TESTICULAR CANCER

CHARYL JANE C. ACUT

CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
THERESA LINDA NARRETO-PINAGAN

SEPTEMBER 2018
 INTRODUCION

Cancer, also called malignancy, is an abnormal growth of cells. There are more
than 100 types of cancer, including breast cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, colon
cancer, prostate cancer, lymphoma and testicular cancer is one of those that made
some people lives a challenging one. Symptoms and treatment vary depending on its
type, location and stage.

The testicles or sometimes called testes or gonads are part of a man’s

reproductive system. Each man has two testicles oval-shaped organs a little smaller
than golf ball and hangs from the base of a man’s torso. It rest n a sac of skin known as
scrotum, beneath the penis. It makes a sperm that fertilizes a woman’s egg to create a
baby as well as make hormones such as testosterone. Testicular cancer happens when
abnormal cells start to grow out of control on the testes. Compared with other types of
cancer, testicular cancer is rare, highly treatable even when cancer has spread beyond
the testicle. There are types of testicular cancer an most types develop in the sperm-
producing cells known as germ cells, and are referred to as germ cell tumors. Germ cell
tumors in men can start in several parts of the body; in the testicles, which is the most
common location, at the back of the abdomen near the spine, called the retroperitoneal,
at the central portion of the chest between the lungs, called mediastenum and at the
lower spine. It is most common cancer in American males between the ages of 15 and
35. It is one also of the most easiest to cure. About 95% of those survive more than 5
years

Types of Testicular Cancer

Seminomas- are the slow-growing and slow spreading tumors.

Nonseminomas- are usually made up of more than one type of cancer cell. It has an
opposite pacing from seminomas because it spread more quickly. A nonseminoma
contains any of the following in the tissue; choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk
sac tumor and teratoma.

Risk Factors

Age-. More than half of testicular diagnoses occur between 15-35 year old. However,
men at any age can develop this disease including men in their 60’s or it can develop at
any age.

Cryptorchidism- is an undescended testicle, meaning that 1 or both testicles do not

move down into the scrotum before birth. The risk maybe lowered if surgery is done to
correct the condition before puberty between 6 and 15 months to reduce the risk of
infertility.
Family History-

Personal History- a person who had a cancer in 1 testicle have increased risk od
developing cancer to the other testicle. It is estimated that out of every 100 men there
are 2 will develop cancer in the other testicle.

Race- white man is more likely to develop this condition and is rare in black men.
However, black men with testicular cancer are more likely to die of cancer than of white
man

Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - men with HIV or AIDS have slightly higher risk
of developing seminoma.

Abnormal Testicle Development- conditions that causes to develop abnomally, such a

klinefelter syndrome may also increase the risk.

Screening and Detection

 Testicular self- examination - it will done by standing, gently but firmly roll each
testicle between the thumb and fingers and observe of anything abnormal. If
would came across a small hard lump, pain or swelling then immediately go to
the doctor. Self examination should be done during and after a warm bath or
shower. This promotes relaxation of the skin, making it easier to feel anything
unusual.

Prevention

 Regular Testicular self- examination

Pathophysiology

Clinical Features

 a lump or enlargement in either testicle

 a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
 a dull ache in the abdomen or groin
 sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum
 pain and discomfort in testicle or the scrotum
 back pain
 enlargement or tenderness of the breasts

Diagnostics
  Blood Tests- testicular cancer creates protein or enzymes that can be found in
the blood. If level is elevated, health personnel may be able to tell which type of
cancer and if it has spread. Tumor markers are substances that occur normally in
the blood but levels of these may elevate in certain situations such as testicular
cancer.
 Biopsy- is a surgery performed to remove a small piece of the tumor and identify
it for cancer. It is rarely done because the procedure could cause cancer to
spread.
 Ultrasound- uses sound waves to paint a picture of the testicles inside the
scrotum and testicles. It can tell whether some growths are more likely to be
cancer or might be something harmless. During an ultrasound the patient will lie
with legs spread then a hand-held probe with gel in it will moved over the
scrotum. It will help determine the nature of any testicular lumps whether it is
solid or fluid-filled.
 Computerized tomography (CT) scan- take a series of x-ray images of the
abdomen, chest and pelvis. It is use to see if the cancer has spread.

Staging and Prognostic Evaluation

Stage I – cancer is limited to the testicle and tissues close to it.

Stage II – It has spread to the lymph nodes in the abdomen

Stage III – cancer has spread to distant lymph nodes or other organs perhaps as far as
the lungs, liver or brain.

Medical Treatment

Surgery

 Radical Inguinal Orchiectomy- the primary treatment for nearly all stages and
types of testicular cancer. It is to remove the testicles the surgeon will make an
incision in the groin and extracts the entire testicle. A prosthetic, saline-filled
testicle can be inserted if only chooses.
 Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection- is performed through an incision on the
abdomen. Avoiding the nerves and surrounding the lymph node from being
damage.

Radiation therapy- uses high-powered energy beams, such as x-rays, to kill cancer
cells. It is recommended after surgery.

Chemotherapy – uses drugs to kill the cancer cells.