INSTRUMENT AND AVIONICS SYSTEM

1) State the purpose of pitot static system.

A system in which total pressure created by the forward motion of the aircraft and static
pressure of the atmosphere surrounding it are sensed and measured in terms of:
1. Speed
2. Altitude
3. Rate of change of altitude

2) Describe the basic pitot static component.

1. Pressure Head
2. Static Vent
3. Pipeline
4. Drain Trap

1. Pressure Head
• Known as pitot-static probe, consist of static slots, pitot tube, drain hole and
heating element.
• If only pitot pressure is collected through the tube, it is called Pitot Tube or Pitot
Head.
• It should be covered if the aircraft is park to avoid foreign object entering the
tube.
• Warning flag, red in colour, with word ‘REMOVED BEFORE FLIGHT’ to be
attached to the pitot cover.

2. Static Vent
• Also known as static port, it is located at the aircraft fuselage and are position
where there are least disturbance from the air flow.
• Independent static vents, when fitted are always located one on each side of a
fuselage and interconnected so as to balance out dynamic pressure effects
resulting from any yawing or sideslip motion of an aircraft.
• The static vent mounting plate should not painted and must be cleaned and
smooth.
• If aircraft is park the static vent should be blanked and the warning flag
“REMOVED BEFORE FLIGHT’ should be attached.

3. Pipeline
• Pitot and static pressures are transmitted through seamless corrosion-resistant
metal (light alloy/or tungum) pipeline.
• Flexible pipes (maricon tubing) are used for connection of components mounted
on anti-vibration mountings.
• The minimum requirement diameter of the pipeline is 0.25 inch or 6mm.
• The piping are marked by a letter P or S.
 4. Drain Trap
• Allow draining of water accumulated in the piping using spring loaded action.
• Drain traps are located at the lowest point of the piping run/route.

3) Describe the purpose of pitot static instrument.

1. Airspeed Indicator (ASI)
• Requires pitot and static pressure.
• ASI measure the differential pressure between pitot/static.

2. Altimeter
• Requires static pressure only
• Altimeter measures absolute pressure.
• If a leak occurs on a pressurised aircraft – under read, unpressurised aircraft

3. Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

• Requires static pressure only
• VSI measures rate of change of altitude pressure.

4. Machmeter
• Requires pitot and static pressure

4) Gives the input and output of ADC.

INPUT of ADC
1. Pitot pressure from the pitot probe
2. Static pressure from the static ports
3. Total air temperature from the TAT probe

OUTPUT of ADC
1. Altitude
2. Indicated Airspeed
3. True airspeed
4. Machmeter
5. Vertical speed
6. Static air temperature
7. Total air temperature
5) Using simple words, describe about pitot-static leak test.

(Cari dalam buku lagi, ada satu part tertinggal)

Pitot Leak Test
• Connect up Pitotstatic Tester to the pitot head using adaptor.
• Pump in positive pressure slowly to make airspeed indicator pointer reads V ne
– red radial line.
Caution: about ½ PSI is required to make ASI read 150 knots.
• Retain pressure for 1 minute.
• If ASI reading drop more than 10 knots means there is a leak in the pitot
pipelines.
• Trace leak from the indicator to source

Static Leak Test

• Connect up Pitot static Tester to the static port using adaptor.
• Pump in negative pressure slowly to make altimeter reads more than 1,000 feet
above current reading.
Caution: When applying suction to the system do not exceed the vertical speed
indicator maximum limit.
• Retain pressure for 1 minute.
• If altimeter reading drop more than 100 feet means there is a leak in the static
pipelines.
• Trace leak from the indicator to source using soap water.

6) What are the caution during pitot-static test?

1. The amount of pressure required for 150 MPH indication is less than ½ PSI.
– Avoid high pressure as instruments damage will result.
2. Do not apply suction to pitot pressure lines.
3. When applying or releasing suction, take care not to exceed rate range of vertical speed
indicator.
4. Do not apply pressure to static lines with instruments connected.
5. Never blow through the pitot or static lines toward the instruments.
- Doing so may damage them

7) Gives the purpose of FQIS.

FQIS stand for Fuel Quantity Indicating System. These are the purposes of FQIS:
1. To indicate to the pilot the quantity of fuel in volume using simply mechanical devices.
2. To indicate to the pilot the quantity of fuel in mass/weight using electrical/electronic
system
8) Describe the type of FQIS.
There are three types of FQIS, which are:
1. Mechanical
2. Electrical
3. Electronic

1. Mechanical
• Sight glass – Direct reading on the fuel tank.
• Dip stick – Reading taken from upper fuel tank.
• Drip stick – Reading taken from under underwing of aircraft.
• Drop stick – Fitted to aircraft underwing for calibration.
• Float-type – Uses linkages to show level on gauge.

2. Electrical
• Resistance-type – Uses float, variable resistor and ratiometer

3. Electronic
• Capacitance-type – Gauges are calibrated in mass (Ibs/kgs).

FQIS - Electronic Type

• Known as capacitance-type FQIS.
• Measures fuel quantity in mass (pound).
✓ Fuel has a density of 6.02 lbs/gallon at 15°C.
✓ Density increases to 6.40 lbs/gallon at minus 40°C.
• Can measure fuel of irregular shape tank.
• Its measures the value of capacitance.
✓ Capacitance = dielectric X area / distance
✓ Dielectric constant of air = 1
✓ Dielectric constant of fuel = 2

9) State the purpose of auxiliary instrument.

1. Outside Air Temperature (OAT) + Penerangan purpose
2. Total Air Temperature (TAT) + Penerangan purpose
3. Clock + Penerangan purpose
10) Give the purpose of master oscillator and amplifier in basic radio.
Master Oscillator: provide the carrier frequency, tuned by frequency synthesizer.
Amplifier : increase radio signal strength.

11) Describe the HF of communication system.

• Supplies voice communication over long distances
• Gives communication between airplanes or between ground stations and
airplanes
• Frequency range of 2 MHz to 29.999 MHz, 1kHz spacing
• The system uses the surface of the earth and an ionized layer to cause a
reflection (skip) of the communication signal
• The distance between skips changes due to the time of day, radio frequency, and
airplane altitude

Gives Diagram
12) Briefly describe antenna use in aircraft.
There are many types of antenna that use in aircraft; which are:
1. Wire
2. Slot
3. Notch
4. Probe
5. Whip
6. Blade

1. Wire Antenna
• copper-clad steel or phosphor bronze
• Normally a single span between forward fuselage and vertical stabilizer
• Larger aircraft will have twin antennas while a single installation,
possibly in ‘V’ configuration is more common for small aircraft
• RF feed : forward attachment via antenna mast
• Rear tethering :
➢a tensioning unit
➢a weak link provided to ensure any break occurs at the rear, prevent
the wire wrapping the vertical stabilizer/rudder
 2. Slot Antenna
• The properties of many slot antennas can be deduced from the properties
of complementary metallic antenna

ZmZs = (60π)2

Zm : metallic antenna impedance

Zs : slot antenna impedance

3. Notch Antenna
• Sometimes referred to as an open-ended antenna
• Used in cases where a broad-band radiator is necessary and pseudo-
sheet-metal areas are available such as in the empennage of an aircraft,
that is, the leading or trailing edges of wings or rudders
• A slot cut into the aircraft structure, often at the base of the vertical
stabilizer

4. Probe Antenna
• Aerodynamically acceptable
• Fitted at either of the wing-tips or on top of the vertical stabilizer
• Liable to suffer lightning strikes – lightning arrester (spark gap)
• High resistance static drains – connected between antenna feed point and
ATU, to prevent build-up of precipitation static charges.

5. Whip Antenna
• Simplest antenna, bent whip antenna for aircraft VHF communications
• A wire rod (of proper length) sticking above the metal skin of the aircraft
• Have correct length for only one frequency – other frequency, antenna
will not be a proper load for the transmitter, so not all power will be
transferred to antenna.

6. Blade Antenna
• Found on large antenna • Aerodynamically acceptable and more
complex in its construction • Usually self resonant at the centre of the
band of operation • Reactive network will permit an improvement in
height and hence drag reduction (high speed aircraft)

(No.13,14,15 x sure jwpn bawah ni amik mana, refer kat buku semula)
13) Gives the purpose of ADF.
Automatic Direction Finder or known as ADF will show direction (to and from) of the
designated airfield.
14) State the purpose of VOR.
VOR or known as Very high-frequency Omnidirectional Range will show the exact heading of
the designated airfield.

15) State the information provided by DME.

DME or known as Distance Measuring Equipment which is to provide distance information
and can be automatically tuned by signals from the FMC (Flight Management Computer)

16) Give the purpose of ILS, glideslope and localizer. (Tengok dalam buku semula)
ILS (Instrument Landing System) : Its enables aircraft to land if the pilots are unable to
establish visual contact with the runway by transmitting
radio signals. An instrument landing system consists of
a runway localizer, a glide slope signal, and marker
beacons for position location.
Glideslope : The glide slope is a radio beam which provides vertical
guidance to the pilot, assisting him in making the
correct angle of descent to the runway.
Localizer : The localizer equipment produces a radio course to
align with the center of an airport runway

17) What are the modulated carrier frequencies for glideslope and localizer.
▪ Localizer: 108.1-111.95 MHz
▪ Glide Slope: 329.15-335.0 MHz

18) Explain in a simple word about Marker Beacon System

Marker Beacon System is a part of ILS (Instrument Landing System) and are used to give pilots
a means to determine position along an established route to a destination such as a runway.
Marker beacon lights are blue, amber and white.
A marker beacon is defined as A transmitter in the aeronautical radio navigation service which
radiates vertically a distinctive pattern for providing position information to aircraft. It has three
types of marker which are; outer marker (blue), Middle marker (Amber) and Inner marker
(white).

19) What are the frequencies used by ATC.

The frequencies used by ATC is 1030MHz that been signalled from radar ground
station either mode A or Mode C.
20) Describe the display colour in WXR Radar.

21) What is the purpose of radio altimeter?

1. Measure vertical distance Above Ground Level (AGL)
2. Used in GPWS and autopilot
3. Displays the aircraft’s altitude as measured by radio signal, instead of by
atmospheric pressure.

22) What is the maximum altitude covered by radio altimeter.

Typically, maximum altitude covered by radio altimeter is below 2500feet of the
ground, and provides a digital display of the aircraft’s absolute altitude Above Ground Level
(AGL).

23) Briefly explain TCAS systems using your own words.

TCAS or known as Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System. TCAS is the product
of carefully balancing and integrating sensor characteristics, tracker and aircraft dynamics,
manoeuvre coordination, operational constraints, and human factors in time-critical situations.
It is used for an aircraft collision avoidance system designed to reduce the incidence of
mid-air collisions between aircraft. The TCAS is a system designed to advise pilots of other
aircraft in their vicinity. TCAS can provide pilots with instructions to climb or descend to avoid
probable collisions.
TCAS receiver/transmitter is a typical black box assembly and is mounted in the aircraft
electronic compartment. It has full built in test equipment (BITE) capability in fault finding.
TCAS is an advisory system. As an example it tells the pilot what to do to avoid collision but
does not take control of the aircraft.

24) Explain the TARGET including:

(Muka Surat Belakang sekali)