“Hybrid Energy Generation Using Fuzzy Logic Controller in MATLAB”

A Project Submitted

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

Electrical Engineering (EE)

By

Abhishek Kalhans (1501020002)

Ajay Kumar Singh (1501020006)

Devesh Rai (1501020026)

Himanshu Singh (1501020033)

Under the supervision of

Mr. Satyam Prakash

(Assistant Professor)

Department of Electrical Engineering

UNITED COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & RESEARCH , ALLAHABAD

(CODE 010)

DR. A.P.J ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW

(i)
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that the work presented in this report entitled “Hybrid Energy Generation Using Fuzzy
Logic Controller in MATLAB” for the award of Bachelor of Technology from Dr. A.P.J. Abdul
Kalam Technical University,Lucknow, embodies the results of original work, and studies are
carried out by us and the contents of the thesis do not form the basis for the award of any other
degree to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any other University/Institution .

Abhishek Kalhans Mr. Satyam Prakash

(1501020002) (Project Guide)

Ajay Kumar Singh

(1501020006)

Devesh Rai Mr. Abdul Zeeshan

(1501020026) (HOD EN/EE)

Himanshu Singh
(1501020033)
 ABSTRACT

Renewable energy, such as wind, solar energy and fuel cells are desirable for power generation
due to their unlimited existence and environmental friendly nature . This project deals with
system integration and fuzzy logic based controller design for power management of a grid
connected Hybrid renewable energy source (HRES).The demand for electricity is increasing day
by day, which cannot be fully utilized by non renewable sources alone .Renewable energy
sources such as Solar and Wind are Omnipresent and environmental friendly .They are the
emerging options to fulfill the energy demand ,but unreliable due to stochastic nature of their
occurrence . A hybrid system of wind and PV power sources provides a stable form of power
generation. Hybrid energy systems are cost effective energy solutions with high reliability and
power quality. Individual photovoltaic (PV) or wind energy system, do not generate utilizable
energy for a large portion of time during the year. This is because of dependency on variable
sunshine hours in PV system and on relatively high cut-in wind speeds.

The strategy is based on Fuzzy Logic control technique . The hybrid power system is
sized to provide the energy demand of the inhabitants of the house and if there is an extra
power generation, it would be sold to the grid .Using Simulink we develop the different
scenarios in order to use the fuel cell or battery during critical periods .

The hybrid system is the combination of fuel cell, wind turbine, and battery storage via a
common current source interface multiple-input dc-dc converter. This converter is used to
integrate the renewable energy sources to the utility grid. A two- level control system is
implemented, comprising a Fuzzy logic controller, which ensures the power management
between intermittent RE generation, energy storage, and grid, as well as local controllers
for the photovoltaic, wind unit. Simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are becoming popular as stand-alone power systems
for providing electricity in remote areas due to advances in renewable energy technologies and
subsequent rise in prices of petroleum products. A hybrid energy system, or hybrid power,
usually consists of two or more renewable energy sources used together to provide increased
system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply.

Examples :

Biomass-wind-fuel cell

For example, let us consider a load of 100% power supply and there is no renewable system to
fulfill this need, so two or more renewable energy system can be combined. For example, 60%
from a biomass system, 20% from wind system and the remainder from fuel cells. Thus
combining all these renewable energy systems may provide 100% of the power and energy
requirements for the load, such as a home or business.

Solar and wind

Another example of a hybrid energy system is a photovoltaic array coupled with a wind turbine.
This would create more output from the wind turbine during the winter, whereas during the
summer, the solar panels would produce their peak output. Hybrid energy systems often yield
greater economic and environmental returns than wind, solar, geothermal or trigeneration stand-
alone systems by themselves.

Future energy sustainability depends heavily on how the renewable energy problem is addressed
in the next few decades. Although in most power-generating systems, the main source of energy
(the fuel) can be manipulated, this is not true for solar and wind energies. The main problems
with these energy sources are cost and availability: wind and solar power are not always
available where and when needed. Unlike conventional sources of electric power, these
renewable sources are not dispatch able‖ the power output cannot be controlled. Daily and
seasonal effects and limited predictability result in intermittent generation. Smart grids promise
to facilitate the integration of renewable energy and will provide other benefits as well . Industry
must overcome a number of technical issues to deliver renewable energy in significant quantities.
Control is one of the key enabling technologies for the deployment of renewable energy systems.
Solar and wind power require effective use of advanced control techniques. Therefore a Hybrid
power system seems to an alternative for supplying isolated sites. The renewable energy sources
combination with energy storage can complement each other to provide a continuous and reliable
supply to isolated sites. Highlights some important issues and challenges in the design and
management of hybrid sources. System configuration, generator unit sizing, storage needs and
energy management are addressed. Also the latest status of fuel cell technology development and
its application in the transportation, stationary and portable micro power generation are discussed
in this project .
 ADVANTAGES :

 Using a Hybrid Power Supply can achieve better utilization of Renewable Energy .

 Compared with single use diesel Solar Generator, it has the advantage of less
maintenance and uses less fuel .

 Higher fuel efficiency . Under low load conditions, it will cause fuel waste . In a hybrid
system can be integrated control makes the diesel engine rated power in the vicinity of
the work, thereby improving fuel efficiency .

 Better load matching . After using a hybrid system, because the diesel generator can
instantly provide greater power, the hybrid system can be applied to a wider range of load
system , for example, you can use a large AC Load, impact load and so on .

DRAWBACKS

 Control more complicated .Because of the use of variety of energy resources, so the
system needs to monitor the work of each of the energy sources ,the process of
interaction of various energy sub-system, coordinate the operation of entire system , thus
leading to complication .

 Independent systems requires more maintenance .Use oil machine requires a lot of
maintenance work ,but because the system uses a hybrid diesel energy parked, so
inevitably produce noise and pollution .

 Large Initial Project . Design, installation and construction are cumbersome .

How to Overcome?

So if all the three are combined into one hybrid power generating system the drawbacks can be
avoided partially/completely, depending on the control units. As the one or more drawbacks can
be overcome by the other, as in northern hemisphere it is generally seen that in windy days the
solar power is limited and vice versa and in summer and rainy season the biomass plant can
operate in a full flagged so the power generation can be maintained in the above stated condition.
The cost of solar panel can be subsided by using glass lenses, mirrors to heat up a fluid, that can
rotate the common turbine used by wind and other sources.
 Now the question arises what about the winter nights or cloudy winter days with very low wind
speeds. Here comes the activity of the Hydrogen. As we know the process of electrolysis can
produce hydrogen by breaking water into hydrogen and oxygen, it can be stored; hydrogen is
also a good fuel and burns with oxygen to give water. Hydrogen can be used to maintain the
temperature of the biomass reservoir in winter so that it can produce biogas in optimum amount
for the power generation. As stated above biogas is a good source in summer; in this period the
solar energy available is also at its peak, so if the demand and supply is properly checked and
calculated the excess energy can be used in the production of hydrogen and can be stored.

In sunny, windy &hot day, the turbine operates with full speed as the supply is maximum, and
this excess power can be consumed for the process of manufacturing hydrogen. In winter, the
power consumption is also low so the supply limit is low, and obtained with lesser consumption.
Driving hybrid cars will disable this outcome.
 CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW

Fuzzy Logic :

In recent years, the number and variety of applications of fuzzy logic have increased
significantly. The applications range from consumer products such as cameras, camcorders,
washing machines, and microwave ovens to industrial process control, medical instrumentation,
decision- support systems, and portfolio selection. Fuzzy logic has two different meanings. In a
narrow sense, fuzzy logic is a logical system, which is an extension of multivalued logic.
However, in a wider sense fuzzy logic (FL) is almost synonymous with the theory of fuzzy sets,
a theory which relates to classes of objects with unsharp boundaries in which membership is a
matter of degree. In this perspective, fuzzy logic in its narrow sense is a branch of FL. Even in its
more narrow definition, fuzzy logic differs both in concept and substance from traditional
multivalued logical systems.

The Fuzzy control is a methodology to represent and implement a (smart) human’s

knowledge about how to control a system. A fuzzy controller is shown in Figure. The
fuzzy controller has several components:

 A rule base that determines on how to perform control

 Fuzzification that transforms the numeric inputs so that the inference mechanisms can
understand.

 The inference mechanism uses information about the current inputs and decides the
rules that are suitable in the current situation and can form conclusion about
system input.

 Defuzzification is opposite of Fuzzification which converts the conclusions reached

by inference mechanism into numeric input .
 Block diagram of fuzzy control system

The crisp inputs are supplied to the input side Fuzzification unit. The Fuzzification unit
converts the crisp input in to fuzzy variable. The fuzzy variables are then passed through
the fuzzy rule base. The fuzzy rule base computes the input according to the rules and
gives the output. The output is then passed through de-fuzzification unit where the fuzzy
output is converted to crisp output.

Scaling factor in a fuzzy logic controller is very important. Selection of suitable values for
scaling factors are made based on the knowledge about the process to be controlled and
sometimes through trial and error to achieve the best possible control performance. This is
so because, unlike conventional non-fuzzy controllers to date, there is no well-defined
method for good setting of scaling factors for fuzzy logic controllers. But the scaling
factors are the main parameters used for tuning the fuzzy logic controller because changing
the scaling factors changes the normalized universe of discourse, the domains, and the
membership functions of input /output variables of fuzzy logic controller.
A grouping of Wind and PV energy system into a hybrid generation system may increase their
efficiency by increasing their overall energy output, by reducing energy storage requirement.
This makes system less costly and more reliable as compared to individual energy system.
A hybrid system of wind and PV connected to grid is simulated. It consists of a three phase
converter with PWM generator and voltage source converter which convert DC to AC of grid
frequency. A simulink model of hybrid system is shown in fig below .

Simulation Model of Hybrid Solar/ Wind Renewable Energy System

DC Output Voltage of Wind System

Dd
 DC Output Voltage of Solar System

By combining the PV and Wind energy system, a hybrid energy system has been simulated. This
simulated hybrid model generates a DC voltage. The below figure shows the waveform of DC
output voltage of simulated wind/PV hybrid system.

DC Output Voltage of Solar/Wind Hybrid System .

Total AC Output Voltage of Grid Connected Wind/PV Hybrid System .