Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
ا ا ــــــــــ ا
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Verb # Q(ء ( وR وثC M% ل# هPlay, played, will play
'(
Adjective 9* و>نO!; ا60> = آ% *رة% هrich man (1T Uر
)* V ف/ اO!; اQ+*! 1 ه:0 أن اWC;
O!; ا:0 اF ا& ا'( >ن.ا
ف/ا
Adverb > أو: ا60> = آ% *رة% هAhmed writes quickly.
ل+ ً C) و:0ا .%& Y' Cأ
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and:
and: F- = % F ='U B&>: -
واو ا
Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.
: ةC واU ن1 =' اB= ر
Ahmed did his homework and Anas helped him.
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or
or:: ]رF '= نU B&>: أو
We can play football. We can watch TV.
: ةC واU ن1 =' اB= ر
We can play football or we can watch TV.
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:لg# . = ا ون# ءًاU آت >ن%# =% *رة% ا9*R
I saw the man carrying a stick.
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I am was been
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:Examples g#أ
1. I am a pupil.
2. They are boys.
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Affirmative Negative
ت6Dإ @)
I am at home. I am not at home.
You are tall. You are not tall.
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Were the boys at school? Yes, they were. No, they were
not.
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Did they have Breakfast this Yes, they did. No, they did not.
morning?
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.:اnot
اG ه "- "# (: ='
:g#أ
I have lived here for a long time.
I have not lived here for a long time.
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Countable Nouns:
Nouns: are things that be
counted as one, two, three, and so on.
.اG وهaa ، ن1a ا، Cه ـ وا% = ('ء اR
ه( ا:ا
!ء اودة
Uncountable Nouns:
Nouns: cannot be counted.
.F* Oه أي ; = و)" ر% = ; (' ه( ا:ودة# &.ا
!ء ا
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Singular Plural
one book two books
one horse many horses
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*ــــــــــــــJ تOـــــــــ+
es P
?
sh, ch, z, x, s وفQ
@PLA @L
ء ا%ا
Singular Plural
match matches
bus buses
dish dishes
box boxes
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Singular Plural
city cities
cities
baby babies
babies
s .T( y:6%و
? ،كQL# ف+ فQ @PLA @L
ء ا%ا
Singular Plural
boy boys
boys
key key
keyss
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Singular Plural
potato potatoes
potato es
tomato tomato
tomatoeses
s .T( o:6%و
? ،كQL# ف+ فQ @PLA @L
ء ا%ا
Singular Plural
radio radios
radios
zoo zoos
zoos
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Singular Plural
knife knives
kni ves
shelf shel
shelves
ves
: J ا$%O ا.+ F 6ء ا
آ%ا
Singular Plural
classroom classrooms
policeman policemen
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:ــــــg#أ
salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood.
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# 9[ ود# &. اO!; ا * اM% آت >لQ)و = و
." ا##
Two cups of tea are not enough for me.
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The
is used as definite articles. .6&' م آ[داةd'>
We put “a
“a” before a noun starting with a constant sound.
.=&ف !آL * ا
!ء ا'( >*أa "-
We put “an
“an”” before a noun starting with a vowel sound.
.&كL'# &فL * ا
!ء ا'( >*أan "-
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We put “an
“an”” before a noun starting with a vowel
sound.
.&كL'# &فL * ا
!ء ا'( >*أan "-
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a/an::
We use a/an
Before a singular &دة: * ا
!ء اa table
countable noun. . اودةan egg
Before a job, a %# أو:l * اSaleh is a doctor
particular group of .1س أو ا1= ا# 1# He is an engineer.
people or a nationality. She is an English
women.
With numbers that ”( “آ1> ('" ا
رم ا# He washes his
mean every. hands ten times a
day. (means every
day).
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a/an::
We DO NOT use a/an
No article is used with "# م أي أداةd'> ; Love, beauty,
abstract nouns and the و أ!ء1 ا
!ء اhatred, wood, silver,
.ادن
names of metals. gold
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A noun that is the only !ى9% =# U ; يG اO!; اThe river Nile
one of its kind. .B+ C واThe Ka’aba
The names of musical .+! أ!ء ا{;ت اCan you play the duff?
instruments.
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With some time M% " ? ا'& اا# at the weekend
expressions. .Q اin the evening
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Use article with the name O!;" ا# أل6&'م أداة اd' I saw a man. The man
that is repeated. .gي ذآ& &ة اG اwas young.
No article is used with the " أ!ء ااد# م أي أداةd'> ; I do not like science. My
names of studies of .! اراfavorite subject is
subjects. mathematics.
No article is used before 1# م أي أداة * أ!ءd'> ; I am going to school.
such words as school, ،&&! ،ل1# ،!ر# g# I always go to bed early.
home, bed, work, etc. ....%
No article is used before 1# " أ!ء# م أي أداةd'> ; on Monday, in June
such words such as day . رFI ا
م و اg# in summer (sometimes
and month names. in the summer).
before breakfast.
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I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
We us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
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Examples g#أ
Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests.
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– After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend,
pass, take, show.
show.
The little boy made it for her.
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Help yourself .
Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
I live by myself. (I live alone)
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:('ل اg اWC; . أول اfدU %:*ً &ف اH ا و%: اL# L'who مd'>
Here is the man. The man is a doctor.
اg" ا ا- Oa F1# ;
ً "- وg= ا ا# ف آGL
who :j*0' Mا
و Theا
man ( Fg# 1GC ('ا
Here is the man who is a doctor.
:g#أ
1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.
The man who was here is a doctor
2) My friend swims well. He lives here.
My friend who lives here swims well.
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لg اWC; .: اfدU 9 ل:*ً &ف اH ا و9 ل: اL# L'
whom '>
:('ا
The man came here. I visited him.
ل و/ اO!;" ا- و،gاwhom
أول ا "- Oa g= ا ا#him ف آGL
:j*0' (&- اF )ا'( د إFg# 1GC (' ا اgا ا
The man whom I visited came here.
:g#أ
1) The man was working with me. I paid him.
The man whom I paid was working with me.
2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.
This is the girl whom you gave a flower.
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:g#أ
1) This is the house. I live in it.
This is the house which I live in.
2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.
This book which is very useful is cheap.
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L> أي% &T ا و9 ل: أو ا%: اL# L'
that '>
:' اg#
اWC; .FC&R N*! أي أداةL#
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O!; ا91# ;
ً "))& ا و ن
theفGL1
man آ ـ#
car أن آ1ه
car .whose" ه آ- Oa ل/ا
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:ـــــــــg#أ
They are doctors. Are they doctors?
She can help us? Can they help us?
I will go to the market? Will you go to the market?
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% ا:د اU ا ول( و ذ6&0' )ا9/ أM إ:دة ا% إWC;
does : مd'
9 يGرع ا- ا:" ا# (٢
s
:ـــــــــg#أ
ِAhmed
Ahmed plays tennis. Does Ahmed play tennis?
Huda watch TV. Does Huda watch TV?
% ا:د اU ا
ول( و ذ6&0' )ا9/ أM إ:دة ا% إWC;
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% ا:د اU ا
ول( و ذ6&0' )ا9/ أM إ:دة ا% إWC;
:ــــــــEC#
.الn! >*أ [داةNo
F
ذYes
و أو ـF'U >ن إ+" ا
!< اU
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Wh Questions
Where? =أ = ان% الn
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: ــــــــــــــــــــــg#أ
They are going to eat meat.
What are they going to eat?
M% اابF
meat آ1GC Oa % ا:ه( اthey
F
M%
are 1# 1 أWC; *
.الnا
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:g#أ
Ahmed broke the window. Who broke the window?
The book describes accidents. What describes accidents?
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:(:1" ا#
1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody.
3) He is not anywhere.
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They are happy. They are not happy?
He can help us? He can not help us?
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:('( ا آ ( اول ا:1 ( ا:11 ى ات ا{> ( اC إQ إذا آ:EC#
.N8+Lرات و ا+ و ا+'= ادات و ا% &*' =#ا اGم هd'
. ا&د: أي ا: ا
ول6&0'= ا# =#ا اG'ن ه
:g# " آت# دة% =#ا اG[>( ه
1. 1.
Present
PresentSimple
Simple Tense
Tense T6
ا
T6
ا
ا
?رع
ا
?رع
ــــــــــــــــــــــg#أ
1. I go to school everyday
everyday..
2. They usually sleep at 11
11..00 p.m.
3. We often drink coffee in the morning.
4. She is never late to school.
.:
s زدة6- Y8T &د:# %: إذا آن ا:EC#
1. Ali drinks milk every morning.
morning.
2. A cow gives us milk.
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3. Future Simple
3. Future Tense
Simple Tense T6
ا
T6
'ا6L
ا
'6L
ا
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1. I will go to school tomorrow.
tomorrow.
2. They will play foot ball next Friday.
3. He will join the army in the future.
future.
:امd'! B** ا+' &]ك >= أ1ه
am , is , are going to
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4. Present
4. Present Continuous
Continuous Tense L
ا
?رع ا
Tense
L
ا
?رع ا
. B+ " ا{ن+ ثC =% &*' =#ا اGم هd'
: =# =#ا اG'ن ه
am / is / are + + ing
I am + verb + ing
He, she, it is + verb + ing
They, we, you are + verb + ing
: g# " آت# دة% =#ا اG[>( ه
now ا{ن at the moment EL اfG( ه look &Eا
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ا
لfGرع ا'& أو ا)( ا'& وه-" ( ا;!'&ار !اء ا+> ? ا
ل ; = أن
: ا
لfG= ه#س وCر وا
ذى واI= ا% &*>
like YL love YL want & prefer -:
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4. Present
٥. Past Continuous
Continuous TenseTenseL
ا
&@ ا
L
ا
?رع ا
. &]ء وع أ1a= و" ( ا)( أ% &*' =#ا اGم هd'
: =# =#ا اG'ن ه
was / were + + ing
: g# " آت# دة% =#ا اG[>( ه
:lL#
"ي وG ا)( ا'& أي اd> يG و اB*= ا)( ا# ز9# (>[ # دة% =#ا اGه
.9aوC ء1aأ
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ــــــــــــــــــــــg#أ
While I was sleeping , a thief entered my room.
&'# ()# B ()#
&'# ()# هC= أaC M% 'يL> اfG&'(( هT o ] د، ً8 Q1 آ1)
. م1ء ا1a أ0C يG& ا. اoم وا{]& د]ل ا1وه ا
When we were eating , my father came .
&'#
'& وه ا
آ# ()#هC= أaC M% 'يL>
()# B ()#
اfGء واي( هU ، [آ1 آ1 )
. ء ا
آ1a أ0C يG(ء واي ا# &]{وا
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آ+ ا'ن اj*0' M1& ا.' ا دون أنB! وB& = و)" أداة ا:EC#
: (
:EC#
( Q وwhile
ذف إذاj>و إذا أت ا/: اY'>
. M ا ا
و60'1#
&]{'& و ا# H ن ا
ولwhile
F ة% ً أن8آ& داG>
.B ()# وهU:#
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4. Present
6. Future Continuous
Continuous TenseL
' ا6L
ا
Tense
L
ا
?رع ا
. '&ة: &'* و+' ( ا9aوC "'# (ءR =% &*' =#ا اGم هd'
: =# =#ا اG'ن ه
( will + be + + ing )
: g# " آت# دة% =#ا اG[>( ه
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7. 4. Present
Present Continuous
Perfect Tense Tense مL
ا
?رع ا
L
ا
?رع ا
( ا)( وMF'ت أو اEL * MF' ( ا)( و ا0C ثC =% &*' =#ا اGم هd'
. ا{نM'C دةU# fرa Q;زا
I :=# =#ا اG'ن ه
has / have +: kg ا6&0'ا
: g# " آت# دة% =#ا اG[>( ه
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• Since means “from some definite point or period n the past up to now”
. ا{نM'C دة ( ا)( وL# ^ أو '&ة+ =# '*رًا%” اRA#“ ( آ1>
2 o’clock a moment
Monday 3 minutes
yesterday an hour
last night many hours
last week/ last month/ last year 3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months
1996 a year
last century 10 years
he came………… a century
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8.4.Past
Present Continuous
Perfect Tense Tense مL
ا
&@ ا
L
ا
?رع ا
.()= ا# ( ز# EL ( MF' و ا0C ثC =% &*' =#ا اGم هd'
:=# =#ا اG'ن ه
had +: kg ا6&0'ا I
: g# " آت# دة% =#ا اG[>( ه
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1. I had washed before I prayed
prayed..
2. They went home after they had finished their work.
work.
3. Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought
bought..
4. As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah.
()ء اF'ث اC يG اB*= ا)( ا# ز9# (>[ # ً*T =#ا اG أن هWC;
.ا'م
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4. Present
9. Future Continuous
Perfect Tense Tense مL
' ا6L
ا
L
ا
?رع ا
.*+' ( ا# =# ( زfؤF' و ا9aوC "'# ثC =% &*' =#ا اGم هd'
:=# =#ا اG'ن ه
will + have +: kg ا6&0'ا I
: g# " آت# دة% =#ا اG[>( ه
by لL at 1%
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4. Present
١٠. Present Perfect Continuous
Continuous Tense
Tense L
م اL
ا
?رع ا
L
ا
?رع ا
. ا{نM'C &'# 91 ( ا)( وO> و91# ءU "ث وC =% &*' =#ا اGم هd'
:=# =#ا اG'ن ه
has / have + been ++ ing I
: g# " آت# دة% =#ا اG[>( ه
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g#
اWC;Perfect
Present : رع ا'م-رع ا'م ا'& و ا-&ق = ا: (
:'ا
• Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now
one hundred cakes on the table.
: ا'= ّنfG= ه#
Present Perfect Continuous Tense L
م اL
ا
?رع ا
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• The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as:
walk, read, open,….etc.
. ا
ول6&0' أي ا: ^* ا.0& ا#
ا./ مd'>
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Give Instructions ^ء >ت%إ
• Mix the flour and the sugar. (Affirmative *تaإ
*تa))إ
• Take two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative *تaإ
*تa))إ
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Give Warnings &اتGL> ^ء%إ
• Keep out. Danger. (Affirmative *تaإ
*تa))إ
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A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can
have several meanings and time frames, depending on the
context in which it is used.
YC 1#ل زR( و أ# ة% 9 =ص وdR
" اU "# ةC وا./ 9 o1 ا:ا
.9 مd'> يG'ى اLا
Form .0ا
shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to +
(: ا
ول6&0')ا
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Affirmative Negative
They should eat They should not Should they eat Yes, they should
should.. No, they should not.
not.
now. eat now. now?
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Affirmative Negative
I can do it. I can not do it. Can I do it? Yes, you can
can.. No, you can not.
not.
You ought to help You ought not to Ought you to help Yes, I ought to.
to. No, I ought not.
not.
them. help them. them?
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r.B+ e
6- 1[ &فL :0 اQF'إذا ا
• safe
safe safer
safer than
• simple
simple simpler
simpl er than
er.آدة i
6- Oa y Mإ y
الY+ 1[ &فL :0 اQF'إذا ا
• easy
easy easier than
easier
• heavyy
heav heavier
heav ier than
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.ةU
e 6- ; 1[
e &فL :0 اQF'إذا ا
• safe
safe the safest
safest
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the most ت آ:0 اfG هN*> =<R =# &gر = أآ+ اC (
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:ــــــــــــ1+#
M1ا :0ا =1aر = أ+# =1a= أ# &gر = أآ+#
U good better than the best
! bad worse than the worst
(& )ودgآ many more than the most
(& اود.) &gآ much
(& اود.) little less than the least
far farther than the farthest
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.:0
ly )s &وف >ّنE اOE#
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Some words that end in ly can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer to time.
:g# .Q اM% ات >لfG هOE# .ت:/ &وف أوl ا= أن >ن
ly =# ( ـF'1> ('? ات ا
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.8&" ا ا# Q اM% & ااE ا اB&> fG هB&أدوات ا
:لg#
• I found a watch. I was walking in the street.
• I found a watch while I was walking in the street.
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• Wherever he goes his brother follows him.
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• I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.
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• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with the
main sentence.
.8&" ا ا# اكM% & ااE ا اB&> fG هB&أدوات ا
.(++C &T ()# as if (>[ ً8دا
:لg#
• He speaks as if he were a king.
.&د ]ل# و++C &T F
was =#were
;
ً امd'! اWC;
• It looks as if it would rain.
."> &د# F( و أ++C &T ()# will
وه =#would
;
ً امd'! اWC;
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a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.
.*+'ا رع أو-( ( ا8& ا: ن ا#1% (رe
ا+م )رd'
:لg#
He works hard. He wishes to succeed.
He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.
b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.
.B*( ( ا)( ا8& ا: ن ا#1% (رe
ا+م )رd'
:لg#
He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.
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:لg#
• The man is so weak that he can not walk.
• He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.
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:لg#
• He is poor. He is happy.
• Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.
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• Nabeel is as clever as his father.
• Sami is not so strong as his brother.
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:لg#
• If we are ill, we go to bed.
• If we work hard, we will succeed.
• If we worked hard, we would succeed.
• If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself.
• Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.
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(&ةR*# : اfدU 9 ل: )&ف ا. ً % j*0 9 ل: ا.١
.9 ل: ً*!1# = ا# زV: (
to be "- .٢
.kg ا6&0'( ( ا/
ا: )" ا.٣
. إذا آن )&ًاY^I byو *ً ــ# %:" ا- .٤
.&.> ا دونF ( أي زدة ( ا )" آ ه.٥
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:ـــــــــــــــــــg#أ
Huda wrote the lesson. The lesson was written (by Huda).
She has eaten the apple. The apple has been eaten (by her).
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can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought # '( 'آ
to be
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B. Questions `%ا
(&ةR*# : اfدU 9 ل: )&ف ا. ً % j*0 9 ل: ا.١
.الn= ا# زV: (to be "- .٢
.kg ا6&0'( ( ا/
ا: )" ا.٣
. إذا آن )&ًاY^Ibyو *ً ــ# %:" ا- .٤
.&.> ا دونF ( أي زدة ( ا )" آ ه.٥
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B. Questions `%ا
:ـــــــــــــــــــg#أ
Did he eat the cake?. Was the cake eaten (by him)?
Will Ali buy a new car? Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?
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C. Command #ا
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C. Command #ا
:ـــــــــــــــــــg#أ
Send this letter to your friend. Let this letter be sent to your friend.
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Ali does not write letters Letters are not written (by Ali).
Dickens wrote those novels, didn’t he? Those novels were written by Dickens,
weren’t they?
Dickens didn’t write that play, did he? That play wasn’t written by Dickens, was it?
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A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object.
There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of place.
دا5 وف+ و9#
اW
دا5 وف+ ً ? أ5 و: ا
)' و ا
)ل9
اW
وف ا+ ل
. ا
نW
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at the table ا^وM% They are standing at the dinner table
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into ( ،]دا The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
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into ( ،]دا The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
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.
؟”
اH
R آi
وه@ دل “أR
` ا% اP o- `% ا9# عA
ا اRه
qR
هK # ال دةG
ا اR وه:6 6J 5 F6L eLK# الG% 9 رة6 وه
@( الG
ا اR ن هL6"# :6 @L
ا
اkذا آs( .@)A
ت أو أ6D اr+ 9#
ا
.ً L6"# الG
) ن اA# k)@ و إذا آA
ا
.الG
اK )@ أيA
ت أو ا6D اr+ 9#
اF6L( الG
ا اRاب ه5 #* أ
@( :#اKL% ' ا: أOث
ا إQL
اA اول آ"ًاL# `% ا9# عA
ا اR* ه
.L
ا ا
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.%# :آ
do/does 1#d'!ا اG B*رع ا-= ا#ال ( زn أن ا1 هWC;*
.%# :آ
did 1#d'!ا اG B*= ا)( ا#ال ( زn أن ا1 هWC;*
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.&دًا:#was
%: آن اM'C امd'!ة و ; '^" ا%+ اfGه (
were Mل إL'>be ً أن- أWC;
If I were you, I would buy a new car. :لg#
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If you boil water, it becomes steam. (رًاd j*0 9[ ، اء1T 1) أ
.*+' ( اQ رع و-( ا
becomes ءت آU اG =# Q ة+# Q ' وa ++C fGو ه
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1) Statement &*dا ا
2) Question الnا
3) Command Y^ا
4) Exclamation Y'ا
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Reported
:'ا ^اتd'*" ا Direct
ل+1# آم Mإ &R*# =# &*] U L' *
said ل+ اOa &- أو اO!;" ا- -١
.F1% ء1.'!; ا11that
و B&" أداة ا- -٢
:&8- اfG هO و أهM1 اYC &8-ل اL -٣
I he, she we they
My his, her our their
:( آ1#ل ا
زL -٤
Present رع-# Past ()#
Past ()# Past Perfect )( >م#
:( ت آUل ? ات إن وL -٥
Now ا{ن then G<1C
here 1ه there ك1ه
Last night 1ه the night before ك1ه
this 1ه that ك1ه
yesterday 1ه the day before ك1ه
tomorrow 1ه the following day ك1ه
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She said: "I have not been in the school library She said that she had not been to the school library
recently”. recently.
He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow”. He told me that he would see me the next day.
day.
:and
أ)فadded
(1> ('وا
that :*رة% F1# ;
ً "- C واO'# odI ='U = (.) ك1إذا آن ه
They said to him: “We shall see you tomorrow. We They told him that they would see him the next day
shall visit Ahmed”. and added that they would visit Ahmed.
say, says
:&8- ( اB+ & ن.' ا إ ا1#& أز.> ; G<1C رع-# ل+ آ اQإذا آ
She says: “I will cook the food tomorrow”. She says that she will cook the food tomorrow.
We say: “We are playing football now”. We say that we are playing football now.
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:' اReported
^اتd'*" ا ل+1# آمDirect
Mإ &R*# =# الn! L' *
:( وه( آ، الn= ا#د زL
asked : ا-١
Present رع-# Past ()#
Past ()# Past Perfect )( >م#
.B آ[داة رF: مd'> الn! أداةM% 'يL الn إذا آن ا-٢
.% ا: اM% %: اO+' ]*& و هU Mال إn اL> O' -٣
. اM1# YC &8-& ? ا.> WC -٤
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“Why are you late?” The teacher asked me why I was late
late..
“Is your school very large?”. He asked me if my school was very large.
large.
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“Where did you go yesterday?”. Sami asked me where I had gone the day before.
before.
“Did Ahmed buy a new car?”. Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought a new car.
:&8- ( اB+ & ن.' ا إ ا1#& أز.> ; G<1C رع-#
ask, asks الn آ اQإذا آ
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:'ا ^اتd'*" ا
Reported ل+1# آم Mإ
Direct &R*# =# *H U L' *
.&#
ا9 0+ ( إذا آن ام &#م ) أd' -١
ordered
.!'ء و اU& ا9 0+ إذا آن ام ( ءUم ) رd' و
I
.L01 ا9 0+ إذا آن امbegged
( j0 ) مd' و
.*>& ( ا9 وodR M إodR =# 9U# إذا آن امadvised
( &*]م ) أd' و
told
:* ا و )" آC':ف ا
اس اGC ا-٢
.>U= ا إن و# ('ف آGC ا-٣
to وآM1 اYC &8-& ? ات و اT -٤
.N*!
Please, do
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:
ً g# ل+1 1 ا* و ذ '= اO!; ”&ف “يC 6- # دة% & ا.( ا
!دي : اد