Unit 1 Interesting lives: Lesson A Interviews

Lesson A Interviews
Simple and continuous verbs (review)
Simple verbs are for completed actions or permanent situations. Continuous verbs are for
ongoing actions or temporary situations.

Present

(simple – a permanent situation)

A What kind of music do you listen to?

B I love Latin music. I listen to it a lot.

(continuous – a temporary situation)

A What kind of music are you listening to currently?

B I'm listening to a lot of Latin Jazz right now.

Present perfect

(simple – not an ongoing situation)

A Have you ever lived in another country?

B No, I've never lived anywhere else.

(continuous – an ongoing situation)

A How long have you been living here?

B I've been living here for five years.

Past

(simple – a completed action)

A What did you do for your last birthday?

B I went home and had a big party.

(continuous – an ongoing action)

A What were you doing at this time yesterday?

B I was sitting on a bus.

Lesson B It's a long story!

Verb complements: verb + -ing or to + verb

Sometimes you need another verb after the main verb in a sentence. The second verb may
be verb + -ingor to + verb.

 verb + verb + -ing

Use verb + -ing after consider, finish, imagine, mind, miss, and spend (time):
I finished doing my master's in business.

 verb + particle / preposition + verb + -ing

Use verb + -ing after end up, keep on, think about, and plan on:
I wasn't planning on leaving Japan.

 verb + to + verb
Use to + verb after agree, decide, happen, offer, seem, intend, and expect:
They agreed to pay for Korean lessons.

 verb + -ing or to + verb with the same meaning

You can use verb + -ing or to + verb
after begin, bother, continue, like, love, hate, and start. The meaning is the same:
Should I bother applying?

Should I bother to apply?

 verb + -ing or to + verb with a different meaning

You can use verb + -ing or to + verb after remember, stop, and try. The meaning
is not the same:
I stopped talking to him. (We don't talk now.)

I stopped to talk to him. (I stopped walking in order to talk.)

 Unit 3 World cultures: Lesson A Traditional things

Lesson A Traditional things

The simple present passive

You can use the passive when the "doer" of the action is not known or not important.

In this sentence They is the "doer", but we do not know who They are:

They carve the sculptures out of ice. (active)

So you can use the passive instead:

The sculptures are carved out of ice. (passive)

If the "doer" of the action is important, you can introduce it with by:
The sculptures are carved by teams from all over the world.

Statements

Use subject + is / are + (not) + past participle:

Kim-bap is made with rice and vegetables.

It's eaten cold. It's not eaten hot.

Information questions

Use question word + is / are + subject + past participle:

How is kim-bap made?

Yes-No questions

Use Is / Are + subject + past participle:

Is it eaten hot or cold?
Lesson B Manners

Verb + -ing and to + verb

Verb + -ing as a subject

You can use verb + -ing as the subject of a sentence. Remember to use a singular verb:

Eating in public is bad manners.

You can also use not + verb + -ing as the subject of a sentence:

Not shaking hands is impolite.

(= If you don't shake hands, it's impolite.)

Verb + -ing after prepositions

Use verb + -ing after prepositions like by and for:

You can offend people by eating in public.
(= Eating in public may offend people.)

You can also use not + verb + -ing after prepositions:

People might stare at you for not shaking hands.
(= Not shaking hands is a reason why people might stare at you.)

to + verb after It's . . .

You can use expressions with It's . . . to talk about behavior.

Use to + verb after phrases with It's . . . :

It's bad manners to eat in public.

You can also use not + to + verb:

It's impolite not to shake hands

Position of not
Not comes before the word it negates:

Be careful not to point at people.

You can offend people by not bowing.

The position of not is important. It can change the meaning:

It's acceptable not to tip cab drivers. (= It's optional. You don't have to tip.)

It's not acceptable to tip cab drivers. (= You shouldn't do it.)

 Unit 4 Socializing: Lesson A Party time

Lesson A Party time

be supposed to for the present or future

Be supposed to has different meanings. It can mean "They say . . . ":
It's supposed to be a barbecue. (= They say it's a barbecue.)

It can also mean "have to" or "should":

I'm supposed to work tomorrow. (= I have to work tomorrow.)

He's not supposed to eat chocolate. (= He shouldn't eat chocolate.)

It can contrast what should happen with what does or will happen:
I'm supposed to be studying for an exam (but I'm not).

be supposed to for the past and was / were going to

Was / were supposed to can mean what was expected to happen didn't or won't happen:
They were supposed to come at 7:00 (but they didn't).

I wasn't supposed to go by myself (but I'll have to).

Was / were going to has a similar meaning:

He was going to give us directions (but he didn't).

It can also mean "intended to":

I wasn't going to go to the party (but I guess I will).

Lesson B We have to get going.

Inseparable phrasal verbs

With inseparable phrasal verbs the object always comes after the particle or preposition.
(Remember, particles are words like off, on, over, etc.)

The object can be a noun, a verb + -ing, or a pronoun.

Verb + particle + object

Weren't you supposed to get off work early?

She'll never get over feeling embarrassed.

I'm sure she'll get over it.

Verb + particle + preposition + object

A Can I get away with wearing pants?

B No. You can't get away with it.

A Couldn't you get out of the meeting?

B No, I couldn’t get out of it.

A Did you get around to buying a gift?

B No, I never got around to it.
 Unit 5 Law and order: Lesson A Rules and regulations

Lesson A Rules and regulations

The passive of modal verbs

Remember, when the "doer" of the action is not known or not important, you can use the
passive.

Affirmative statements

You can use the modal verbs should, must, have to, and ought to in passive statements to
talk about things you think are necessary.

Use subject + modal verb + be + past participle:

R-rated movies should be banned.

They have to be given their freedom.

Something must be done about it.

The law ought to be changed.

You can use the modal verb could in passive statements to talk about things that are
possible:

The legal age could easily be changed.

Negative statements

Use subject + modal verb + not + be + past participle:

You shouldn't be allowed to marry at 18.
Lesson B Crime and punishment

get passive vs. be passive

Passive sentences usually use subject + be + past participle:

Some murderers are sentenced to only 10 years.

People who speed aren't usually arrested.

You can also use get + past participle in passive statements:

Some murderers get sentenced to only 10 years.

People who speed don't usually get arrested.

After should, the be passive is more common:

Some murderers should be sentenced to life in prison.

People who speed should be arrested if they cause an accident.

Catch + verb (+ person) + -ing

After the verb catch, use verb + -ing:

Active

Subject + catch + object + verb + -ing:

What happens if they catch you shoplifting?

Passive

Subject + get caught + verb + -ing:

What happens if you get caught shoplifting?
 Unit 6 Strange events: Lesson A Coincidences

Lesson A Coincidences

The past perfect

Use the past perfect to talk about things that happened before an event in the past:
I had set up camp and was cooking, and this van appeared out of nowhere.
(= I set up camp. Then I started cooking.)

The past perfect is often used to give explanations or reasons why things happened:

It was nice to have company because I hadn't spoken to anyone in days.

(= The last time I spoke to anyone was days before. That's why it was nice.)

Statements

Past perfect affirmative statements are subject + had / 'd + past participle:
I had just met my husband-to-be, and he was showing me photos.

Past perfect negative statements are subject + hadn't / had not + past participle:
Gerry was a college friend that he hadn't seen in years.

Questions and short answers

Past perfect Yes-No questions are had + subject + past participle:

A Had you gone by yourself?
B Yes, I had.

A Had they been in touch?

B No, they hadn't.

Past perfect information questions are question word + had + subject + past participle:

A Where had he moved to?

B To Spain.
Lesson B Superstitions

Responses with So and Neither

You can use responses with So and Neither to show that you have something in common
with someone, or to show that you agree.

Present of be

When you respond to an affirmative statement with I'm, say So am I:

A I'm hungry.

B So am I. (= I am too.)

When you respond to a negative statement with I'm not, say Neither am I:

A I'm not superstitious.

B Neither am I. (= I'm not either.)

Simple present

When you respond to a simple present affirmative statement, say So do I:

A I walk around ladders.

B So do I. (= I do too.)

When you respond to a simple present negative statement, say Neither do I:

A I don't believe in superstitions.

B Neither do I. (= I don't either.)

Simple past

When you respond to a simple past affirmative statement, say So did I:

A I knew that.

B So did I. (= I did too.)

When you respond to a simple past negative statement, say Neither did I:
A I didn't know that.

B Neither did I. (= I didn't either.)

 Unit 7 Problem solving: Lesson A Getting things done

Lesson A Getting things done

Causative get and have

Causative means "make something happen." You can make something happen by asking
someone
to do it.
You can use get and have to talk about asking people to do things for you.

Showing who you ask

When you want to show who you ask, you can use get + someone + to + verb:
I get my brother to fix my car. (= I ask my brother to fix my car.)

We'll get my sister to choose colors for our house. (= We'll ask my sister to
choose.)

You can also use have + someone + verb:

My hair looked bad, so I had a hairdresser cut it again. (= I paid for this.)

I didn't pay to have someone repair my dishwasher. (= I didn't pay for this.)

Get and have have the same meaning in these sentences, but after get you need to use to
before the verb:
I get my brother to fix the car.

I have my brother fix the car.

Not showing who you ask

When who you ask is not important, use get or have + something + past participle:
I get my car fixed at my uncle's garage.

I always get my hair cut professionally.

We're having a new house built now.

It cost a lot to have the water damage repaired.

Lesson B What needs to be done?

need + passive infinitive and need + verb + -ing

You can use need to talk about things that should be done.

need + passive infinitive

This is need + to be + past participle:

The TV needs to be fixed. (= Someone needs to fix the TV.)

need + verb + -ing

Need + verb + -ing is mainly used for everyday chores like fixing, changing, cleaning,
adjusting, replacing, recharging, etc.
The TV needs fixing. (= Someone needs to fix the TV.)
 Unit 8 Behavior: Lesson A Reactions

Lesson A Reactions

Past modals
Would, should, and could are modal verbs. You can use would / should / could + have +
past participle to talk hypothetically about the past. The modal verb is the same for all
subjects.

Would have

You can use would have + past participle to imagine your behavior in a situation in the
past:

A What would you have done?

B I would have said no politely. I wouldn't have lost my temper.

A Would you have gotten mad?

B Yes, I probably would have.

Should have

You can use should have + past participle to say what was the right thing to do in a
situation in the past. Affirmative statements often refer to things people didn't do. Negative
statements often refer to things people did:

A What should she have done?

B She should have said no politely.

(= This was the right thing to do, but she didn't do this.)
or
B She shouldn't have yelled at him.
(= She did this, but this wasn't the right thing to do.)

A Should she have yelled at him?

B No, she really shouldn't have.

Could have

You can use could have + past participle to say what other possibilities there were in the
past:

A What could she have done?

B She could have told him not to call again.

(= It was possible for her to do this)
 or
B She couldn't have done much else.
(= It wasn't possible to do much else. There weren't many other possibilities.)

A Could she have been more polite?

B I feel she could have.

Lesson B Emotional intelligence

Past modals for speculation

"Speculating" means making a guess about something. You can use past modals
(must / could / may / might + have + past participle) to speculate about the past.

Affirmative statements

Use must have + past participle when you feel 100% certain about your guess:

They must have gotten tied up in traffic. (= I'm sure they got tied up in traffic.)

Use could have, may have, and might have + past participle when you feel less than 100%
certain about your guess:

She could have tried to call. (= It's possible she tried to call.)

They may / might have had a fight. (= Maybe they had a fight.)

Negative statements

Use may not / might not + have + past participle when you feel it's possible that something
didn't happen:

She may / might not have remembered. (= It's possible she didn't remember.)

Use couldn't have + past participle when you feel very certain that something is impossible:
They couldn't have forgotten. (= It's not possible they forgot.)
 Unit 9 Material world: Lesson A Possessions
Lesson A Possessions

Reported speech
Statements with reported speech use reporting verbs like say, explain, and tell. You can
use that after a reporting verb, but you don't have to:

He said (that) his goal was to destroy all his possessions.

When you report things people say, the verb tense often "shifts back".

 The simple present often changes to simple past:

"My goal is to destroy all my possessions." (direct speech)

He said (that) his goal was to destroy all his possessions. (reported speech)

 The simple past often changes to the past perfect:

"My father gave me a sheepskin coat." (direct speech)

He said (that) his father had given him a sheepskin coat. (reported speech)

 The present perfect often changes to the past perfect:

"I haven't found the right shopping center." (direct speech)

He said (that) he hadn't found the right shopping center. (reported speech)

 The present perfect continuous often changes into the past perfect continuous:
"I have been making an inventory." (direct speech)

He said (that) he had been making an inventory. (reported speech)

 Can often changes to could, and can't often changes to couldn't:

"I can't throw anything away." (direct speech)

She said (that) she couldn't throw anything away. (reported speech)

 Will often changes to would, and won't often changes to wouldn't:

"Maybe I'll stop buying so much stuff." (direct speech)

She said (that) maybe she would stop buying so much stuff. (reported speech)

When you report information that is still true, the verb tense often remains the same:
"This is what you call performance art." (direct speech)
 Someone explained to me that this is what you call "performance art." (reported
speech)

Remember, after tell, you must use an indirect object to show who was told:

He told me (that) his goal was to destroy all his possessions.

Lesson B Money

Reported questions
Use reported questions to say what someone else asked.

Reported questions have statement word order. They end in a period (.), not a question
mark (?). Remember, when you report the things people said, the verb tense often "shifts
back":
"Are you a spender or a saver?" (direct question)

She wanted to know if I was a spender or a saver. (reported question)

The verb tense can stay the same if the time of the direct question and the time of the
reported question is the same:

She wanted to know if I'm a spender or a saver.

Two ways to begin reported questions are:

She asked (me) . . . / She wanted to know . . .

Reported Yes-No questions

Use if / whether + subject + verb:

"Are you a spender or a saver?" (direct question, simple present)
She asked me if / whether I was a saver. (reported question, simple past)

"Can one of your parents sign the application?" (direct question with can)
She wanted to know if / whether one of my parents could sign it. (reported
question with could)

Reported information questions

Use question word + verb:

"How do you usually pay for things?" (direct question, simple present)
She wanted to know how I paid for things. (reported question, simple past)
 "How many times have you used a credit card?" (direct question, present)
She asked how many times I'd used a credit card. (reported question, past perfect)

Unit 10 Fame: Lesson A The rise to fame

Lesson A The rise to fame

Talking hypothetically about the past

When you talk hypothetically about the past, you talk about things that didn't happen, but
were possible. You can use sentences with if to talk hypothetically about the past.

Statements

Use the past perfect form in the if clause and a past modal
with would have, could have or might have, etc.in the main clause:

If Watson had stayed in school, maybe he would have done something entirely
different.
(= Watson didn't stay in school, and he didn't do something different.)

If he hadn't won the talent contest, he might not have had the confidence to
become a singer.
(= He did win, and he did have the confidence to become a singer.)

The if clause describes a hypothetical situation in the past. The main clause describes a
possible result in the past.

Information questions

What would have happened if he had stayed in school?

(= He didn't stay at school, and we know what happened to him.)

What would he have done if he hadn't won the talent contest?

(= He did win, and we know what he did.)

Yes-No questions

Would he have become a singer?

Lesson B In the public eye

Tag questions
Tag questions are statements followed by short questions in the same tense. These short
questions are called "tags."

After an affirmative statement, use a negative tag:

He dropped out of sight, didn't he?

Answer yes to agree:

Yes, he did.

After a negative statement, use an affirmative tag:

It's not easy to become famous, is it?

Answer no to agree:

No, it No, it's

or
isn't. not.

Remember, the tag uses the same tense as the statement:

That was a dumb thing to do, wasn't it? (simple past)

His career hasn't taken off, has it? (present perfect)

You can use tag questions when you're not sure and want to check something. Use rising
intonation for the tag:

She won the talent show, didn't she?

(= Did she win the talent show? I'm not sure.)

You can also use tag questions when you are sure about something and you think
someone will agree. Use falling intonation for the tag:
It's amazing, isn't it? (= I think it's amazing and I think you'll agree.)

When you write tag questions, add a comma before the tag:

It’s amazing, isn't it?

 Unit 12 Careers: Lesson A Finding a career
Lesson A Finding a career

What clauses and long noun phrase subjects

You can use What clauses and long noun phrases to introduce important information. They
emphasize an idea, and show listeners that you want to say something important:

You need information. ("normal" statement)

What you need is lots of information. (What clause)

The main thing you need is information. (long noun phrase)

What clauses and long noun phrases are often the subject of the verb be, which can be
followed by a word or phrase (noun, adjective, or verb), or by a clause:
(noun)

What you need is lots of information.

The main thing you need is information.

(adjective)

What my friend did was interesting.

Something my friend did was interesting.

(verb)

What I would do is talk to people.

The best thing to do is (to) talk to people.

(clause)
What I'm saying is (that) you need to choose a career you'll really like.

The good thing about that is (that) you end up with a job you love.
Lesson B The world of work

The future continuous and future perfect

The future continuous

The future continuous is will / won't + be + verb + -ing.

Use the future continuous for ongoing activities in the future:

Five years from now, I'll be working in health care.

Five years from now, I won't be working in this job.

You can also use it for events you expect to happen:

I'll be graduating in two years. (= I expect to graduate in two years.)

I'll be starting a degree this fall.

You can use might and may instead of will:

I may be working in publishing.

The future perfect

The future perfect is will / won't + have + past participle.

Use the future perfect for events that are in the past when you "view" them from the future:
My wife will have graduated by then. (= Her graduation will be finished before
then.)

Hopefully, I’ll have graduated by this time next year.

I probably won't have had much experience.