The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the

views or policies of the Asian Development Bank

Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the
data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB
official terms.

Need New Approach to Address Sanitation Challenges

September 21, 2018

Roshan Shrestha Ph.D

Initiative Lead – Urban Sanitation Market, Water Sanitation Hygiene
Global Growth and Opportunity
 Meeting the sanitation SDGs
MDGs Sustainable Development Goals

End-use/
Containment Emptying Conveyance Treatment
Disposal

Condominial or Conventional Sewerage

Sewerage network Sewage
WC treatment works End-use/ Disposal
Pumping stations

Non-networked Systems
Primary emptying Transfer
Latrine Treatment plant
or Vacuum truck End-use/ disposal
septic tank
Safely covered and replaced in new location – or EcoSan

Liquid effluent

1 Container Collection Transport Treatment End-use/ disposal

1
 Many parts of the world will continue to lack access to sewers

2030 sewer access projections

0%-20% 21%-40% 41%-60% 61%-80% 81%-100%

Note: countries in gray do not have data reported

2
Source: JMP 2017 Report; BCG analysis
 Only 3% increase in access to safely
managed solutions over the last 5 years

Safely Managed
Improved and not shared - excreta
safely disposed in situ or off-site1

Basic
Improved and not shared - excreta not
safely disposed

4.5B Limited
Improved (e.g. sewer, septic, VIP
latrines) and shared facilities
people globally lack access to Unimproved
safely managed sanitation Use of pit latrines without a slab or
platform, hanging and bucket latrines

§ Some 3 in 10 people worldwide, or 2.1 billion,
lack access to safe, readily available water at
home,
Faster progress required to achieve the SDG goal of
§ 6 in 10, lack safely managed sanitation, (WHO)
and UNICEF 2017)
Open Defecation
Disposal of human faeces in fields, or
other open spaces or with solid waste
safely managed sanitation by 2030
3
1. Transported and treated offsite Source: JMP 2017 Report
 Sludge direct to the environment: no service chain

Effectively 2%
20% Leakage
treated
WC to
sewer
Not effectively
of fecal sludge
Safely emptied
Illegally
dumped
treated
2% safely disposed

Unsafely emptied of fecal sludge

79% 98% unsafely disposed

On-site
facility Left to overflow
or abandoned

1% 1% 69% 9% 9% 1% 9%
Open defecation
Source: WSP analysis, using BMGF funded research Residential environment Drainage systems Receiving waters
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 4
Khulna City, Bangladesh (1.5 million population) 99% have toilet without
sewer system

Safe Sanitation- means entire sanitation value chain

5
The benefit of NSS over the conventional sewerage systems

6
 Need to address entire sanitation chain

• Containment quality • Desludging equipment • Selection of right treatment

• Public toilet and institutional and vehicles • Reuse of by products
toilet management • Occupational health
• Financing • Service and business
model

7
Delivering Services

National Enabling Environment

· Policy and coordination · Regulation, norms and legislation
· Planning, monitoring and finance · Capacity building and technical assistance

Local Governance Functions

· Planning and coordination · Support to development of local services
· Housing policy and tenure arrangements · Promotion and monitoring of sanitation
· Legislation and enforcement and hygiene

Community Engagement
· Planning and setting service levels
· Sanitation promotion and marketing

Customer Services Public Services Infrastructure Dev’t

· Toilet construction · Fecal sludge treatment · Sewerage
· Hardware supplies · Sewerage operation · Drainage
· Sludge & container removal · Drainage management · Primary water supply
· Public toilets · Solid waste management · Slum upgrading

Private Sector Public Sector

88
 Government in South Asia – Leading new direction towards NSS

India

Primer on FSSM released at National

National Workshop on Urban Sanitation, MoUD at FSM4 International Conference, National FSSM Policy released at National
Workshop on City’s Journey Beyond ODF –
April 2016 February 2017 Workshop on UD, 28th February 2017
FSSM, September 2016

Bangladesh and Nepal

9
 Govt not a sanitation provider but facilitator- Leh, India

Govt has not invested

in infrastructure nor
buying services –BUT
facilitating business
of service

need to consider ssanitation as business of service delivery 10

Need Successful Demonstration Sites People come to
visit our FSTP
thinking it’s a
new park

11
Impact of policy intervention and demonstration projects

12
FSM Business
Models
• 18 FSM Business
Models extracted/
developed and
published
• Detailed analysis
of further models
and cases forth-
coming 2018/19.
 “We born with eyes
but Practical Action
The Man, leading his hidebound gives us VISION”
-MD. Rafiq
brotherhood, out of pits and poverty

q 34 Muslim pit-emptiers’ formed a cooperative

q Provide safe FSM service to 15,000+ dwellers
q The co-op worth total 1.6m’s business today
q Earned 0.6m from FSM service delivery
q Earn membership of municipal lead MSSC
q Procure 0.15 acres land for future housing

14
 Re-inventing the toilet-address daily challenges

The Reinvented Toilet is a modular, transformative technology that offers a non-

sewered sanitation solution, eliminating the need for a piped collection system. The
aim is to: destroy all pathogens onsite and recover valuable resources, operate
without sewer, water or electricity connections and cost less than $0.05/user/day

ELIMINATE PATHOGENS CONVEY LOW LIFE-CYCLE COSTS

OPERATE OFF GRID PRESENT ATTRACTIVE INTERFACE

© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 15

 Example of core processing technologies

ELECTROCHEMICAL WET OXIDATION DRY COMBUSTION BIOLOGICAL

2014 © Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | Confidential 16

Toilet Prototype

© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 17

Nano-membrane toilet (cranfield university)

Project Innovation Awards – Gold winner!!

http://www.nanomembranetoilet.org/
Partnership for scaling

© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 19

Wee need more professionals in the sector to fulfil increasing demand

20
 City-wide inclusive sanitation

§ City-wide planning and service delivery: Everybody

benefits from adequate sanitation service delivery
outcomes;
§ Full value chain: human waste is safely managed along
the whole sanitation service chain;
§ Focus on the need: Prioritizing the unserved in low-
income and vulnerable communities
§ Innovation and RRR: Effective resource recovery and
re-use are considered;
§ Integrated and incremental: A diversity of technical
solutions is embraced for adaptive, mixed and
incremental approaches; and
§ Beyond conventional approach: onsite and sewerage
solutions are combined, in either centralized or
decentralized systems
https://citywideinclusivesanitation.com/

© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 21

Thank you