——

CO2H
2-Naphthoic acid 4.16 6.9 3 1025 ——

OH
1-Naphthol 9.416 3.84 3 10210 9.14

OH
2-Naphthol 9.573 2.67 3 10210 9.31

—— (CO2H) —— (1.0)
⫹ 2.0 (CO2H) (25°) 0.010 1.81
Nitrilotriacetic acid HN(CH2CO2H)3 2.940 (CO2H) (20°) 1.15 3 1023 2.52
10.334 (NH) (20°) 4.63 3 10211 9.46

AP30 APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants

 Ionic strength (m) 5 0 m 5 0.1M
Name Structure pKa Ka pKa

NO2
2-Nitrobenzoic acid 2.185 6.53 3 1023 ——
CO2H

NO2

3-Nitrobenzoic acid 3.449 3.56 3 1024 3.28

CO2H

4-Nitrobenzoic acid O2N CO2H 3.442 3.61 3 1024 3.28

Nitroethane CH3CH2NO2 8.57 2.7 3 1029 ——

NO2
2-Nitrophenol 7.230 5.89 3 1028 7.04
OH

NO2

3-Nitrophenol 8.37 4.3 3 1029 8.16

OH

4-Nitrophenol O2N OH 7.149 7.10 3 1028 6.96

NO
N-Nitrosophenylhydroxylamine N —— —— 4.16
(cupferron) OH

Nitrous acid HON£O 3.15 7.1 3 1024 ——

Oxalic acid HO2CCO2H 1.250 5.62 3 1022 (1.2)

(ethanedioic acid) 4.266 5.42 3 1025 3.80

O
Oxoacetic acid 3.46 3.5 3 1024 3.05
(glyoxylic acid) HCCO2H

O
Oxobutanedioic acid 2.56 2.8 3 1023 2.26
(oxaloacetic acid) HO2CCH2CCO2H 4.37 4.3 3 1025 3.90

O
2-Oxopentanedioic —— —— (1.9) (m 5 0.5 M)
(a-ketoglutaric acid) HO2CCH2CH2CCO2H —— —— 4.44 (m 5 0.5 M)

O
2-Oxopropanoic acid 2.48 3.3 3 1023 2.26
(pyruvic acid) CH3CCO2H

1,5-Pentanedioic acid HO2CCH2CH2CH2CO2H 4.345 4.52 3 1025 4.19

(glutaric acid) 5.422 3.78 3 1026 5.06

Pentanoic acid CH3CH2CH2CH2CO2H 4.843 1.44 3 1025 4.63 (188C)

(valeric acid)
——
1,10-Phenanthroline 4.91 —— (1.8)
1.23 3 1025 4.92
NH HN
⫹ ⫹

Phenylacetic acid CH2CO2H 4.310 4.90 3 1025 4.11

(Continued)

APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants AP31

 Ionic strength (m) 5 0 m 5 0.1 M
Name Structure pKa Ka pKa

NH⫹3

Phenylalanine CHCH2 2.20 (CO2H) 6.3 3 1023 2.18

9.31 (NH3) 4.9 3 10210 9.09
CO2H

O
2.148 7.11 3 1023 1.92
Phosphoric acid* HO P OH 7.198 6.34 3 1028 6.71
(hydrogen phosphate) 12.375 4.22 3 10213 11.52
OH

O
Phosphorous acid HP OH (1.5) 3 3 1022 ——
(hydrogen phosphite) 6.78 1.66 3 1027 ——
OH

CO2H
Phthalic acid 2.950 1.12 3 1023 2.76
(benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid)
CO2H 5.408 3.90 3 1026 4.92

Piperazine ⫹ ⫹ 5.333 4.65 3 1026 5.64

H2N NH2
(perhydro-1,4-diazine) 9.731 1.86 3 10210 9.74

⫹
Piperidine NH2 11.125 7.50 3 10212 11.08

Proline CO2H 1.952 (CO2H) 1.12 3 1022 1.89

⫹
N 10.640 (NH2 ) 2.29 3 10211 10.46
H2

Propanoic acid CH3CH2CO2H 4.874 1.34 3 1025 4.69

Propenoic acid H2C£CHCO2H 4.258 5.52 3 1025 ——

(acrylic acid)

Propylamine CH3CH2CH2NH31 10.566 2.72 3 10211 10.64

Pyridine 5.20 6.3 3 1026 5.24

(azine) NH⫹

NH⫹
Pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (1.01) (CO2H) 9.8 3 1022 (0.95)
(picolinic acid) CO2H 5.39 (NH) 4.1 3 1026 5.21

HO2C
Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid 2.03 (CO2H) 9.3 3 1023 2.08
(nicotinic acid) NH⫹ 4.82 (NH) 1.51 3 1025 4.69

O
O CH —— —— (1.4) (POH)
Pyridoxal-5-phosphate HO POCH2 OH —— —— 3.51 (OH)
—— —— 6.04 (POH)
HO N —— —— 8.25 (NH)
⫹ CH3
H

Pyrophosphoric acid O O (0.9) 0.13 (0.8)

(hydrogen diphosphate) 2.28 5.2 3 1023 (1.9)
(HO)2POP(OH)2 6.70 2.0 3 1027 5.94
9.40 4.0 3 10210 8.25

*pK3 from A. G. Miller and J. W. Macklin, Anal. Chem. 1983, 55, 684.

AP32 APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants

 Ionic strength (m) 5 0 m 5 0.1M
Name Structure pKa Ka pKa

Pyrrolidine NH⫹2 11.305 4.95 3 10212 11.3

NH⫹3
Serine CHCH2OH 2.187 (CO2H) 6.50 3 1023 2.16
9.209 (NH3) 6.18 3 10210 9.05
CO2H

Succinic acid HO2CCH2CH2CO2H 4.207 6.21 3 1025 3.99

(butanedioic acid) 5.636 2.31 3 1026 5.24
O
Sulfuric acid HO S OH 1.987 (pK2 ) 1.03 3 1022 1.54
(hydrogen sulfate)
O

O
Sulfurous acid 1.857 1.39 3 1022 1.66
(hydrogen sulfite) HOSOH 7.172 6.73 3 1028 6.85

O
Thiosulfuric acid (0.6) 0.3 ——
(hydrogen thiosulfate) HOSSH (1.6) 0.03 (1.3)
O

NH⫹3
Threonine CHCHOHCH3 2.088 (CO2H) 8.17 3 1023 2.20
9.100 (NH3) 7.94 3 10210 8.94
CO2H

Trichloroacetic acid Cl3CCO2H (20.5) 3 ——

Triethanolamine (HOCH2CH2)3NH1 7.762 1.73 3 1028 7.85

Triethylamine (CH3CH2)3NH1 10.72 1.9 3 10211 10.76

OH
1,2,3-Trihydroxybenzene OH —— —— 8.96
(pyrogallol) —— —— 11.00
OH —— —— (14.0) (208C)

Trimethylamine (CH3)3NH1 9.799 1.59 3 10210 9.82

Tris(hydroxymethyl)amino- (HOCH2)3CNH31 8.072 8.47 3 10 29

8.10
methane (tris or tham)

NH⫹3
Tryptophan CHCH2 —— —— 2.37 (CO2H)
—— —— 9.33 (NH3)
CO2H N
H

NH⫹3
—— —— 2.41 (CO2H)
Tyrosine CHCH2 OH —— —— 8.67 (NH3)
—— —— 11.01 (OH)
CO2H

NH⫹3
Valine CHCH(CH3)2 2.286 (CO2H) 5.18 3 1023 2.27
9.719 (NH3) 1.91 3 10210 9.52
CO2H

Water* H2O 13.997 1.01 3 10214 ——

*The constant given for water is Kw.

APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants AP33

 APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials*

Reaction E8 (volts) dE8/dT (mV/K)

Aluminum
Al31 1 3e2 T Al(s) 21.677 0.533
AlCl21 1 3e2 T Al(s) 1 Cl2 21.802
AlF632 1 3e2 T Al(s) 1 6F2 22.069
Al(OH)2 2
4 1 3e T Al(s) 1 4OH
2
22.328 21.13
Antimony
SbO1 1 2H1 1 3e2 T Sb(s) 1 H2O 0.208
Sb2O3(s) 1 6H1 1 6e2 T 2Sb(s) 1 3H2O 0.147 20.369
Sb(s) 1 3H1 1 3e2 T SbH3(g) 20.510 20.030
Arsenic
H3AsO4 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H3AsO3 1 H2O 0.575 20.257
H3AsO3 1 3H1 1 3e2 T As(s) 1 3H2O 0.247 5 20.505
As(s) 1 3H1 1 3e2 T AsH3(g) 20.238 20.029
Barium
Ba21 1 2e2 1 Hg T Ba(in Hg) 21.717
Ba21 1 2e2 T Ba(s) 22.906 20.401
Beryllium
Be21 1 2e2 T Be(s) 21.968 0.60
Bismuth
Bi31 1 3e2 T Bi(s) 0.308 0.18
BiCl2 2
4 1 3e T Bi(s) 1 4Cl
2
0.16
BiOCl(s) 1 2H1 1 3e2 T Bi(s) 1 H2O 1 Cl2 0.160
Boron
2B(s) 1 6H1 1 6e2 T B2H6(g) 20.150 20.296
B4O722 1 14H1 1 12e2 T 4B(s) 1 7H2O 20.792
B(OH)3 1 3H1 1 3e2 T B(s) 1 3H2O 20.889 20.492
Bromine
BrO2 1 2
4 1 2H 1 2e T BrO3 1 H2O
2
1.745 20.511
1 2T1
HOBr 1 H 1 e 2 Br2(l) 1 H2O 1.584 20.75
1
BrO2 1 2
3 1 6H 1 5e T 2 Br2(l) 1 3H2O 1.513 20.419
2T 2
Br2(aq) 1 2e 2Br 1.098 20.499
Br2(l) 1 2e2 T 2Br2 1.078 20.611
Br2 2
3 1 2e T 3Br
2
1.062 20.512
BrO2 1 H2O 1 2e2 T Br2 1 2OH2 0.766 20.94
BrO2 2 2
3 1 3H2O 1 6e T Br 1 6OH
2
0.613 21.287
Cadmium
Cd21 1 2e2 1 Hg T Cd(in Hg) 20.380
Cd21 1 2e2 T Cd(s) 20.402 20.029
Cd(C2O4)(s) 1 2e2 T Cd(s) 1 C2O422 20.522
Cd(C2O4)222 1 2e2 T Cd(s) 1 2C2O422 20.572
Cd(NH3)421 1 2e2 T Cd(s) 1 4NH3 20.613
CdS(s) 1 2e2 T Cd(s) 1 S22 21.175
Calcium
Ca(s) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T CaH2(s) 0.776
Ca21 1 2e2 1 Hg T Ca(in Hg) 22.003
Ca21 1 2e2 T Ca(s) 22.868 20.186

*All species are aqueous unless otherwise indicated. The reference state for amalgams is an infinitely dilute solution of the element in
Hg. The temperature coefficient, dE8/dT, allows us to calculate the standard potential, E8(T), at temperature T: E8(T) 5 E8 1 (dE8/dT)DT,
where DT is T 2 298.15 K. Note the units mV/K for dE8/dT. Once you know E8 for a net cell reaction at temperature T, you can
find the equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction from the formula K 5 10nFE°/RT ln 10, where n is the number of electrons in each
half-reaction, F is the Faraday constant, and R is the gas constant.
SOURCES: The most authoritative source is S. G. Bratsch, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1989, 18, 1. Additional data come from L. G.
Sillén and A. E. Martell, Stability Constants of Metal-Ion Complexes (London: The Chemical Society, Special Publications Nos. 17
and 25. 1964 and 1971); G. Milazzo and S. Caroli, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials (New York: Wiley, 1978); T. Mussini, P.
Longhi, and S. Rondinini, Pure Appl. Chem. 1985, 57, 169. Another good source is A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan. Standard
Potentials in Aqueous Solution (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1985). Reduction potentials for 1 200 free radical reactions are given by
P. Wardman, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1989, 18, 1637.

AP34 APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials

Reaction E8 (volts) dE8/dT (mV/K)
1 2 2
Ca(acetate) 1 2e T Ca(s) 1 acetate 22.891
CaSO4(s) 1 2e2 T Ca(s) 1 SO422 22.936
Ca(malonate)(s) 1 2e2 T Ca(s) 1 malonate22 23.608
Carbon
C2H2(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T C2H4(g) 0.731
0.700
O O  2H  2e T HO OH
1 2
CH3OH 1 2H 1 2e T CH4(g) 1 H2O 0.583 20.039
Dehydroascorbic acid 1 2H1 1 2e2 T ascorbic acid 1 H2O 0.390
(CN)2(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T 2HCN(aq) 0.373
H2CO 1 2H1 1 2e2 T CH3OH 0.237 20.51
C(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T CH4(g) 0.131 5 20.209 2
HCO2H 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H2CO 1 H2O 20.029 20.63
CO2(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T CO(g) 1 H2O 20.103 8 20.397 7
CO2(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T HCO2H 20.114 20.94
2CO2(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H2C2O4 20.432 21.76
Cerium
1.72 1.54

14243
1.70 1 F HClO4
Ce41 1 e2 T Ce31 1.44 1 F H2SO4
1.61 1 F HNO3
1.47 1 F HCl
Ce31 1 3e2 T Ce(s) 22.336 0.280
Cesium
Cs1 1 e2 1 Hg T Cs(in Hg) 21.950
Cs1 1 e2 T Cs(s) 23.026 21.172
Chlorine
HClO2 1 2H1 1 2e2 T HOCl 1 H2O 1.674 0.55
HClO 1 H1 1 e2 T 12Cl2(g) 1 H2O 1.630 20.27
1
ClO2 1 2
3 1 6H 1 5e T 2 Cl2(g) 1 3H2O 1.458 20.347
2T 2
Cl2(aq) 1 2e 2Cl 1.396 20.72
Cl2(g) 1 2e2 T 2Cl2 1.360 4 21.248
ClO2 1 2 2
4 1 2H 1 2e T ClO3 1 H2O 1.226 20.416
2 1 2T
ClO3 1 3H 1 2e HClO2 1 H2O 1.157 20.180
ClO2 1 2
3 1 2H 1 e T ClO2 1 H2O 1.130 0.074
ClO2 1 e2 T ClO22 1.068 21.335
Chromium
Cr2O722 1 14H1 1 6e2 T 2Cr31 1 7H2O 1.36 21.32
CrO422 1 4H2O 1 3e2 T Cr(OH)3 (s, hydrated) 1 5OH2 20.12 21.62
Cr31 1 e2 T Cr21 20.42 1.4
Cr31 1 3e2 T Cr(s) 20.74 0.44
Cr21 1 2e2 T Cr(s) 20.89 20.04
Cobalt
1.92 1.23
123

Co31 1 e2 T Co21 1.817 8 F H2SO4

1.850 4 F HNO3
Co(NH3)5(H2O)31 1 e2 T Co(NH3)5(H2O)21 0.37 1 F NH4NO3
Co(NH3)31 2
6 1 e T Co(NH3)6
21
0.1
CoOH1 1 H1 1 2e2 T Co(s) 1 H2O 0.003 20.04
Co21 1 2e2 T Co(s) 20.282 0.065
Co(OH)2(s) 1 2e2 T Co(s) 1 2OH2 20.746 21.02
Copper
Cu1 1 e2 T Cu(s) 0.518 20.754
Cu21 1 2e2 T Cu(s) 0.339 0.011
Cu21 1 e2 T Cu1 0.161 0.776
CuCl(s) 1 e2 T Cu(s) 1 Cl2 0.137
Cu(IO3)2(s) 1 2e2 T Cu(s) 1 2IO2
3 20.079
Cu(ethylenediamine)21 1 e2 T Cu(s) 1 2 ethylenediamine 20.119
CuI(s) 1 e2 T Cu(s) 1 I2 20.185
Cu(EDTA)22 1 2e2 T Cu(s) 1 EDTA42 20.216
Cu(OH)2(s) 1 2e2 T Cu(s) 1 2OH2 20.222
Cu(CN)2 2
2 1 e T Cu(s) 1 2CN
2
20.429
CuCN(s) 1 e2 T Cu(s) 1 CN2 20.639

(Continued)

APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials AP35

Reaction E8 (volts) dE8/dT (mV/K)
Dysprosium
Dy31 1 3e2 T Dy(s) 22.295 0.373
Erbium
Er31 1 3e2 T Er(s) 22.331 0.388
Europium
Eu31 1 e2 T Eu21 20.35 1.53
Eu31 1 3e2 T Eu(s) 21.991 0.338
Eu21 1 2e2 T Eu(s) 22.812 20.26
Fluorine
F2(g) 1 2e2 T 2F2 2.890 21.870
F2O(g) 1 2H1 1 4e2 T 2F2 1 H2O 2.168 21.208
Gadolinium
Gd31 1 3e2 T Gd(s) 22.279 0.315
Gallium
Ga31 1 3e2 T Ga(s) 20.549 0.61
GaOOH(s) 1 H2O 1 3e2 T Ga(s) 1 3OH2 21.320 21.08
Germanium
Ge21 1 2e2 T Ge(s) 0.1
H4GeO4 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Ge(s) 1 4H2O 20.039 20.429
Gold
Au1 1 e2 T Au(s) 1.69 21.1
Au31 1 2e2 T Au1 1.41
AuCl2 2
2 1 e T Au(s) 1 2Cl
2
1.154
2 2T
AuCl4 1 2e AuCl2 1 2Cl2
2
0.926
Hafnium
Hf 41 1 4e2 T Hf(s) 21.55 0.68
HfO2(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Hf(s) 1 2H2O 21.591 20.355
Holmium
Ho31 1 3e2 T Ho(s) 22.33 0.371
Hydrogen
2H1 1 2e2 T H2(g) 0.000 0 0
H2O 1 e2 T 12H2(g) 1 OH2 20.828 0 20.836 0
Indium
In31 1 3e2 1 Hg T In(in Hg) 20.313
In31 1 3e2 T In(s) 20.338 0.42
In31 1 2e2 T In1 20.444
In(OH)3(s) 1 3e2 T In(s) 1 3OH2 20.99 20.95
Iodine
IO2 1 2 2
4 1 2H 1 2e T IO3 1 H2O 1.589 20.85
1 2T
H5IO6 1 2H 1 2e HIO3 1 3H2O 1.567 20.12
HOI 1 H1 1 e2 T 12I2(s) 1 H2O 1.430 20.339
ICl3(s) 1 3e2 T 12I2(s) 1 3Cl2 1.28
ICl(s) 1 e2 T 12I2(s) 1 Cl2 1.22
1
IO2 1 2
3 1 6H 1 5e T 2 I2(s) 1 3H2O 1.210 20.367
IO2 3 1 5H1
1 4e2T
HOI 1 2H2O 1.154 20.374
I2(aq) 1 2e2 T 2I2 0.620 20.234
I2(s) 1 2e2 T 2I2 0.535 20.125
I2 2
3 1 2e T 3I
2
0.535 20.186
IO2 3 1 3H2O 1 6e2 T I2 1 6OH2 0.269 21.163
Iridium
IrCl622 1 e2 T IrCl632 1.026 1 F HCl
IrBr622 1 e2 T IrBr632 0.947 2 F NaBr
IrCl622 1 4e2 T Ir(s) 1 6Cl2 0.835
IrO2(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Ir(s) 1 2H2O 0.73 20.36
IrI622 1 e2 T IrI632 0.485 1 F KI
Iron
Fe(phenanthroline)31 2 21
3 1 e T Fe(phenanthroline)3 1.147
31 2T 21
Fe(bipyridyl)3 1 e Fe(bipyridyl)3 1.120
FeOH21 1 H1 1 e2 T Fe21 1 H2O 0.900 0.096
FeO422 1 3H2O 1 3e2 T FeOOH(s) 1 5OH2 0.80 21.59
14243

0.771 1.175
0.732 1 F HCl
Fe31 1 e2 T Fe21 0.767 1 F HClO4
0.746 1 F HNO3
0.68 1 F H2SO4

AP36 APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials

Reaction E8 (volts) dE8/dT (mV/K)
1 2 21
FeOOH(s) 1 3H 1 e T Fe 1 2H2O 0.74 21.05
Ferricinium1 1 e2 T ferrocene 0.400
Fe(CN)632 1 e2 T Fe(CN)642 0.356
Fe(glutamate)31 1 e2 T Fe(glutamate)21 0.240
FeOH1 1 H1 1 2e2 T Fe(s) 1 H2O 20.16 0.07
Fe21 1 2e2 T Fe(s) 20.44 0.07
FeCO3(s) 1 2e2 T Fe(s) 1 CO22 3 20.756 21.293
Lanthanum
La31 1 3e2 T La(s) 22.379 0.242
La(succinate)1 1 3e2 T La(s) 1 succinate22 22.601
Lead
Pb41 1 2e2 T Pb21 1.69 1 F HNO3
PbO2(s) 1 4H1 1 SO422 1 2e2 T PbSO4(s) 1 2H2O 1.685
PbO2(s) 1 4H1 1 2e2 T Pb21 1 2H2O 1.458 20.253
3PbO2(s) 1 2H2O 1 4e2 T Pb3O4(s) 1 4OH2 0.269 21.136
Pb3O4(s) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T 3PbO(s, red) 1 2OH2 0.224 21.211
Pb3O4(s) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T 3PbO(s, yellow) 1 2OH2 0.207 21.177
Pb21 1 2e2 T Pb(s) 20.126 20.395
PbF2(s) 1 2e2 T Pb(s) 1 2F2 20.350
PbSO4(s) 1 2e2 T Pb(s) 1 SO422 20.355
Lithium
Li1 1 e2 1 Hg T Li(in Hg) 22.195
Li1 1 e2 T Li(s) 23.040 20.514
Lutetium
Lu31 1 3e2 T Lu(s) 22.28 0.412
Magnesium
Mg21 1 2e2 1 Hg T Mg(in Hg) 21.980
Mg(OH)1 1 H1 1 2e2 T Mg(s) 1 H2O 22.022 0.25
Mg21 1 2e2 T Mg(s) 22.360 0.199
Mg(C2O4)(s) 1 2e2 T Mg(s) 1 C2O422 22.493
Mg(OH)2(s) 1 2e2 T Mg(s) 1 2OH2 22.690 20.946
Manganese
MnO2 1 2
4 1 4H 1 3e T MnO2(s) 1 2H2O 1.692 20.671
Mn31 1 e2 T Mn21 1.56 1.8
MnO2 1 2
4 1 8H 1 5e T Mn
21
1 4H2O 1.507 20.646
Mn2O3(s) 1 6H1 1 2e2 T 2Mn21 1 3H2O 1.485 20.926
MnO2(s) 1 4H1 1 2e2 T Mn21 1 2H2O 1.230 20.609
Mn(EDTA)2 1 e2 T Mn(EDTA)22 0.825 21.10
MnO2 2
4 1 e T MnO4
22
0.56 22.05
3Mn2O3(s) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T 2Mn3O4(s) 1 2OH2 0.002 21.256
Mn3O4(s) 1 4H2O 1 2e2 T 3Mn(OH)2(s) 1 2OH2 20.352 21.61
Mn21 1 2e2 T Mn(s) 21.182 21.129
Mn(OH)2(s) 1 2e2 T Mn(s) 1 2OH2 21.565 21.10
Mercury
2Hg21 1 2e2 T Hg212 0.908 0.095
Hg21 1 2e2 T Hg(l) 0.852 20.116
Hg21 2
2 1 2e T 2Hg(l) 0.796 20.327
Hg2SO4(s) 1 2e2 T 2Hg(l) 1 SO422 0.614
0.268
123

Hg2Cl2(s) 1 2e2 T 2Hg(l) 1 2Cl2

0.241 (saturated calomel electrode)
Hg(OH)2 2
3 1 2e T Hg(l) 1 3OH
2
0.231
Hg(OH)2 1 2e2 T Hg(l) 1 2OH2 0.206 21.24
Hg2Br2(s) 1 2e2 T 2Hg(l) 1 2Br2 0.140
HgO(s, yellow) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T Hg(l) 1 2OH2 0.098 3 21.125
HgO(s, red) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T Hg(l) 1 2OH2 0.097 7 21.120 6
Molybdenum
MoO422 1 2H2O 1 2e2 T MoO2(s) 1 4OH2 20.818 21.69
MoO422 1 4H2O 1 6e2 T Mo(s) 1 8OH2 20.926 21.36
MoO2(s) 1 2H2O 1 4e2 T Mo(s) 1 4OH2 20.980 21.196
Neodymium
Nd31 1 3e2 T Nd(s) 22.323 0.282
Neptunium
NpO31 1 2H1 1 e2 T NpO21 2 1 H2O 2.04
NpO21 2
2 1 e T NpO2
1
1.236 0.058

(Continued)

APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials AP37

Reaction E8 (volts) dE8/dT (mV/K)
NpO21 1 2
1 4H 1 e T Np 41
1 2H2O 0.567 23.30
Np 1 e2 T Np31
41
0.157 1.53
Np31 1 3e2 T Np(s) 21.768 0.18
Nickel
NiOOH(s) 1 3H1 1 e2 T Ni21 1 2H2O 2.05 21.17
Ni21 1 2e2 T Ni(s) 20.236 0.146
Ni(CN)422 1 e2 T Ni(CN)22
3 1 CN
2
20.401
2T 2
Ni(OH)2(s) 1 2e Ni(s) 1 2OH 20.714 21.02
Niobium
1 1
2 Nb2O5(s) 1 H 1 e
2T
NbO2(s) 1 12H2O 20.248 20.460
1 1
2 Nb2O5(s) 1 5H 1 5e
2T
Nb(s) 1 52H2O 20.601 20.381
1 2T
NbO2(s) 1 2H 1 2e NbO(s) 1 H2O 20.646 20.347
NbO2(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Nb(s) 1 2H2O 20.690 20.361
Nitrogen
HN3 1 3H1 1 2e2 T N2(g) 1 NH1 4 2.079 0.147
N2O(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T N2(g) 1 H2O 1.769 20.461
2NO(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T N2O(g) 1 H2O 1.587 21.359
NO1 1 e2 T NO(g) 1.46
2NH3OH1 1 H1 1 2e2 T N2H51 1 2H2O 1.40 20.60
NH3OH1 1 2H1 1 2e2 T NH1 4 1 H2O 1.33 20.44
N2H51 1 3H1 1 2e2 T 2NH1 4 1.250 20.28
HNO2 1 H1 1 e2 T NO(g) 1 H2O 0.984 0.649
NO2 1 2
3 1 4H 1 3e T NO(g) 1 2H2O 0.955 0.028
NO2 3 1 3H1
1 2e 2T
HNO2 1 H2O 0.940 20.282
2 1 2T1
NO3 1 2H 1 e 2 N2O4(g) 1 H2O 0.798 0.107
N2(g) 1 8H1 1 6e2 T 2NH1 4 0.274 20.616
N2(g) 1 5H1 1 4e2 T N2H51 20.214 20.78
1 2T
N2(g) 1 2H2O 1 4H 1 2e 2NH3OH1 21.83 20.96
3 1 2T
2 N2(g) 1 H 1 e HN3 23.334 22.141
Osmium
OsO4(s) 1 8H1 1 8e2 T Os(s) 1 4H2O 0.834 20.458
OsCl622 1 e2 T OsCl632 0.85 1 F HCl
Oxygen
OH 1 H1 1 e2 T H2O 2.56 21.0
O(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H2O 2.430 1 21.148 4
O3(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T O2(g) 1 H2O 2.075 20.489
H2O2 1 2H1 1 2e2 T 2H2O 1.763 20.698
HO2 1 H1 1 e2 T H2O2 1.44 20.7
1 1 2T
2 O2(g) 1 2H 1 2e H2O 1.229 1 20.845 6
O2(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H2O2 0.695 20.993
O2(g) 1 H1 1 e2 T HO2 20.05 21.3
Palladium
Pd21 1 2e2 T Pd(s) 0.915 0.12
PdO(s) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T Pd(s) 1 H2O 0.79 20.33
PdCl642 1 2e2 T Pd(s) 1 6Cl2 0.615
PdO2(s) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T PdO(s) 1 2OH2 0.64 21.2
Phosphorus
1 1 2T
4 P4(s, white) 1 3H 1 3e PH3(g) 20.046 20.093
1 1 2T
4 P4(s, red) 1 3H 1 3e PH3(g) 20.088 20.030
H3PO4 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H3PO3 1 H2O 20.30 20.36
H3PO4 1 5H1 1 5e2 T 14P4(s, white) 1 4H2O 20.402 20.340
H3PO3 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H3PO2 1 H2O 20.48 20.37
H3PO2 1 H1 1 e2 T 14P4(s) 1 2H2O 20.51
Platinum
Pt21 1 2e2 T Pt(s) 1.18 20.05
PtO2(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Pt(s) 1 2H2O 0.92 20.36
PtCl422 1 2e2 T Pt(s) 1 4Cl2 0.755
PtCl622 1 2e2 T PtCl422 1 2Cl2 0.68
Plutonium
PuO21 1 e2 T PuO2(s) 1.585 0.39
PuO21 1
2 1 4H 1 2e T Pu
2 41
1 2H2O 1.000 21.615 1
41 2T 31
Pu 1 e Pu 1.006 1.441
PuO21 2
2 1 e T PuO2
1
0.966 0.03
PuO2(s) 1 4H 1 4e2 T Pu(s) 1 2H2O
1
21.369 20.38
Pu31 1 3e2 T Pu(s) 21.978 0.23

AP38 APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials

Reaction E8 (volts) dE8/dT (mV/K)
Potassium
K1 1 e2 1 Hg T K(in Hg) 21.975
K1 1 e2 T K(s) 22.936 21.074
Praseodymium
Pr 41 1 e2 T Pr31 3.2 1.4
Pr31 1 3e2 T Pr(s) 22.353 0.291
Promethium
Pm31 1 3e2 T Pm(s) 22.30 0.29
Radium
Ra21 1 2e2 T Ra(s) 22.80 20.44
Rhenium
ReO2 1 2
4 1 2H 1 e T ReO3(s) 1 H2O 0.72 21.17
ReO2 4 1 4H 1
1 3e2T
ReO2(s) 1 2H2O 0.510 20.70
Rhodium
Rh61 1 3e2 T Rh31 1.48 1 F HClO4
Rh41 1 e2 T Rh31 1.44 3 F H2SO4
RhCl622 1 e2 T RhCl632 1.2
Rh31 1 3e2 T Rh(s) 0.76 0.4
2Rh31 1 2e2 T Rh41 2 0.7
RhCl632 1 3e2 T Rh(s) 1 6Cl2 0.44
Rubidium
Rb1 1 e2 1 Hg T Rb(in Hg) 21.970
Rb1 1 e2 T Rb(s) 22.943 21.140
Ruthenium
RuO2 1 2 21
4 1 6H 1 3e T Ru(OH)2 1 2H2O 1.53
31 2T
Ru(dipyridyl)3 1 e Ru(dipyridyl)21
3 1.29
RuO4(s) 1 8H1 1 8e2 T Ru(s) 1 4H2O 1.032 20.467
Ru21 1 2e2 T Ru(s) 0.8
Ru31 1 3e2 T Ru(s) 0.60
Ru31 1 e2 T Ru21 0.24
Ru(NH3)31 2
6 1 e T Ru(NH3)6
21
0.214
Samarium
Sm31 1 3e2 T Sm(s) 22.304 0.279
Sm21 1 2e2 T Sm(s) 22.68 20.28
Scandium
Sc31 1 3e2 T Sc(s) 22.09 0.41
Selenium
SeO422 1 4H1 1 2e2 T H2SeO3 1 H2O 1.150 0.483
H2SeO3 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Se(s) 1 3H2O 0.739 20.562
Se(s) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H2Se(g) 20.082 0.238
Se(s) 1 2e2 T Se22 20.67 21.2
Silicon
Si(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T SiH4(g) 20.147 20.196
SiO2(s, quartz) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Si(s) 1 2H2O 20.990 20.374
SiF622 1 4e2 T Si(s) 1 6F2 21.24
Silver
2.000 4 F HClO4
123

Ag21 1 e2 T Ag1 1.989 0.99

1.929 4 F HNO3
Ag31 1 2e2 T Ag1 1.9
AgO(s) 1 H1 1 e2 T 12Ag2O(s) 1 12H2O 1.40
Ag1 1 e2 T Ag(s) 0.799 3 20.989
Ag2C2O4(s) 1 2e2 T 2Ag(s) 1 C2O422 0.465
AgN3(s) 1 e2 T Ag(s) 1 N2
3 0.293
0.222
123

AgCl(s) 1 e2 T Ag(s) 1 Cl2

0.197 saturated KCl
AgBr(s) 1 e2 T Ag(s) 1 Br2 0.071
Ag(S2O3)232 1 e2 T Ag(s) 1 2S2O22
3 0.017
AgI(s) 1 e2 T Ag(s) 1 I2 20.152
Ag2S(s) 1 H1 1 2e2 T 2Ag(s) 1 SH2 20.272
Sodium
Na1 1 e2 1 Hg T Na(in Hg) 21.959
Na1 1 12H2(g) 1 e2 T NaH(s) 22.367 21.550
Na1 1 e2 T Na(s) 22.714 3 20.757

(Continued)

APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials AP39

Reaction E8 (volts) dE8/dT (mV/K)
Strontium
Sr21 1 2e2 T Sr(s) 22.889 20.237
Sulfur
S2O822 1 2e2 T 2SO422 2.01
S2O622 1 4H1 1 2e2 T 2H2SO3 0.57
4SO2 1 4H1 1 6e2 T S4O622 1 2H2O 0.539 21.11
SO2 1 4H1 1 4e2 T S(s) 1 2H2O 0.450 20.652
2H2SO3 1 2H1 1 4e2 T S2O22 3 1 3H2O 0.40
S(s) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H2S(g) 0.174 0.224
S(s) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H2S(aq) 0.144 20.21
S4O622 1 2H1 1 2e2 T 2HS2O2 3 0.10 20.23
5S(s) 1 2e2 T S225 20.340
2 T 22
S(s) 1 2e S 20.476 20.925
2S(s) 1 2e2 T S222 20.50 21.16
2SO22 2 22
3 1 3H2O 1 4e T S2O3 1 6OH
2
20.566 21.06
22 2T 2
SO3 1 3H2O 1 4e S(s) 1 6OH 20.659 21.23
SO422 1 4H2O 1 6e2 T S(s) 1 8OH2 20.751 21.288
SO422 1 H2O 1 2e2 T SO22 3 1 2OH
2
20.936 21.41
2SO223 1 2H 2O 1 2e2T
S O22
2 4 1 4OH2
21.130 20.85
22 2T
2SO4 1 2H2O 1 2e S2O6 1 4OH2
22
21.71 21.00
Tantalum
Ta2O5(s) 1 10H1 1 10e2 T 2Ta(s) 1 5H2O 20.752 20.377
Technetium
TcO2 2
4 1 2H2O 1 3e T TcO2(s) 1 4OH
2
20.366 21.82
TcO24 1 4H2 O 1 7e2T
Tc(s) 1 8OH2
20.474 21.46
Tellurium
TeO22 2
3 1 3H2O 1 4e T Te(s) 1 6OH
2
20.47 21.39
2T 22
2Te(s) 1 2e Te2 20.84
Te(s) 1 2e2 T Te22 20.90 21.0
Terbium
Tb41 1 e2 T Tb31 3.1 1.5
Tb31 1 3e2 T Tb(s) 22.28 0.350
Thallium
1.280 0.97
14243

0.77 1 F HCl
Tl31 1 2e2 T Tl1 1.22 1 F H2SO4
1.23 1 F HNO3
1.26 1 F HClO4
Tl1 1 e2 1 Hg T Tl(in Hg) 20.294
Tl1 1 e2 T Tl(s) 20.336 21.312
TlCl(s) 1 e2 T Tl(s) 1 Cl2 20.557
Thorium
Th41 1 4e2 T Th(s) 21.826 0.557
Thulium
Tm31 1 3e2 T Tm(s) 22.319 0.394
Tin
Sn(OH)1 1 2
3 1 3H 1 2e T Sn
21
1 3H2O 0.142
Sn41 1 2e2 T Sn21 0.139 1 F HCl
SnO2(s) 1 4H1 1 2e2 T Sn21 1 2H2O 20.094 20.31
Sn21 1 2e2 T Sn(s) 20.141 20.32
SnF 622 1 4e2 T Sn(s) 1 6F2 20.25
Sn(OH)622 1 2e2 T Sn(OH)2 3 1 3OH
2
20.93
2T
Sn(s) 1 4H2O 1 4e SnH4(g) 1 4OH2 21.316 21.057
SnO2(s) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T SnO(s) 1 2OH2 20.961 21.129
Titanium
TiO21 1 2H1 1 e2 T Ti31 1 H2O 0.1 20.6
Ti31 1 e2 T Ti21 20.9 1.5
TiO2(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Ti(s) 1 2H2O 21.076 0.365
TiF 622 1 4e2 T Ti(s) 1 6F2 21.191
Ti21 1 2e2 T Ti(s) 21.60 20.16
Tungsten
W(CN)832 1 e2 T W(CN)842 0.457
W61 1 e2 T W51 0.26 12 F HCl
WO3(s) 1 6H1 1 6e2 T W(s) 1 3H2O 20.091 20.389

AP40 APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials

Reaction E8 (volts) dE8/dT (mV/K)
51 2 41
W 1e TW 20.3 12 F HCl
WO2(s) 1 2H2O 1 4e2 T W(s) 1 4OH2 20.982 21.197
WO422 1 4H2O 1 6e2 T W(s) 1 8OH2 21.060 21.36
Uranium
UO21 1 4H1 1 e2 T U41 1 2H2O 0.39 23.4
UO21 1 2
2 1 4H 1 2e T U
41
1 2H2O 0.273 21.582
21 2T 1
UO2 1 e UO2 0.16 0.2
U41 1 e2 T U31 20.577 1.61
U31 1 3e2 T U(s) 21.642 0.16
Vanadium
VO21 1 2H1 1 e2 T VO21 1 H2O 1.001 20.901
VO21 1 2H1 1 e2 T V31 1 H2O 0.337 21.6
V31 1 e2 T V21 20.255 1.5
V21 1 2e2 T V(s) 21.125 20.11
Xenon
H4XeO6 1 2H1 1 2e2 T XeO3 1 3H2O 2.38 0.0
XeF2 1 2H1 1 2e2 T Xe(g) 1 2HF 2.2
XeO3 1 6H1 1 6e2 T Xe(g) 1 3H2O 2.1 20.34
Ytterbium
Yb31 1 3e2 T Yb(s) 22.19 0.363
Yb21 1 2e2 T Yb(s) 22.76 20.16
Yttrium
Y31 1 3e2 T Y(s) 22.38 0.034
Zinc
ZnOH1 1 H1 1 2e2 T Zn(s) 1 H2O 20.497 0.03
Zn21 1 2e2 T Zn(s) 20.762 0.119
Zn21 1 2e2 1 Hg T Zn(in Hg) 20.801
Zn(NH3)21 2
4 1 2e T Zn(s) 1 4NH3 21.04
2T
ZnCO3(s) 1 2e Zn(s) 1 CO223 21.06
Zn(OH)2 2
3 1 2e T Zn(s) 1 3OH
2
21.183
22 2T
Zn(OH)4 1 2e Zn(s) 1 4OH2 21.199
Zn(OH)2(s) 1 2e2 T Zn(s) 1 2OH2 21.249 20.999
ZnO(s) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T Zn(s) 1 2OH2 21.260 21.160
ZnS(s) 1 2e2 T Zn(s) 1 S22 21.405
Zirconium
Zr41 1 4e2 T Zr(s) 21.45 0.67
ZrO2(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Zr(s) 1 2H2O 21.473 20.344

APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials AP41

 APPENDIX I Formation Constants*

Reacting Temperature Ionic strength

ions log b1 log b2 log b3 log b4 log b5 log b6 (°C) (m, M)
Acetate, CH3CO2
2
Ag1 0.73 0.64 25 0
Ca21 1.24 25 0
Cd21 1.93 3.15 25 0
Cu21 2.23 3.63 25 0
Fe21 1.82 25 0.5
Fe31 3.38 7.1 9.7 20 0.1
Mg21 1.25 25 0
Mn21 1.40 25 0
Na1 20.18 25 0
Ni21 1.43 25 0
Zn21 1.28 2.09 20 0.1
Ammonia, NH3
Ag1 3.31 7.23 25 0
Cd21 2.51 4.47 5.77 6.56 30 0
Co21 1.99 3.50 4.43 5.07 5.13 4.39 30 0
Cu21 3.99 7.33 10.06 12.03 30 0
Hg21 8.8 17.5 18.50 19.28 22 2
Ni21 2.67 4.79 6.40 7.47 8.10 8.01 30 0
Zn21 2.18 4.43 6.74 8.70 30 0
Cyanide, CN2
Ag1 20 21 20 0
Cd21 5.18 9.60 13.92 17.11 25 ?
Cu1 24 28.6 30.3 25 0
Ni21 30 25 0
Tl31 13.21 26.50 35.17 42.61 25 4
Zn21 11.07 16.05 19.62 25 0
Ethylenediamine (1,2-diaminoethane), H2NCH2CH2NH2
Ag1 4.70 7.70 9.7 20 0.1
Cd21 5.69 10.36 12.80 25 0.5
Cu21 10.66 19.99 20 0
Hg21 14.3 23.3 23.2 25 0.1
Ni21 7.52 13.84 18.33 20 0
Zn21 5.77 10.83 14.11 20 0
Hydroxide, OH2
Ag1 2.0 3.99 25 0
Al31 9.00 17.9 25.2 33.3 25 0
log b22 5 20.3 log b43 5 42.1
Ba21 0.64 25 0
Bi31 12.9 23.5 33.0 34.8 25 0
log b12 6 5 165.3 (m 5 1)
Be21 8.6 14.4 18.8 18.6 25 0
log b12 5 10.82 (m 5 0.1) log b33 5 32.54 (m 5 0.1) log b65 5 66.24 (m 5 3) log b86 5 85 (m 5 0)
Ca21 1.30 25 0
Cd21 3.9 7.7 10.3 12.0 25 0
(m 5 3) (m 5 3)
log b12 5 4.6 log b44 5 23.2
Ce31 4.9 25 3
log b22 5 12.4 log b53 5 35.1
Co21 4.3 9.2 10.5 9.7 25 0
log b12 5 3 log b44 5 25.5
Co31 13.52 25 3
*The overall (cumulative) formation constant, ␤n, is the equilibrium constant for the reaction M 1 nL Δ MLn: ␤n 5 [MLn]/([M][L] ).
n

␤n is related to stepwise formation constants (Ki) by ␤n = K1K2 . . . Kn (Box 6-2). ␤nm is the cumulative formation constant for the
reaction mM 1 nL Δ MmLn: ␤nm 5 [MmLn]/([M]m[L]n). The subscript n refers to the ligand and m refers to the metal. Data from
L. G. Sillén and A. E. Martell, Stability Constants of Metal-Ion Complexes (London: The Chemical Society. Special Publications
No. 17 and 25, 1964 and 1971); and A. E. Martell, R. M. Smith, and R. J. Motekaitis, NIST Critical Stability Constants of Metal
Complexes Database 46 (Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2001).

AP42 APPENDIX I Formation Constants

Reacting Temperature Ionic strength
ions log b1 log b2 log b3 log b4 log b5 log b6 (°C) (m, M)
Cr21 8.5 25 1
Cr31 10.34 17.3 25 0
(m 5 0.1)
log b22 5 24.0 (m 5 1) log b43 5 37.0 (m 5 1) log b44 5 50.7 (m 5 2)
Cu21 6.5 11.8 14.5 15.6 25 0
(m 5 1) (m 5 1)
log b12 5 8.2 (m 5 3) log b22 5 17.4 log b43 5 35.2
Fe21 4.6 7.5 13 10 25 0
Fe31 11.81 23.4 34.4 25 0
log b22 5 25.14 log b43 5 49.7
Ga31 11.4 22.1 31.7 39.4 25 0
Gd31 4.9 25 3
log b22 5 14.14
Hf 41 13.7 52.8 25 0
Hg21
2 8.7 25 0.5
log b12 5 11.5 (m 5 3) log b45 5 48.24 (m 5 3)
Hg21 10.60 21.8 20.9 25 0
log b12 5 10.7 log b33 5 35.6
In31 10.1 20.2 29.5 33.8 25 0
log b22 5 23.2 (m 5 3) log b44 5 47.8 (m 5 0.1) log b64 5 43.1 (m 5 0.1)
La31 5.5 25 0
log b22 5 10.7 (m 5 3) log b95 5 38.4
Li1 0.36 25 0
Mg21 2.6 20.3 25 0
(m 5 3)
log b44 5 18.1 (m 5 3)
Mn21 3.4 7.7 25 0
log b12 5 6.8 log b32 5 18.1
Na1 0.1 25 0
Ni21 4.1 9 12 25 0
log b12 5 4.7 (m 5 1) log b44 5 28.3
Pb21 6.4 10.9 13.9 25 0
log b12 5 7.6 log b43 5 32.1 log b44 5 36.0 log b86 5 68.4
Pd21 13.0 25.8 25 0
Rh31 10.67 25 2.5
Sc31 9.7 18.3 25.9 30 25 0
log b22 5 22.0 log b53 5 53.8
Sn21 10.6 20.9 25.4 25 0
log b22 5 23.2 log b43 5 49.1
Sr21 0.82 25 0
Th41 10.8 21.1 41.1 25 0
(m 5 3)
log b22 5 23.6 (m 5 3) log b32 5 33.8 (m 5 3) log b53 5 53.7 (m 5 3)
Ti31 12.7 25 0
log b22 5 24.6 (m 5 1)
Tl1 0.79 20.8 25 0
(m 5 3)
Tl31 13.4 26.6 38.7 41.0 25 0
U41 13.4 25 0
VO21 8.3 25 0
log b22 5 21.3
Y31 6.3 25 0
log b22 5 13.8 log b53 5 38.4
Zn21 5.0 10.2 13.9 15.5 25 0
log b12 5 5.5 (m 5 3) log b44 5 27.9 (m 5 3)
Zr41 14.3 54.0 25 0
log b43 5 55.4 log b84 5 106.0
Nitrilotriacetate, N(CH2CO2
2 )3
Ag1 5.16 20 0.1
Al31 9.5 20 0.1
Ba21 4.83 20 0.1
Ca21 6.46 20 0.1
Cd21 10.0 14.6 20 0.1

(Continued)

APPENDIX I Formation Constants AP43

Reacting Temperature Ionic strength
ions log b1 log b2 log b3 log b4 log b5 log b6 (°C) (m, M)
Nitrilotriacetate, N(CH2CO2
2 )3—(continued)
Co21 10.0 13.9 20 0.1
Cu21 11.5 14.8 20 0.1
Fe31 15.91 24.61 20 0.1
Ga31 13.6 21.8 20 0.1
In31 16.9 20 0.1
Mg21 5.46 20 0.1
Mn21 7.4 20 0.1
Ni21 11.54 20 0.1
Pb21 11.47 20 0.1
Tl1 4.75 20 0.1
Zn21 10.44 20 0.1
Oxalate, 2O2CCO2
2
Al31 15.60 20 0.1
Ba21 2.31 18 0
Ca21 1.66 2.69 25 1
Cd21 3.71 20 0.1
Co21 4.69 7.15 25 0
Cu21 6.23 10.27 25 0
Fe31 7.54 14.59 20.00 ? 0.5
Ni21 5.16 6.5 25 0
Zn21 4.85 7.6 25 0

1,10-Phenanthroline,
N N
Ag1 5.02 12.07 25 0.1
Ca21 0.7 20 0.1
Cd21 5.17 10.00 14.25 25 0.1
Co21 7.02 13.72 20.10 25 0.1
Cu21 8.82 15.39 20.41 25 0.1
Fe21 5.86 11.11 21.14 25 0.1
Fe31 14.10 25 0.1
Hg21 19.65 23.4 20 0.1
Mn21 4.50 8.65 12.70 25 0.1
Ni21 8.0 16.0 23.9 25 0.1
Zn21 6.30 11.95 17.05 25 0.1

AP44 APPENDIX I Formation Constants