Chapter 5

Fluid Kinematics
Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)

Shear
stress
Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics)

Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a

Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field
Fluid Rotation
Fluid Deformation
– Angular Deformation
– Linear Deformation
 Consider a particle moving in a velocity field. At time t, the particle is at the
position x, y, z and has a velocity corresponding to the velocity at that point
in space at time t

At t + dt, the particle has moved to a new position, with coordinates x +dx,
y + dy, z +dz, and has a velocity given by

The particle velocity at time t is given by

the change in the velocity

of the particle

Then, The total acceleration of

the particle is given by
 Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a
Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field
Rate of change of the particle’s velocity with time
u  u  x, y , z , t 

V  uiˆ  vˆj  wkˆ v  v  x, y , z , t 
 w  w x, y, z , t 
a  axiˆ  a y ˆj  az kˆ
.
u v w
u dx u dy u dz u
ax    
x dt y dt z dt t

u u u u
ax  u  v  w 
x y z t
 Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a
Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field
u u u u Du
ax  u  v  w  
x y z t Dt
v v v v Dv
ay  u  v  w  
x y z t Dt
 w w w w Dw
az  u v w  
x y z t Dt
D         
u v w 
Dt x y z t
The derivative, D/Dt, is commonly called the substantial derivative
 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a
Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field

 Du ˆ Dv ˆ Dw ˆ DV
a i j k
Dt Dt Dt Dt
 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics) If a flow field is
unsteady a fluid
particle will undergo
Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a
an additional local
acceleration
Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field

The effect of time-independent acceleration of a

fluid with respect to space. the convective
acceleration of the flow field is a spatial effect, one
example being fluid speeding up in a nozzle.
 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a
Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field
 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a
Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field (Cylindrical)
 Streamlines coordinates
Provide a natural coordinate system for a flow

velocity is always tangent to the s direction.

 Tangential and Normal
Acceleration
 
V  V ( s, t )

 DV
a  as sˆ  an nˆ
Dt
2
V
V an 
as  V R
s
normal acceleration (one
Convective acceleration along the
type of convective
streamline.
R: radius of curvature acceleration) normal to
the fluid motion.
 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
Fluid Rotation
 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
• Fluid Deformation:
– Angular Deformation
 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics)
• Fluid Deformation:
– Angular Deformation

w v 
Rate of angular deformation in yz plane    
y z 
w u 
Rate of angular deformation in zx plane    
x z 

– Linear Deformation


u v w 
Volume dilatation rate      V
x y z
 Regla de la cadena
En términos intuitivos, si una variable y, depende de una segunda
variable u, que a la vez depende de una tercera variable x; entonces, la
razón de cambio de y con respecto a xpuede ser calculada con
el producto de la razón de cambio de y con respecto a u multiplicado por la
razón de cambio de u con respecto a x.
En términos algebraicos, la regla de la cadena (para funciones de una
variable) afirma que si es diferenciable en y es una función diferenciable
en , entonces la función compuesta es diferenciable en y

Notación de Leibniz: Alternativamente, en la notación de Leibniz, la regla

de la cadena puede expresarse como:

donde indica que g depende de f como si ésta fuera una variable.