Gr

oupassi
gnment
Gr
oupsev
en(
7)

Gr
oupmember
s
Name. I
ndexnumber

TEYEMI
CHAELABBEY 6493016
KWAKYEMARGARETSARFOWAA 6291316

OPOKUMI
CHAEL 6333316

GYESIAGNES 6315316

ASANE GRACE 6330116

ABBAM EMMANUEL 3890015

GLOVERMARTI
NKORLI 6500516

MEI
MUNAMUFTAWU 6341616

MELVI
NWELLI
NGTON 6493616

BERNI
CEOPOKUYEBOAH 6333216

Quest
ion.
Descri
besoci al
welf ar
eprovi
si
oni nGhanausi ng
thefourbuil
dingblocksoftheconceptofsoci al
welf
arebysuggest ingtheconceptthatinf
luence
Ghana’ssocialwelfaremostandpr oposea
defi
nit
ionthatisinlinewih21stcent
t ury
chal
lenges.
 Soci alwel far ei sanat i
on’ssy st em ofpr ogr ammes, benef i
tsand
serv i
cest hathel ppeopl emeett hosesoci al,economi c,educat ional and
heal thneedst hatar ef undament al tot hemai nt enanceofsoci ety.Soci al
wel fare,then, isabr oadconceptr el at edt ot hegener al conceptof
wel l
bei ng.Thus, soci al wel farei sal laboutpr ogr ammesandser vices
thatpr omot eandorensur ethewel lbei ngofi ndi vidual s, groupsor
communi ti
es.Soci al wel far epr ov isioni nt heGhanai ancont extf ollows
fourf undament al concept swhi char e:i nst itutional , resi dual ,
dev elopment al andneo–conser vat iveconcept s.wear egoi ngt ot ake
acr iti
cal l
ookatt hisf undament alsorconceptandpi npoi ntt heonet hat
depi ctsGhana’ ssoci al wel farepr ov isionmost.
Firstofal lthei nst itutional per spect iveofsoci al wel far e: Theyv i
ew
peopl e’sneedsasnor mal partofl ife.Soci et yhasar esponsi bili
tyt o
suppor tit
smember sandpr ov ideneededbenef itsandser vices.I tisnot
peopl e’sfaultt hatt heyr equi resuchser vices, butr atheri tisanexpect ed
partoft hehumancondi tion.Thus, peopl e’si nabi l
ityt of unct i
onwel l i
n
soci etyisnott heirownmaki ngbutduet ot hesoci al sy st em pr esent .
Proponent soft hisconceptbel i
eft hatpr ogr ammesdev elopedshoul d
affectal l–thati s, thet ar getedgr oup, ther ebyensur inguni ver sal
entitlement .Peopl ehav et orecei v ebenef i
tsandser vicesonongoi ng
bases.Thi sisamor ehumaneandsuppor tiveappr oacht ohel ping
peopl eandt her efor et her eisnost igmaat tached.Adv ocat esoft his
appr oach, usual lyr ef er r
edt oasl iber al s,acknowl edgegov ernment
i
nter vent i
onandseebenef it
sandser v i
cesasar ightandshoul dbeequal .
Theyal soacknowl edget hef actt hatt hegov er nmental onecannot
suppl yal lt
hei rneedsandt heref or et hepr i
v at esect orcancomei nt opl ay.
TheFr eeCompul sor yUni versal Basi cEducat ion( FCUBE)andt heGhana
School FeedingPr ogr amme( GSFP)l aunchedi n1995and2005
respect ivel
yar eexampl esoft hei nst i
tut i
onal model .Ghana’ sMi ll
enni um
Dev elopmentGoal 2( MDG2)i sat ypi cal exampl eofapr ogr amme
basedont hei nst itutional model .TheMDG2i sai medatachi ev i
ng
univer salprimar yeducat i
on, ther eby ,maki ngbasi ceducat ion
compul soryandeasi l
yaccessi bl et oal lGhanai ans.Chi l
dr enev erywher e,
boy sandgi rl
sal i
ke, wi llbeabl et ocompl eteaf ullcour seofpr imar y ,
j
uni orhi ghandseni orhi gheducat ion.Thi spr ogr ammei sbasedont he
factt hatbasi ceducat ioni nGhanashoul dbeconsi der edar ightandnot
apr ivil
ege.Thi sensur est hatt heGhanai anchi l
di suni ver sallyent itledt o
basi ceducat ionwi thnost i
gmaat t ached.I tisofwor t ht onot et hatt he
MDG2hasachi ev edsomesuccess.t alkingaboutt henat ional heal th
i
nsurancescheme(NHI
S)t
oopr
ovi
def
reeheal
thcar
ewi
thoutst
igmas
at
tachedtoit
.
Secondl yther esi
dualperspecti
ve: Theyseewel farepr ovi
si
ons
societyast helastr esort
.Socialwelf
arebenef it
sandser vicesshouldbe
providedonl ywhenpeopl efailt
oprov i
deadequat elyforthemsel vesand
problemsar ise.Thei mpl i
cati
onisthat,itispeopl e’sownf aultsifthey
requireoutsidehel p.Society
,then,mustai dt hem unt i
ltheycanonce
againassumer esponsibil
it
yofcateringf ortheirownneeds.Such
benef i
tsandser vi
cesar etemporaryandst i
gmanaybeat t
ached.
Proponentsoft hisapproachar eusuallyreferredt oasconser vativ
es.
Thehol dthev i
ewt hatindivi
dual’
sneedsar etobemett hroughthe
familyormar keteconomyandt hatinterventionshoul dbeonmer i
t.That
i
s, t
hosewi thcr it
icall
yunmetneeds.Ther esidual approachcamei nto
playwhen
theMinistryofGender,
Chi l
dandSoci al Prot
ecti
on( MOGCSP)di sbursed
fundstof i
revict
imsinsomepar tofthecount r
yandsomemar ketfi
re
vict
imsinAccr a,Kumasi,
Kant amanto, AgbogbloshieandKokompe–i n
Takoradi.Theseweretempor aryandi tappearsthev i
ctimsarewor n
out¬andcannotr ebui
ldsot hegov er
nmentcomesi n.Thei
rneedf orthe
assist
ancewasbasedonmer itsincenotal l
mar ketmenandwomen
hadsuchi n–cashbenef i
t.Thef i
gurebel owindi
catest hefundall
ocated
tothevicti
ms.
Furthermoret hedev elopment al concept: Thisi sint wof olds: af i
rst
school ofthoughtandasecondschool oft hought .Thef i
rstschool of
thoughtagr eewi t
ht heinstituti
onal istandhol dst hev iewt hatsoci ety
needst obepr oact i
veinaddr essingsoci alissuest oensur et he
wellbei
ngofi ndividuals,groupsorcommuni ties.Theyconcei v ethei dea
thatiti
spossi bleforasoci etytosetupasoci alwel f
ar einst ituti
onor
developasoci alwel fareprogr ammet omakel ivi
ngbet ter,fulfillhuman
developmentandt opromot equal i
tyofl i
febutnotnecessar i
lysol vi
nga
socialproblem.Pr ogrammesbasedont hi
sappr oachf r
om t hef irst
school ofthoughtshoul dbeuni versal andnon–sel ect i
ve.TheNat ional
HealthInsuranceScheme( NHI S)canbeal ludedt ot hef irstschool of
thoughtsincei t
smai nemphasi si spr imar yint ervention.Thescheme
coverssomedi seasesanddoesnotcov erot her s.TheNHI Shel psi n
i
mpr ovinggoodheal thcar erepl acingt hecashandcar rysy stem and
helpstopr omot ethewel l
beingofi ndiv i
dual s.Thesecondschool of
thought,underthedev elopment alper spect i
v e, seekst oi dent ifysoci al
i
nterventi
onst hathaveapositiv
eimpactoneconomi cdevel
opment
(MidgleyandLi ver
more,1997).Thus, welfar
eprov i
si
onsareembedded
i
neconomi cframeworks.Thisideaf ocusesont hetypeofsoci
alwel
fare
servi
cespr ovi
dedduringthecolonial per
iod.I
torigi
natedaft
erWorl
d
WarI Ii
nThi r
dWor ldcountr
iesseekingt odesignsocialwelf
are
programmest hatwouldenhancet heireconomicdev el
opment.Mi
dgley
andLi ver
mor e(1997)cit
ethreemaj orway seconomi cdevel
opmentcan
occurinadev elopmentalcontext:
Fi
rst
,investmentsi
n[ ser
vicestopeoplesuchas]educat
ion,nutr
it
ion,
andhealthcarecanbeev aluat
edsot hatpeoplegett
hemostf orthei
r
money .Forexample,i
nvestmentsinquali
tyeducati
onmayr esul
tina
moreski l
l
edlabourforcethat,
intur
n,generatesastr
ongereconomy .
Second, inv
estmentinphy sicalfacil
it
iesi
nvolv
ingthecreat
ionof
economi candsociali
nfrastructure,suchasroads,br
idges,
irr
igati
onand
drinki
ngwat ersyst
ems, cl
inics,etc.provi
detheeconomicandsoci al
basesonwhi chdevel
opmentef fort
sdepend.Wor kersmusthav ea
transport
ati
onsy st
em togett owor kandabuildi
nginwhichtowor kto
getany t
hingdone.Therefore,resourcesexpendedondev el
opingsuch
thingsareeconomicall
ypr oductive.
Thi rd,developi
ngprogrammest hathelpneedypeopl eengagein
product iveemploymentandsel f-employmentismor eeconomicall
y
viabl ethangivi
ngpeoplepubl i
cassi st
ancepay ment soveryear
s.Itisan
efficienteconomicinvestmenttoeducat eandt rainpeopleinneedso
thatt heycangetjobsandev entual
lysupportthemsel ves.Fori
nstance,
theLEAPpr ogr
ammepr ovi
dessoci alcashtr
ansf erstoensurelong
–t erm dev el
opment.
Lastbutnott heleastneo–conser v ati
v econcept :t
hisconcept
holdthev iewt hatsocialwel f
ar eisgoodf orbusi ness.Thatis,soci
al
welfareprov i
sioncanbebusi nessmi nded.Pr oponent softhisapproach
agreewi tht her esi
duali
st.Theybel ieft
hatt hemar keteconomyshoul d
bebr oughti ntosocialwel f
are.Theyar guet hattheabi li
tytopayfor
welfareser vicesmakest hebusi nesscompet i
tiveandhenceensur es
quali
tysoci al welfar
edelivery.Anexampl ecoul dbeapr i
vatepsychiatri
c
unitengagi ngi nallfor
msofcur ati
vepri
nciples.Pr i
meNet workCar ein
Accrat ypi
fiesawel far
einstit
ut ionbasedont heneo–conser vati
vei dea.
Theyspeci al i
zei nhosti
ngadv entureorculturaltours,educati
onaltours
forschool sandgr oups,confer enci
ngorwor kshop, schoolsorgroups
f
iel
dwor
kpl
acement
sonneed-t
o–paybasi
s.

From thefourconceptsunder l
yingwel f ar
epr ovi
sioninGhana
discussedabov e,i
tcanbesai dthatt heConceptt hatinf
luenceGhana’
s
wel fareprovi
sionmosti stheinsti
tutional perspecti
vewhi chagr
eeswith
thef ir
stschool ofthoughtinthedev elopment alconcept. t
he
i
nt erventi
onisnotasar esultofpeopl einabil
itytoaffordbutiti
sseenas
ar i
ghtandt hati swhyitisuniver
sal.

Ref
erence:
Pr
inci
pleofsoci
alwel
far
e,Paul
spi
ker

(
2010)
.GhanaMi
l
lenni
um Dev
elopmentGoal
s.Ghana:
Nat
ional
Dev
elopmentPl
anni
ngCommoi
tt
ee.

Fi
reVi
cti
ms.(
n.d.
).Ret
ri
evedOct
ober24,
2013,
from www.
ghanabusi
nessnews.
co

Nat
ional
Heal
thI
nsur
anceScheme,
Ghana.(
n.d.
).Ret
ri
evedOct
ober24,
2013,
from nhi
s

Ki
rst
-Ashman,
K.K.(
2010)
.InSoci
alWor
kandSoci
alWel
f e(
ar pp.6-
9) CengageBooks.
.USA: