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Joseph-Louis
The Euler-Lagrange Approach Lagrange
(1736 – 1813)
for Steady and Unsteady Flows
Leonard Euler
(1707 – 1783)
M. Sommerfeld
Zentrum für Ingenieurwissenschaften
Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg
D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
www-mvt.iw.uni-halle.de
Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg
Content of the Lecture
Conclusions/Outlook
Martin-Luther-Universität
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Hybrid CFD – DPM
The numerical calculation of dispersed two-phase flows is often based on a
coupled hybrid approach: CFD (fluid flow) and DPM (particle phase)
Two-way
coupling
Advantages:
particle size distribution
detailed
Martin-Luther-Universität
modelling
Halle-Wittenberg
CFD-Methods for Fluid Flow
For the numerical calculation of fluid flows the following methods
are applied:
Increased
numerical methods for laminar flows Energy
modelling
Direct numerical simulations (DNS) containing
eddies
requirements
LES
E
Regime of
dissipation
Large eddy simulations (LES)
k 1 /∆x 1 /η
3 (1 − ε )
β=
4 Dp
ρg C*D u g − u p ε −1.65 ε > 0.8 Wen & Yu for dilute regime
(1 − ε)
2
µg
+ 1.75 (1 − ε )
ρg
β = 150
ε D 2p Dp
ug − up ε ≤ 0.8 Ergun for dense regime
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DPM – Methods 2
Discrete particle methods (point particles) for fluid-particle
systems:
Particle motion driven by fluid-dynamic and
external forces as well as binary collisions
Only one instantaneous collision of two
DPM with hard-sphere collisions particles at a time (time step: event driven)
DPM with all real particles deterministic inter-particle collisions
standard Lagrangian tracking stochastic inter-particle collision model
(representative particles, parcels)
d x p ,i
= u p ,i
dt
β Vp
m p ,i
d v p ,i
= (u g − u p ) − Vp ∇p + m p g
dt (1 − ε )
d ωp ,i
I p ,i = Tp ,i
Solve impulse equations for dt
translation and rotation
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DPM – Methods 3
Remarks on the application of DPM:
The particles need to be considerably smaller than the numerical grid
The action of the particles should be distributed to the neighbouring cells
Without inter-particle collisions there is no mechanism to avoid particle
concentrations larger than the closest packing
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Examples of CFD-DPM Calculations
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Euler/Lagrange Approach 1
Two-way
The fluid flow is calculated by solving the Reynolds-averaged coupling
iterations
conservation equations (steady or unsteady) by accounting for
the influence of the particles (source terms).
k-ε turbulence model
Turbulence models
with coupling: Reynolds-stress model
φ Sφ Sφ,P Γφ
constants
1 - 0 -
∂ ∂Uj ∂p Cµ = 0.09
ΓU i − µ + µt
Ui
∂xj ∂ ∂ x + ρ gi S Ui ,P
x i i
µ C1 = 1.44
k Gk − ρε S k ,P µ+ t
σk
ε µ C2 = 1.92
ε (C 1 G k − C 2 ρ ε) Sε ,P µ+ t
σε
k
σk = 1.0
∂ Ui ∂ U j ∂ Ui 2
Gk = µt + , µ t = Cµ ρ
k
∂x ∂ ∂x ε
j x i j σε = 1.0
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Euler/Lagrange Approach 3
The simulation of the dispersed phase by the Lagrangian approach implies
the tracking of a large number of particles through the calculated flow field
solving a set of ordinary differential equations (Sommerfeld 1996, 2008, 2010) .
particle location particle velocity particle angular velocity
d xp d up d ωp
= up mp =∑ Fi Ip =T
dt dt dt
Heat and mass transfer between phases requires the solution of two additional
partial differential equations for droplet diameter and droplet temperature
(Sommerfeld et al. 1993 a).
droplet size d Dp 2m droplet temperature d Tp 6Q
= =
dt π ρl D 2p dt π ρl D 3p c p ,l
The particles are treated as point-masses and their size must be smaller than
the dimensions of the numerical grid.
Each parcel consists of a number of real particles with identical properties.
Sequential (stationary flows) and simultaneous (unsteady flows) tracking of the
parcels.
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Particle Tracking Issues 1
Integrated version of the equation of motion to be solved numerically:
∆t L 2 ∆t L ∆t L
x new = x + u ∆t + (u − u ) τ P 1 − exp − + τ P − 1 − exp − ∑ Fnon −drag
τ τ τ
P P L P
P P P
∆t L ∆t L
u p = u + (u p − u ) exp −
new ∑ Fnon −drag
τ p
+τ 1 − exp −
p τ p
The Lagrangian time step is adjusted dynamically along the particle trajectory
Criteria for the selection of Lagrangian time step (Sommerfeld 1996, Lain and
Sommerfeld 2008):
Collision time:
∆t L = 0.25 ⋅ min (Tcross , TL , τ P , τ K ) τ K = f (n P , D P , u Re l )
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Particle Tracking Issues 2
Random particle injection at inlet boundary:
inlet plane profile Number of real
particles in a parcel:
f F g m , j A j t ref
N P ,k =
m m N Parcel
Weighing factor: nS
N t = ∑ N P , n f s , n ∆t n ∆t *n
n =1
Unsteady flows with ∆TE > ∆TL are also calculated on the basis of the
time-dependent conservation equations (Sommerfeld et al. 1997;
Lipowsky and Sommerfeld 2005; Sommerfeld et al. 2010):
The selection of ∆TE determines the temporal resolution of the flow
Sequential calculation of both phases with different time steps
The particles see a flow field frozen over ∆TE
Simultaneous particle tracking
Temporal and ensemble averaging of particle phase properties and
source terms (no under-relaxation) within a computational cell
Flow field
Sources
∆tL
Lagrangian Calculation
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Euler-Lagrange Coupling 4
Particle phase source terms for k-ε turbulence model:
Sampling of source terms along parcel trajectories calculated from
particle velocity change (ensemble and time averaging):
Momentum equations, Crowe et al. 1977:
n +1 ρL
SU i ,P =−
1
Vcv ∆t E
m N u (
∑k k k ∑n k ,i k ,i − g i
− u n
) 1 − ∆t L
ρB
Turbulent kinetic energy:
S k , P = ∑ S k ,i
i
S k ,i = u i S U i P − u i S U i P
Dissipation rate:
ε
Sε , P = C ε 3 Sk , P (Cε3 = 1.1 − 1.8)
k
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Euler-Lagrange Coupling 5
Grid generation, Eulerian Part Lagrangian Part
Boundary conditions, Calculation of the fluid flow without Tracking of parcels without inter-
Inlet conditions particle phase source terms particle collisions,
Sampling of particle phase properties
and source terms
Eulerian Part
Calculation of the fluid flow with
Two-way coupling particle phase source terms:
• Converged Solution
approach for • Solution with a fixed number
stationary flows Coupling
of iterations
Iterations
Lagrangian Part
Tracking of parcels with inter-particle
collisions,
Sampling of particle phase properties
and source terms
Under-relaxation of source terms:
= (1 − γ ) S + γ S
no
i +1 i i +1 Convergence
SφP φP φP ( calculated ) two-way
coupling
yes
Under-relaxation of the source terms
improves convergence behaviour !!! Output:
Flow field,
(Kohnen et al. 1994) Particle-phase statistics
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Euler-Lagrange Coupling 6
vert. velocity
0.1 mass loading η = 1.0
0.01 R0 = 2.2 µm, ∆γ = 1.4°
1E-3
1E-4
1E-5
1E-6
Four-way coupling
1E-7
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Number of Iterations [ - ]
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Horizontal Pipe Flow 2
Convergence behaviour of stationary particle-laden flow in the pipe:
1.0
Profile of stream-wise
0.8 single-phase
gas velocity
1. iteration
3. iteration
Niter ≤ 7 Two-Way
y/D[-]
0.6 7. iteration
8. iteration
10. iteration
0.4 18. iteration
27. iteration 1.0
0.2
0.8
single-phase
0.0 1. iteration
y/D[-]
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.6 3. iteration
U / U0 [ - ] 7. iteration
8. iteration
0.4 10. iteration
18. iteration
27. iteration
0.2
Profile of turbulent
kinetic energy 0.0
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
2
k/U [-]
0
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Examples of Application
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Examples of Application
Pneumatic conveying
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Thank you very much for your attention !!!
We like to sit
on the particles
Martin-Luther-Universität
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