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Past simple Present simple and present
Afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They got up early.
continuous
Negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They didn’t get Uso
up early. El present simple se utiliza para describir rutinas y
Interrogativa Did / I / you / he / she / it / we / they get up acciones que se repiten.
early? She reads her book every night.
Verbos regulares El present continuous hace referencia a acciones que se
cook ➞ cooked están desarrollando en este momento.
prepare ➞ prepared They’re shopping for clothes at the moment.
stop ➞ stopped El present continuous también se utiliza para expresar
study ➞ studied planes de futuro inmediato.
Verbos irregulares
I’m having a coffee with my friend this afternoon.
No hay normas para la formación de los verbos Nota: algunos verbos no se suelen utilizar en present
irregulares. Consulta la lista. continuous: believe, belong, hate, imagine, know, like,
love, prefer, remember, think, understand, want.
Uso
I prefer chocolate ice cream.
El past simple de los verbos regulares e irregulares se
utiliza para describir o preguntar acerca de una acción
que se completó en el pasado. Comparative and superlative
We ate spicy food last night. Did you like it? adjectives
Utilizamos el past simple si sabemos exactamente Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo
cuándo sucedió la acción.
Adjetivos breves sweet sweeter the sweetest
We saw Zack yesterday. We didn’t see him today.
Adjetivos breves rare rarer the rarest
Present simple acabados en -e
Adjetivos breves hot hotter the hottest
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa acabados en
I / You sleep. I / You don’t sleep. Do I / you sleep? vocal
+ consonante
He / She / It sleeps. He / She / It Does he / she / it
doesn’t sleep. sleep? Adjetivos breves healthy healthier the
acabados en -y healthiest
We / They sleep. We / They don’t Do we / they
sleep. sleep? Adjetivos largos interesting more the most
interesting interesting
have to, need to and must: modals of could, can, will be able to: modals of
obligation, necessity and prohibition ability and permission
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Las formas de could, can y will be able to son las
mismas para todas las personas del verbo.
Presente
Afirmativa
I / You / We / I / You / We / They Do I / you / we
They have to / don’t have to / don’t / they have to / Pasado Presente Futuro
need to read. need to read. need to read? I could speak They can speak We will be able to
He / She / It He / She / It doesn’t Does he / she / it French. French. speak French.
has to / needs to have to / doesn’t have to / need to Negativa
stay. need to stay. stay? Pasado Presente Futuro
Pasado I couldn’t speak You can’t speak She won’t be able to
I / You / He / She I / You / He / She / Did I / you / he / French. French. speak French.
/ It / We / They It / We / They didn’t she / it / we / they Interrogativa
had to / needed have to / didn’t have to / need to
to read. need to read. read? Pasado Presente Futuro
Could you speak Can he speak Will you be able to
La forma must es la misma para todas las personas del
French? French? speak French?
verbo. Se utiliza con el infinitivo sin to.
Uso Could, can y will be able to se utilizan para
Afirmativa Negativa
expresar la capacidad de alguien o algo para realizar
I / You / He / She / We / They I / You / He / She / We / una acción; también describe lo que es posible en una
must wear a uniform. They mustn’t wear hats.
determinada situación.
Uso Can y could también describen permiso.
Se utiliza have to para referirse a obligaciones y normas. Can I get a tattoo? No, you can’t. You’re too young.
Students have to use the teachers’ surnames.
Must no tiene una forma de pasado. Se emplea had to. allow, be allowed to
They had to leave after the film.
Utilizamos don’t have to para indicar que algo no es El verbo allow (somebody to do something) significa
necesario u obligatorio. “dar permiso (a alguien) (para hacer algo)”.
Liz doesn’t have to do PE / didn’t have to wear a My parents allow me to have friends for a sleepover.
uniform. Be allowed to (do something) significa “tener permiso
Must indica que algo es importante, obligatorio, que para (hacer algo)”. Al utilizar esta estructura, no es
responde a una norma o a una ley. necesario decir quién da permiso.
You must wear trainers at school. I’m allowed to use my dad’s laptop.
Mustn’t se utiliza para expresar prohibición. Allow sigue el patrón de los verbos regulares. Para
Steve mustn’t eat his sandwich in the classroom. utilizar be allowed to, solo hay que cambiar el verbo be.
El significado de must y have to es casi idéntico. The teacher didn’t allow Sam to leave early.
I must do my exams. = I have to do my exams. Sam wasn’t allowed to leave early.
Must suele describir algo que el hablante considera
necesario. Have to hace referencia a algo necesario should, ought to: modals of advice
debido a las circunstancias.
You must be at home at ten o’clock. Las formas de should / ought to son las mismas para
I have to go to the sports centre to practise. todas las personas del verbo.
Lo contrario de must y have to es mustn’t. Must no se Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
suele utilizar en las preguntas. Lauren should be We shouldn’t make What should
You mustn’t wear trainers at school. more hard-working. a lot of noise. Kay do?
Utilizamos need to / don’t need to para indicar que es Lauren ought to be
necesario o no es necesario hacer algo. more hard-working.
I need to study harder. You don’t need to worry.
Uso Utilizamos should y ought to para dar o pedir
consejo. Ought to se emplea en frases afirmativas.
Mosaic 3 Language Trainer Unit 1 Gramática
Unit 1 Vocabulario
mathematical (adj)
1.1 Adjectives: behaviour /ˌmæθəˈmætɪkl/ matemático
acceptable (adj) /əkˈseptəbl/ aceptable organized (adj) /ˈɔːɡənaɪzd/ organizado
badly-behaved (adj) /ˌbædli sociable (adj) /ˈsəʊʃəbl/ sociable
bɪˈheɪvd/ portarse mal
common (adj) /ˈkɒmən/ normal, habitual 1.2 Learn it!
compulsory (adj) /kəmˈpʌlsəri/ obligatorio career (n) /kəˈrɪə(r)/ trayectoria profesional
direct (adj) /dəˈrekt, dɪ-, daɪ-/ directo degree (n) /dɪˈgrɪː/ licenciatura, grado
dishonest (adj) /dɪsˈɒnɪst/ mentiroso
easy-going (adj) /ˌiːziˈɡəʊɪŋ/ de trato fácil
fair (adj) /feə(r)/ justo
1.3 Extra vocabulary
familiar (adj) /fəˈmɪliə(r)/ conocido ceremony (n) /ˈserəməni/ ceremonia
honest (adj) /ˈɒnɪst/ sincero hunt (v) /hʌnt/ cazar
indirect (adj) /ˌɪndəˈrekt, status (n) /ˈsteɪtəs/ estatus
-dɪ-, -daɪ-/ no directo tattoo (n) /təˈtuː/ tatuaje
rare (adj) /reə(r)/ poco común tribe (n) /traɪb/ tribu
strict (adj) /strɪkt/ estricto warrior (n) /ˈwɒriə(r)/ guerrero, guerrera
unacceptable (adj)
/ˌʌnəkˈseptəbl/ inaceptable 1.3 Word builder
unfair (adj) /ˌʌnˈfeə(r)/ injusto Noun suffixes 1
unfamiliar (adj) /ˌʌnfəˈmɪliə(r)/ desconocido achievement (n) logro
voluntary (adj) /ˈvɒləntri/ voluntario arrival (n) llegada
well-behaved (adj) /ˌwel bɪˈheɪvd/ (com)portarse bien protection (n) protección
survival (n) supervivencia
1.1 Express it!
… is dead after … ...está muerto... 1.4 Functional language
Explaining and reacting to change
1.1 Extra vocabulary How awful / exciting / surprising!
feel at home (v) sentirse a gusto,
/ˌfiːl ət ˈhəʊm/ como en casa That’s dreadful / fantastic / understandable!
feel homesick (v)
/ˌfiːl ˈhəʊmsɪk/ sentir morriña Oh dear! / no! / really?
miss (v) /mɪs/ echar de menos
settle into (phr v) /ˌsetl ˈɪntə/ adaptarse a What a pity / shame!
We could … (+ infinitive)
3.1 Express it!
I’ve got my eye on … le he echado al ojo a... What about … / How about … (+ -ing)?
We’re after … estamos buscando...
I’m happy to … (+ infinitive)
3.2 Phrasal verbs and nouns: free-time
activities That sounds like a good plan / great idea.
archery (n) /ˈɑːtʃəri/ tiro con arco
athletics (n) /æθˈletɪks/ atletismo That works for me / doesn’t work for me.
catch up (with) (phr v)
/ˌkætʃ ˈʌp ˌwɪð/ alcanzar That’s not a bad idea, but … . How about … ? (+ -ing)
join in (phr v) /ˌdʒɔɪn ˈɪn/ unirse a, incorporarse a
kayaking (n) /ˈkaɪækɪŋ/ kayak That could be a bit difficult. What about … ? (+ -ing)
miss out (phr v) /ˌmɪs ˈaʊt/ perderse (algo)
pick up (phr v) /ˈpɪk ˌʌp/ aprender, adquirir How does that sound?
rock climbing (n) /ˈrɒk Do we all agree?
ˌklaɪmɪŋ/ escalada
Is everyone happy to go with that idea?
take up (phr v) /ˈteɪk ˌʌp/ probar, empezar a practicar
trail biking (n) /ˈtreɪl ˌbaɪkɪŋ/ andar en bicicleta de montaña
try out (phr v) /ˈtraɪ ˌaʊt/ probar
wakeboarding (n)
/ˈweɪkbɔːdɪŋ/ skateboarding, skate acuático
Mosaic 3 Language Trainer Unit 3 Vocabulario
Unit 4 Gramática
Present perfect and past simple Present perfect with ever, never, just
Present perfect Uso
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Ever se utiliza en la interrogativa del present perfect
I’ve just been to I haven’t been to Have I met you para preguntar si alguien ha hecho algo en algún
Sydney. Sydney. before? momento de su vida. Se coloca detrás de have / has y
He / She / It has He / She / It hasn’t Has he / she / el sujeto, y delante del participio pasado.
already finished. finished yet. it finished yet? Has Pete ever visited his aunt in Canada?
We / They have We / They haven’t Have we / they Utilizamos never con el present perfect para decir que
booked the flight. booked the flight. booked the flight? no hemos hecho algo en nuestra vida. Se utiliza con la
Expresiones de tiempo forma afirmativa del verbo, y se coloca entre have / has
Already, yet, still, for, since. y el participio pasado.
Past simple They have never eaten Japanese food.
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Just describe algo acaba de suceder. Se utiliza en frases
I / You / He / She / I / You / He / She / Did I / you / he / afirmativas, entre have / has y el participio pasado.
It / We / They It / We / They she / it / we / they I’ve just spoken to Rachelle on the phone.
saw it. didn’t see it. see it?
Expresiones de tiempo Subject and object questions
Yesterday, last night / week / year / month…, at six o’clock,
in the winter, two weeks ago, etc. Preguntas relativas al sujeto
Uso Who unplugged my laptop? I unplugged it, sorry!
El present perfect se utiliza para describir hechos que What made that noise? His phone made a noise.
comenzaron en el pasado y siguen en la actualidad. Which cable connects the TV? The red one connects the TV.
The Smith family has lived in Canada since 2013. Para construir una pregunta relativa al sujeto, solo se
El present perfect también se emplea para hablar de utiliza el verbo principal. La partícula interrogativa
acontecimientos del pasado sin incluir referencias hace referencia al sujeto.
temporales concretas. Who unplugged the TV? Carl unplugged it.
They have tried all the games apps on their phones.
Preguntas relativas al objeto
El past simple sirve para referirse a una acción o un
Who did you email about the issue? We emailed Jack.
periodo de tiempo que se completó en el pasado.
What did you press? I pressed the on/off button.
The Smith family moved to Canada two years ago.
When did you charge the battery? I charged it an
Las frases en past simple suelen incluir expresiones que
hour ago!
señalan momentos concretos del pasado: yesterday,
last night / week / year, at six o’clock. Para formular una pregunta sobre el objeto, utilizamos
un verbo auxiliar además del verbo principal. La
Las frases en present perfect contienen expresiones
partícula interrogativa se refiere al objeto.
que especifican el momento en el que comenzó una
What did you buy? I bought a new mobile phone.
acción o describen un periodo de tiempo: since 2010,
for 10 years. Uso
Se utilizan preguntas sobre el objeto para descubrir
during and from … to dónde, cuándo, etc. alguien/algo hace/hizo algo.
Who did Martin Cooper call?
during + sust. We did lots of sightseeing during our holiday. Where have you been?
from … to She worked hard from six to eight o’clock. Las preguntas sobre el sujeto sirven para preguntar
Uso Utilizamos “during + sustantivo” para describir el quién/qué hace/hizo algo. Se construyen con las
periodo durante el cual se desarrolla una acción. partículas who, what y which.
Se emplea “from … to” para indicar el principio y el Who called you? What happened?
final de una acción. Which computer works better?
4.3 Extra vocabulary Thank you very much for your help.
express (v) /ɪkˈspres/ expresar
hit (v) /hɪt/ golpear
invite (v) /ɪnˈvaɪt/ invitar
spread news (v) /ˌspred ˈnjuːz/ difundir noticias
squeeze (v) /skwiːz/ estrujar, exprimir
warn (v) /wɔːn/ avisar, advertir
I can’t resist …
Mosaic 3 Language Trainer Unit 6 Vocabulario
Unit 7 Gramática
will, be going to and the future Present tenses with a future meaning
continuous Uso
will El present simple con valor de futuro se utiliza para
hablar de horarios.
Afirmativa Negativa
The train leaves in ten minutes.
I / You / He / She / It / We / I / You / He / She / It / We /
Utilizamos el present continuous para hablar de cosas
They will walk. They won’t walk.
que hemos planeado para el futuro inmediato.
Interrogativa I’m playing football this afternoon.
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / they walk?
Uso some-, any-, no-, every-
Utilizamos will y won’t para predecir o dar nuestra
opinión sobre el futuro. Afirmativa Negativa e
We’ll have a good time at the weekend. interrogativa
be going to a thing There is something in
something the fridge. anything
Afirmativa Negativa I haven’t eaten
all things We’ve got everything
I’m going to dance. I’m not going to dance. anything.
everything we need for the trip.
Is there anything
He’s / She’s / It’s going to He / She / It isn’t going to no things Nothing was said in the
dance. dance. in the cupboard?
nothing meeting.
We’re / You’re / They’re going We / You / They aren’t going (in) a place We want to go
to dance. to dance. anywhere
somewhere somewhere hot.
Interrogativa David hasn’t been
(in) all places I looked everywhere for
anywhere today.
Am I going to swim? everywhere my book.
Do you want to
Is he / she / it going to swim? (in) no places There’s nowhere to stay. go anywhere?
Are we / you / they going to swim? nowhere
Uso a person Ask someone to help
someone, you.
Be going to sirve para describir intenciones y planes de anyone, anybody
somebody
futuro. Kate didn’t tell
all the people Everyone wants to meet
We’re going to go rock climbing at the weekend. everyone, the winner.
anyone.
Future continuous Did anybody
everybody
phone?
Afirmativa Negativa no person Nobody has mowed the
I / You / He / She / It / We / I / You / He / She / It / We / no one, nobody lawn.
They will be working. They won’t be working. Uso
Interrogativa Los pronombres indefinidos se utilizan para referirse a
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / they be working? objetos, personas, etc. sin decir exactamente de qué o
Uso de quién se trata.
Utilizamos el future continuous para referirnos a Los pronombres indefinidos suelen ir seguidos de
acciones que se estarán desarrollando en un momento un verbo en singular; sin embargo, cuando se hace
concreto del futuro. Estas frases a menudo incluyen referencia a esos pronombres, el verbo va en plural.
expresiones encabezadas por in y at. Everybody here plays sport. They are all talented.
We’ll be playing professionally in a few years’ time. Nothing y no one / nobody funcionan como sujeto de
frases negativas. El verbo que les sigue va en afirmativa.
Nobody liked the bedroom in the House of the Future.
Somewhere, anywhere, everywhere y nowhere son
adverbios, y no pronombres indefinidos; por eso no se
pueden utilizar como sujeto u objeto de una frase.
Reported statements
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
Alice: ‘I like listening to jazz.’ Alice told me that she liked listening to jazz.
Susan: ‘My parents often participate in charity Susan said that her parents often participated in
campaigns.’ charity campaigns.
Uso
Utilizamos el estilo indirecto para contarle a alguien lo que ha dicho otra persona.
Diversos verbos introducen el estilo indirecto; los más utilizados son say y tell.
Un complemento sigue siempre a tell, pero nunca a say.
Detrás de say y tell se puede utilizar that, aunque no es obligatorio.
Tom said (that) there was a demonstration for peace that afternoon.
Anne told me (that) they needed more volunteers for their fundraising event.
Al pasar del estilo directo al estilo indirecto, los tiempos verbales cambian,
p. ej. el present simple se convierte en past simple.
Students: ‘We organize a charity sports day at school every year.’
The students said that they organized a charity sports day at school every year.
Otros elementos también cambian en el estilo indirecto:
Ali and Tom: ‘We plan to work as volunteers at the hospital next month.’
Ali and Tom told me that they planned to work as volunteers at the hospital the following month.
He aquí algunos de los elementos que cambian:
pronombres sujeto y objeto:
I ➞ he / she we ➞ they me ➞ her / him us ➞ them
adjetivos posesivos:
my ➞ his / her our ➞ their
expresiones de tiempo:
next (week, year, etc.) ➞ the following (week, year, etc.)
today ➞ that day
expresiones de lugar:
here ➞ there / this ➞ that / these ➞ those
Para pasar las sugerencias al estilo indirecto, utilizamos “suggested + that + infinitivo”.
Jared: ‘Why don’t we organize a cake sale?’
Jared suggested that they organize a cake sale.
Detrás de suggested, no se puede añadir el infinitivo.
Jared suggested to organize a cake sale.
Pero sí es posible añadir la forma en -ing después de suggested.
He suggested organizing a cake sale.