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Introduction
 Material Science
 Involves determining the relationship between the
structures and properties of materials
 A material scientist tries to determine the relationship
of material properties to the response of the material
 For example, what is the relationship between the
pressure and temperature of a material?

 Materials Engineering  For example, car window glasses previously breaks

 Study on the process of creating or designing a new into splinters causing severe injury. To make the glass
material based on an existing material with similar safer, the glass is tempered by increasing its internal
properties stress such that when broken, will crumble into
 Materials Engineer granular chunks
 Tries to create a new material with the desired
properties based on an existing material with similar
properties

 Microscopic vs. Macroscopic  Structure of a Material

 Microscopic structure is defined as the material  The structure of a material usually relates to the
structure that can be seen with microscopes such as arrangement of its internal components.
Optical microscope

 For example, materials are composed of atoms that
Scanning electron microscope

may have specific atomic configuration (e.g. crystalline
Atomic force microscope

or noncrystalline)
 Macroscopic structure is defined as structures that can
be seen by unaided eye

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 Properties of a Material
 Defined as the characteristic of a material that
differentiate it from other materials. It is independent
on its size and shape
 Material properties are grouped into six:
 Mechanical
 Electrical
 Thermal
 Optical
 Magnetic
 Deteriorative
 Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a
material to the application of a magnetic field.
 Optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic or
light radiation
 Deteriorative characteristics relate to the chemical
reactivity of materials.
 For example, even though graphite and diamond are
made up of carbon atoms, they are processed
differently to produce a different material
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 Mechanical properties relate deformation to an
applied load or force
 Electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity
and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field
 Thermal behavior of solids can be represented in
terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity
Four Components of Materials
 The structure of a material depends on how it is made
or processed while the performance of the material
depends on its properties. The four components of a
material are interrelated:
Why Study Materials?
 For the engineer and scientist, it is necessary to study
materials to enable to select the necessary material for
a specific purpose
 Usually there is a tradeoff between one characteristic
to another
 For example, a ductile material have limited strength
and vice versa. Therefore, as an engineer, it is
necessary not only to know the right specifications but
also the limitation induced by the increased
performance of the material
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 Deterioration of material property is also important.
For example, if you have a beach house, you need to
determine if the roof of the house is highly resistant to
corrosive attack. Note that salt is corrosive that can
shorten the lifetime of your roof
 You need to have basic knowledge about the economic
consideration of creating or replacing traditional
materials
 For example, solar panels are very effective in
replacing electrical sources but they are very
expensive. Return of investment will usuall be around
15 years.
 Buying expensive leather shoes might be cheaper in
the long run compared with buying cheaper synthetic
leather shoes

Classification of Materials
 The more familiar you are with the various  Basic Classification
characteristics and structure–property relationships,  Metals
as well as processing techniques of materials, the more
proficient and confident you will be to make judicious  Polymers
materials choices based on these criteria.  Ceramics
 Advance Materials
 Composites
 Semiconductors
 Biomaterials

Metals
Bar-chart of room temperature density values for various
metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite materials
 Metals includes Cu, Fe, Al, Zn
 Metallic alloys includes small amounts of
nonmetalllic materials such as carbon, nitrogen
and oxygen
 In terms of density, metals are denser than
ceramics and polymers.

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Bar-chart of room temperature Bar-chart of room temperature

stiffness strength

Bar-chart of room-temperature Bar-chart of room temperature

resistance to fracture electrical conductivity ranges

Ceramics
 Ceramics are compounds between metallic and  Ceramics are relatively stiff , strong and hard
nonmetallic elements  However, they are brittle and easy to fracture
 They are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides  Insulators and more resistant to heat and harsh
 Examples includes: environment compared with metals and polymers
 Porcelain
 Glass
 Tiles
 Alumina
 Silica

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Polymers
 Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber  Polymers usually have low densities
materials  Not stiff nor as strong as ceramics and metals
 Chemically based on carbon, hydrogen and other
nonmetallic elements like oxygen, nitrogen and silicon  Ductile and pliable
 Examples are  Inert and unreactive to most harsh environment
 Polyethylene  One major drawback of polymers is its low melting
 Nylon temperature
 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
 Polystyrene (styrofoam)
 Rubber

Knowledge Application
 What are the Pros and Cons in the container of most  Glass bottles have the following advantages:
carbonated drinks?  Can able to store the carbon dioxide in the beverage for
 There are 3 kinds of containers used in most longer times
carbonated drinks:  Cheaper than Aluminum cans
 Glass bottles (Ceramics)  The disadvantage is it can easily breaks and heavier
 Plastic bottles (Polymer) than the other containers
 Aluminum cans (Metal)

 Aluminum cans are lighter and quickly cools. It can
easily be recycled and can paint the surface. However,
it is more expensive
 Plastic containers are relatively cheaper than
aluminum cans but can only store the carbon dioxide
at shorter times
Composites
 Composite is composed of two (or more) individual
materials, which come from either metals, ceramics,
and polymers
 Examples are:
 Fiberglass or Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)
 Composed of glass fibers in epoxy or polyester
 Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)
 Carbon fiber in epoxy or polyester . Better than fiberglass but
more expensive