INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION A Manual of Recommended Practice COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION P. O, BOX 453 LANSING, MICHIGAN, 48902, U.S.A. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Manual Calculation Sheets USA. Outside U.S.A. § 10 — copy $4.00 — copy $6.00 — copy 2.00 — 28 copies '3.00 — 26 or more copies 4.00 — 100 copies 4.00 — 26 or more copiesINDUSTRIAL VENTILATION A Manual of Recommended Practice Metric Supplement American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsINTRODUCTION, ‘This supplement has been prepared for those designers who are accustomed to working in metric units, Most of the design charts and tables from Chapter 6 of the Industrial Ventilation ‘Manual, plus the Pitot traverse point tables {20m Chapter 9, are included. These chapters in the manual should de referred (0 01 instructions in their use, No attempt was made to conform toany Standard system of duct sizes, since several such systems are in use, An air density of 12 kgm. which approximates the density of 21 C dry air at sea level, was used throughout, GLOSSARY ENGLISH GERMAN FRENCH SPANISH fan der Ventilator ventilateur ventilador duct die Leitung conduit conducto volume ‘der Raurninhalt, der Raumgehat volume valumen velocity tie Geschwindigkeit, (die Schnelligkest) vitesse velocidad alr fie Luft, der Lultzug alr aire pressure sie Drucksraft pression presién exhaust suspumpen (verb) Spuiser escape (de pas evapor} der Auspeft (noun! i diameter er Durchmesser aiamdtre asdmetro acceleration die Beschleunigung aecélérateur —_aceleracién Irletion die Reibung, (aie Friktion) Iriction {rieeién density die Dichtigkest dendité densidad area die Flicheneinbalt aire area inlet tie Binlag({nung (alt. spelling *Einlassoeftmung") entiée estuario slot Ger Schilizeinwusf. leine schmale Otfnuns) barre abertura ange fas SeitenstUcksder Kragen um eine Einlo@&ffoung, rebord esta (aie Flantsche) fier der Filter fave Aittrar plenum vyollkommen ausgefallter Raum plein pleno canopy fas Verdeck, das Uver der Werkstatte hangt und fr Daldaquin dose) das Auspempen gilt ventilation die Liftung. der Luftweehsel ventilation ventilacién suction ie Zugkratt| suceion suceidnVELOCITY CONVERSION fom m/s | fpm m/s | fom m/s | fpm_ m/s _| fpm_ m/s | if © 10.16 | 4000 20.32 | 6000 30.48 | 8000 40.64 150 o:3e2 too 10.67 4100 20.83 6100 30.99 8100 41.15 200 1.016 11.18 4200 21.33 6200 31.49 8200 1,65 300 1.524 11.68 4300 21,84 6300 32.00 8300 42.16 400 2,032 12.19 GOO 22.35 G6hud 32.51 8400 42.67 5u0 2,540 12.70 4500 22,86 6500 33,02 8500 43,18 600 3,048 13,21 4600 23.37 6500 33.53 8600 43,69 TOU 3,556 13.72 4700 23,87 6700 34.03 8700 44,19 800 4.06% 14.22 4800 24.38 6800 34.54 8800 44.70 900 4.572 14.73 4900 24.89 6900 35.05 8900 45,21 1000 5,080 15,24 5000 25,40 7000 35.56 9000 45.72 1106 5.588 15.75 5100 25,91 7100 36.07 9100 46.23 1200 6,096 16.26 5200 26,41 7200 36.57 9200 46,73 1300 6,604 16.76 5300 26.92 7300 37.08 9300 &7,24 1400) 7,112 17.27 S400 27,43 7h00 37,59 9400 47.75 1500 7.620 17.78 | $5U0 27,94 | 7500 38.10 | 9500 48,26 1600 8.128 18.29 5600 28.45 7600 38.61 9600 48.77 1700 8.636 18.80 | 5700 28.95 | 7700 a a70 49,27 19,30 5800 29,46 7800 39.6 3500 ore8s 19,81 5900 29,97 7900 40.13 9900 50.29 Fig. MS 1 VOLUME CONVERSION cfm m3 |cim _ms_| cfm m34 [cfm m3/s_| cfm m3/s 100 0.0471 300 0.1415 500 0.2559 | 1500 0.7079] 3500 1,651 116 0.0519 310° 0.1463 550 0.2595 {1600 0.7551 | 3600 1.699 120 0.0566 320 0.1510 G00 0.2831 ]1700 0,8023] 3700 1.746 130 0.0613 330 0.1557 650 0.3067 )1800 0.8495 | 3800 1,793 140 0.0660 340 0.1604 700 0.35303 |1900 0.8967} 3900 1.840 15u 0.0707 350 0.1651 750 0.3539 | 2000 0.9438 | 4U00 1.887 160 0,0755 360 0.1699 800 0.3775 | 2100 0.4910] 4100 1,934 170 0.0802 370 0.1786 850 0.4011 | 2200 1.038 4200 1.982 180 0.0849 38U 0.1793 900 0.4247 | 2300 1.uss 4300 2,029 190 0.0896 390 0.1840 950 0.4483 | 2400 1.132 4400 2.076 200 0.0943 400 0.1887 [1000 0.4719 | 2500 1.179 4500 2.123 210 0.0991 410 0.1934 [1050 0.4955 | 2600 1,227 4600 2,170 220° 0.1038 420 0.1982 |1100 0.5191 ] 2700 1.274 4700 2,218 230 0.1085 G30 U.2029 ]1150 0.5427 | 2800 1,321 4800 2.265 240 0.11352 GbO 0.2076 | 1200 0.5663 | 2900 1.368 4900 2,312 250 0.1179 450° 0,2223 |1250 0.5899 | 3000 1.415 $000 2.359 260 0.1227 460 0.2170 |1300 4.6135 ]3100 1.463 5100 2.406 270 0.1274 470 0.2218 |1350 06.6371 | 5200 1.510 $200 2.454 280 0.1321 480 0.2265 |1400 0.6607] 3300 1.557 5300 2.501 290 0.1368 490 0.2312 [1450 0.6843 | 3400 1.604 SU00 2.548 Fig. MS 2VELOCITY PRESSURE v=4043 /VP DENSITY OF AIR = 12 Kg /mS VP = VELOCITY PRESSURE IX mm OF WATER V = VELOCITY If m/sec ve v | vp v | YP v ve v vP v vP Vv O.1 1 9,13} 12,0 13.41 | 61,0 31,58 [111.0 42.59 | 161.0 51.30 0,2 2 9.22 | 12.0 14.00 | 62.0 31.83 [112.0 42.79 | 162.0 51.46 0.3 3 9.31 {13.0 14.58 | 63,0 32,09 |113,0 42.98 | 163.0 51.62 o.4 4 9.39 | 14.0 15.15 | 64.0 32,34 J 114.0 U3.17 | 164.0 51.77 0.5 5 9.48 ]15.0 15.66 | 65.0 32.59 | 115.0 43,35] 165.0 51,93 0.6 16 9.57 | 16.0 16.17 | 66,0 32.84 | 116.0 43.54 | 166.0 52.09 0,7 7 9,65 ]17,.0 18.67 | 67.0 33.09 |117,0 43.73 | 167.0 52.24 0.8 8 9.74 | 18.0 17,15 | 68.0 33.34 | 118.0 43.92 | 168.0 52.40 0.3 9 9.82 | 19.0 17.62 | 69.0 33,58 |119,0 4h.10 | 159.0 52.56 1.0 08 0 9.90 | 20.0 18.08 | 70,0 33,82 {120.0 44.29] 170.0 52.71 Ll 4.24 1 9.99 | 21.0 18.53 | 71.0 34.07 | 121.0 &&.47 | 171.0 52.87 1.2 4.43 | 6.2 10.07 | 22.0 18.96 | 72.0 34,30 |122.0 44.65] 172.0 53.02 1.3 4.61 | 6.3 10.15 | 23.0 19,39 | 73,0 34.54 [123.0 WH.84 | 173.0 53.18 Lh 4.78 | 6.4 10.23 | 24.0 19.81 | 74.0 34.78 | 124.0 45.02 | 174.0 55.33 1.5 4.95 | 6.5 10.31] 25.0 20.21 | 75,0 35,01 | 125.0 45.20 | 175.0 53.48 1.6 5.11 | 6.6 10.39 | 26.0 20.61 | 76.0 35.24 [126.0 45,38] 176.0 53.63 1.7 5.27 | 6.7 10.46 | 27.0 21.01 | 77,0 35.48 | 127.0 45.56 | 177.0 53.79 1.8 5.42 | 6.8 10.54 | 28.0 21.39 | 78.0 35.71 | 128.0 45.74 | 178.0 53,94 1,9 5.57 | 6.9 10,62 | 29.0 21.77 | 79.0 35.93 | 129.0 45.92] 179.0 54.09 2.0 5.72 | 7.0 10.70 | 30.0 22.14 | 80.0 36,16 | 130.0 46.10] 180,0 54.24 2.1 5.86 | 7,1 10.77 | 32.0 22.51 | 81.0 36.39 | 131.0 46,27] 121.0 54.39 2.2 6,00] 7,2 10.85 | 32.0 22.87 36.61 | 132.0 46.45 | 182.0 54.54 2.3 6.13 | 7.35 10.92 | 33.0 23.22 36.83 | 133.0 46.62} 183.0 54,69 2.4 4 11.00 | 34.0 23.57 37.05 [134.0 46.80 | 184.0 54,84 2.5 5 11.07 | 35.0 23.92 37.27 [135.0 46.97] 185.0 54.99 2.6 6,52 6 11.15 | 36.0 24,26 37.49 | 136.0 47.15 | 186.0 55.14 2.7 6.64 7 11.22 | 37,0 24.59 | 87,0 37.71 | 137.0 47.32] 187,0 55,28 2,8 6.76 8 11.29 | 38.0 24.92 | 88.0 37.93 | 138.0 47.u9 | 188.0 55,43 2.9 6.88 | 7.9 11.36 | 39.0 25.25 | 89.0 38.14 ]139.0 47,66 | 189,0 55,58 3.0 7,00 | 8.0 11.43 | 40.0 25.57 | 90.0 38,35 | 140.0 47,86 | 190.0 55,73 311 7112 | 821 11.51 | 410 25.89 | 91,0 38,57 | 141.0 48.01 | 200.0 57.17 312 7.23 | 8.2 11.58 | 42.0 26.20 | 92,0 38.78 | 142.0 48,18 | 210.0 58,59 313 7.34 | 8.3 11,65] 45.0 26.52 | 93.0 38,99 | 163.0 48.35 | 220.0 59.96 3ih 7.45 | Bl 12.72 | B40 26.82 | 94.0 39.20 | 14K.0 48.51 | 230.0 61,31 3.5 7.56 | 8.5 11.79 | 45.0 27,12 | 95.0 39.40 | 145.0 48.68 | 240.0 62,63 3.6 7.67 | 8.6 11.86] 46,0 27.42 | 96,0 39,61 ] 146.0 48.85 | 250.0 63,92 3.7 7.78 | 8.7 11.92 | 47.0 27.72 | 97,0 39.82 | 147.0 49.02 | 260.0 65.19 318 7.88 | 8.8 11.99 | u8.0 28.01 | 98,0 40.02 | 148.0 49.18 | 270.0 86.43 3.9 7.98 | 8.9 12.06 | 49.0 28.30 | 99,0 40,23 | 149.0 49.35) 280.0 67.65 4.0 809 | 9.0 12.13] 50,0 28.59 | 100.0 40.45 | 150.0 49.51 | 290.0 58.85 HiL 8.19 | 9.1 12,20 | 51.0 28.87 | 101.0 40.63 | 151.0 49.68 | 300.0 70.02 4.2 8.29 | 9.2 12.26 | $2.0 29.15 | 102.0 40.85 | 152.0 49.84 | 510.0 71,18 4.3 8.38 | 9.3 12.33 | 53.0 29.43 |103,0 41.03 | 153.0 50.02 | 320.0 72,32 4.4 8.48 | 9.4 12.40 | 54,0 29,71 | 104.0 41.25 | 154.0 50,17 | 330.0 73,44 4l5 8.58 | 9.5 12,46 | 55,0 29.98 | 105.0 41.43 | 155.0 50.33 | 340.0 74.55 4.6 8.67 | 9.6 12.53 | 56.0 30.25 | 106.0 41.62 | 156.0 50.49 | 350.0 75,63 4l7 8:76 | 9:7 12.59 | 57.0 30.52 | 107.0 41.82 | 157.0 50.66 | 360.0 76.71 418 8.86 | 9.8 12.66 | 58.0 30.79 | 108.0 &2,01 | 158.0 50.82 | 370.0 77.77 4.9 8.95 | 9.9 12.72 | $9.0 31.05 | 109.0 42,21 | 159.0 50.98] 380.0 78.81 5.0 9.04 [10,0 12,78] 60,0 31,52 | 210.0 42.40 | 160.0 51.14 | 390.0 79,84GNO03S Yad Yly 40 SUa13N 18nd WATER PER METER FRICTION LOSS IN MILLIMETERS OF ig. MS 4 Fig06 08 1 2 2 B oF QNOOIS U3d HIV 40 S¥aLaN 18ND FRICTION LOSS IN MILLIMETERS OF WATER PER METER ig. MS 5 FiPRESSURES YER METER IN VELOCITY Loss FRICTION Duct DIAMETER 40mm | 08} — i = i ' | ; PN oal-— tae tol | | Tiliiit | | | | iL 10 is 20 25 30 40 50 60 10 809010 6 0 2 3 4 90 VELOCITY IN METERS PER SEGOND Fig. MS 6AREA AND CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLES DIAM. AREA CIRC. | DIAM, AREA circ. | DIAM. AREA CIRC cm me em cm me cm cm om? cm 1 0.000079 3.142 | 42 0.1385 131.9 122° 1.189 383.5 2 ¥,000314 = 6,283 | 44 0.1521 138.2 124 1.208 389.6 3 0,000707 = 9.425 | 46 0.1662 1uy.5 126 1.247 395.8 4 0.001257 12.57 48 0.1810 150.8 128 1.287 O21 5 0.001963 15.71 50 0.1963 157.1 130 1,327 O84 6 0.002827 Le.us 52 0.2124 163.6 | 132 1.368 yiul7 7 0.003848 21:99 54 0.2290 16976 134 1.410 4210 8 0.005027 25,13 56 0.2465 175.9 | 138 1.453 427.3 9 0.006362 28.27 58 0.2642 182.2 138 1.496 433.5 10 0.U07854 © 31,42 50 0.2827 18815 UO 11539 459018 12 0.009503 34.56 62 194.8 162 1,584 446.1 2 0.01131 37.70 bh 201.1 1b 1,629 452.4 13 u,01327 40. Bu 66 207.5 16 1.674 45817 1h 0.01539 43,98 68 213.6 148 1.720 465.0 15 0.01767 47.12 qu 219.9 180 1.767 471.2 16 0,02021 50.27 72 226.2 152° 1.815 47715 17 -0,02270 53.41 74 232.5 154 1,865 453.8 18 0.02545 56.55 76 238.8 186 1,911 490.1 19 0.02835 59.69 78 245.0 | 158 1°96] 496.4 20 0.03142 62.83 30 251.3 160 2.011 502.7 21 0.03464 65.97 82 257.6 162 2.051 508.9 22 0.03801 69.11 84 263.9 164 2,112 51512 23° 0.04155 72.26 86 0.5809 270.2 166 2.164 521.5 26 0.04524 75.40 88 0.6082 276.5 168 2.217 527.8 25 0.04909 78.54 SU U.6362 282.7 L?u 2.270 53411 26 0.05309 81.68 92 0.6648 289.0 172 2.324 540.4 27 0.05726 84.82 Sk 0.5940 295.3 | 17h 2.378 Su6.6 28 0.06158 87.96 96 0.7238 301.6 176 2.433 55219 29 0.06605 91.11 98 .7543 307.9 178 2.488 559.2 3U 0.07069 94.25 | 100 O.7854 314.2 180 2.545 565.5 31 0.07548 97,39 | 102 0.8171 320.4 182 2.602 5711¢ 32 0,08042 100.5 10h 0.8495 326.7 | Ik 2.659 578.1 33 0.08553 1u3.7 106 0.8825 333.0 186 2.717 584.3 34 0.09079 10618 108 0.9161 33913 188 2.776 590.6 35 0.09621 110.0 110 0.9503 345.6 190 2.835 596.9 36 G. 1018 113.1 112 0.9852 351.9 192 2,895 603.2 37 0.1075 11612 Vly 1.021 35821 19k 2,956 60915 38 0.2134 119.4 116 1.057 364.4 | 196 3.017 615.8 39 0.1195 122.5 118 1,094 370.7 198 3.079 622.0 400.1257 125.7 12001,151 377.0 | 200 32142 62815 Fig. MS 7EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN METERS OF STRAIGHT PIPE “For 60° elbows — x.67 For 45° elbows —x.5 DATE 70. 7 2D —e0nin— aeelt - eo i asl F 8 peti jp 0 Poot Vacs baci alm \ sieeve Not recommended Pipe 90°Eibow Angle H, No of n Centerline Radius of Entey iameters mm | 1.50 | 200 | 250 30° 45°_| LOH | 0754 | 05H 75| 14 | 09 | 07 0.5. 0.9 os | 05 | 20 7o0| 20 | 13 | V/ 0.8 13 O05 | 08 | 34 125| 26 | 17 | 14 id 17 06 ii | 44 150| 3.2 | 22 | 18 14 22 og | 14 [ 55 175| 39 | 26 | 22 17 26 09 | 17 | 66 200| 46 | 3/ | 25 20 31 “7 | 20 | 78 250| 60 | 40 | 33 26 | 40 14 26 10 300| 74 | 50 | 4/ 3.2 5.0 18 32 13 350| 69 | 60 | 50 38 60 ai | 3a | 16 400| 10 | 70 | 58 45 70 25 | 45 | 16 450| 12 | 6/ | 67 52 ai 28 [| 52 | 2 500| j4 | 92 | 76 59 | 92 32 59 [ 23 | 600|_i7 | W | 95 7.3 i 40 | 7.3 | 29 7oo| 2i| 44 | “| @é@ | /4 46 | 68 | 35 600|_ 24 | 16 | 13 10 16 57 | io | 4 900| 28 | 19 | 15 [jooo| 32 | 27 | 7a 1200|\ 39 | 26 | 22 /400| 47 | 32 | 26 feo0| 55 | 37 | 3 AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF 1800 | _ 64 43_| 36 GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS 2000| 72 | 49 | 40 DUCT DESIGN DATA MMS 86 SIN “Sha E22 GI2 TL ZZ BOL HOZ OOZ 96T ZI RT HRT GLT SLT OLT SOT OOT SSI OST SHT GET ECT LZT T2T STE BOT ant <6 552 Tee (tz utz OLZ 90% ZOZ BGT SET OGT IIT ZIT BLT CLT GOT NOL GST HST Gat CHT BCT TEL 9ZT OZ HTT LOT aot ZB ase GZ S12 Zz OZ nOz TOZ L6T COT GRT SOT ORT LT ZLT COT ZIT BST EST LOL VHT LET TCT S2T BIT CIT Ont GG TS SHE LZ Ed O12 902 LOZ GGT SET TOT £31 SRT GLT NT OLT SOT TOT O51 TST Out THT SET OCT Het BTL ZIT SAT 86 TE OnE TZ ITZ QOL nOZ 00Z LOL LOT GST SOT TST LLT CAT ADT NOT GST SSt OST SHE ONT HET GET CLT LIT TIT MOT L6 06 Sse 21zZ 602 $07 2Oz BET SET Tet LAT <¥T GLT SLT TAT (OT ZOT SGT CST BAT CHT BET CET NLL LZT HIT OT Lor 96 be OLE Oz (oe oe Oz BT CGT GAT SHT THT Let ELT GT SOT TST 9ST CST ent EAL LET ET 9zT IZT SIL OOT LOT so Be szz 202 102 TOL GGT HET IGT L8T C81 OST SLT CLT BST CT GST SST OST SHI THT HET OFT ST OZT HIT BOT LOT $6 LR azz $0z 20% 661 96T ZET GET SBT TOT BLT HLT LT 99T ZIT LST EST uAT GET HET GET AZT ATT CTT LOT DOT WE LB STZ (OZ 002 261 $6T DET SRT 4 4 + on <1 La [er Li | a I CHART VALUES ~ AVERAGE PIPE _(R=0.0005 } - ALL SIZES i Tt == we Olule S00 tooo ————— —— ——, 2 2500 veRy 20 i Shoo 250 m0 7 | 00dgs ST i5. a Peete eE 2 3.9456 8 10 20 30 40 50 VELOCITY~ m/s Fig. MS 10DENSITY CORRECTION FACTOR Kg/m> = Density Foctor x 12 Weight of Dry Air ot 21 and Seo Level = 12 Kg /m> Altitude , Meters Above Sea Level Temp c 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 =1500 «1750 = 2000 0 1,08 1,05 1.02 0,99 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.85 21 1,00 0,97 0.94 0.91 0.89 0:86 0.83 0:81 0:78 $y 0,91 0,88 = 0.86 «083081 078 «0576 thay 75 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 075 0:73. «0171 «oles 0186 200 0,790.77 0.74 0,72 0.70068 «66 oes e? 12 0.74 0,72 0.70 0.68 0:66 0:64 0.62 0.80 0.88 150° 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.8% 0:62 0.60 0158 0158 085 375 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.55 0:55 0:53 o1ei 200 0.62 0,60 0.59 0.57 055 0.53 0:52 0.50 ong 225 0.59 0.57 0.56 «0.54 0.52 051 049 OLbe Tg 250 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.51 0:50 0.48 0147 0L45 Ol aE 75 0.54 0,52 0,51 049 048 ONS OOLKS 043 Ou? 3000.51 0,50 0,88 O47 TKS OL4H O43 Oly Ou 325° 0,49 0.48 0.46 «04S OLY O42) O41 ©0140 039 350 0.47 0.46 Ou O43 02 Ole = 0139038037 375 0.45 O.K O43 OLk1 040) 20039 058) 01370136 HOO 0.44 0,420.42 O80 0139 0l38 036 0035 lgh 25 0.42 0.42 0.40 0.58 0.37 0136 0.38 0l3h 0133 #30 0.41 0.59) 0.38) 0037 0735 «0635 ask ols 0232 475 0.39 0.38 0.37 0136 «0135 03h 0133 0032 Olst 500 0.38 0.37 0.36 «0.35 0.34 «0330132031030 Friction loss varies directly with the density ( first approximation } See fon tows or cited references for more detail Pig. MS 11PITOT TUBE TRAVERSE DISTANCES ( FROM WALL - 10 POINT TRAVERSE — NEAREST mm ) DIAMETER] R, | Re | R3 Rg | Rg | Re | Rr Re Ro | Rio mm '0.0260]0.082D| 0.1460 _| 0.2260 |0.342D] 0.656) 07740 | 0.8540 | 0.9180 | 0.9740 50 1 4 7 li 1? 33 39 4S 46 ag 60 2 5 9 lk 21 39 46 51 55 a TO 2 6 10 16 2h 4B 54 60 bu 6b 80 2 7 12 1g 27 33 G2 be 73 78 9U 2 7 13 2u 3L 59 70 77 83 88 100 3 8 1s 23 34 66 7 85 92 97 110 3 9 16 25 3B 72 85 ou 101 107 120 3 10 18 27 4L 79 93 102 110 1i7 130 3 il 19 2g 4h 6 161 lll 119 127 lho 4 11 21 32 4B 92 108 119 129 136 150 4 12 22 3h $1 99 116 128 136 166 160 & 13 23 36 55 105 124 137 147 156 170 4 14 25 38 5B 112 132 145 156 166 180 5 15 26 al 62 118 139 154 ‘165 175 190 5 16 28 AS 65 125 147 162 17h 185 200 5 16 29 uS 68 132 155 171 lob 195 225 6 18 33 51 7 lke 174 192 207 219 250 6 20 37 oT 85 165 193 213 230 24u 275 7 22 4 62 ou 161 213 235 253 268 300 8 25 4b 68 103 197 232 256 275 292 325 8 27 4s 73 11i 214 252 277 298 317 350 a 2 51 73 120 230 271 299 321 341 375 lo 31 58 85 128 247 290 320 344 365 400 lu 33 5g 90 137 263 316 341 367 330 425 iL 35 62 96 145 280 329 365 390 G14 450 12 37 66 102 154 296 348 384 413 b33 47S 12 39 70 107 162 313 368 4OS 436 463 500 13 ul ae 113 17. 329 387 427 459 4ST 550 14 4s 61 124 138 302 426 469 505 536 600 15 4g 88 136 205 395 Geb 512 551 SBS 550 17 53 95 147 222 428 503 555 597 633 700 18 57 103 158 239 461 Su2 597 ous 682 750 ig 61 110 170 256 uae 580 640 689 731 800 21 65 117 181 274 526 619 683 735 779 B50 22 69 124 192 2g 559 652 726 781 828 gu0 23 Th 132 204 308 592 696 768 826 S77 950 2h 718 139 215 325 625 735 Bil 872 926 1000 26 82 146 226 342 653 774 Bsu 918 974 1050 27 86 154 237 359 691 813 bo6 964 11025 1100 28 90 161 249 376 724 B51 939 [1010 | 1072 1150 30 oy 168 260 393 757 Bou 982 | 1056 } 1120 1200 31 98 176 271 410 790 929 |102h |1102 | 1169 1250 32 102 183 283 427 823, 967 |1067 {1148 | 1216 i30u 33 1uG 190 294 aay €56 |1006 |iliu {1194 | 1267 1350 35 110 198 3U5 462 ess {1045 [1152 [1240 | 1315 1400 36 114 205 317 479 921 |1083 [1195 |1266 | 136% 1450 37 11g 212 328 496 954 |1122 | 1238 [1332 | 1413 15u0 38 123 220 339 513 967 [1161 |12¥0 |1377 | 1462 Fig. MS 12as i Mey | Greece Wea A| dL “un wt —— jE Seco Ol | YAH ‘82S PUD BAG “UDY | YAt i: oyaAae puo amnjaladute] 40] P2]991109 | ‘SUOINIPUOD PIPUDJS JO) SIIjS1IB/20I0Y9 Ub) PajOjNI0 se SS t — ey seees SEE | | L [_ | SEE | EH . - | L | fee reece eee eee {| | aa | eee _| BEE eS EHS oe Jans YetANINS (A }SSO) dA uns Dor | yibuay| ibaa SPTaIsMOGa, SUNT (E74 | Uioee |ysuaIG) ["wo|— pooy| pooy | Ayua 1 yo aad | jojo) | nmba\ Jo saquiny yybiays| ule) our | ur 2079 yo at ‘abniob sajom TA eye p00" 20u0js1824 i UY BDUDYSSAL| uae ur Jonp go yjbu97 BUIT}OR Jt 91109] G1709| Br 70D) OI-F GIS | 6709] 1-9 g ] uenauntyy | snd | soum| sad | “by |g19| oo _| by | saa) by voiced 21109) £1109} OOF | wars | wioss\TTODXOTICD, wots | 2 109) wosd wo44| oF ae | af ot | ow [ a “fale g Z osferle} 2] et SS ~ : us 1008O enn art aunjosadway ‘woy0907 Sree 10}004 UQYONALT 0} 4840 aurea juoky | yeaus. vouomngyoy i ia HetFOREWORD ‘This Eleventh Baition of Industrial Ventilation represents the efforts of the Committee on Industrial ‘Ventilation to provide a current, up-to-date manval of good practice in the design of industrial ventilating systems, ‘The Committee has carefully reviewed the previous edition to insure that the material has been presented with clarity and accuracy and has examined much new information and data relating te the design ‘and application of industrial ventilation "The Committee continues its policy of presenting the material in a practical, concise, easy-to-understand manner, Theoretical discussions and complex equations are not given. The manual is sufficiently complete 50 that an industrial ventilating system can be designed without reference to other texts. In preparing the revised section on “Testing of Ventilating Systems,” the Committee surveyed = number of agencies and organizations using air flow meters and pressure measuring devices to determine the useful~ ess, accuracy and durability of the currently available instruments. ‘This section has been completely re~ ‘written to assist ventilation engineers and other personnel in the field in measuring discharge stacks, air flows and in testing and evaluating industrial exhaust systems. Other revisions and new material include Section 3 ~ Ventilation for Heat Control - The section on cooling with air velocity has been revised to bring it up to date with the latest information. Section 5 ~ Specifie Operations - New epecifie design material with diagrams has been included on cold header machine ventilation, drive through spray paint booths, core making machine ventilation, and die~ cast melting furnaee ventilation. Duct velocities for systems not handling particulates have been fevised to correspond with optimum velocities based on computer analyses considering horse- power, initial cost, space requirements and amortization of duet work. Section 6 - Design Procedure - Design procedures necessary to meet some of the specialized requirements of technology in air pollution are given. These procedures consider the problems associated with fir at high temperatures and humidities with large variations in static pressures. [Additional designs for low loss vertical discharge weather caps are given. Section 7 - Make-up and Reeirculated Air - Additional information on combustion ealeulations is given. Section 9 - Testing of Ventilation Systems - This section has been completely rewritten. A survey of users of air meters and pressure measuring devices has been made to determine their experience es to usefulness, durability and accuracy of these instruments. ‘Tabular data on characteristics of alt meters and of pressure measuring devices is given. Tables of 6-, 10- and 20-point traverses for Circular duct up to 80 inches in diameter are included. ‘This section includes complete informa- Hon and diagrams for setting up an air flow meter calibration wind tunnel, Appendix - A new, middle range psychrometric chart has been added. Current Threshold Limit Values are given. Available separately will be bro supplements: (1) 2 field testing manual which provides data, charts, tables, formulae and data sheets necessary for testing an industrial ventilating system and (2) a complete set of design tables and charts in metric units. COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION M, M. Schuman, Michigan, Chairman 4.C, Barrett, Btchigan R. B, Hibbard, Washington 3.R, Lynch, USPHS. Robert Wolle, Tennessee G.M, Hama, Consultant Lou Dickie, ConsultantACKNOWLEDGMENTS Industrial Ventilation is a true Committee effort, bringing into focus in one source useful, practical ventilation data from all pasts of the country. The Committee membership of industrial ventilation and industrial hygiene engineers represents a diversity of experience and interest that insures a well-rounded cooperative effort, From the 1st Edition in 1951 this effort has been successful, as witnessed by the acceptance of the “Ventilation Manual” throughout industry, by governmental agencies and as a world-wide reference and text ‘The present Committee is grateful for the faith and firm foundation provided by past Committees and members erumerated elsewhere In these pages. Special acknowledgment is made to the Division of Occupational Health, Michigan Department of Health for contributing their original field manual which was the basis for the Ist Edition, and to Mr. Knowlton Caplan who supervised the preparation of that manual, ‘The Committee is grateful also to those consultants who have contributed so greatly to the preparation of this and previous editions of Industrial Ventilation and to Mrs. Norma Donovan, Secretary to the Committee for her untiring zeal in our efforts ‘To many other individuals and agencies who have made specific contributions and have provided support, suggestions and constructive criticism, our spectal thanks. COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL VENTILATIONINTRODUCTION ‘The importance of clean uncontaminated air In the industrial work environment is well known. Moder industry with its complexity of operations and processes uses an increasing number of chemical compounds and substances, many of which may be highly toxic. ‘The use of such materials may result in a dissemina- tion of fumes, gases, vapors and mists into the workroom air. Bifective, well designed ventilation offers a Solution where protection to workers is needed under such environmental exposure. in recent times the application of local exhaust ventilation has been accepted as the preferred method for lan effective means of control. ‘The smaller exhaust air volume results in lower heating costs, compared to high volume general exhaust air requirements. The present emphasis on air pollution control stresses the need of air cleaning devices on industrial ventilating systems. From the capital cost standpoint, the smaller fir volumes of the local exhaust system are of great advantage ou the price of air cleaning devides. ‘The unsatisfactory past practices of providing exhaust ventilation without giving thought as to how the outdoor replacement air is to be provided has resulted in worker discomfort, exposures to combustion gases from backdrafting flues and impaired ventilation. A present day awareness of this considers the need of providing suitable make-up air systems as well as efficiently designed local exhaust ventilation. The con- Efgeration of both these factors will result in personnel comfort as well as a safe, controlled atmosphere.PREVIOUS VENTILATION MANUAL COMMITTEES Firat Bdition 1051 M. Morse, Chairman Balitt M. Bama F. Keppler IE Robinson ©. Soet ‘Kane, Consultant ERS ONR Fourth Edition 1956 G. M. Hama, Chairman RE Bales Jack Balt 3. . Barrett B. Feiner . Lynn Schall 5 Bost 3. Kayse, Consultant Seventh Baition 1962 4. ¢ Barrett, Michigan, Chairman Howard ayer, U.S.P-18. Benjamin Feiner, New York GM. Hama, Detroit ‘John Lumsden, North Carolina M. M_ Schuman, Michigan J. A Wonderle, Ohio D. Bona, Consultant ‘Tenth Baition 1968 ‘Second Edition 1052 KE, Robinson, Chairman J. Balitt GM. Hama J. F Keppler ‘A. Salazar F.C. Soat 3, Willis, Consuttant Fifth Baition 1988 George Hama, Chairman Ronald Bales 3, C. Barrett Benjamin Feiner 3. F Keppler George Michelson ohn Soet D. Bona, Consultant Eighth Ealtion 1964 5. © Barrett, Michigan, Chairman Howard Ayer, U.S.P.H.8. Benjamin Feiner, New York Jose Luie Beltran, Venezuela G. M, Hama, Detroit John Lumsden, North Carolina M. M. Schuman, Michigan David Bona, Consultant MM, Schuman, Michigan, Chairman 3.0. Barrett, Michigan ELE. Hibbard, Washington TOR. Lynch, USPHS. Robert Wolle, Tennessee G.M, Hama, Consultant ‘Lou Dickie, Consultant van ‘Third Baition 1954 Babiff, Chairman B. Bales c, Barrett M, Hama, 7. Page ©. Set ‘Willis, Consultant Bem ORnS Sixth Edition 1960 43. © Barrett, Chairman Benjamin Feiner GM. Hama HS. Jordan 4. ¥ Keppler 3. A. Wonderle D, Bonn, Consultant Ninth Edition 1965 JC, Barrett, Michigan, Chairman Jose Luis Beltran, Venezuela Benjamin Feiner, New Yorke John Lumsden, North Carolina Jeremiah R. Lynch, US PES MMM Sehuman, Michigan Robert Welle, Tennessee G M. Hama, Consultant David Bonn, Consultant oF Ae ee aDEFINITIONS ‘Aerosol: An assemblage of small particles, solid or Liquid, suspended in air. ‘The diameter of the parti~ cles may vary {rom 100 microns down to 0.01 micron or less, e.g, dust, fog, smoke. Air Cleaner: A device designed for the purpose of removing atmospheric alr-borne impurities such as dusts, gases, Vapors, fumes and smokes, (Air cleaners include air washers, air filters, electrostatic pre~ cipitators and charcoal filters.) ‘Air Filter: An air cleaning device to remove light particulate loadings trom normal atmospheric alr before sntroduction Into the building. Usual range: Loadings up to 3 grains per thousand cubie feet (0.003 grains per eubie foot) Note: Atmospheric air in heavy industrial areas and in-plant air in many industries have higher loadings than this and cust coliectars are then indicated for proper alr cleaning. tr Horsepower: The theoretical horsepower required to drive a fan If there were no losses in the fan, that is, if its efficiency wore 100%. Air, Standard: Dry air at 10 F and 29.92 in (Hg) barometer, This is substantially equivalent to 0.075 weak. Aspest Bair The ratio ofthe witht th length, A= ‘Aspect Ratio of an Elbow: The width (W) along the axis of the bend divided by depth (D) in plane of bend W ane Blast Gate: Sliding damper. Blow (how): in air distribution, the distance an air stream travels {rom an outlet to a position at which air motion along the axis reduces to a velocity of §0 pm. For unit heaters, the distance an air stream trev- tls from a heater without a perceptible rise due to temperature difference and loss of velocity Brake Horsepower: The horsepower actually required to drive a fan. This includes the energy losses in the Tx ape ean be determined only by actual teat of he fan. (This does no Include the drive Tosses between ‘motor and fam. Capture Velocity: ‘The air velocity at any point ia front of the hood or at the hood opening necessary to overcome opposing air currents and to capture the contaminated air at that point by causing it to flow into the hood, Coetftesent of Entry: The actual rate of flow caused by a given hood static pressure compared to the theoretical How which would result if the static pressure could be converted (o velocity pressure with 100% eificieney. It is tho ratio of actual to theoretical flow. Comfort Zone (Average): ‘The range of effective temperatures over which the majority (60 per cent or more) of adults feel comfortable Convection: The motion resulting in a fluid from the differences in density and the action of gravity. In heat transmission this meaning has been extended to include both forced and natural motion or eireulation. Density: ‘The ratio of the mass of a specimen of a substance to the volume of the specimen. The mass of a unil volume of a substance. When weight can be used without confusion, as synonymous with mass, density is the weight of a unit volume of a substance Density Factor: ‘The ratio of actual air density to density of standard air ‘The product of the density factor and the denetty of standard air (0.075 1b/cu ft) will give the actual air density in lbs per cu ft x 0.075 = actual density of afr, Ibs per cu ft Dust; Small solid particles created by the breaking up of larger particles by processes such as erushing, grinding, drilling, explosions, ete. Dust particles already in existence ina mixture of materials may escape Into the air through such operations as shoveling, conveying, screening, sweeping, etc. ust Collector: An air cleaning device to remove heavy particulate loadings from oxhaust systems before aischarge to outdoors. Usual range: Loadings 0.009 grains per cubic foot and higher. xa a a OF lw.dynamte wet-bul temperature solid ‘y evaporating into air, can bring the ai? to saturation adizbaticali “et-bulb temperature (without qualification) is the temperature indicated by @ wel-bulb psychromet stiteted and used according to specifications. ‘Threshold Limit Values (TLV): The values for air bore toxic materials which are to be used as guides in the control of health hazards and represent time weighted concentrations to which nearly all workers may be ‘exposed 8 hours per day over extended periods of time without adverse effects. (See Appendix) ‘Transport (Conveying) Velocity: Minimum atr velocity required to move the particulates in the alr stream, fpm. Vapor: ‘The gaseous form of substances which are normally {nthe solid or Liquid state and which ean be changed to these states either by increasing the pressure or decreasing the temperature. Vapors diffuseLoss in pressure caused hy alr flowing into a duet or hood. aches #30). ‘Small solid particles formed by the condensatioa of vapors of solid materials Fumes: Gases: Form pressures, ss fluids whieh tend to occupy an entize epace uniformly at ordinary temperatures ond Gravity, Specific: The ratio of the mass of a unit volume of 2 substance to the mass of the same volume of @ standard substance at a standard temperature. Water at 99.2 F is the standard substance usually re- ferred to. For gases, dry air, at the same temperature and pressure as the gas, is often taken as the stand- and substance. Hood: A shaped inlet deeigned to capture contaminated alr and conduct it into the exhaust duct system, Humidity, Absolute: The welght of water vapor per unit volume, pounds per cubic foot or grams per cubic centimeter. Humidity, Relative: The ratio of the actual partial pressure of the water vapor in a space to the satura Hon pressure of pure water at the same temperature. Inch of Water: A unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a column of liquld water one inch high at a standard temperature. Lower Explosive Limit: The lower limit of flammibility or explosibility of a gas or vapor at ordinary ambient temperatures expreseed in per cent of the gas or vapor in air by volume, This limit is assumed constant for temperatures up to 250 F, Above these temperatures, it should be decreased by a factor of 0.7 ‘since explosibility increases with higher temperatures, Manometer: An ingtrument for measuring pressure; essentially a U-tube partially filled with a liquid, usually water, mercury or a light oll, 20 constructed that the amount of displacement of the liquid indicates the pressure being exerted on the instrument. Micron: A unit of length, the thoueanéth part of 1 mm or the millionth of a meter, (approximately 1/28,000 of an ine. Mists; Small droplets of materials that aze ordinarily Liquid at normal temperature and pressure Plenum: Pressure equalising chamber Pressure, Atmospheric: The presaure due to the weight of the atmosphere. It is the pressure indicated by a barometer, Standard Atmospheric Pressure or Standard Atmosphere is the pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury Pressure, Static: The potential pressure exerted in all directions by a fluid at rest. For 2 fluid in mo- tion it is measured in a direction normal to the direction of flow. Usually expressed in inehes water gauge when dealing with ais. (The tendency to either burst or collapse the pipe.) Pressure, Total: ‘The algebraic sum of the velocity pressure and the static pressure (with due regard to sign) Pressure, Vapor: ‘The pressure exerted by a vapor. If a vapor is kept in confinement over its ligula £0 that ihe vaper con accumulate above the liquid, the temperature being held constant, the vapor pressure Sbprosches a tse limit cai the marimum ox saturated, vapor pressure, dapendent only on the temperature os the Liquid. Toe teria vapor pressure is sometimes used as synonymous With saturated vapor pressure Pressure, Velocity: ‘The kinetic pressure in the direction of flow necessary to cause @ fluid at rest to flow ata given velocity. Usually expressed in inches water gauge Radiation, Thermal (Heat) Radiation: ‘The transmission of energy by means of electromagnetic waves of very long wave length, Radiant energy of any wave length may, when absorbed, become thermal energy and result in an increase in the lemperatuze of the absorbing body, Slot Velocity: Linear flow rate of contaminated air through slot, fom Smoke: An aie ouspension (aerosol] of particles, usvally but not necessarily soli, often originating in & solid nucleus, formed from combustion or sublimation. ‘Temperature, Effective: An arbitrary index which combines Into a single value the effect of temperature, humidity and air movement on the sensation of warmth or cold felt by the human body, ‘The numerical value is that of the temperature of still, saturated air which would induce an identical sensation, E e & RO —— o_oSection 1 LES OF VEI Principles of Air Flow { ‘The flow of air between two points is due to the occurrence of a pressure difference between the two points, ‘This pressure difference results in 2 force on the air, causing air flow from the high pressure zone rolthe low pressure zone. ‘The quantity of air flow (Q) and the velocity of flow (V) are related according to the equation Q-av where: Q = volume, cubic feet per minute ‘A = cross sectional area through which the air flows in square feet Y = velocity in lineal feet per minute ‘This basic relationship deseribes the flow of air under all conditions. ‘Air traveling at a specific velocity will create a definite pressure which Is known as the Velocity Pres sure, There is 4 definite relationship between the velocity of air and the Velocity Pressure. The baste state~ ‘ment of this relationship is, v= Vigh where: ¥ = velocity, feet per second g = gravitational acceleration, feet per second per second h = head of air, feet When g = 32.2 ft/sec? and air density is 0.075 pounds per cubie foot, this formula converts to v = 4005 7VP where: V = air velocity, feet per minute ‘YP = velocity pressure, inches of water it should be emphasized that Velocity Pressure is always exerted in the direction of atx flow. “tir confined within an enclosure, whether in motion or not, creates ancther type of pressure which exerts itself perpendicularly to the walls of the enclosure. ‘This pressure is known as Static Prossure and it \s normally independent of the velocity of the air. When Static Pressure is below atmospheric pressure it is negative, When it 1s above atmospheric pres= sure it is positive, Velocity Pressure is always positive. ‘The algebraic sum of Static Pressure and Velocity Pressure is Total Pressure, This may also be written in the form of an equation—the symbols are those used throughout this book: TP = SP 4 VP ‘The significance of these pressures can be demonstrated under actual conditions. For example, assume @ rectangular clamber (sealed) containing air pressure of 0.08 pounds per square inch. This 0.05 pst pressure [eentirely due to static pressure, If a small hole is dritled into this chamber and a U-tube is used, 2 reading Of 1.39 inches of water will result. (1 psi = 27.7 inches of water.) Since there is no alr flow, the velocity pressure will be zero and the total pressure will be 1,39 inches of water, This is shown in Figure 1-1. Total Pressure - Static Pressure = Velocity Pressure 139 139 o" +L 005 psi Fig. 1-1 reapom b psi rpm SEM sq it sq in 5. SPq scfm sp. gt STP ‘TLV. 1 ve wg ABBREVIATIONS Air horsepower factual ofm “Aspect ratic barometric pressure Brake horsepower British thermal unit beu/nr Coefficient of entry Cubic feet per minute Cubic foot Degree, Fabrenheit Density factor Diameter _ Bffective temperature Feet per minute Feet per second Gravitational force, tt/sec/see Gallons per minute 1) Grains Hood entry loss Horsepower Hour Inch Lower explosive limit ‘Mechanical efficfency milligram, ‘Mean radiant temperature uullimeter Minute | Molecular Weight 1 Parts per million Pound Pounds per square inch Quantity of als, cla Relative humidity Density of air in th/eu ft Revolutions per minute Surface feet per minute Square foot Square inch Beatie pressure Hood static pressure im at standard alr conditions Specific gravity Standard temperature and pressure ‘Threshold Limit Values ‘Total pressure Velocity, fom Velocity pressure Water gauge et eno plDI 9, tt eee: hs With air Dowing are now two distinct pressures, namely, static pressure and velocity pressure. The algebraic sum of these two pressures is called lotal pressure. if a fan is placed so that air is blown through the duct, the pressures shown in Figure L-2 eould result. Total Pressure - Static Pressure = Velocity Pressure 139" a39 10 4005 fom. PRESSURE IN THIS PIPE ABOVE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Fig. 1-2 If a fan is placed so that air is drawn through the duct, the pressures indicated in Figure 1-3 could result, Total Pressure ia Static Pressure = Velocity Pressure -0.59" 139") +O Yass -139" + Ale thot 4008 fom. Suction fr> PRESSURE IN THIS PIPE BELOW ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Fig. 1-3 Ih Figure 1-4 typical static and velocity pressures are shown in a long section of exhaust duct equipped with a defined hood, Hood static Static Velocity Stotie Velocity pressure ‘Hood shape with Ce =0.86 Fig. 1-4 om | f f { t e t § £ & § a g a 4 4 a dLATION The pressure difference required to move air into an opening must be sufficient to both accelerate the alz from rest to a velocity and to overcome the turbulence losses at the opening. For acceleration, the energy required Is equal to the Velosity Pressure corresponding to the velocity. ‘Turbulence losses are caused by the opening and vary with the shape of opening. ‘The coefficient of entry (Ce) indicates the extent of turbulence losses, In a theoretically perfect hood with no turbulence loss, p= 1.0. Hood Static Presse (SP) is a direct measurement, in inches of water, of both the acceleration energy and turbulence losses. For a perfect hood with no turbulence loss, Cg = 1.0 and SPp = VP (See Section 4) In this case: ¥ = 4005 Co VEPh = 4005 VSBR For the hood shown in Figure 14 where Cy =0.86 this become V = 4005 Cy VSP, = 4005 x 0.88 VEE, = 0444 VSP, “To obiain the desired velocity, 4005 fpm, the requized SP}, can be calculated from the above formula: 4005 5 aad [As previously stated, the hood static pressure indicates both the acceleration (VP) and turbulence losses (hg). ‘This may be expressed as 8, 1.98 Inches of water SP}, = VP + he For design purposes the entry loss (he) is often designated as a decimal fraction (F) of the velocity pres- sure (VP). In this form it applies to all velocities. hg = FVP (See Section 4, Pigure 4-5; Section 5; Seetion 8, Figure 6-10.) Pressu Drop Through Ductwork ‘Air flowing through duets encounters resistance to flow due to (1) friction losses and (2) dynamic (turbu~ ence) losses, Friction losses are caused by the actual rubbing of the air against the surfaces of the duct. Dynamic losses result due to air turbulence which takes place Whenever air flow through a duct changes di- rection or velocity; {.e., whenever the duct changes direction or varies in cross-sectional area. The result ff the friction and dynamic losses ie to cause a pressure drop to occur as the air flows through a duct. ‘The well known Bernoulli's Theorem frequently used in flow of fluids is merely a statement of the laws of ‘conservation of energy. Bernoulli’s Theorem as applied to air is: static pressure plus velocity pressure at ‘2 point upstream in direction of air flow is equal to the static pressure plus velocity pressure 2t 2 point downstream in direction of air flow plus the friction and dynamic losses: SP, + VP, = SP, + VP, + losses For practical purposes, the total amount of friction through any round duct varies directly as the lengt, inversely as the diameter of the duct and ditectly as the square of the velocity of air flowing through the duct. ‘The pressure drop through a duct system due to dynamic losses depends upon (1) number and type of elbows present and (2) the frequency with which the velocity of air changes as it flows through the duct system. In order to overcome the resistances of a duct system, it is necessary to expend energy in maintaining a pressure differential between the two ends of the system.’ This is usually accomplished by the use of 2 fan. ‘The fan delivers alr at a static pressure great enough to overcome the resistance of the system. Figure 1-5 gives a graphical description of aetual pressure changes in 2 simple exhaust system. Effective Specific Gravity Frequently, the location of exhaust hoods is mistakenly based on a supposition that the contaminant ts “heavier than air” ot “lighter than air.” In most health hazard applications, this criterion is of little value, Hazardous dust, fumes, vapors and gases are truly air-borne, following air currents and are not subject to appreciable motion either upward er downward because of their own density. For example, consider theRtonn, hose, tox RLonn Fig. 1-5 degreasing solvent, perehloroethylene (tetrachlorcethylene). Assuming the perchloroethylene vapor is well mixed with air, the following calculations indicate the effective specitic gravity of a 10,000 ppm perchloro- ethylene-air mixture, Specific gravity of air = 1 Specific gravity of CCl, = 6.7 10,000 ppm = 1 part C,Cl, : 99 parts of alr 0.01 x 5.7 = 0.087 0.99 x 1.0 = 0.990 TOT = effective specific gravity of mixture Since 10,000 ppm is 100 times the TLV value of perchloroethylene, the mixture normally encountered would contain much less than 10,000 ppm. By a similar calculation a 100 ppm perchtoroethylene-air mixture has an effective specific gravity’of 1.0005, ‘Therefore, the perchlorosthylene-air mixtures compared to clean air would have a tendency to move down- ‘ward expressed by the ratio of 108/100 in the case of the 10,000 ppm mixture or 10005/10000 in the case of the 100 ppm mixture and not by the ratio of 5.7/1 as is frequently implied. Thus the effects of window venti- lation, cross currents, tralfic and heat can dwarf into insignificance the elfect of specific gravity. A vapor of high specific gravity has been chosen (or illustration; obviously the influence of specific gravity will be even less in the case of those gases and vapors whose specific gravity is closer to the specific gravity of air, Air Flow Characteristics of Blowing and Exhausing Air blown from @ small opening retains {ts directional effect for a considerable distance beyond the plane of the opening. However, if the flow of air through the same opening were reversed so that it operated as an exhaust opening handling the same volume of air, the flow would become almost completely noa-directional land its range of influence would be greatly reduced, For this reason, local exhaust hoods must not be con~ templated for any process which cannot be conducted in the immediate vicinity of the hood. Figure 1-6 illus trates the fundamental difference between blowing and exhausting. Many exhaust systems will requie a mechanical system of supplied ar to offset the air exhausted. For 8 more complete discussion of design, refer to Section 7, “Make-Up and Recirculated Air.” i Po RR RS fo oe i © 9 oo Of of AP. Pe ilBLOWING of 400 FPA i Cran 1 f= oe ca) APPROXIMATELY 10% OF FACE VELOCITY ‘AT 30 DIA. AWAY FROM PRESSURE \ 4000 FPM AIR veLocitY AT Jet OPENING. FACE OF BOTH of — eH Nu | EXHAUSTING i £ \ N= APPROXIMATELY 10% OF FACE VELOCITY ' “i AT ONE DIA. AWAY FROM EXHAUST ll OPENING. i dt i 400 FPM SHY Fig. 1-8‘The terms general ventilation and dilution ventilation are often used interchangeably. In this manus! gene eran titation refers to the removal (oF supply) of alz from a general ares, room oF building fos Hie pos erat Mr comfort contrl, and is covered under ‘Ventilation for Heat Control,” Section 5 Dilaicn ventilation, as aoe rps, refers to dilution of contaminated siz with uncontaminated air in @ general area) room oF building for the purpose of health hazard or nuisance control. ‘Dilution Ventilation for Health Dilution Ventilation for Health Th general, dilution ventilation is aot as satisfactory for health hazard control as 1s local exhaust vendition. -rnereare, nowever, cocasional circumstances in which dition ventilation oust be used Becnose the Opes sees nedeass probibits local exhaust, Circumstances-may be found in which éliution ventilation prov Ges Lion ors naacunt of eonirel more economically than a local exhaust system. One should be caret, hoy sa Mt to base the economical considerations entirely upon the first cost of the system siiee Chutes Ton Tieton ieequently. exhausts large volumes of heat {rom 2 building and can easily be 2 troublesome factor, ‘The use of dilution ventilation has four Limiting factors: (1) the quantity of contaminant generated must not ee tae goeat or alz volume necessary for ailotion will be impractical; (2) workers must be far enough, Gay trom contaminant evolution, or evolution of contaminant must bein sufficiently low concentra one 20 that, away fromm not have an exposure in excess of the established TLV value; and (@) the toxicity of the con- qekieant must be low, (4) the evolution of contaminants must be reasonably uniform. ‘Dilution ventilation is very seldom successfully applied to fumes and dusts because (1) the high torieties ote Nored require toa great quantities of dilution air; (2) velocity and rate of evolution are Sexiliy one fig and @) data on the amount of fames and dust production are very difficult not impossible to obtain, Dilution ventilation is most often used to advantage to control the vapors {rom organic liquide such 25 the Lee aion Cirents. in order to successfully apply the principles of dilution to such 2 problem, factual éats eee toed on the rate of vapor generation or on the rate of liguld evaporation, Usually such data can be attained from the plant if they keep any type of adequate records on material consumption. Example Suppose a cementing operation contaminates the air of a workroom with methyl ethyl Ketone vapors, the solvent portion of the cement. lis necessary to determine how much solvent vapor 1s being formed every minute and this can be dose UY dete ening the stnount of cement consimed and the proportion of methyl ethyl ketone contained thereln- Jagime that four gallons of solvent are used in eight hours or four pints per hour. “The next step is to select a K value. K serves as a multi-purpose safety factor to maintain alr concen trations well below the TLV. In selecting K one consideration is the toxicity of the materi Slightly torle material: TLV © 500 ppm. ‘Moderately toxic: TLV 100 ~ 500 ppm Highly toxic: ‘TLV = 100 pom “Another consideration is the evolution rate of the contaminant; usually this is non-uniform. A third aspect is the effectiveness of the ventilation. See Figure 2-1 ‘the K value selected ean vary from 3 to 10 depending on these considerations Since seversl employees are neationed throughout the workroom and since the only possible location of fans ia an outside wall Is & ars siderable distanee from some of the points of evolution of solvent, assume a K value of 6 Cu, £t, dilution per hour 1403 © specific gravity of solvent x 1,000,000 x pints solvent/hr.x K. ‘molecular weight solvent x TLV 409 x 0,805 x 1,000,000 x4 x 6 | ag aesamieidn a = 805 2 1.007.000 £45 8 540,000 oF 9,000 ofm dition ate ‘table 21 liste the dilution ate volumes for several of the solvents often encountered. Formulas are sis0 given for calculating dilution air volumes for liquids not specifically listed. 2a‘The following value values aie subject to revision changed, the dilution air requ! jalues shown in parsntbesss, parts per million. TLY reasazeh Or experience indicates the need, I the TLY value has -ments should be calculated from the following for mule $03 x sp. gr. Liguid x 1,000,000 x K molecular weight liquid x TLY 387 x 1,000,000 x molecular weight liquid x TLV Cu ft air per pint evanerst Cu ft air por tb evaporated = Gu ft of air (STP) required for dilation to TLV Liquid Ber Pint Evaporation | Per Pound Evaporation ‘Acetone (1000) 5,500 6,050 neAmyl acetate (100) 21200 28,800 Iscamyl alechol (100) 37,200 43,900 Benzol (25) Not Recommended E ‘-Butanol (butyl aleohol) (100) 444,000 52,200 ‘Butyl acetate (130) 20,400 22,200 Butyl cellosolve (50) 61,600 65,600 Carbon disulfide (20) Not Recommended Carbon tetrachloride (10) Not Recommended Cetloscive (200) 20,800 | 21,500 Collosolve acetate (2-ethoxyethyl-acetate}(100) 29,700 29,800 Chloroform (50) Not Recommended 1-2 Dichloroethane (50) Not Recommended {ethylene dichloride) | 1-2 Dichloroethylene (200) 26,900 | 20,000 Dioxane (100) 37300 43/300 Ethyl acetate (400) 10,300, 11,000 Ethyl alcobal (1000) 6,800 400 5 Ethyl ether (400) 9680 13,100 Gasoline Requires special coneideration Methyl acetate (200) 25,000 26,100 Methyl alcotol (200) 48,100 60,500 ‘Methyl butyl Ketone (100) 33,500 387100 Meth ceLlosolve (25) Not Recommended Methyl eellosolve acetate (25) Not Recommended Methyl ethyl ketone (200) 22,500 26,200 Methyl isobutyl ketone (100) 32,800 26,700 Methyl propyl ketone (200) 19,000 22,400 Naptha (coal tax) (100) 10,000-38 000 40,000-50,000 Raptha (petroleum) (500) 6,000-7,600 8,000-10,000 Nitroberzene (1) Not Recommended n-Propyl acetate (200) 17,500 38,900 Isopropyl aleokol (400) 13,200 16,100 Isopropyl ether (500) 5,700 7870 Stoddard solvent (500) 6,000-7,000 8,008-10,000 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (5) Not Recommended Tetrachloroethylene (100) 29,600 j 23,400 Toluol (Totuene) (200) 18,000, 21,000 Trichloroethylene (100) 45,000 28,400 Xylol (xylene) (100) 88,000 36,400 * The tabulated dilution air quantities must be multiplied by the selected K value. ‘See Appendix for additional TLV and for LEL values.DILUTION TION 28 sissbesenioe a oe FA FA FI i \ Veet >/ \e J ‘ Poor air inlet Fair air inlet Good air inlet oer > ~® > >/ . \s fh ) Poor air inlet Fair air inlet Good air inlet POOR FAN LOCATIONS i § pe] | =/ it \e J i | Poor air inlet Fair air inlet Good air inlet Peru oa vd : ie 9 7 ' wut Le ‘A | ir in etiin =~ Best exhaust (local) on Best air inet Caleulete cir volume GOOD FAN LOCATION as booth 100ctm/sgfi } open area. Best air intet 1 Note FeeEEETPEEPErT Een oereR sree r cee RPE SE | Inlet air requires tempering AMERICAN CONE ENCE CH during winter months. GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS i See Section 7 PRINCIPLES OF DILUTION VENTILATION2 INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION ‘The princip! os to be applied to a dilution ventilation system are as follows: Select from factual date the amount of air required for satisfactory dilution of the contaminant. The Values tabulated on Table 2-1 assume perfect distribution and dilution of the air and solvent vapors. These values must be multiplied by the proper K value. 2. Locate the exhaust openings near the sourees of contaminant, if possible, in order to obtain the benelit of “spot ventilation.” 3, In order for dilution methods to be affective, the exhaust outlet and air supply must be so located that alt the air employed in the ventilation passes through the zone of contamination 4, Replace exhausted air by a make-up air system. Make-up air should be heated during cold weather. Dilu- tion ventilation systems usually handle large quantities of air by means of propeller fans. Make~up air usually must be provided if the ventilation is to be adequate and the system to operate satisfactorily. 5. The general air movements in the room should keep the source between the operator and the exhaust open- ing. 8, A combined supply and exhaust system is preferred with a slight excess of exhaust if there are adjoining ‘occupied spaces and a slight excess of supply if there are no such spaces. 1, Avoid re-entrance of the exhausted air by discharging the exhaust high above the roof line or by assuring that no window, outside air intakes or other such openings are located near the exhaust discharge. Dilution Ventilation for Fire and Explosion ‘Another fonction of dilution ventilation is to reduce the concentration of vapors within an enclosure to below the lower explosive limit, It should be stressed that this concept is never applied in cases where workers are exposed to the vapor. In such Instances, dilution rates for health hazard control are always applied. The reason for this will be apparent when comparing TLV's and lower explosive limits (LEL’s). ‘The TLV of xylol is 200 ppm. The LEL of xylol is 1% or 10,000 ppm. An atmosphere of xylol safe- guarded against fire and explosion will usually be kept at 25% of the LEL or 2500 ppm. Exposure to such an atmosphere may cause severe illness or death. However, in baling and drying ovens, in enclosed air dry- ing spaces, within ventilation ductwork, ete., dilution ventilation for fire and explosion is used to reduce the vapor concentration to below the LEL. ‘The formulas listed on page 2-2 may be modified to yield alr quantities to dilute to below the LEL. By substituting LEL for TLV: yaporated « (403)(8p. gr. tiguid) (100) (C) Z Cu tt per pint evaporated = “Tpicy we liquid) (LBL) (5) (FF Standard Au) Note: 1. Sinee LEL is expressed in parts per 100) rather than ppm (parts per million as for the TLY), the factor of 1,000,000 becomes 100 2. C ig a safety factor which depends on the percentage of the LEL necessary for safe conditions. In most ovens and drying enclosures it has been found desirable to maintain vapor concentrations at not more than 26% of the LEL at all times in all parts of the oven. in properly ventilated continuous ovens, a C factor of 4 is lised. In batch ovens, with good air distribution, the existence of peak drying rates requires a C factor of 10 or 12 to maintain safe concentrations at all times. In non-recireulating or improperly ventilated batch or con- Hnuous ovens, larger C factors may be necessary. 3. B is a constant which takes into account the fact that the lower explosive limit of 2 solvent vapor-air mixture decreases at elevated temperatures. B= I for tem- peratures up to 250 F; B = 0.7 for temperatures above 250 F.DILUTION VENTILATION 2.8 pl ‘A batch of enamel dipped shelves is baled in a racirculating oven at 350 F for one hour. The volatiles in the enamel applied to the shelves consist of two pints of xylol. What oven ventilation rate, in cfm, is required to dilute the xylol vapor concentration within the oven to a safe limtt at all mes? 88; Mol. Wt. = 106; C = 10; B = 0.7. From the above formu ca per pit eaporatd = “OM0.89(100(0 For xylol, the LEL = 1% 5 Sp. gr. For two pints of xylol evaporated in one hour: (2)(403) (0.88)(100)(10) toiere) = Poaniantcy = 1 Since the above formula is at standard conditions, the air Now rate must be converted from 70 F to 350 F (operating conditions) (cimgrp) (Ratio of Absolute Temperatures) cfmgso F (etmgpp) (008 +3808) st?) Taso + TOF) (210) ctmggy p = (188) {5a5) = 242 Example Tn many circumstances, solvent evaporation rate is non-uniform due to the process temperature or the manner of solvent use. A 6 ft diameter muller is used for mixing resin sand on 2.10 minute cycle, Each batch consists of 400 pounds of sand, 19 pounds of resin and 8 pounds of ethyl alcohol. What ventilation rate is required? For ethyl alcohol: LEL = 3.28%; mol wt = 46.07; Bel (387) (100) (c)__ _(987) (200) (4) cu ft per pound evaporated = ASP UO IG) = upon (eau) cn © 1022 For 8 pounds of ethyl alcohol evaporated in 2 minutes: = 2 x 102 cimegrpy = § x 1022 = 4088 To conve + to operating conditions, 200 P (460 F +200 5) St (200 w) ° EOF 0 F) Another source of data 1s the Natlonal Board of Fire Underwriters’ Pamphlet #86, ‘Standard for Class A Ovens and Furnaces’. This contains a more complete list of solvents and their properties. In addition It sts and describes a number of safeguards and interlocks which must always be considered in connection with fire dilution ventilation. See also Reference 81 = 5100 Mixtures In many cases the parent liquid for which dilution ventilation rates are being designed will consist of a ‘mixture of solvents. The common procedure used in such instances is as follows. Health Dilution Ventilation When two or more hazardous substances are present, their combined effect, rather than that of either individually, should be given primary consideration. In the absence of information to the contrary, the elfects ol the different hazards should be consideved as additive. That is, if the sum of the following fractions, cette! “¢, 2 seats Ty, * Tv, Th, exceeds unity, then the threshold limit of the mixture should be considered as being exceeded, C indicates the observed atmospheric concentration and TLV the corresponding threshold Limit. ‘Exceptions to the above rule may be made when there is good reason to believe that the chief effects of the different harmful substances are not in fact additive but independent, as when purely local effects on differentENDUSTRIAL VENTILATION iy ara produced by the vazious components of the mi sded only when at least one + of the series: exceeding unity. ‘Where two or more hazardous substances are present, the dilution ventilation should be therefore calculated {n the absence of information to the contrary on the basis that the effect of the different hazards is additive. ‘The air quantity required to dilute each component of the mixture to the required safe concentration is ealeu- lated and the sum of the air quantities is used as the required dilution ventilation for the mixture. ‘Where two or more hazardous substances are present and it is known that the effects of the different sub- stances are not additive but act independently on the different organs of the body, the required dilution venti- lation for each component of the mixture should be calculated and the highest cfm thus obtained used as the dilution ventilation rate, Example I A paint stripping operation is being performed; methylene chloride (dichlormethane) and methy! alcohol (nctanol are beng Seleased. ‘Both Uf tse hare earestc properties and te fits ave censored satire. Si samples cacloge concenraions of S00 ppm metylene chore and 100 ppm ethyl sah lng the equation given, the sum of he tactions (299+ 1991.3) ts grater tan unty and the TLY of the mixture is exceeded. The volume of ir at etandard temperature and pressure eqsired for dition of this mtu to the TAY wouldve a5 flows: Assume that 2 pints of each is being released each hour. Select 2 “K* value of 4 for methylene chloride and a *K” value of 6 for methyl alcohol. 403 x 1.396 x 1,000,000 x 4 x 2 Dilution rate for methylene chloride = 402 * 1986 x Lore, OGe x 3 x 2 403 x 0.792 x 1,000,000 x 6.x 2 ‘32.04 x 200 x 60 Dilution rate for the mixture = 1700 + 9950 = 11,650 cfm 1700 efm (STP) Dilution rate for methyl alcohol 1950 efm (STP) Eire Dilution Ventilation ‘There is a formula for determining the lower explosive Limit of mixtures of gases which is usually cor~ rect but which frequently shows a marked discrepancy between calculated and observed values, particularly for mixtures of solvent vapors. ‘This formula is useful when its applicability to a particular mixture of sol- vent vapors can be demonstrated but it cannot be applied indiscriminately. In such instances, {t is common practice to regard the entire mixture as consisting of the components re- quiring the highest amount of dilution air per unit liquid volume and to calculate the required air quantity on spot) that basis. (This component would be the one with the highest value for Br 8 fee RA FRPP fh PfSECTION 3 VENTILATION FOR HEAT CONTROL, 1 Ventilation for heat relief may include certain phases of air conditioning, the design detatls of which are outside the scope of this manual. Air conditioning is defined as the process of treating ait so as to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet the requirements of the con- ditioned space. In most residential, office and commercial systems the requirements are comfort for the occupants. In many Industrial situations, however, comfort conditions cannat be maintained and the function of ventilation and air conditioning, along with other control methods such as isolation, shielding and inaulation i is to prevent acute discomfort or actual physiological damage, Specific installations may require cooling | and/or dehamidification of supply air or the supply and exhaust of considerable quantities of untreated air ‘The following gives some criteria for evaluating hot conditions and suggests applicable methods of control Although exposures to cold cecur in many industries, control by heating and suitable clothing is usually aitained eastly and cold exposure will not be further mentioned PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES i Respiratory Requizements ‘The need for outside air for respiration, that is, to remove carbon dioxide produced by the body and pro- vide oxygen, Is self-evident, In most situations, sufficient air for this purpose will enter by infiltration. Examples of some exceptions to this are the following: 1. Sealed spaces such as vaults and underground shelters, : — 7 { Ventilation Requirements \ "A Air required to provide necessary oxygen content ‘B= Airrequired to prevent CO, concentrations fram” | : | sing above 5 per cent —— | C- Air required to remove objectionable body : & Tan sedentary adults vo] ‘O- Data in curve C increased by 5Oper cent (and —| | Sue projected) to allow for moderate physical ! g achvty a | 4 28 i s b i 8 a a | 4 20 : t Sue - — Sz — - Ba Zh g f Cr = 4 1 4 4 : ng — 9) 700 200 300 #00500 600 700 a0 S00 1000 Air Space in Cubic Feet per Person Fig. 3-1 a32 INDUSTRIAL VEI TILATION ‘Tanks, wells, sewers, silos, fermentation vate, ete., where oxygen may hays been displaced by organic decomposition products such 25 methane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide Ia some other cases a tosie residual gas or vapor may be present even though sufficient oxygen for respiration is available. 3. Spaces where special effort has been made to isolate the area from outside air (e.g, clean rooms), particularly when inert gases are used and the ventilating system is set for 100% recirculation of the clean alr or in processes where an excess of inert gas is used. Other needs for fresh air ventilation in enelosed spaces are for odor removal and removal af tobacco smoke. In actual practice, oxygen requirements and carbon dioxide removal needs are met when odor and tobacco smoke are controlled. ‘The values shown on Curve D represent current design standards. (For detailed information, see Reference 2.) However, the prime need for ventilation 1s to maintain heat balance in the body. Heat Balance Environmental conditions within a space must be consistent with the body’s heat balance. ‘The problem is physical, not chemical, and the main part of the body involved 1s the skin, not the lungs. The heat balance may be expressed as an equation: M=+S+E RC where M = rate of metabolism 'S = rate of heat storage in the body E = rate of evaporative heat loss R « rate of radiative heat loss or gain © = rate of convective heat loss or gain In this equation, M is a positive number; R and C may be either positive or negative, depending on whether the body is losing or gaining heat by these methods. For example, if the body is losing heat by radiation to cold walls, Ris positive. Sis either positive, negative or zero to balance the equation. ‘The rate of metabolism and the rate of heat losses from the body vary with both environmental and ongan- ism factors as shown in Table 3-1, ‘The standard rate of metabolism for sedentary adults is talen as 400 btu/hr. Under heavy exertion this may be increased to as much as 3000 or 4000 btu/hr. Metabolism is the rate at which the body produces heat. In order to maintain thermal equilibrium, the body must lose heat at exactly this same rate. TABLE 3-1, FACTORS INVOLVING HEAT BALANCE EQUATION FACTOR ENVIRONMENT HUMAN ‘Metabolism (M) Little effect Activity Weight Surface Area Age Bex ‘Bvaporation () Wet Bulb Temperature “Ability to produce sweat Dzy Bulb Temperature Surface area Velocity Clothing Radiation (R) "Temperature difference between bodies ‘Surface area Emissivity of surfaces Clothing Convection (C) Dry Bulb Temperature Clothing Velocity Surface area ‘The rate of evaporative heat loss is always positive; that is, the body can only tose heat by this means. Tt ‘cannot gain heat by evaporation. ‘The radiative and convective heat loss or gain should need no explanation. ‘The storage factor S, which is needed to balance the equation is always small. ‘The body cannot adapt it~ self to large storage effects of elther warmth or cold. It is this storage effect, chiefly in the large muscle areas of the body, which produces the feeling of chill or uncomfortable warmth. Figure 3-2 shows these factors for a clothed subject at rest for varying dry bulb temperatures and constant relative humidity.VENTILATION FOR HEAT CONTROL 3-3 Hea? Losses, Storege, ond Temperatura Felotions ter Clotied Sutject 100) a Oty Bulb Temperature, Deg. F Fig. 3-2 Adaptive Mechanism of the Body ‘The human body, by a very complex mechanism, can attain perfect adaptation to environmental conditions through 2 narrow range. When this is true the storage factor is zero and optimum comfort is attained. The chief adaptive mechanisms of the body are peripheral blood eizeulation, aweating and change in metabolism, In cold environments the skin surface has reduced blood circulation while In a warm environment the blood circulation to the skin is increased. ‘This Increase in blood at the skin surface is at the expense of the internal organs and brain and, if excessive, can result in heat exhaustion. ‘Sweating increases sharply in warm envizonments, However, in order to have a cooling effect, the humidity must be low and/or the air velocity must be high since the cooling effect is due to the evaporation of the liquid content of the sweat. Profuse sweating depletes the body salt content of unacclimatized persons and extra salt may be given when heavy work must be carried out under hot dry conditions. ‘The rate of metabolism is fairly constant in a temperate environment. There is an increase, however, in metabolism at low temperatures and at high temperatures. At elevated temperatures a sharp increase in metabolism denotes the beginning of the breakdown of the regulative process. See Figure 3-2 Acclim: Acclimatization of personnel exposed to heat for extended periods of time is well demonstrated. Over a period of two weeks or so, the capacity of the Individual to withstand heat {s considerably increased. The acclimatization starts with a decrease in heat production as the individual adjusts by using energy more effi~ ciently and relaxing when the work situation permits. During the first few days an increase in sweating de: velops. ‘The keat regulating mechanism apparently becomes more sensitive, enabling the individual to better react to rapidly changing environmental conditions. ‘The blood volume 1s increased, as 1s the volume of extra~ cellular fluid; at the same time there is a marked drop in pulse rate response. The concentration of salt in the sweat decreases to a point where it is virtually impossible for a chlovide deficit to be produced even by hard work in a hot dry environment Bttective Temperature Effective temperature (ET) is an index of relative comfort determined by successive comparison of differ- ‘ent combinations of temperature, humidity and air movement and gives the relative impression of persons immediately upon entering a space. ‘The numerical value of the ET for any given air condition is fixed by theVENT’ £0; 7 ——T 7 AIR MOVEMENT OR TURBULENCE 15 10 25 FEET PER MINUTE T 60 | 9 & ka wy & OX: Se > 3 70 Aes? KA} =) : q w iy Pid © = , OK OEP Ss u § & |B SEK ASN SASS = aS Aly a = 8 ok SK IEC RISES © = \ Mal @ 6} 88 @ xs 82 RA 5 5 8] VK PAS VO) SO - © BOK yor re v IST Ty & CA Mele \ 8 oe 201, S00 50 € y NY 1 \ ‘ ci 4 e \ 0 z = 1 50 60 70 80 90 700 DRY BULB TEMPERATURE F Notes 1. Effective Temperature (dashed) lines indicate sensation of warmth immediately after entering conditioned space. 2. Solid lines 3, 4, 5, and 6 indicate sensations experienced after three hour occupancy 3. Both sets of curves apply to people at rest and normally clothed. Pig. 9-9. Comfort chart for still air Courtesy of the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers3 3 E é 8 & a gf & & £ id Ventilation Engineers. For application of this Fig. 5-4. Chart showing normal scale of elfective temperature (applicable to persons at rest and normally clothed). Courtesy of the American Society of Heating anc chart, see textHo: SS 0 4c" : : yo 3 - : NE § AY Ww ~e 2 RAW F OA \\ Eo ONC ON \\ b. % \ S) in rooms Fig. 3-5. Effet waist. (Courtesy text WET GULB TEMPERATURE e. Basic scale of temperature applicable to men stripped to the ‘ciety of Heating and Ventilating Engineers.) For application of this chart, seeAT CONTROL temperature of slowly moving saturated alr which givas a like Immediate sensation of warmth or coolness ‘The ET is determined by referring measured dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and air velocity toa chart, For persons at rest ar engaged in light activity, over periods of several hours, it has been determined that the effect of humidity is much less than indicated by the effective temperature. Presently accepted criteria for comfort of normally clothed, sedentary Americans are shown on the revised ASHRAE comfort chart, Figure 3-3, along with the effective temperature lines for still (less than 25 Ipm) air. Rffective temperatures are still valid criteria when sweating occurs and in the absence of a radiative heat load may be used to specify permissible thermal conditions. Figure 3-4 shows the effective temperature chart for persons normally clothed, engaged in moderate activity and includes the effect of air velocity. ‘To determine effective temperature from this chart, a line is drawn connecting dry bulb and wet bulb tempera- tures. The intersection of this ne with the air velocity Line determines the effective temperature Globe Temperature Effective temperature does not consider the effect of radiant heat although radiation from hot surfaces ts often a major heat load on the body. One measure of the radiation effect is the globe temperature. The globe temperature is determined by means of a thermometer placed inside a six-inch copper sphere, matte black inside and out (a capper toilet tank float similarly treated may be substituted). The globe thermometer ordinarily requires 20 minutes to come to equilibrium. If the globe temperature is 20 F or more above the temperature determined in the same location by a shielded thermometer, then radiation shielding should be considered as it will reduce the heat load on an individual considerably more than will additional ventilation. Globe temperatures may be used to determine effective temperature corrected for radiation as described later. Whare air velocities are more than 200 fpm and/or when the radiation 1s such that opposite sides of the lobe have very different surface temperatures, globe readings will be inconsistent and radiation on a person may be calculated {rom measured surface temperatures and solid angles as described in Reference 70 Effective Temperature Corrected for Radiation Effective temperature for an envizonment involving radiant heat load may be determined by use of dry bulb, wet bulb and globe thermometer readings in the following manne: 1, Determine the absolute humidity of the air by the use of wat bulb and dry bulb temperatures and psy~ chrometric chart (See Appendix). 2, Determine a pseudo wet bulb temperature represented by the absolute humidity anda dry bulb tempera~ ture the same as the globe thermometer reading. 3. Determine the effective temperature represented by the pseudo wet bulb reading and the globe ther- mometer reading by use of the effective temperature chart ‘An example of these on a psychrometrie chart is shown in Fig. 3-6. True wet bulb \ \ \ _absote Tita EEELsbegHagu-eeeee EES Tne dy bulb Globe Temperahire 70F 95Fa Dry bulb OF Find: Absolute humidity 40 g/t Wet bulb 39 F Pseudo wet bulb 62 F Globe temperature 95 F ‘To determine effective temperature, use the value 95 F for dry bulb temperature and 64 F for wet butb. Tolerance to Hot Atmospheres ‘Various laboratory and field studies have indicated the temperature and humidity limits for contincous work in hot industries shown in Table 3-2. The effective temperatures correspond approximately to those Obtained from Figure 3-6 which is based on at-rest subjects stripped to the waist. ‘Thus either Table 3-2 or Figure 3-8 may be used in determining effective temperatures for use with the effective temperature toler~ ance limits for various work conditions given in Table 3-2. The limitation of temperature and humicity to the perspiration threshoid of 75 BT in cold weather is desirable in order to reduce excessive sweating and consequent chilling of workers during rest or in post work periods. In all cases where a significant radiant heat load is Involved, the effective temperature corrected for radiation should be used. ‘Where exposure to heat beyond the limits of Table 3-2 becomes necessary, short periods of work in the heat should be alternated with rest periods in 2 cooler environment. Thus while it ts genevally concluded that a wet-bulb temperature of 86 F to 90 F is the upper limit which men can endure for long periods, wet- bulb temperatures of over 110 F can be tolerated for a few minutes. Figure 37 relates tolerance time to wet-bulb temperature at different humidities for subjects at rest, stripped to the waist, and Figure 3-8 presents the same dala in terms of elfective temperature. For higher rates of metaholism the tolerance would be greatly reduced. ‘Thas an increase in metabolism of 2 1/2 times decreases the wet-bulb temper- ature of tolerance for one hour by 13 F. no ° 104 s s & g i s g g 8 Memidty g 3 100% 2 ~ leon SS > 50% ~~ 8% 85 2 4 90% 2 ‘ Hours Hours Fig. 3-7. Tolerance times for men at rest in Fig. 3-8. Tolerance times at diverse effective sllll air of diverse wet-bulb temperatures and four temperatures, Same data as in Figure 9~7, It is evi- relative humidities. Times are averaged for the dent that the scale of effective temperatures makes three or four men, nude to the waist, who sat simul- the times identical regardless of humidities. taneously through each test, ‘The consistency of the results is represented by the fact that points of di- verse humidities do not overlap, ‘The temperature ceiling is reduced about 1 F for each 20% of rela- tive humidity.2 CONTROL CONTROL METHODS ‘This manual will deal only with engineering methods for the contzol of abnormally hot atmospheres. How- ever, an accepted industrial hygiene method other than actual control will first be mentioned, This method Is to Limit the time-of exposure as well as the total number of employees exposed. If control eannot be achieved by other methods it may prove necessary to limit the time of exposure, with periods of rest or other work in cooler atmospheres. Baffles, shields or partitions may also be indicated to prevent unnecessary exposure of workers, Ventilation Exhaust ventilation may be used to remove excessive heat and/or humidity if a source of cooler al is available. If it ts posstble to enclose the heat source, such as in the case of ovens or certain furnaces, a gravity or forced air stack may be all that is necessary to prevent excessive heat from entering the work- Toom. Ifa partial enclosure or local hood Ls indicated, control velocities as shown in Section 5 may be used to determine the volume of air to he exhausted. In the case of many operations which do not lend themselves to local exhaust, general ventilation may be indicated. In order to arrive at the air volumes required it is necessary to estimate the summation of all sources of both sensible and latent heat, as well as to determine in advance the temperature rise or humidity ‘Table 3-2 High Environmental Dry and Wet-Bulb Temperatures* ‘That Can Be Tolerated in Daily Work by Healthy, Acclimatized Men Wearing Warm Weather Clothing Air Movement Relative 15-38 fpm 100 tem 300 fpm Activity Humidity Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet % Bulb Bulb Bub Bulb Buib Bulb iSummer season 80 89d 8S 93 BT ILight sedentary 60. mag 9 Be 93 8S activities 40 10018 wor at 10382. (@5 ET) 20 10915 1075 no 75 5 968 ie 69 1768 [summer season 80 3 a nr rc) [Heavy work 60 B76 so 8 9380 (80 ET) 40 3 8 9% 15 e776 20 10069 11 70 102 70 5 ior 4 io7 6 10s 63 [winter season a0 cr aT 6 73 [Light or heavy 60 a a4 a 78 ‘work 40 8 68 870 2 (5 ET) 20 st 3 93 65 66 H 5 gt 8a st 58 9759 *(lncluding radiation effect) rise which will be acceptable. The volume of air required for sensible heat may be estimated from the follow- ing equation: 3 ctm = Tolal Btufr sensible heat 1.08 x Temp. rise --F in order to use this equation it is necessary to first estimate the heat load. ‘This will include sun load, people, lights and motors as well as other particular sources of heat. OF these, sun load, lights and motors are all completely sensible, ‘The people heat load is part sensible and gart latent. In the case of hot processes which give off both sensible and latent heat, it will be necessary to estimate the amounts or percentages of each. In using the above equation for sensible heat, the temperature rise which will be permitted must be decided ‘upon. Thus ina locality where 90 F outside dry bulb may be expected, if it is desired that the inside temper~3-10 INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION ature not exceed 100 F, or a 10 degres sise, a certain air volums will be necessary Wan inside temperature Of 95 F is requiree, the air volume will be doubled. For latent heat load, the procedure is similar although more difficult. If the total amount of steam evapo- rated is trown the heat load may be estimated by multiplying the pounds of steam per hour by 1000. Then _ __btu/hr latent heat lm = 587 x Grains/ib difference When the amount of water released is known, the following formula is used: ‘Pounds/nr water veleased as vapor of = 116.7 tm = 116.7 “Grains [pound difference xd where @ jensity of air in pounds/cu ft ‘The term “grains per pound difference” is talten from the psychrometric chart or tables and represents the difference in moisture content of the outside air and the conditions acceptable to the engineer designing ine Gutsost oyster, The air quantities calculated from the above two equations should not be added to arrive wna Rtuieed air quantity, Rather, the higher quantity should be used, since both sensible and latent heat a eeicetbed simultaneously. Furthermore, in the majority of eases the sensible heat load far exceeds the Intent heat load so that the design can be calculated only on the basis of sensible heat. Velocity Cooling If the air dry bulb or wet bulb temperatures are lower than 95 - 100 F, the worker may be cooled by con- yection or evaporation as shown by the Effective Temperature Charts, Pig. 3-4 and 2-5. When the dry bulb Teeterature is higher than 95 - 100 F,, increased air velocity may add heat to the worker by convection; if the War bulb temperature 1s high also, evaporative heat loss may not increase proportionately and the net result wen be an inerease in the Workers? heat burden, Many designers consider that supply air temperature should hot execed 80 F for practical heat relief. Current practice indicates that air velocities considerably higher than those shown in Fig. 9-4 and 3-8 can be used successfully for direct cooling of workers and the following may be used 2s guides. For best results provide directional control of the air supply (see Fig. 7-2) to accommodate daily and seasonal variations in heat exposure and supply air temperatures. TABLE 3-3 ACCEPTABLE AIR MOTION AT THE WORKER Continuous Exposure Supply Air Velocity, {pm Air conditioned space 50-75 ‘Fixed work station, general ventilation or spot cooling: Sitting 75-125 Standing 190-200 Intermittent Exposure, Spot Cooling or Relief Stations Light heat loads and activity 11000-2000 Moderate heat loads and activity 000-2000 ‘igh heat loads and activity 3000-4000 Enclosures In certain hot industries, such as in steel mills, itis unnecessary and impractical to attempt to control the heat from the process. If the operation is such that remote control is possible, an air conditioned booth or ab can be utilized to keep the operators reasonably comfortable in an otherwise intolerable atmosphere Insulation If the source of heat is a surface giving rise to convection, heat insulation at the surface will reduce this form of heat transfer, Lasulation by itself, however, will not usually be sufficient if the temperature is very high or if the heat content is highVENTILATION FOR HEAT CONTROL on Radiation Co Since radiation is a form of heat energy which needs no medium for its transfer, radiant heat cannot be controlied by aay of the above means. Painting or coating the surface of hot bedies with materials having low radiatfon emission characteristics is one method of redueing radiation TABLE 3-4 RELATIVE EFFICIENCIES OF COMMON SHIELDING MATERIALS Sartace of Shielding Reflection of Radiant Heat Emission of Radiant Acie en i cone £ 2 ieee : 2 | For materials such as molten masses of metal or glass which cannot be controlied directly, radiation | shields are effective, These shields can consist of metal plates, sereens, or other material interposed be- ‘ween the source of radiant heat and the workers, Shielding reduces the radiant heat load by reflecting the major portion of the incident radiant heat away from the operator and by ze-emitting to the operator only a portion of that radiant heat which has been absorbed. Additional ventilation will control the sensible heat load but will have only a minimal effect, if any, upon the radiant heat load. | Protective Suits for Short Exposures For briet exposures to very high temperatures, insulated aluminized auits and other protective clothing | may be worn, ‘These suits reduce the rate of heat gain by the body but provide no means of removing body heat; therefore, only short exposures may be tolerated Respiratory Heat Exchangers | For brief exposures to air of good quality but high temperature, a heat exchanger on a hali-mask respirator ' facepiece is available, This device will bring air into the respiratory passages at a tolerable temperature bbat will not remove contaminants nor furnish oxygen in poor atmospheres. | Refrigerated Suite | ‘Whore individuals must move about, cold air may be blosn into a suit or hood worn as a portable enclosure ‘The usual refrigeration methods may be used with insulated tubing to the suit. It may be difficult, however, to deliver air at a sulficiently low temperature. If compressed air is available, cold air may be delivered I from a vortex tube worn on the suit (75). Suits of this type are commercially availableSection 4 HOOD DESIGN DATA Introduction Proper design of exhaust hoods is necessary If a local exhaust system is to effectively control atmospher- ic contamination at its source with a minimum air flow and power consumption. ‘The theory of capture veloc~ ity depends on the creation of air flow past the source of contaminant sufficient to remove the highly contamt- nated air around the source or issuing from that source and to draw the air into an exhaust hood. It can be shown that dust particles in the small micron sizes, even if impelled at extremely high original velocities, travel a very short distance in air--a matter of a few inches at the most (References 7, 16). Thus the fine dust particles of health significance follow the air currents and are often referred to as “airborne dust.” The same considerations apply to mists and fumes. Vapors and gases, of course, mix intimately with air and follow the air currents. Larger dust particles released at high velocities (example, the larger particles from grinding) do have an appreciable trajectory or “throw? in air, These larger particles cannot be captured unless directed into the hood. Scattering can also be prevented by properly placed barriers. [t is desirable to collect this dust as well as the truly air-borne dust and thus utilize the exhaust ventilation to improve the housekeeping and main- tenance situation in the plant. Principles of Hood Design Basically, hood design requires sufficient knowledge of a process or operation so the most effective hood or enclosure can be installed to provide minimum exhaust volumes for effective contaminant control. The more complete the enclosure, the more economieal and effective the installation will be. Many designers de~ velop their hoods by mentally enclosing the operation completely, {rom there providing aecess and working openings as indicated. From this complete enclosure concept, familiar hood shapes like booths, side or down-draft hoods with or without side shields are developed. ‘All openings are kept to a minimum and located away from the natural path of the contaminant travel wherever possible. Inspection and maintenance open- Ings are provided with doors whenever practicable. Local hoods that do not enclose or confine the contaminant are recommended only as a last resort because exhaust volumes are large and control can be so easily upset by cross drafts in the area. Canopy hoods are effective for the control of hot processes and for those operations which release sudden surges of hot gases and vapors, Canopies should not be used where men must work directly over the opera- tion as in the case of plating tanks and cementing tables since the flow of air passes the worker's breathing zone and ean increase his exposure to toxic materials. Exhaust duct takeotis will be located, when possible, to be in the Line of normal contaminant travel and will be arranged so desired distribution of exhaust afr ‘low is attained. In the case of large shallow hoods, the air movement tends to concentrate in front of the duct opening. Satisfactory air distribution can be at~ tained by using multiple takeoffs or by installing interior baifles or filter banks. Effects of Flanging Wherever possible, fanges should be provided to eliminate air flow from ineffective zones where no con~ taminant exists. Increasing the hood effectiveness in this manner will usually reduce air requirements by 25% (See Figures 4-2, 4-3 and 4-4.) For most applications the flange width can be equal to the hood diameter for side but need not exceed 6 in, It (s only after the hood design has been determined that exhaust volume requirements can be calculated. With enclosures, volumes are calculated from the known open area of the hood and the selection of the capture or Indraft velocity sufficient to prevent outward escapement. Where enclosure of the process is impractica~ ble, air flow pattern in front of the hood must be such that selected capture velocities will be maintained in the area of generation, conveying the contaminant to the hood opening, 4woe ke De dw aINDUSTRIAL VEN TION, f i Duct velocty (Transport velocity) Slot velooty Plenum velocity Face velocity Capture Velocity — Air velocity at any point in front of the hood or at the hood ‘opening necessary to overcome opposing air currents and to capture the contominated air at that point by causing it to flow into the hood. Foce Velocity — Air velocity at the hood opening. Slot Velocity — Air velocity through the openings in a slot-type hood, fom. It is used primarily os o means of obtaining uniform air distribution across the face of the hood. Plenum Velocity~ Air velocity in the plenum, fpm. For good air distribution with slot-types of hoods, the maximum plenum velocity should be 1/2 of the Slot Velocity or less. Duct Velocity ~ Air velocity through the duct cross section, fom. When solid material is present in the air stream, the duct velocity must be equal to the minimum Tronsport Velocity. Transport (Conveying) Velocity ~ Minimum ir velocity required to move the porticulotes in the air stream, fom. AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS PRINCIPLES OF EXHAUST HOODSPlain Openings ‘Air will move in all directions toward openings under suction. By definition, flow contours are lines of rity in front of a hood. Similarly, streamlines aze lines perpendicular to velocity contours. (The ‘equal velot fat that paint,) Figure 4-2 illustrates tangent to @ streamline at any point indicates the direction of ai: flow air flow in front of a circular opening. ‘The equation of flow before free hanging hoods (Reference 9) for round hoods, and rectangular hoods which are essentially square, ts: Q Vs oR Ta Where: Centerline velocity at X distance from hood, fpm X = Distance outward along axis in ft. (Note: equation is accurate only for limited dis- tance of X, where X 1s within 1-1/2 D) Q = Air flow, cfm. A = Area of hood opening in square fect D = Diameter of round hoods o side of essentially square hoods. ¢ 4-2, there is a xapid velocity decrease with increasing the square of the distance, As ean be seen from this equation and from Figur distances from the hood, varying almost inversely wit Where distances of X are greater than 1-1/2D, the velocity decreases less rapidly with distance than the above equation indicates (See References 38 and 54) \ xl o Ey % of diameter % of diameter Fig. 4-2 Fig. 4-3 Velocity contours (expressed in percentage of opening velocity) and streamlines for circular openings. The preceeding formula appltes to air How conditions in font of freely suspendad plain openings. 4-4 illustrates other hood types and gives the air volume formulae which apply. FigureHOOD TYPE DESCRIPTION ASPECT Ramio,® | aie VOLUME lp SLor 0.2 or less 0-57 LVX eed w (Reference 38) FLANGED SLOT 0.2 or less Q= 28LUX (Reference 38) = height above work 02 or greoter : 2, BP PLAIN OPENING Ghali O= ViIOX*+a) Ae (59 ft) (Reference 9) Pr é O2 or greater 2 PE Is FLANGED OPENING ‘on amie .TSV{IOX 74a) (Reference 9) 4 BOOTH To suit work O=Va=VWH ZS See 05-903 See VS~ ~ \ ca ee P= permeter of work > Capture Velocities Fig, a4 Capture velocity is the velocity at any point in front of the hood necessary to overcome opposing alr cur~ rents and to capture the contaminated air by causing it to flow into the exhaust hood. Exceptionally high volume hoods (example, large side-draft shakeout) require less air volume than would be indicated by the capture velocity values recommended for small hoods. This phenomenon is ascribed to: 1. The presence of a large air mass moving into the hood. 2. The fact that the contaminant is under the influence of the hood for @ much longer time than is the case with small hoods. 4, The fact that the large air volume affords considerable dilution as described above. ‘Table 4-1 offers capture velocity data, Additional information Ls found tn Section $, Table 5-9-2Condittion of Dispersion of Contaminant Examples Capture Velocity, fom Released with practically no Evaporation from tanks; degreasing, 50-100 locity into quiet air ete. ers Ooms [Released at low velocity into ‘Spray booths; intermittent container 100-200 Imoderately still air {lling; low speed conveyor transfers; ast ims welding; plating; ptclaling " [Active generation into zone of ‘Spray painting in shallow booths; 200-500 ‘api alr mation barrel filling; conveyor loading; ALLS crushers. IReleased at high initial velocity Grinding; abrasive blasting, tumbling ‘500-2000 kinto zone of very rapid air motion. 2352 1OM/s Hood Design Procedure Effective control of a contaminant producing process is brought about by first eliminating or minimizing all air motion about the process and then eapturing the contaminated air by causing it to flow into the exhaust hood Flow toward the suction opening must be sufficiently high to maintain the necessary capture velocity and to overcome opposing air currents. Elimination of sources of air motion as a first step in hood design is an important factor in cutting down the required air volume and the corresponding power consumption. Important sources of air motion are: ‘Thermal aly currents, especially from hot processes or heat-generating operations. Motion of machinery, as by a grinding wheel, belt conveyor, ete. ‘Material motion, as in dumping or container filling. . Movements of the operator Room air currents (which are usually taken at 60 fpm minimum and may be much higher) Spot cooling and heating equipment. ‘The shape of the hood, its size, location and rate of air flow are important design considerations. ‘The hood should enclose the operation as much as possible, If enclosure is not practicable, the hocd should be located as close as possible to the source and shaped to control the area of contamination. Flanges should be used whenever possible to eliminate exhausting air irom ineffective areas (see page 4-1) and also to decrease the hood entry loss. Hood Entry Coefficient and Static Pressure If by creating suction air enters an opening, a typical flow pattern results as shown in Figure 4-2, Maximum convergence of the air stream occurs at a short distance downstream at the plane of the vena contracta where the diameter of the jet is smaller than the diameter of the duct. ‘The formation of the vena contracta is accompanied by a conversion of static pressure to velocity pressure ‘and from veloeity pressure back to static pressure. loss of about 2% in static pressure results from the ‘conversion of static to velocity pressure and a much greater loss in stalic pressure results from the conver~ sion of velocity pressure at the vena contracta to static pressure as the air fills the duct. The area of the fair stream at the yena contracta will vary with te shape of the hood or duct opening and for most hood shapes will range from 70% to 100% of the duct area.4S USTRIAL VENTILATION TP. SP. Fig. 4-5. Air flow at the vena contracta. ‘The losses due to pressure conversion result ina decreased rate of flow as indicated by the coefiiclent of entry, Cg. The coefficient of entry is defined as the actual rate of flow caused by a given static pressure compared to the theoretical flow which would result if the static pressure could be converted to velocity pres- sure with 100% efficiency. It is the ratio of actual to theoretical flow. Figure 4-8 provides Ce values for many hood types. Coefficient of entry Ce represents the percentage of {low that will occur into a given hood based on the SP developed im the branch. CFM for aay hood can be written either in the usual ($005 A YVP) or as, (4008 A Ce 3B.) = 4005 A YTB = 4005 4 Ce YB, VE, b Hood entry loss he is another convenient means of determining air flow through 2 hood and can be defined ‘5 representing the loss in pressure caused by air flowing into a duct. SP at hood = VP in the duct + he. Relationship between Ce and he can be derived as follows: h Ce. Substitute: SP), © VP + hy Ee Ce Wee + hy 2s. WP. ct Wk ve ee e & & & © & t te & 7 & & & & & E BE: & & & eIt is, therefore, desirable to minimize the air OOD DES (GN DATA, stream contraction which occurs at the vena contracta zone by suitable hood design Figure 4-8 illustrates the elect of hood design on the entry coefficient and on the entry loss in terms of velocity head in the connecting duct, the latter being another way ot expressing hood entry loss Considering the grinding wheel hood shown in Figure 4 Example Problem 1 GIVEN Ce = 0.78 , some typleal calculations are as follows: ‘TO FIND a. Air Volume bb, Duet Velocity SP, = 2,80 Inches water ¢. Per Cent Loss in Velocity Head a. @ = 4005 Cy A YSR, = 4008 x 0.78 x 0.196 VERO » 612 cfm Q. 67 Duct Diameter = § inches Duct Area = 0.136 square feet a bev Qe gAlds = 4980 f9m 2.50" 8,0 (SP,) : 1 49502 | Fp 280" (Shy _v £2504. .50 Ns SR,= VP + he hg = SR. ~ VP = 2.50 - 1.52 = 0.98 h + static pressure, inches water VP = velocity pressure, inches water 645 x 100 = 64.5% he = hood entry loss, inches water F = hood entry loss factor ‘as a ventilation standard, static pressure alone without reference to the duct diameter is meaningless. Donne siete branch duct size results In higher velocity, greater resistance and a lowered rate of TOW aeeeae the atatic pressure value is increased. “The ventilation performance of hoods showld be base primarily on air volumes handled. Calculation of Static Pressure Losses in Exhaust Hoods Simple floods: Plain duet openings, flanged duet openings, canopies and similar hoods have only one sig~ nificant energy loss, at the point where the air enters the duct. At this location 2 pronounced vena contracta fs formed and an energy loss oceurs first in the conversion of static prossure to velocity pressure. As the air pasces through the vena contracta, the flow area enlarges to fill the duet and velocity pressure converts to static pressure, again with some energy loss, ‘The more pronounced the vena contracta, the greater will be the energy loss and hood static pressure, The hood entry loss (he) can be expressed therefore in terms of a single factor (F) which, when multiplied by the duct velocity pressure (VP), will give the entry loss (he) in inches of water. Example Problem If na simple hood (Figure 4-6) the hood static pressure is equal to the velocity pressure in the duct plus the hood entry loss. (See page 1-3, “Acceleration of Air and Hood Entrance Losses”.) The velocity pressure represents the presstire necessary to accelerate the air from rest to the duct velocity; the hood entry loss represents the energy necessary to overcome the loss as the alr enters the duct. ‘This may be expressed as: SP, = Bog + VPg when face velocity is less than 1000 fpm (when face velocity is higher than 1000 fpm, the hood should be treated as a compound hood. See following. ). Where: eg = entry loss of transition (See Figure 6-10) ‘V4 - Duct Velocity Pressure+ poe + 250 tom ince Duct Velocity + 2 ~ 2000 fom VPg © 0.25" F = 025 veg ‘ SPh © beg + VPq uct a velocity 4 velocity Transition f Transition loss Qpen face of hood Fig. 4-6 eh ame srpeauts Heads: Other types of hoods have two or more points of significant energy loss and must be seueigered in greater detail. Common examples are hoods having dosthe entry losses: slot type hoods and Teangble opening, lateral dratt hoods commonly used on plating, rave dipping and degreasing tanks and foundry side draft shakeout ventilation, wince 4-7 llustrates a double entry loss hoods this is @ single slot hood with a plenum and a transition from the plenum to the duct, "The purpose of the plenu Air enters the slot, in this case a sharp-edged orifice, a point. ‘The air then continues through the plenum where a s S g & a g 3 g a é = oa n converges Into the duct through the transition where the second significant energy loss occurs. Example Problem 111 ‘The hood statte pressure for a double entry hood can be expressed as the equation: SPB VEL th + VP - ve, tus: (1) SP, =n. + hy 14 * VPq when duct velocity is greater than slot velocity (2) sp, = hy, s * Neq * VP, when slot velocity ts greater than duet velocity where: h.. = entry loss through slot (See Figure 6-10) £ & & £& * & & hq * entry loss of transition (See Figure 6-10) ‘VP, = duct velocity pressureHOOD DESIGN DATA al calculations, using *Equatioa 1", are as followst Foundry Shaleout Hood Slot velocity Slot velocity = 1000 fpm VP, = 0.26" vp, = 0.07" F, slot = 1.78 VP, F, slot = 1.78 VP, Duct velocity = ¢2~ = 2000 tpm Duct velocity = 3500 fpm slot vp, = 0.25" vp, = 0.78" F, transition = 0.25 VP, 8, transition = 0.25 VP, SP, ~ bg t Nyy + VPg ‘Substituting given values: SP, = 1.78 VP, + 0.25 VPy + VP, SP, sp, (1.78 x 0.25) + (0.25 x 0.25) + 0.25 BP, = (1.78% 0.07) + (025x076) + 0.76 0,7876"" = 0,76" sp, = 10T48"" = 1.07" b ‘The use of “Equation 2” is Illustrated in the case of a hood where: Slot velocity = 4000 fom Duct velocity = 2000 fpm vp, = 100" vp, = 0.25" SP, = Bag t Pag * VPS 1.78.x 1.00") + (025 x0.25") + 1.00" 2.04" + In an actual instaflation there may be aome regain of the higher VP as the air passes through the hood. Tt is not possible to predict this, however, and it is better to assume that the energy requirement is as shown. Certain hoods may be constructed with internal kaffles and/or slots and can have more than two significant energy losses. In such cases, a simple step-by-step calcwlation of all losses will result in en accurate determination of SP, Ventilation of Radioactive and High Toxicity Operations Veutilation of radioactive and high toxleity processes requires a knowledge of the hazards, the use of proven contro! methods and adequate maintenance, including monitoring. While the degree of air or gas Cleanliness required will vary with the operation, in most cases the order of cleaning before discharge to atmosphere will be considerably beyond the more usual industrial clean air standards ‘The chemical laboratory exhaust hood ( VS-203) illustrates typical design criterion. ‘The influence of eddy ‘currents from air supply systems, the care in sizing and locating exhaust connections, the study of alr flow patterns within the hood and the cleaning of exhaust gases are much more involved than the rule of thumb de- ‘sign efforts for usual laboratory hoods where dilution ventilation greatly contributes to satisfactory control ‘The same care is mandatory for air supply and exhaust systems and the selection of alr cleaning equipment. ‘Air cleaning of supply air is normally of @ high order of efficiency and the exhaust air cleaning is often @ ‘combination of high-efficiency collectors or filters backed up by absolute or ultra high-officiency designs. Exposure of service personnel and contamination hazards from servicing or replacing collector or filter elements Justify the expensive equipment so often encountered. Wet dust collector designs in place of inexpen- sive air filters may store material more safely and may make contamination of an area less likely. Reverse jet fabric arresters will often be used in place of less expensive conventional fabric because there are fewer fect of air seals to leak and fewer elements to be replaced. Scalping ov prefilters installed in series with ab~ solute filters will reduce replacement cycle, reduce handling, waste disposal and possible contamination prob- lems.410 The following terials: rules should be followed tn the design 9H heeds for radioacti 2nd high to: iy ma- * Gperations in which radioactive materials are handled should be enclosed as much as possible to pre- Mrctrontaent wing lates alr volumes. (The use of glove boxes minimizes air volumes and sismolinen air-treatment problems.) doting uitles and cross-drafts should be avolded because they may increase contamination and dust loading many fold 9 The volume of air withdrawn from the hood must be greater than the volume of contaminated gases, fumes or dusts created in the hood. & M Possible, the operations requiring large amounts of wet digestion and volailized acid or solvent treat- & Mitnever possible, radioactive aerosols should be removed by fitration as close te the hood as praeti- gel to prevent unnecessary contamination of equipment and ductwori, & The value or accountability of the material may require a design 20 that even the smallest chips and turnings can be reclaimed. “da adequate supply of coolant inside the hood may be necessary, depending on the pyroforte nature of the contaminant, & Accessibility for decontamination ofthe hood and duct aystem must be made as easy as poseible and Gite frequently stalniess steel is used for the metal parts of the hood for this reseyn, 9 The fan should be located so ductwork within the bailding is under a negative oroccoee. 100 matty, for iaboratory type hoeds, an average face velocity of 125-200 fpm and a minimum face velocity of Roe fom Would be necessary to insure that no contaminant would escape ints the coor ne addition, face ‘Felgelttes of laboratory hoods with adjustable fronts should be controlled within reasceutle lane order to Tnaat the disturbances of air-borne materials within the hood. This velocity control con be accomplished by rear bachortional bypass (constant volume) or controlled face velocity (variable volume. Hera oa high Heat loads should have a major portion of the air exhausted through the slot at the top, Jp che jboratory handling of high alpha or beta emitters, enclosed glove boxes should be used. With the Sires. The ore pemstzuetion, an exhaust volume of from 35'to 50 efm is usually sufficient for these eralen sures, The air locks needed with these hoods should be exhausted lf they open directiy to the renee ‘Adequate quantities of makeup air must be furnished by mechanical supply systems and intelligently dis- Hromaleiauit telation to exhaust polnts. Supply air distribution must he arranged to prone general alr flow ist concent cis (oWard more contaminated areas. Filtration of supoly air la necessery te Seka air-borne ust concentrations, thus prolonging the life of ultrahigh efficieney exhaust Hlters, ating. Rretilters in laboratory type hoods for radioactive materials pravents contamination ofthe ex- rao haPing. A gauge should be installed indicating pressure drop across the filler, ce thn we ge wil be Uieused when pressure drop exceeds design value. Filtration of room supely alt oils prolong the life of ultra high efficiency hood exhaust filters. Where there is a possibility of spontaneous or continu ‘ous release of toxic materials, or where several toods are connected to a single exhaust system the exhaust fan should be mrevated continuously. Standby fan capacity should be available for breakdowns. fl Se = m m P99) PP 9 9) 09 op om mesoon o wn | GOEFFIGIENT OF y HOOD TYPE DESCRIPTION ‘ENTRY, Ge ENTRY LOSS Oe Pp PLAIN OPENING 0.72 O93 VP \ FLANGED OPENING 0.62 o0.49VP | TAPER or CONE | Varies with angle of taper or cone 1 4000 See Fig 6-10 | —- BELL MOUTH ORIFICE See Fig. 6-10 \ STRAIGHT TAKE-OFF O78 O.65VP \ TYPICAL GRINDING _ op ee 00D TAPERED TAKE-OFF | 08s 0.40 VP : Fig, 4-8Good LOCATION Solvent vapors in health hazard concentrations. are net appreciably heavier than air Exhaust from the floor usually gives fire protection only Exomple: Density of air 10 Density of 100% amyl acetate vapor 4.49 Density lowest explosive mixture 1.038 Density TLV mixture 10003 1,000 cfm needed 4,000 cfm needed Source Source 7 bed Tey Good Bad LOCATION Conlrnant os poste Tie ae AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF volume varies with the square of the GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS gistence trom the source PRINCIPLES OF EXHAUST HOODSSJ Enclosing hood ENCLOSE Enclose the operation as much as possible. The more completely enclosed the source, he less air required for control. L A Za | ttt ‘oe tonk | Plating tank Good DIRECTION OF AIR FL on Locate the hood so the contaminant is removed away from the breathing zone of the worker. AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS PRINCIPLES OF EXHAUST HOODS DATE 1-64 Fig. 4-10.INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION Locarion Locate and shape the hood so the original velocity of the contaminant will throw it into the hood opening. 50-100 fom capture velocity (or cfin/sq.ft fonk we Plating tank Good basis Poor basis CAPTURE VELOCITY OR PROPER VOLUME Greate air flow past the source sufficient f9. ~-—————— = Copture the contaminant (see tobies). Adany ‘AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF arbitrary stondords include this; athers do GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS rot Proper standards are usually on: ‘fom copture basis ot source. cfm per sq. ft. of source basis. PRINCIPLES OF EXHAUST HOODS ‘DATE 1-64 FiSlot velocity 2000 fom Max. plenum locity = 1/2 slat velocity or "Tl 4a “ Section ‘Slope for draining is desirable Slope does not cid in distribution DISTRIBUTION BY SLOT RESISTANCE ro f 5° ——_O—— Tonk DISTRIBUTION BY FISH TAIL, L Sie L--p4feL4nel 1 oF + | az 4 [xe a 1 L/2. Perec fae 0 Total cfm in manifold ve 00x L-DISTRIBUTION BY SPLITTER VANES With low plenum velocities and high slot velocities, good distribution is obtained. if this. design is not possible, splitter vanes should be used. Slots over 10 feet to 12 feet in length usually reed multiple takeoffs. AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS: PRINCIPLES OF MANIFOLD DESIGNrt 418 INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION DISTRIBUTION BY BAFFLES See Fig. 4-16 Vitel LONG BOOTHS - DISTRIBUTION BY MULTIPLE TAKE -OFFS and TAPERS BOOTH-TYPE HOODS (Same principle apply to canopy type} 4 =|) 2 DISTRIBUTION BY DISTRIBUTION BY DISTRIBUTION BY TAPER SPLITTER VANES SLOT lor bottles) SIDE-DRAFT & SUSPENDED HOODS Slot velocity 2000 tpm or higher. ra AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS PRINCIPLES OF MANIFOLD DESIGN l(a 8 »® > Pee fe ee ee— Jt pp } saree , sorce “| FREELY SUSPENDED HOOD LARGE HOOD ‘ocvioxtoa Large hood, % small measure X Refer to Seaton 4 perverse te hod fee, no less oe Ne Se need nor exceed 6” ve HOOD ON BENCH OR FLOOR HOOD WITH WIDE FLANGE O=075(10X4 AV Q=075(I0X*+ANV SUSPENDED HOODS (Small side-cratt hoods) Q= Required exhoust volume, cfm stance from hood face to farthest point of contaminant release, feet Hood face area, sq ft Copture velocity, fom, ot distance X. ‘Note: Air volume mus? increase as the square of distance of the source trom the hood Bottling by flanging ar by placing en bench, floor, ect has a beneficial effect CANOPY HOOD Q= 14 POV (P= perimeter of tank, feet) Not recommeded if moterial is toxic and workers must bend over source V ranges from 50 10 500 tpm depending on crossdrafts. Side curtains on two or three sides to create 0 semi- booth or booth are desirable. Suitable for steam vepor or other innocuous material. AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS HOOD DESIGN DATAFREELY SUSPENDED SLOT O=S7LVX Q= Required exhaust volume, cfm Sot Table (acts X=Distance, feet, hood face fo farthest Soure eee Point of source (usually on centerline of hood) V=Copture velocity, fom, at distance X L=Length, feet, of hood, slot, table, fank,etc ede abl ltorrirolt BENCH —Wwiathyteet, of table, tank, efe Monifold forms: effective flange -—w—-} FLANGED SLOT O=CLW Flonge pW Ww ee [= bt Foo te SLOT ON TANK FLANGED SLOT Q=CLW O=ClLWw One-half Q in each slot if slots on both sides Ls Length of slot, feet AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF Widih of table or tank, feet C= Constant, varies from G0 te 500, GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS usual choice is 150 to 250. Flanged slots require lowest exhaust. See Section 5 HOOD DESIGN DATA pf f Pm Pom mm mm we wm @ me em @ - p 2 »HOOD DESIGN DATA rary 2 source for trom grite Scurce close to grille CK 9=UOX*AN > Simior fo booth Sinitor to suspended hood DOWNDRAFT HOODS Not recommended for hot or peot-prodacing operations if downdraft area islarge, see “Capture Velocity" in this Section Angle battle if desired —~ | B00TH-TYPE HOODS 0: AY (A=tace area, sq ft, V=foce velocity, fom) Baffies ore optional for air distribution; not required if @ water wall booth or it other means for distribution is provided. S vories from 4 inches to 8 inches, depending on size of booth T varies from 6 inches to [2 inches, denending on size of booth increase the number of panels with size of booth. For booths 3 feet by 3 feet and smaller, provide one panel 6 inches larger than fan diameter AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS HOOD DESIGN DATA 1-644.20 INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION ‘No major obstructions I/\\ sna eN PUSH PULL HOODS Exhaust Hood Pressure Slot Quantity of air exhausted, Quantity of air supplied, @2=100 to 150 ctm /sq.ft. of eet tonk area, depending on temp- 1“ DxE * @ erature of liquid, cross drafts, where; = length of throw, feet agitation, etc. & = entrainment foctor. Hood height should be, Web cnt Throw Entrainment = 0./8D tength, 0, feet factor, E 0-8 20 & -16 4a 16-24 ro over 24 0.7 Slot width W should be designed for a velocity af (000 to 2000 fom Design such systems so they can be easily moditied or adjusted to obtain desired results, AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS HOOD DESIGN DATA 1-64 Fig. 4-17Section 5 SPECIFIC OPERATIONS i ‘The following illustrations of hoods for specific operations are intended as guides for design purposes and apply to usual or typical operations. In most cases they are taken from designs used in actual installations 1 of successful local exhaust ventilation systems. All conditions of operation eannot be categorized and be- cause of special conditions, ic., cross drafts, motion, differences in temperature or use of other means of 1 ‘contaminant suppression, modifications may be in order Unless it is specifically stated, the design data aro not to he applied indiscriminately to materials of high toxicity, Le., beryllium and radicactive materials. ‘Thus the designer may require higher or lower air vol- ‘umes or velccities or other modifications because of the peculiarities of the process in order to adequately control the alx contaminant Index to Prints Group Operation Print No. i me a 3 ‘Mixer and Muller Ventilation ‘Vs-108 5-11 1 Pouring Station vs-109 5-12 | V8-ilL 5-14 | VS-112 8-15 : Shell Core Molding vs-ttt s.1T | ‘Laboratory Hood Data VS-204 5-92 ' Sete erat aalat aI a | Milling Machine vs-209 5-27 | Handling Bag Tube Packer vs-302 5-29croup 4. Metal Working 5. Open Surtace ‘Tanks 8. Painting 1. Wood Working INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION Operation Barre! Filling Bin and Hopper Bucket Blevator Conveyor Belt Screens Belt Wiper Abrasive Cutoff Saw Bulfing and Polishing Belts Backstand Idler Metal Polishing Wheels ‘Automatic Cireular ‘Automatic Straight Line Mamval Grinding Die Horizontal Double-Spindle Horizontal Single-Spindle Vertical spindle Wheel Grinding Jack Portable Grinding Bench Portable Grinding Table ‘Swing Grinder Metal Spraying Welding (Arc) Surface Grinder ‘Metal Cutting Bandsaw Degreasing - Solvent Dip Tank Open Surface Tanks ‘Table Slot Hood Open Surface Tank Data Auto Spray Booth Drying Oven Spray Booth, Large Small Trailer Interior Large Drive-through Spray Paint Booth Jointer Sanders Bolt Dise Drum-Multiple Single Briat No. ys-303 ys-20 8-305 vys-306 vs-307 ¥s-208 ys-401 vs-402 vs-403 ‘ys-404 Vs-405 ¥s-408 vs-401 vs-408 vs-409 vs-410 Vs-411 ys-412 vs-413 vs-4l4 5-46 547 540 59 5-50 5-51 5-52 5-53 5-54 5-55 5-58 5-57 5-58 5-59 to 5-64 5-65 5-66 5-67 5-68 5-09 5-70 1 Ly of fr om fe fe off mF om Mm om om fr on of » BoP &8, Low-Volume High-Veloeity 9. Miscellaneous SPECIFIC OPERATIONS Operation sawe Band Swing ‘Table Radial Miscellaneous Data Cone Wheels Cup Wheels & Brushes Preumatic Chisel Radial Grinders system Design Data Banbury Mixer Calender Rolls Canopy Hood Die Casting Die Casting Hood~Overhead Melting Pot Service Garages—Overhead Underfloor Granite Cutting & Flalshing Kitehen Range Kitchen Range and Data Dishwasher Charcoal Broiler and Barbeque Pistol Range (indoor) Fluidized Beds ‘Toreh Cutting Clean Room Air Flow Clean Room Air Flow Data Cold Heading Machine Ventilation Grain Industry Data Miscellaneous Data Bi nt Ho ¥s-106 vs-10T vs-708 vs-708 Table 5-7-1 vys-801 ys-802 vs-803 vs-808 ¥S-805 ys-901 vs-902 vs-903 vys-008 yS-805 ‘ys-806 vs-907 ys-908 ys-909 vs-910 vs-911 ys-912 ys-913 vs-914 ys-816 vys-016 vs-911 vs-918 vs-918 ‘Table 5-8-1 ‘Table 5-8-2 to 5-81 5-02 to 5-63 5-89 5-80 501 5-92 5-03 5-94 5-95 5-96 5-97 5-98 5-99 5-100 5-101, 5-102 5-103 5-104 5-105, 5-108 5-107 5-108 5-109Air intets, defiled S500 tom, miminum ———>| To dust collector. Wy Se grille ww SECTION THRU TYPICAL ROOM Rooms. 60-100 fpm downdraft; usual choice 80 fpm ; or 100 fpm cross- draft. Operator in room requires Bureau of Mines approved abrasive blasting helmets. Rotary tables’ 200 cfm /sq ft of total openings (token without curtains). Cabinets : 20 air changes per minute Atleast 500 fem inward velocity at all operating openings. Openings to be baffled. Entry loss: 1 VP ; or calculate from individual lasses. __ For small cabinets. Use reor or trop to setite. Trop loss : 5 VP A AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS ABRASIVE BLASTING VENTILATIONSPECIFIC OPERATIONS af 5 ore it Ly Supports Access door L_— Cut to suit around frame Pp f [_—Use canvas or rubber baffles fo surround disc as far as possible Dise diameter. to 20" over 20"to 30" over 30" to 53" over 5S3'to72" _ Minimum dact velocity = 4500 fom branch 3500 fom main Minimem slot velocity = 2000 fom Entry loss= 10 slot velocity pressure plus 0.40 duct VP AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF (GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS CORE GRINDER a VS-102§ ® 5-6 INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION FM Close end with panel. — Stiding panels on rollers. Track for panels. Frow of crucibles. 0=200sctmésg ft of opening including doors, NOTE: Some principle of sliding or swing- ples products of combustion * ing doors is applied to individuat Entry loss = furnace enclosures Duct velocity : P1000 3500 fom ** > Correct for temperature. ** For horizontal runs, tronspor? velocity is necessary. Pf ef PP ) Se Frreoroct drop panel from roof. separate cranes inside and outside, oF manual | con ctr crane o oor ere blige, Fe esha = eS fm tity itl 2200 cfm /sq ft of total opening, minimum AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS MELTING FURNACE CRUCIBLE NON-TILT DATE 1-64 VS -103 sp Bp a eS PB gSPECIFIC OPERATIONS 59 Mingedfooding Satie i | Rollers Hinged door | Q= 400 ctm/tt of opening Duct velocity = 1Q00-3500 fpm* i Entry loss= * For horizontal runs, transport velocity is necessory AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF { GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS ——__—______—_- \ ELECTRIC ROCKING FURNACE : Date (64 V5- 104 i | | | 78 VP slot + O.25VP duct I | |5-8 INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION ee a Flanged by-passing connection no exhoust \ during furnace hing ond pouring Exhaust transition Electrodes Slag door hood Hood is fastened to furnace roof ond swings with roof Furnace body Hood over pouring spout For @, SP and operating temperature, consult monufacturers Other exhaust designs utilize direct furnace roof top. For details consult manufacturers AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS HOOD FOR TOP ELECTRODE MELTING FURNACE DATE 1-64 VS-105SPECIFIC OPERATIONS 5-9 | — Gounter-weighted or spring- 1 | || faded sliding doors front || 1 and back ifrecessary 1 q t I eee T\—- Boor to extend below top of furnace it possible. r Q = 200 LW, but not less than 200sctm/sq ft of ‘all openings with doors open.* ity * Correct for ‘emeerature ont combustion products. ®*£or horizontal runs, transport velocity is necessary. AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS MELTING FURNACE - TILTING DATE 1-64 YS-106.AY Ba 7 ditution fitting Hood behind skip between: vals. Q=250LW cfm X > Boffle| g cy Slots Molter Qpening tor sp —~_} Li! reading | 1 1 i Q= 150 cimésq ft through all openings but not less than: ‘Mixer diam, feet | Exhaust, chm 4 750 (eee 900 | (dane 1050 é 1200 10. 1575 For Gooling Mullers, See VS-108 Other types of mixers: enclose os much os possible and provide 150 cfm/sq ft of remaining openings When flommable solvents ore used in mixer, calculate minimum exhaust volume for dilution to 25% of the LEL See Section 2 Duct velocity = 4500 fom, min ;>-———— Entry loss= 0.25 VP AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS MIXER AND MULLER HOOD DATE [-66 VS-107SPECIFIC OP! To prevent condensation, insulation or stip heaters may be necessary or use dilution fiting coe, - Low-velocty duct used with cooling Tight enclosure: Side hood or ‘booth sPicacreh Maller ing hood | Enclosing ho Bond hopper Gooling fan [ blow -through ‘arrangement ‘Minimum exhaust vole Miller typ6 i tow-thru No cooling eine Batch hopper ‘Wore T 600 Bond hopper 600 600 Maller Note 2 Note 3 4 diameter 750 : 6'ahameter 00 3 Zidiameter 1050 ot Sdiometer 1200 e 10'diameter 875 ‘Duct velocity = 4500 fom minimum Entry loss = 0.25 VP Notes. 1 Balch hopper requires separaie exhaust with blow-thry cooling. With other fan arrangement, (muller under suction) separate exhaust may not be required (If skip hoist is used, see VS-107) 2 Maintain 150 tom velocity through all openings in mulier hood. Exhaust volume’ shown ore ‘the minimum to be used. 3. Cooling mullers do not require exhaust if maintained in dust tight condition Blow-thru fan must be off during loading. If muller is not dust Hatt, exhaus} as in note 2 plus cooling air volume. 4 When flammable solvents ore used in mixer, calculate minimum exhaust volume for diletion to 25% of the LEL See Section2 Location AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS MIXER AND MULLER VENTILATION DATE 1-66 YS-1085-12 RIDUSTRIAL VENTILATION ; : Use top katte when ‘operations permit, Wide Henge cet = = Sete een ee rere SMALL MOLDS Untianged hood. @= 200 (10X2 + hood erea). Flanged hood, reduce 0 25% Duct velocity = 2000 fam Entry loss =0.25 VP (For slots, 178 slot VP-+ 0.25 duct VP) PARTIAL SIDE ENCLOSURE | SS ‘Use slots for distribution _ similar to shakeout. Slot velocity = 1500- Q= 400cin 49 ff working area. eat 2000 fom wore: For large molds ard lodles provide large side - draft hood AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS POURING STATION l-64 Vs-109. RAT FS Pn oe pn ppp‘Movobte panels to secure desired disiribution. Velociy fire apenings 700 - 1G00 fpm ———, h cf 4 ff ‘Channel iran guard ; fe sept Lh —Optional top a TI | take-off. ‘Minimum practical clearance — SIDE- DRAFT HOOD Quct velocity = 3500 fom Entry loss = 178 slot VP+ ae Gch ve CQ Working openings, ‘sep a3 small os See te possible. Molds in | _ 4 castings here— sf out here. 7 £5) estings cut stings out Mold conveyor j “Sholte-out eneeCeiue 2008, ‘AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF Provides best control with least GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS volume. sh Duct velocity = 3500 fom minimum. Entry loss = 0.25 VP See VS-H2 SHAKEOUT| # S18 INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION H <——Blonk wall th1s pesition is alnes! as geed es dcuble ocd. | Minimom clearance- Ridgialy braced DOUBLE SIDE ~DRAFT Proportions same as single side -drott hood except for overhang. Shakeout grate 30° ttt Side baffles desirable nt te ar PPP ee al Plenum chamber and slots full fength of shakeout ~in tunnel cree Slot Slot Provide plenum cleanouts DOWNDRAFT HOOD ‘Section A-A 5d for (500 ~ 2000 Buch vleety 4000 fom minor AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF pire 0 for 100 ton on es GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS Entry loss =178 slot VP plus fittings For cool castings only Difficult to prevent plugging or excess fines removal FOUNDRY SHAKEOUT Sete [eae 64 VEILSPECIFIC OPERATIONS 5.18 Shakeou? exhaust, minimum™® Type of hood Hot castings Cool castings Enclosing * * 200 ctm/sq ftopening | 200ctm/sq ft opening Atleast 200 clm/sq tt | Atleast [50 ctm/sq tt grate area grate area Enclosed two sides and 173 top area ** Side hood (as shown or | 400-500 ctm/sq ft grate | 350-400 ctm/sq ft grate equivalent) * * area ore Double side hood ** 400ctm/sq ft grate area_|300ctm/sq tt grate area Downdratt *** \Nat recommended |200-250ctm/sq Ft grate |600cim/sq ft grate area | area *Choose higher values when (1) Castings ore quite hot (2) Sand to metal ratio is low (3) Cross-drafts are high **Shakeout hoppers require exhaust with 10% of the total exhaust volume. ***Grate area must be greater than flask area. If castings and sand completely cover grate, ventilation will not function, 300 ctmé&q ft grate orea | 275 ctm/sq Ft grate area Wf feeder enclosure 13 over 10" long, exhaust also ot hopper. See VS-3O5 and vs-506 Grate iy Ne a eos 4x ~ \ eee a umum ~~~ Enclose pan feeder or belt completely minimum Exhaust ot transfer to elevator Elevator End view Side view See VS-305 Hopper exhaust detail AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS FOUNORY SHAKEOQUT [ote /-64 | VS5-i125-18 INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION nd bt T ~T}