2.1 - Indicating System Principles

THM
SYSTEM OPERATION INDICATION
2.1 - INDICATING SYSTEM PRINCIPLES

2.1.1 COLOUR OF THE INDICATOR LIGHTS
2.1.2. HIERARCHY OF THE CAUTION AND WARNING LIGHTS
2.1.3. INDICATOR LIGHT LOCATION - INDICATING SYSTEM LOGIC
2.2 - GENERAL FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE INDICATING SYSTEM
2.3 - INDICATING SYSTEM OPERATING PRINCIPLES
2.4 - INDICATING SYSTEM POWER SUPPLY
Ce document est la propriété d'EUROCOPTER ; il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l'autorisation préalable écrite
d'EUROCOPTER et son contenu ne peut être divulgué. This document is the property of EUROCOPTER ; no part of it shall be reproduced or
transmitted without the express prior written authorization of EUROCOPTER and its contents shall not be disclosed. © EUROCOPTER 1998. 2.1
THM
2.1 - INDICATING SYSTEM PRINCIPLES

Based on the theory that when everything is operating However, there are correct operation indicators which
correctly there is no need to bother the pilot, the indicat- are mainly used for testing some systems. Two types of
ing system generally indicates an ABNORMAL OPER- indicators are used, visual indicators and aural indica-
ATING SITUATION. tors.
• The visual indicators are electrically operated indica- • The aural indicators are signals, of a given frequency,
tor lights. heard in the ICS.
Failure detection
The aural indicators always reinforce a visual indicator

and are used for VERY SERIOUS functional cases only.
2.1.1 COLOUR OF THE INDICATOR LIGHTS
• The "green" and "blue" lights indicate correct opera- • The "red" lights indicate A SERIOUS OPERATING
tion (e.g. conclusive system test, confirmation of a nor- DANGER, the pilot must react immediately (e.g. oil pres-
mal operating conditions). sure drop on one engine).
Oil pressure of the RH

START OIL P2 engine is too low :
Green light "START" comes on to
it is likely to fail.
indicate that the engine starter is
coupled.
NOTE THAT VERY SERIOUS DANGERS are indicated

• The "amber" lights indicate a REDUCTION IN THE both by the illumination of a red warning light and an aural
POSSIBILITIES OF AN ESSENTIAL SYSTEM or an alarm. This is the case for indicating a fire and abnormal
abnormal operating configuration. (e.g. failure of an al- "rotor rpm". The aircraft is in danger and the pilot must
ternator. This is not serious in that there is a second react immediately.
alternator capable of supplying the entire power system).
FIRE 2
ALT 1 Indication
LH alternator decoupled of FIRE in
the engine
compartment.
NOTE : An abnormal operating configuration is for ex- NOTE THEN :

ample "GPU" door open before «takeoff» but is not a
failure. - The RED lights are WARNING lights (serious opera-
tion danger)
- The AMBER lights are caution lights (reduction in the
possibilities of a system or abnormal operating configu-
ration).
THM
2.1.2. HIERARCHY OF THE CAUTION AND WARNING LIGHTS
There are three types of indicator lights : the two "COLLECTIVE-REPEATER" indicator lights
which come on whichever system fails :
- the lights which monitor a function of a system (e.g. the
RH LVL which comes on when the RH hydraulic reser- • a FLASHING RED "ALARM" light which comes on
voir level drops below 2 litres). Q < 2 litres when a function red warning light comes on.
• a FIXED AMBER "WARN" light which comes on when

a system (or function) amber caution light comes on.
When a RED MGB P ALARM

LVL warning light
.....the red
comes on...
repeater
«ALARM»
Q<2 litres light flashes.
When
an AMBER .....the amber
caution light repeater
The lights which monitor the general operation of a sys- comes on... «WARN»
tem (e.g. the HYD light which comes on to indicates any WARN light comes on.
failure of the hydraulic system).
LVL
Level
Q<2 litres
RH.P HYD
Pressure (P)
P<80 bar
other hydraulic failures

monitored
2.4 transmitted without the express prior written authorization of EUROCOPTER and its contents shall not be disclosed. © EUROCOPTER 1998.
THM
2.1.3. INDICATOR LIGHT LOCATION - INDICATING SYSTEM LOGIC
The "ALARM" and "WARN" lights are located on the ins-

trument panel in front of the pilots. They constitute the
first degree of the indicating system. The pilot is warned
that a system has failed.
• The red warning lights which monitor the essential

functions and the amber caution lights which monitor the
systems are grouped on a central warning panel. They
constitute the second degree of the indicating system.
The pilot knows which essential function or system is
affected.
• The "function" indicator lights are located on the sys-

tem control and indicating units. They constitute the 3rd.
degree of the indicating system ; the pilot knows which
function has failed.
There are some red "freelance" warning lights which do

not fit into the above categories in that they are first degree
indicators (ALARM light does not come on) :
- L/G : the "landing gear not extended" configuration :
L.GEAR flashing light in front of pilots
- NR/ILS : abnormal rotor speed for ILS
THE "FREELANCE" WARNING LIGHTS

(1st degree of indicating system)
• 1st degree of the indicating system
Note that the "ALARM" and "WARN" lights can be cancelled (switched off), simply
WARN by pressing them in order to make them available for another indication. An expla-
nation is given below as to how, for the same reasons, the "system" caution lights
ALARM on the central warning panel, which cover several functions can be cancelled (ex-
cept for "ELEC" and "AIR COND" which require a pilot action).
• 2nd degree : Central Warning Panel
FAIL PITOT ELEC XMSN ENG BATT

IHUMS WSCRN GPU HYD FUEL DC • "essential function" warning light
ADELT DEICE DOOR COWL RB ON AIR COND MGB P
DIM N AVAD GRD FLT RB ARM FIRE DET C FIRE
SMOKE MGB FIRE • "system" caution lights (or
MGB FIRE «function» indicators if the system
TEST PWR 1 OIL P 1 DIFF NG OIL P 2 PWR 2 has only one function).
FIRE 1 FIRE 2
NR/ILS L/G L/G NR/ILS
• 3rd degree : "Function" indicator lights on «system»

indicating panel or «system» control panels (or units).
THM
2.2 - GENERAL FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE INDICATING SYSTEM
The indicating system, between the detectors and the tor signals and control the illumination of the indicator
indicator lights pass via indicating printed circuit boards lights when their illumination requirements are met.
(electronic circuit assemblies) which process the detec-
Monitored function
SIGNAL
ANALYSIS
PROCESSING
Indicator
Detectors PCB's
lights
Role of the system components
- The detectors monitor the functions for which the in- - The "AMBER ALARM" PCB’s are discriminated, one
correct (or correct) operation is to be indicated. They are for LH systems, one for RH systems; they monitor the
generally switches (pressure switch, thermal switch, illumination of the central warning panel amber lights and
proximity switch, etc...) The detectors can control the the two "WARN" lights to be cancelled. They also monitor
indication by grounding, making positive or tripping the the illumination of «freelance» light "NR/ILS". They are
contact. The detection system may be simple or com- controlled directly (Lane 5) or through "Auxiliary alarm"
plex (e.g. "air conditioning" indicating system PCB's) PCB's (Lane 4)
- The "FUNCTION" PCB's receives information from de- - The "AUXILIARY ALARM" PCB's analyse and proc-
tectors (Lane 1) and direct them according to cases : ess the complex indicating systems circuit signals when
illustration next page the analysis is not conducted by the "function" PCB's
(e.g. Servocontrols seizing detection system is part of
• either to the "Amber alarm" PCB's (Lane 5) this PCB's)
• or to the "Auxiliary alarm" PCB's (Lane 4) - The "RED ALARM" PCB’s are discriminated, one
for LH systems, one for RH systems ;they monitor the
• or to the "Red alarm" PCB's (Lane 2) illumination of the central warning panel red lights, make
the two "ALARM" lights flash and enable the "ALARM"
• or to the "Auxiliary indicating" PCB's (Lane 3) lights to be cancelled, they also monitor the illumination
of "freelance" light "L/G".
They are controlled :
- either directly by the "Function" PCB's (Lane 2); this
The "FUNCTION" PCB’s are : is the case for a simple detection system.
- or by an "Auxiliary Indicating" PCB's when the detec-
• "POWER COMPUTER / AURAL WARNING" tion system requires particular processing (Lane 3).
(16WWX3)
- The "AUXILIARY INDICATING" PCB's make the par-
• "LANDING GEAR / BATTERY" (16WWX4) ticular processing required by the "Function" PCB’s (e.g.
Aural warning, Voice Alert, Doors and cowlings Indicat-
• "RED ALARM / FIRE DETECTION" ing).
LH or RH (16WWX6-16WWY6)
- The "LIGHTING CONTROL UNITS" supply the sys-
• "ENGINE / HYDRAULIC" (16WWY3) tems lights located on management panels (e.g. Fuel
management panel). They also ensure for these panels
• "WIPERS / WINSCREENS HEATING / the indicator lights test and dimming functions. These
LANDING LIGHT" (16WWY4) units are fully described in the "Lighting" chapter.
Note that the instrument panel lights dimming and test
• "AIR CONDITIONING" (16WWY5) are carried out from the central warning panel.
THM
2.2 - GENERAL FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE INDICATING SYSTEM (Cont'd)
FAIL BATT
DC
MGB P
DIM N C FIRE
MGB FIRE
MGB FIRE
TEST PWR 1 OIL P 1 DIFF NG OIL P 2 PWR 2
FIRE 1 FIRE 2
Green or blue lights

on management panel LIGHTING
CONTROL
UNIT
L/G
ALARM
RED ALARM
LIGHTING
PCB'S
CONTROL
UNIT
3.1
R AUXILIARY ICS
INDICATING
PCB'S
S
FUNCTION
DETECTORS Q PCB'S
T AUXILIARY
ALARM
PCB'S
U
4.1
AMBER
ALARM
PCB'S WARN
NR/ILS
LIGHTING
CONTROL
UNIT
Amber light
on systems
PITOT ELEC XMSN ENG
FAIL
IHUMS WSCRN GPU HYD FUEL
management
ADELT DEICE DOOR COWL RB ON AIR COND panel
DIM N AVAD GRD FLT RB ARM FIRE DET
TEST
This diagram is a simplified synthesis of the indicating system structure,

according to cases some more interconnections are added.
THM
2.3 - INDICATING SYSTEM OPERATING PRINCIPLES
( 1 ) Illumination Control of the Central Warning Panel Red Warning Lights and the "ALARM" Light
It is the "red" alarm PCB’s which make the "ALARM" warning panel and via logic circuit (2), makes the
light flash and illuminate the red warning lights on the "ALARM" light flash trough the oscillator (3).
central warning panel. The principle is simple : an acti- The "ALARM" light is switched off simply by pressing it.
vated indicating system lane, via the logic circuit (1), Contact (5) then actuates the cancelling logic circuit (4).
illuminates the relevant indicator light on the central
BATT
"RED" ALARM PCB's
FAIL
DC
MGB P
DIM N C FIRE
MGB FIRE
MGB FIRE
TEST PWR 1 OIL P 1 DIFF NG OIL P 2 PWR 2
FIRE 1 FIRE 2
"Activated" 1
lane
AUXILIARY
INDICATING Red warning lights on the central
PCB's warning panel 10 WW
FUNCTION Activation 2
PCB's of any red lane
ALARM
DETECTORS AUXILIARY OSCILLATOR
ALARM PCB's 5
Cancellation
3
Cancellation
16WWX6
16WWY6 4
( 2 ) Illumination Control of the Amber Caution Lights and the "WARN" Light
The "amber" alarm PCB’s operate in the same way as

those for a "red" indication, but there is no oscillator and
the "WARN" light does not flash.
FAIL PITOT ELEC XMSN ENG

"AMBER" ALARM PCB'S IHUMS
ADELT
WSCRN
DEICE
GPU
DOOR COWL
HYD
RB ON
FUEL
AIR COND
DIM N AVAD GRD FLT RB ARM FIRE DET
TEST
"Activated"
lane
AUXILIARY
INDICATING Amber warning lights on the
PCB's central warning panel 10 WW
Activation of any
FUNCTION "amber" lane
PCB's
WARN
DETECTORS AUXILIARY
ALARM PCB's
Cancellation
16WWX2 Cancellation
16WWY2
THM
2.3 - INDICATING SYSTEM OPERATING PRINCIPLES (Cont’d)
( 3 ) The aural warning

Should a "fire", a "landing gear not extended", a "deci- - The radio altimeter generates a signal via the logic
sion height" or an abnormal rotor Rpm (NR) be detected, "decision height" (2) on "Auxiliary Indicating" PCB's
an aural warning sounds in the crew headsets. This set (800Hz/10Hz/5Hz) when the aircraft goes below the
frequency signal is monitored by the "Auxiliary Indicating" height selected by the pilot.
PCB's.
- Comparator (3) activated by the NR detection outputs
- A fire detection (engine or MGB) generates a 1600Hz/ a 1200Hz/8Hz signal when the NR exceeds the maxi-
10Hz/1Hz signal via the "Fire detection / Red Alarm" mum value and 600Hz/2Hz when NR drops below mini-
PCB's and the "Auxiliary Indicating" PCB's. mum value. According to failure, oscillator on "Power
Computer/Aural Warning" PCB's generates a signal di-
- The landing gear system delivers a signal via the logic rected to the "Auxiliary Indicating" PCB's .
"L/G not extended" (1) on "Auxiliary Indicating" PCB's - These signals are then applied to the Inter Communi-
(285Hz for 3 seconds) when the landing gear is retracted cation System (ICS) (4) via the rest position of the "AU-
with low speed and low height. RAL" push-button.
- The pilot has to press either one of the "ALARM" lights
or the "AURAL" push-button to cancel temporarily the
aural warning.
16 WW X6/Y6
MGB Fire
16 WW X 5
ENG Fire
1 AURAL
From L/G system L/G not
EXTENDED
From air data system
Ampli ICS
2
4
From radio-altimeter DECISION Arm.
3 HEIGHT
High
NR FREQUENCY
COMPARATOR
Low
16 WW X 3
( 4 ) Cancellation of Indicator Lights on the Central Warning Panel
• 1st Rule : The indicator lights which monitor a single Example : the" FUEL" indicator light which is lit when
function cannot be switched off directly by the pilot. They the fuel pressure drops, when a filter is clogged or when
will go out only when the circumstances which led to their the fuel level drops in the feeder tank.
illumination are back to normal. This applies particularly
to the red warning lights. The indicator lights which can be cancelled by the pilot
are switched off :
• 2nd Rule : The pilot must be able to cancel the indica-
tor lights which monitor several functions of a single sys- - either by the control switch of the failed function if there
tem, so that they are available again after indicating a is one for each of the system functions,
failure. - or from the "WARN" light if one of the functions moni-
tored does not have a control switch.
THM
2.3 - INDICATING SYSTEM OPERATING PRINCIPLES (Cont’d)
EXAMPLE 1 - Switch (1) must be set to OFF to extin-

guish the WSCRN caution light.
ON Other "Amber"
indication lanes
RH windscreen panel
de-icing failure WSCRN
ON
Centre windscreen panel

de-icing failure Activation
1 of any "Amber"
ON alarm lane
WARN
LH windscreen panel
de-icing failure
Cancellation
Cancellation
Windscreen panel "de-icing"
control switches and
indicator lights "AMBER"
ALARM PCB's
EXAMPLE 2 - The "WARN" light must be pressed to switch off the "FUEL" caution light ; both lights go out. Only the
FUEL, HYD, XMSN and ENG caution lights can be switched off in this way.
"Function" indicator lights

on the fuel management panel FILTER
DETECTORS
"AUXILIARY" INDICATING PCB's
Fuel 2
low pressure
memory
Fuel 2
low pressure
Filter 2
clogging
memory
Filter 2 clogging
Low level 2
Other "Amber"
memory
Activation indication lanes
Fuel low level 2
of a
FUEL lane
Low level 1 FUEL
memory
Fuel low level 1
Filter 1
clogging
memory Cancellation Activation
Filter 1 clogging
of any "Amber"
Fuel 1 alarm lane
low pressure WARN
memory
Fuel 1
low pressure
Cancellation
Cancellation
"AMBER"
ALARM PCB's
THM
2.4 - INDICATING SYSTEM POWER SUPPLY

ALT ALT
The electric power is distributed by the essential and 1 2
secondary distribution bus bars. The essential buses are
normally supplied from 2 transformer-rectifiers in flight
or from the aircraft battery on the ground, with the rotor Transformer Transformer
stopped (or in flight in the event of transformer-rectifiers rectifier 1 rectifier 2
BATTERY
failure).
The secondary buses cannot be supplied from the bat-

tery, as the only source Secondary Essential
In order to maintain the "indicating" function in the differ-

ent cases of electric failures, the indicating system has a Double indicating system
double power supply : one power supply system from an general power supply
essential bus and one from a secondary bus. Hence,
except for the case of total failure, the indicating system Note that a third power supply system from the battery
is available at all cases of electric power failure. direct + is provided for the FIRE detection circuits. Fur-
ther details are given below.
( 1 ) PCB's Power Supply

Secondary Essential
The "RED", "AMBER" and "AUXILIARY" alarm

PCB’s as well as the "AUXILIARY INDICATING"
PCB's are supplied from essential and secondary
buses.
RED AMBER
ALARM PCB'S AUXILIARY AUXILIARY
ALARM PCB's
16WW X6 ALARM PCB's INDICATING
16WW X2
16WW Y6 16WW Y7 16WW X5
16WW Y2
( 2 ) Central Warning Panel Power Supply
Each AMBER indicating caption consists of 5 bulbs, 3 of Should one system fail there are always bulbs or LED’s
them are connected to the essential bus ; the two other to be lit. In operation from the battery only (on the ground
bulbs are connected to the secondary bus. prior to start or in flight with both transformer-rectifiers
Each RED indicating caption consists of 4 LED’s, two of unserviceable) a transfer system supplies both groups
them are connected to the essential bus whilst the two of bulbs or LED’s from the essential bus.
others are connected to the secondary bus. The figure shows the power supply system in "Battery
supply only" configuration.
Secondary Essential Secondary Essential Secondary Essential
"AMBER" "RED"
caption caption
(5 bulbs) (4 LED)
to "AMBER"
11WW alarm PCB's to "RED"
alarm PCB's
PITOT ELEC XMSN BAT CENTRAL WARNING

PANEL 10WW
"RED"
DETECTION and
SYSTEMS "AMBER"
alarm PCB's

2.1 - Indicating System Principles

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THM

SYSTEM OPERATION INDICATION

2.1 - INDICATING SYSTEM PRINCIPLES

2.2 - GENERAL FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE INDICATING SYSTEM

2.3 - INDICATING SYSTEM OPERATING PRINCIPLES

2.4 - INDICATING SYSTEM POWER SUPPLY

2.1 - INDICATING SYSTEM PRINCIPLES

The aural indicators always reinforce a visual indicator

2.1.1 COLOUR OF THE INDICATOR LIGHTS

Oil pressure of the RH

NOTE THAT VERY SERIOUS DANGERS are indicated

NOTE : An abnormal operating configuration is for ex- NOTE THEN :

2.1.2. HIERARCHY OF THE CAUTION AND WARNING LIGHTS

• a FIXED AMBER "WARN" light which comes on when

When a RED MGB P ALARM

other hydraulic failures

2.1.3. INDICATOR LIGHT LOCATION - INDICATING SYSTEM LOGIC

The "ALARM" and "WARN" lights are located on the ins-

• The red warning lights which monitor the essential

• The "function" indicator lights are located on the sys-

There are some red "freelance" warning lights which do

THE "FREELANCE" WARNING LIGHTS

• 2nd degree : Central Warning Panel

FAIL PITOT ELEC XMSN ENG BATT

NR/ILS L/G L/G NR/ILS

• 3rd degree : "Function" indicator lights on «system»

2.2 - GENERAL FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE INDICATING SYSTEM

Role of the system components

2.2 - GENERAL FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE INDICATING SYSTEM (Cont'd)

Green or blue lights

This diagram is a simplified synthesis of the indicating system structure,

2.3 - INDICATING SYSTEM OPERATING PRINCIPLES

The "amber" alarm PCB’s operate in the same way as

FAIL PITOT ELEC XMSN ENG

2.3 - INDICATING SYSTEM OPERATING PRINCIPLES (Cont’d)

( 3 ) The aural warning

( 4 ) Cancellation of Indicator Lights on the Central Warning Panel

2.3 - INDICATING SYSTEM OPERATING PRINCIPLES (Cont’d)

EXAMPLE 1 - Switch (1) must be set to OFF to extin-

Centre windscreen panel

"Function" indicator lights

2.4 - INDICATING SYSTEM POWER SUPPLY

The secondary buses cannot be supplied from the bat-

In order to maintain the "indicating" function in the differ-

( 1 ) PCB's Power Supply

The "RED", "AMBER" and "AUXILIARY" alarm

( 2 ) Central Warning Panel Power Supply

Secondary Essential Secondary Essential Secondary Essential

PITOT ELEC XMSN BAT CENTRAL WARNING

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