OSI LAYERS

1 Application
2 Presentation
3 Session
4 Transport
5 Network
6 Data link
7Physical

 OSI Layers :-

Introduction :-
The OSI Model defines internetworking in terms of a vertical stack of
seven layers.. UpperLayers of the OSI Model represent software that
implements network services like encryption and connection management.
The Lower Layers of the OSI model implements more primitive hardware
oriented fuction like routing, addressing and flow control.

Application Layer :-
The application Layer provides the means for the user to access
information on the network through an application.
Protocol used by the application :-
FTP(File Transfer Protocol)
SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
Presentation Layer :-
Presentation Layer Transform data to provide a standard interface for
the application Layer.
MIME.

Session Layer :-
The Session Layer controls the dialogues / connection (session)
between computers. It Establishes manages and terminates the connection
between the local and remote application.
Half Duplex :-
Only one member speaks at a time..

Full Duplex
Multi-user can speaks at a time..

Transport Layer :-
The Transport Layer Provides Transparent transfer of data
between end users.. Thus Reliving the upper layers form any concern
while providing reliable data Transfer.
TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)
UDP(User Datagram Protocol)
SCTP(Stream Control Transmission Protocol)

Network Layer :-
The Network Layer provides the functional and procedure means of
transferring variable length data sequences from a source to destination
through one or more networks..

Data Link Layer :-

The data line layer provides the functional and procedural
means to transfer data between network entities and to detect and
possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer.

Physical Layer :-
 Physical layer defines all the electrical and physical specification for
devices.

Wire Media
Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial cable
FIBER OPTIC CABLE

FIBER OPTIC CABLE

• SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the gigabits
• BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity
• DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be "refreshed"
or strengthened.
• RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors
or other nearby cables.
• MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain.

WIRELESS MEDIA:

Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared

Radio Waves
- Type of electromegnatic radiation
- Longer then infrared
- Can travel in air.
- No obstacales like wall, or any physical object
- Travel approx at the speed of light
- Cant work without air
- FM radio broadcasting: 88 MHz to 108 MHz.
- Government reserved 26.964 MHz to 27.276 MHz

Wifi
2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. Transfer rate up to 54 mbps
 They use 802.11 networking standards, which come in several flavors:
802.11a
802.11b
802.11g
802.11n

Switch:-
Long distance transmission is typically done over a network of switched nodes
End devices are stations
— Computer, terminal, phone, etc.
Data routed by being switched from node to node
It reduce cost of wire
Ex. telephone
Logically covers the physical network topology

Circuit Switching :-
Dedicated communication path between two stations
Three phases
Establish
Transfer
Disconnect
Must have switching capacity and channel capacity to establish connection
Must have intelligence to work out routing.

Set up (connection) takes time

Once connected, transfer is transparent
Developed for voice traffic (phone)

Packet Switching :-
Data transmitted in small packets.
Packets are accepted even when network is busy.
Each station connects to the local node at its own speed
Packets sent one at a time to the network

Message switching :-
- Ex. Voice mail
- Store and forward method
- Large amount of data can be sent and recived