1.

Describe the distinguishing characteristics of carbohydrates

Sugars and polysaccharides
2. Describe the important biological functions of polysaccharides.
Plants store starch within plastids, including chloroplasts.
Plants can store surplus glucose in starch and withdraw it when
needed for energy or carbon.
Animals that feed on plants, especially parts richin starch, can also
access this starch to support their own metabolism.
3. Explain what distinguishes lipids from other classes of biological
macromolecules.
They do not have polymers
Little or no affinity for water
4. Describe the unique properties, building blocks and biological roles of
fats, phospholipids and steroids.
Fats store large amounts of energy
Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes
Steroids include cholesterol and certain hormones.
5. Distinguish proteins from the other classes of macromolecules.
Proteins are instrumental in everything that an organism does
6. List the biological functions which proteins perform.
All protein polymers are constructed from the same set of 20
monomers, called amino acids.
Polymers of proteins are called Polypeptides.
A protein consists of one or more polypeptides
folded and coiled into a specific conformation.

7. Explain what determines protein conformation and why it is important.

Sequence of amino acids determines protein conformation. Protein’s
conformation gives it a function, and any change can make the protein
ineffective.
8. Define denaturation and explain how proteins may be denatured.
Denaturation occurs when a protein becomes biologically inactive
due to changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature, and other
environmental factors.
9. Describe the characteristics that distinguish nucleic acids from the other
classes of macromolecules.
 Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store information relating to amino acid
sequences of other proteins. Made of nucleotides, which consist of a
nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
10. Summarize the functions of nucleic acids. What is more important DNA
or Protein?
Nucleic acids contain information for all other cell functions and their
replication.
11. Briefly describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA.
DNA forms a double helix between 2 strands of a sugar-phosphate
backbone and attracted Nitrogenous bases. In DNA, T and A, and G and C
are attracted to each other. While in RNA, T is replaced by U.
12.Evaluate the importance of energy to living things.
It enables them to function and produce heat.
13.Relate energy and chemical reactions.
A reaction in which energy is absorbed from the surroundings is
called an endothermic reaction. In endothermic reactions the enthalpy of
the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants. Because
reactions release or absorb energy, they affect the temperature of their
surroundings.
14.Describe the role of enzymes in chemical reactions.
Catalysts lower the activation energy for reactions.
15.Identify the effect of enzymes on food molecules.
Enzymes are a catalysts of the breakdown of food molecules.