UNIT – I

IMPACT OF JETS

1. Define the term Impact of Jet.

Force is obtained from Newton’s second law of motion or from impulse
momentum equation. Thus impact of jet means the force exerted by the jet on a
plate which may be stationary or moving.

i. Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate when

a. Plate is vertical to the jet
b. Plate is inclined to the jet
c. Plate is curved

ii. Force exerted by the jet on a moving plate when

a. Plate is vertical
b. Plate is inclined
c. Plate is curved

2. Write the expression for force exerted by a jet on stationary inclined flat
plate.
Fx = component of Fn in the direction of flow
= ρav2 sin2 θ
Fy = component of Fn perpendicular to flow
=ρav2 sin θ cos θ

3. Obtain the expression for the efficiency of a series of vanes.

Efficiency, η = Work done per second/Kinetic energy per second
= {2u (V-u)} / V2
4. Define the term jet propulsion.
Jet propulsion means the propulsion or movement of the bodies such as ships,
aircrafts, rocket etc. with the help of jet. The reaction of the jet coming out from
the orifice provided in the bodies is used to move the bodies.

5. Write an expression to find the force exerted by a jet of water of cross-

sectional area ‘A’ striking on a flat fixed vertical plate with a velocity V.
Fx = Rate of change of momentum in the direction of force
Fx =𝜌𝑎𝑉
Fx = 0

6. Write the expression for force exerted by a jet on stationary curved plate at
the centre.
Fx = ρav2
Fy = - ρav2 sin θ

7. Write the expression for force exerted by a jet on stationary curved plate at
the one end tangentially when the plate is symmetrical.
Fx = 2 ρav2cos θ
Fy = 0

8. Write the expression for force exerted by a jet on stationary curved plate at
the one end tangentially when the plate is unsymmetrical.
Fx = ρav2 [cos θ + cos φ]
Fy = ρav2 [sin θ – sin φ]
9. Write the expression for force exerted by a jet on flat vertical plate moving
in the direction of jet.
Fx = ρa (V-u)2

10. Write the expression for force exerted by a jet on inclined plate moving in
the direction of jet.
Fx = ρa (V-u)2 sin2 θ
Fy = ρa (V-u)2 sin θ cos θ

11. What is velocity triangle in fluid machinery?

In turbo machinery, a velocity triangle or a velocity diagram is a triangle representing
the various components of velocities of the working fluid in a turbo machine. Velocity
triangles may be drawn for both the inlet and outlet sections of any turbo machine.

12. State impulse-momentum equation.

Impulse is defined as force acting on a body for a period of time, and it is indicated
by F (dt), Momentum is defined as the product of the mass of a body and its velocity
m (dv).
Impulse–momentum equation for steady flow condition is, F (dt) = m (dv)

13. State angular momentum principle.

The angular momentum, L, of a particle about a given origin is defined as:

r - is the position vector of the particle relative to the origin,

p - is the linear momentum of the particle
14. Write the expression for Force exerted by a jet on a hinged plate
X = distance of the center of jet from hinge O,
𝜃=𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 h𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒
W = weight of plate acting at Centre of gravity of the plate.
1. Force due to jet of water, normal to the plate,
Fn = 𝜌𝑎𝑉²cos𝜃
2. Weight of the plate, W
W = 𝜌𝑎𝑉² / sin𝜃
15. Define Efficiency Of the jet.
It is defined as the ratio of work done per second on the vane by initial kinetic energy
per second of the jet.
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
Efficiency = ---------------------------
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
 𝜌aVr1 [Vw1 ± Vw2] X u
= ------------------------------
½ 𝜌𝑎V3

16. Define Efficiency of series vane

It is defined as the ratio of work done per second on the vane by initial kinetic energy
per second of the jet.

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
Efficiency = ----------------------------
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

2[𝑉−𝑢]
= -------
𝑉²

Condition for maximum efficiency,

𝑉2
𝑢= -----
2

Maximum Efficiency = 0.5 = 50 %

 UNIT-II

HYDRAULIC TURBINES

1. What do you mean by turbine?

The hydraulic machine which converts the hydraulic energy in to mechanical energy is
called turbine

2. Define gross head and net or effective head.

Gross Head: The gross head is the difference between the water level at the
reservoir and the level at the tailstock.

Net Head: It is also called effective head and it is defined as head available at
inlet of the turbine. It is difference between Gross Head to Head losses due to
Friction.

If Hfis the loss due to friction between water and penstock then net head
H=Hg-Hf

3. Explain the term hydraulic efficiency.

It is the defined as ratio of power given by water to the runner of a turbine to the power
supplied by the water at the inlet of the turbine.
Power delivered to runner
𝜂h = Power supplied at inlet

R.P
= W.P

R.P = Q [Vw1 ± Vw2] x u kW ........for Pelton Turbine

R.P = Q [Vw1 u1 ± Vw2 u2] kW ....for a radial flow turbine
W.P = g x Q x H kW ......................when flowing fluid is water
W.P =𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻/1000 kW ...................when flowing fluid is other than the water

4. Define mechanical efficiency of turbine.

It is defined as the ratio of Shaft power of the turbine to the Runner power.
Power at the shaft of the turbine
𝜂m = Power deliverd by the water to the runner

S.P
= R.P
 5. Define volumetric efficiency

It is defined as the ratio of volume of water actually striking the runner to the
volume of water supplied to the runner.

6. Define overall efficiency

It is defined as the ratio of power available at the shaft of the turbine to the power
supplied by the water at inlet of the turbine.
Shaft Power
𝜂o=Water Power
S.P
= W.P
𝜂o = 𝜂m x 𝜂h

7. What is impulse turbine? Give example

In impulse turbine all the energy converted into kinetic energy. From these the turbine
will develop high kinetic energy power. This turbine is called impulse turbine.
Example: Pelton turbine

8. What is Reaction turbine? Give example

In a reaction turbine, the runner utilizes both potential and kinetic energies. Here
portion of potential energy is converted into kinetic energy before entering into the
turbine. Example: Francis and Kaplan turbine.
9. What is tangential flow turbine?

If the water flows along the tangent of the runner, the turbine is known as the
tangential flow turbine.
10. What is radial flow turbine?

If the water flows in the radial direction through the runner the turbine I called radial
flow turbine.

11. What is axial flow turbine?

If the water flows through the runner along the direction parallel to the axis of
rotation of the runner the turbine is called axial flow turbine.Example: Kaplan
turbine.

12. What is mixed flow turbine?

In mixed flow water enters the blades radially and comes out axially, parallel to the
turbine shaft. Example: Modern Francis turbine.
13. What is Pelton wheel?

Pelton wheel or Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine. The water strikes the
bucket along the tangent of the runner. The energy available at the inlet of the Turbine
is only kinetic energy. This turbine is used for high heads.
14. What is breaking jet?

When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward direction,
the amount of water striking the runner reduces to zero. But the runner due to inertia
goes on revolving for a long time. To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is
provided which direct the jet of water on the back of the vanes .This jet of water is
called breaking jet.
15. What is jet ratio?
It is the ratio of pitch diameter (D) to the diameter of jet (d).

16. What is Draft tube?

A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is used for discharging water from the
exit of the turbine to the tail race is called draft tube.
17. Define degree of reaction (R)
Degree of Reaction is defined as the ratio of pressure energy change inside a runner to
the total energy change inside the runner. It is represented by ’R’. Hence
mathematically it is written as
Change of pressure energy inside the Turbine
R= Change of total energy inside the turbine

(V12 – V22 )
= 1 − (V12 – V22 ) = 0

18. What is radial discharge?

This means the angle made by absolute velocity with the tangent on the wheel is and
the component of whirl velocity is zero.
19. Define Francis turbine

Inward flow reaction turbine having radial discharge at outlet is known as Francis
Turbine
20. Define propeller turbine

This is an example of axial flow reaction turbine. Here the vanes are fixed to the hub
and are not adjustable.
21. Define Kaplan turbine
This is an example of axial flow reaction turbine. Here the vanes are not fixed to the
hub and are adjustable.
22. What are the uses of draft tube?
1. The net head on the turbine increases.

2. Due to increase in net head the power and efficiency of the turbine also
increases.

3. The large amount of rejected kinetic energy is converted in to useful pressure

energy
23. What are types of draft tube?
1. Conical draft tube
2. Simple elbow tube
3. Mood y spreading tube
3. Draft tube with circular inlet and rectangular outlet.

24. What is specific speed of the turbine?

It is defined as the speed of a turbine which will develop unit power under unit head.
Ns = N√𝑃 / H5/4
Where
Ns = specific speed
P = power in HP
25. Define unit quantities

Unit quantities are the quantities which are obtained when the head on the turbine are
unity.
26. Explain about characteristic curves of a hydraulic turbine

Characteristic curves of a hydraulic turbine are the curves with the help of which the
exact behavior and performance of the turbine under different working conditions can
be known.
27. What are the main parts of Pelton wheel turbine?
1. Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement
2. Runner with buckets
3. Casing
4. Breaking jet
28. What are the main mechanisms of Radial flow reaction turbine?
1. Casing
2. Guide mechanism
3. Runner
4. Draft tube
29. What are the classifications of hydraulic turbine according to the type of energy
at inlet?
(a) Impulse turbine and
(b) Reaction turbine
30. What are the types of turbine according to direction of flow through runner?
(a) Tangential flow turbine
(b) Radial flow turbine
(c) Axial flow turbine
(d) Mixed flow turbine

31. What are the types of turbine according to the head at the inlet of the turbine?
(a) High head turbine
(b) Medium head turbine

(c) low head turbine

32. What are the uses of Kaplan turbine?
1. To produce more output.

2. The efficiency of the turbine is more.

33. Write down the parts of hydraulic turbine.

Pelton wheel consists of the following main parts
1. Penstock.
2. Runner with buckets.
3. Break nozzle.
4. Outer casing.
34. What are the ranges of head(m) for pelton, francis and Kaplan turbine?
 High head turbines – which work under high heads (above 250m) but with less
quantity of water.
Example: Pelton wheel
 Medium head turbines – work under medium heads (60m to 250m)-they require
relatively large quantity of water.
Example: Francis turbines
  Low head turbines – work under heads less than 60m – they require a very large
quantity of water.
Example: Kaplan turbine

35. State the use of unit quantities.

To predict the behaviour of a turbine working under different conditions of head, speed,
output and gate opening, the results are expressed interms of quantities which may be
obtained when the head on the turbine is reduced to unity. The conditions of the turbine
under unit head are such that the efficiency of the turbine remains unaffected.

36. Define the term jet propulsion.

Jet propulsion means the propulsion or movement of the bodies such as ships, air crafts
,rockets etc. with the help of jet. The reaction of the jet coming out from the orifice
provided in the bodies is used to move the bodies.

37. Classify turbines based on the type of energy at inlet.

 Impulse turbine.
 Reaction turbine.

38. Define suction head.

It is the vertical height of the centre line of the centrifugal pump above the water surface
in the tank or pump from which water is to be lifted this height is also called suction
head and is denoted by hs

39. What is mixed flow turbine?

In mixed flow water enters the blades radially and comes out axially, parallel to the
turbine shaft. Example: Modern Francis turbine.

40. Define governing of turbines

The governing of a turbine is the operation by which the speed of the turbine is kept
constant by controlling the discharge irrespective of the fluctuations of load on the
turbine.

41. Define the term “unit speed” of turbine.

The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in r.p.m of a turbine geometrically similar
to the actual turbine but of such a size that under corresponding conditions it will
develop 1 metric horsepower when working under unit head.
Ns = N√𝑃 / H5/4
Where Ns = specific speed
P = power in HP 25.
42. Why draft tube is used in reaction turbine?
If a reaction turbine is not fitted with a draft tube, the pressure at the outlet of the runner
will be equal to atmospheric pressure.
The water from the outlet of the runner will discharge freely into the tail race. the net
head on the turbine will be less than that of a reaction turbine fitted with a draft tube.
Also without a draft tube, the kinetic energy rejected at the outlet of the runner will go
waste to the tail race.

43. What are specific quantities?

1. To predict the behaviour of a turbine working under different conditions.
2. Make comparison between the performances of turbine of same types of
different sizes.
44. Name the different types of draft tubes.

Conical draft tubes, simple elbow tubes, moody spreading tubes and elbow draft tube
with circular inlet and rectangular outlet.

45. What is hydraulic brake in Pelton wheel?

When the Nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward direction, the
amount of water striking the runner reduces to zero. But the runner due to inertia goes
on revolving for a long time.

To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is provided which directs the jet of
water on the back of the vane. This jet of water is called Breaking Jet.
 UNIT-III
HYDRAULIC PUMPS

1. How are fluid machines classified?

Fluid machines are classified into 2 categories depending upon the direction of
transfer of energy:
1. Turbines
2. Pumps or compressors. .

2. What are the different types of fluid machines?

i. The hydraulic press
ii. The hydraulic accumulator
iii. The hydraulic intensifier
iv. The hydraulic ram
v. The hydraulic lift
vi. The hydraulic crane
vii. The fluid or hydraulic coupling
viii. The fluid or hydraulic torque converter
ix. The air lift pump
x. The gear-wheel pump

3. What is centrifugal pump?

The hydraulic machines which convert mechanical energy in to pressure energy by

means of centrifugal force is called centrifugal pump. It acts a reverse of inward radial
flow turbine.

4. What are the main parts of centrifugal pump?

1. Suction pipe with foot valve and strainer
2. Impeller
3. Casing
4. Deliver y pipe
5. Write down the use of centrifugal pump?
1. Used in deep sump and basement
2. The high discharge capacity
3. It is driven by electric motors
6. Define multistage pump:

If centrifugal pump consists of two or more impellers the pump is called multistage
pump. To produce a high head impellers are connected in series .To produce high
discharge impellers are connected in parallel.

7. What is Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)?

The term NPSH is very commonly used in pump industry. Actually the minimum
suction conditions are more frequently used in terms of NPSH.
It is defined as the absolute pressure head at the inlet to the pump, minus the vapour
pressure head plus the velocity head.
8. Define slip of a reciprocating pump and negative slip:

Slip is defined as the difference between theoretical discharges and actual

discharge.

If actual discharge is greater than theoretical discharge negative value is found this
negative value is called negative slip.

9. What do you know coefficient of discharge?

It is defined as the ratio of actual discharge by theoretical discharge. It is denoted by

Cd
10. What is separation of reciprocating pump?

If the pressure in the cylinder is below the vapour pressure,dissolved gasses will be
liberated from the liquid and cavitation will takes place. The continuous flow of liquid
will not ex it which means separation of liquid takes place. The pressure at which
separation takes place is called separation pressure and head corresponding to the
separation pressure is called separation pressure head.

11. What is an indicator diagram?

Indicator diagram is the graph between the pressure head and distance traveled by the
piston from inner dead center for one complete revolution.
12. What is Air vessel?

Air vessel is a closed chamber containing compressed air in the top portion and liquid at
the bottom of the chamber. It is used to obtain a continuous supply of water at uniform
 rate to save a considerable amount of work and to run the pump at high speed without
separation.
13. What is the purpose of an air vessel fitted in the pump?

1. To obtain a continuous supply of liquid at a uniform rate.

2. To save a considerable amount of work in overcoming the frictional

resistance in the suction and delivery pipes, and
3. To run the pump at a high speed without separation.

14. What is the work saved by fitting a air vessel in a single acting, double acting
pump?
Work saved by fitting air vessels in a single acting pump is 84.87%,
In a double acting pump the work saved is 39.2%.

15. What is Discharge through a Reciprocating Pump in per sec?

For Single acting
Discharge (Q)=ALN/60
Where,
A=Area of the Cylinder
L=Length of Stroke in m.
N=Speed of Crank in RPM
For Double acting
Q=2ALN/60
16. What is the relation between Work done of a Pump and Area of Indicator
Diagram?
Work done by the pump is Proportional to the area of the Indicator diagram.

17. What is priming of a centrifugal pump?

Priming of a centrifugal pump is defined as the operation in which the suction pipe,
casing of the pump and a portion of the delivery pipe upto the delivery valve is
completely filled up from outside source with the liquid to be raised by the pump before
starting the pump. Thus the air from these parts of the pump is removed and these parts
are filled with the liquid to be pumped.
18. What is meant by self priming pump?

Self priming pump is designed to lift water from low level below the pump suction
without having to fill the suction pipe with liquid.
Classification of self primers is
 Clear water self primers
 Solid handling self primers

19. Why priming is necessary in a centrifugal pump?

The density of air is very low, the generated head of air in terms of equivalent metre of
water head is negligible and the water may not be sucked from the pump. To avoid this
difficulty, priming is necessary.

20. What is meant my cavitation?

It is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapor bubbles of a flowing liquid in a

region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapor pressure and the sudden
collapsing of these vapor bubbles in a region of higher pressure. The metallic surfaces,
above which these vapor bubbles collapse, is subjected to these high pressures, which
cause pitting action on the surface.

21. What are the effects of cavitation?

 The metallic surfaces are damaged and cavities are formed on the surfaces
 Due to sudden collapse of vapor bubble, considerable noise and vibrations are
produced.
 The efficiency of a turbine decreases.

22. Define suction head.

It is the vertical height of the centre line of the centrifugal pump above the water surface
in the tank or pump from which water is to be lifted .This height is called suction lift and
is denoted by hs.

23. Define delivery head.

The vertical distance between the center line of the pump and the water surface in the
tank to which water is delivered is known as delivery head. This is denoted by hd.

24. Define mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal pump.

It is the ratio between output of the pump to the power imparted by the impeller.
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
𝜂mech=𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟
25. How can you determine the minimum speed required to start a centrifugal pump?
If the pressure rise in the impeller is more than or equal to manometric head H m, the
centrifugal pump will start delivering water. Otherwise the pump will not discharge any
water though the impeller is rotating.
The expression for calculating the minimum speed,
120   man  Vw 2  D2
N=
 
 D2 2  D1 2
26. Mention any two advantages of a centrifugal pump over reciprocating pump

 Centrifugal pump gives uniform delivery of water compare to reciprocating pump.

 Centrifugal pump are small in size for the same discharge compared with
reciprocating pump.

27. Define slip of a reciprocating pump

The difference between the theoretical discharge and actual discharge is called slip of
the pump. Slip = Qth – Qact
Qth – Qact
Slip Percentage = Qth × 100
But in sometimes, Qact may be higher than Qth, in such case Cd is greater than unity
and the slip will be negative called as negative slip.

28. What are the differences between axial and centrifugal compressor?

AXIAL COMPRESSOR CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

Starting torque is high Starting torque is low

Isentropic efficiency is around 85% Isentropic efficiency is around 70%

It is suitable for multistage compression It is not suitable for multistage

compression

Less frontal area is required more frontal area is required.

Manufacturing cost is high Manufacturing cost is low

Running cost is high Running cost is low

29. Define NPSH

The net positive suction head (NPSH) is defined as the absolute pressure head at the
inlet to the pump, minus the vapour pressure head (in absolute units) plus the velocity
head.

NPSH = Absolute pressure head at inlet of the pump – vapour pressure head
30. Write the names of two special purpose pumps?

Jet pump

Submersible pump.

Unit – IV
1. Define Air Compressor.
Air compressor is a machine which compresses the air and raises its pressure. It
sucks the air from the atmosphere, compresses it and then delivers the same under a
high pressure.

2. Classification of air compressor.

 According to the working
o Reciprocating compressor b. Rotary compressor
 According to action
o Single acting compressor b. Double acting compressor
 According to number of stages
o Single stage compressors b. Multistage Compressors

3. What is meant by single acting compressor?

In single acting compressor, the suction, compression and delivery of air take
place on one side of the piton.

4. What is meant by double acting compressor?

In double acting reciprocating compressor, the suction, compression and delivery
of air take place on both side of the piston.

5. What is meant by single stage compressor?

In single stage compressor, the compression of air from the initial pressure to the
final pressure is carried out in one cylinder only.

6. What is meant by multistage compressor?

In multistage compressor, the compression of the air from the initial pressure to
the final pressure is carried out in more than one cylinder.

7. What the advantages of multi stage compression are with inter cooling over
single stage compression for the same pressure ratio?
1. The work done per kg of air is reduced in multistage compression with inter
cooler as compared to single stage compression for the same delivery pressure.
2. It improves the volumetric efficiency for the given pressure ratio.
3. It reduces the leakage loss considerably.
4. It gives more uniform torque and hence a smaller size flywheel is required.
5. It provides effective lubrication because of lower operating temperature.
6. It reduces the cost of the compressor.
8. Define volumetric efficiency,
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of volume of free air sucked into the
compressor per cycle to the stroke volume of the cylinder.
Iso = Isothermal work /vs
va = suction volume
vS = stroke volume

9. Define clearance ratio.

Clearance ratio is defined as the ratio of clearance volume to swept volume (or)
stroke volume
C = Vc /Vs
Vc = clearance volume Vs = swept volume

10. Define isothermal Efficiency of air compressor.

It is defined as the ratio of isothermal work to Indicated work
Isothermal Work
Isothermal efficiency (Compressor efficiency) Iso = ___________________
Indicated work

11. Define isentropic efficiency

It is the ratio of the isentropic power to the brake power required to drive the
compressor

Isentropic efficiency = Isentropic power / Actual brake power

12. Define mean effective pressure. How it is related to indicated power of on IC

engine.
Mean effective pressure is defined as hypothetical pressure, which is considered
to be acting on the piston IP throughout the power stroke.

Indicated power, IP = Pm x L x A x N x n
Where Pm = Mean effective pressure kPa
A = Area m2
N = rpm [ N/2 for 4 stroke]
n = no. of cylinders

13. Explain how flow of air is controlled in a reciprocating compressor?

The flow of air is controlled by centrifugal governor, or by maintaining the speed
of motor constant or by providing the air pocket advancement to the cylinder.

14. Mention the important applications of compressed air.

1. Pneumatic brakes
2. Pneumatic drills
3. Spray painting
4. Pneumatic Jacks
5. Air conditioning
15. What factors limit the delivery pressure in a reciprocating compressor?
1. To obtain high delivery pressure, the size of the cylinder will be large.
2. Temperature of air.

16. Why clearance is necessary and what is its effect on the performance of
reciprocating compressor.
When the piston reaches top dead centre in the cylinder, there is a dead space
between piston top and cylinder head. This space is known as clearance space and the
volume occupied by this space is known as clearance volume.

17. What is compression ratio?

Compression ratio is defined as the ratio between total volume and clearance volume.
Total volume
Compression ratio =_________________
Clearance volume
18. What is meant by inter cooler?
An inter cooler is a simple heat exchanger. It exchanges the heat of compressed
air from the low-pressure compressor to the circulating water before the air enters to the
high-pressure compressor. The purpose of inter cooling is to minimize the work of
compression.

19. Discuss the effect of clearance upon the performance of an air compressor?
The volumetric efficiency of air compressor increases with decreasing the
clearance of the compressor. The free air delivered by the compressor is increased by
decreasing the clearance volume.
20. Give two merits of rotary compressor over reciprocating compressor
1. Rotary compressor gives uniform delivery of air compare to reciprocating
compressor.
2. Rotary compressors are small in size for the same discharge compared with
reciprocating compressors.
3. Lubricating system is more complicated in reciprocating compressor where as
it is very simple in rotary compressor.
21. Explain the working principle of rotary compressor.
In rotary compressor the air is entrapped between two sets of engaging surfaces
and the pressure rise is either by back flow of air (Roots blower) or by both squeezing
action and backflow of air (vane type).

22. What are the types of rotary air compressor?

i. Roots blower compressor
ii. Vane blower compressor
iii. Centrifugal blower compressor
iv. Axial flow compressor

23. Define static and total head Quantities.

The total kinetic energy is converted into heat energy, which will increase the
pressure and temperature. The new pressure and temperature of the air are called total
heat or stagnation temperature and pressure respectively
24. What do you understand by the term slip factor?
The difference between blade velocity and whirl velocity is known as slip and the
ratio of whirl velocity and blade velocity is known as slip factor.

25. What are the types of fans?

i. Centrifugal fans
ii. Drum type fans
iii. Partial flow fans

26. What are the losses in the fans?

i. Impeller entry losses
ii. Leakage losses
iii. Impeller losses
iv. Diffuser and volute losses
v. Disc friction

UNIT-V
1. What is hydraulic intensifier?
The device used to increase the intensity of pressure of water by means of
hydraulic energy available from a large amount of water at a low pressure, is called
the hydraulic intensifier.

2. Write the advantages of an air lift pump.

The air lift pump is a device which is used for lifting water from a well or sump by
using compressed air.

3. What is a hydraulic accumulator?

It is device used for storing the energy of a liquid in the form of pressure energy,
which may be supplied for any sudden or intermittent requirement.

4. What is fluid coupling.

The fluid or hydraulic coupling is a device used for transmitting power from
driving shaft to driven shaft with the help of fluid. There is no mechanical connection
between the two shafts.
5. What is hydraulic torque convertor?
It is a device used for transmitting increased torque at the driven shaft. The
torque transmitted at the driven shaft may be more or less than the torque available
at the driving shaft.

6. Which law governs the working of hydraulic press?

The hydraulic press works on the principle of Pascal’s law. It states that the
intensity of pressure is equally transmitted in all directions.
7. Mention two applications of torque convertor.
 Automatic transmissions on automobiles
 Forwarders and other heavy duty vehicles
 Marine propulsion systems
 Industrial power transmission
 8. What is gear-wheel pump and mention its advantages?
The gear wheel pump is a rotary pump in which two gears mesh to provide the
pump action. This pump is mostly used for cooling water and pressure oil to be
supplied for lubrication to motors, turbines, machine tools etc
9. Define fluid system.
Fluid system is defined as the device in which power is transmitted with the help
of a fluid which may be liquid or gas under pressure. Most of these devices are
based on the principles of fluid statics and fluid kinematics.

10. What are the devices of the fluid system?

i. The hydraulic press
ii. The hydraulic accumulator
iii. The hydraulic intensifier
iv. The hydraulic ram
v. The hydraulic lift
vi. The hydraulic crane
vii. The fluid or hydraulic coupling
viii. The fluid or hydraulic torque converter
ix. The air lift pump
x. The gear-wheel pump

11. Define hydraulic press.

The hydraulic press is a device used for lifting heavy weights by the application
of a much smaller force. It is based on Pascal’s law, which states that the intensity of
pressure in a static fluid is transmitted equally in all direction.

12. Define mechanical advantage of hydraulic press.

The ratio of weight lifted to the force applied on the plunger is defined as the
mechanical advantage. Mathematically mechanical advantage is written as
M.A = W/F

13. What is the capacity of accumulator?

It is defined as the maximum amount of hydraulic energy stored in the
accumulator. The expression of the capacity of the accumulator is given by: Capacity of
accumulator = p x A x L
14. Define hydraulic ram and efficiency of the hydraulic ram.
The hydraulic ram is a pump which raises water without any external power of its
operation. When large quantity of water is available at a small height, a small quantity of
water can be raised to a greater height with the help of hydraulic ram.

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡h𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑥𝐻

Efficiency = ________________________ = ______
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡h𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑊𝑥h
15. Define hydraulic lift.
The hydraulic lift is a device used for carrying passenger or goods from one
place to another place in multi-stored building. The hydraulic lifts are two types,
 Direct acting hydraulic lift
 Suspended hydraulic lift
16. Define hydraulic crane.
Hydraulic crane is a device, used for raising or transferring heavy loads. Its
widely used in workshops, ware house and dock sidings.

17. What is self priming pump?

Self priming pump is designed to lift water from low level below the pump suction
without having to fill the suction pipe with liquid. Classification of self primers is
 Clear water self primers
 Solid handling self primers

18. Define screw Pump.

 Screw pumps are a more complicated type of rotary pumps, featuring two or
three screws with opposing thread - that is, one screw turns clockwise, and the
other counter clockwise.
 The turning of the screws, and consequently the shafts to which they are
mounted, draws the fluid through the pump.
 As with other forms of rotary pumps, the clearance between moving parts and
the pump's casing is minimal.

19. Define vane pump.
A rotary vane pump is a positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes
mounted to a rotor that rotates inside of a cavity. In some cases these vanes can be
variable length and/or tensioned to maintain contact with the walls as the pump rotates.

20. Define diaphragm pump.

A diaphragm pump is a positive displacement pump that uses a combination of
the reciprocating action of a rubber, thermoplastic or Teflon diaphragm and suitable
non-return check valves to pump a fluid. Sometimes this type of pump is also called a
membrane pump.

21. Define vacuum pump.

A vacuum pump is a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume
in order to leave behind a partial vacuum. The first vacuum pump was invented in 1650
by Otto von Guericke, and was preceded by the suction pump, which dates to antiquity.

22. Define jet pump.

A device in which a small jet of steam, air, water, or other fluid, in rapid motion,
lifts or otherwise moves, by its impulse, a larger quantity of the fluid with which it
mingles..