Contents

Part One
WATER POWER DEVELOPMENT

1. Power in Flowing Water and Environmental Flow 1 - 12

1.1 Energy in surface water 1
1.2 Power estimates 2
1.3 Power benefit studies 4
1.4 The design or normal rated head 8
1.5 Environmental flow 10

2. Power House Layouts and Definitions 13 - 32

2.1 General 13
2.2 Layout of power stations 13
2.3 Terms relating to hydro power tariff 23
2.4 Definitions 28

3. Characteristic Types of Development 33 - 38

3.1 Characteristic types of development 33
3.2 Hydropower structures 35
3.3 World’s largest capacity hydroelectric plants 37

4. Rock Mechanics and Foundation Treatment 39 - 71

4.1 Foundation rock problems 39
4.2 Foundation investigation methods 39
4.3 Classification of rock mass 49
4.4 Foundation design methods 53
4.5 Foundation treatment 56
4.6 Improving foundations having overburden 66

Part Two
CANAL DEVELOPMENT
5. Economics and Layouts 75 - 79
5.1 Economics 75
5.2 General layout 76
5.3 Allocation of costs of multi purposes river valley projects 77

6. Barrages and Sediment Excluders 80 - 129

6.1 Barrage 80
6.2 Design of weir or barrage – hydraulic design 87
6.3 Weir section – design for sub-surface flow 94
6.4 Design of a barrage 104

vii
viii CONTENTS
6.5 R.C.C. raft design for barrage 112
6.6 Design of raft on soil line theory 114
6.7 Sediment excluder 123
6.8 Barrages in steep mountaneous reaches of rivers 126

7. River Training Works 130 - 159

7.1 Necessity of river training 130
7.2 River regions and river characteristics 130
7.3 Classification of rivers on alluvial plains 132
7.4 Causes of meandering 132
7.5 Meander parameters 132
7.6 Cut-off 133
7.7 Curvature of flow 135
7.8 Methods for training of rivers 135
7.9 Guide banks 135
7.10 Design criteria for guide bunds 136
7.11 Design of guide bunds and launching aprons 143
7.12 Groynes or spurs 148
7.13 Design of repelling spour 156
7.14 Special types 157
7.15 Pitched islands 157
7.16 Bank protection 159
7.17 Bridge piers 159

8. Power Channel - Earthen and Lined 160 - 175

8.1 Power channel 160
8.2 Design of earthen channels 161
8.3 Lined channels 169
8.4 Drainage and pressure release arrangements 172
8.5 Design of a lined section 174

9. Forebay and Escape Fall 176 - 190

9.1 General layout of forebay 176
9.2 Escape structure 178
9.3 Design of a glacis fall 180
9.4 Design example of a glacis fall (flumed) 183
9.5 Vertical drop fall 185
9.6 Design example of a Sharda type vertical drop fall 188

10. Sediment Ejector and Cross Drainage Works 191 - 240

10.1 Introduction 191
10.2 Sediment ejector 192
10.3 Important design considerations of cross drainage works 198
10.4 Design of an aqueduct 204
10.5 Some typical designs of aqueducts 211
10.6 Criteria for earthquake resistant design of an aqueduct 215
10.7 Design of a siphon 230
10.8 Caution in design and construction of siphons in clayey soils 240

CONTENTS ix

Part Three
DAMS AND THEIR APPURTENANT WORKS
11. Earth and Rockfill Dams 241 – 284
11.1 Introduction 241
11.2 Foundation for earth dams 242
11.3 Causes of failures of earth dams 244
11.4 Design criteria of earth dams 247
11.5 Prevention of erosion - embankment details 247
11.6 Seepage through dams 251
11.7 Control of seepage through foundations 257
11.8 Drainage in earth dams 263
11.9 Stability analysis 265
11.10 Selection of type of earth dams 275
11.11 Maintenance and treatment of common troubles in earth dams 277
11.12 Rockfill dams 278
11.13 Earth dams on soft foundations 280
11.14 Internal erosion potential in the cores of embankment dams 281

12. Gravity Dams 285 - 325

12.1 General 285
12.2 Forces acting on dam 286
12.3 Types of loads 287
12.4 Stability analysis methods 296
12.5 Safety criteria 298
12.6 Gravity analysis 300
12.7 Internal stress calculation 307
12.8 Graphical determination of shear stress 314
12.9 R. S. Varshney’s stress coefficients for dam design 315
12.10 3D analysis of gravity dams 317
12.11 Instrumentation in concrete dam 321

13. Buttress Dams 326 - 339

13.1 General 326
13.2 Types and selection of buttress dam 327
13.3 Design principles 331
13.4 The most economical profile having no tension 332
13.5 Buttress design by unit column theory 333
13.6 Design on the basis of unit column theory 338

14. Arch Dams and Spillways 340 - 405

14.1 General 340
14.2 Valleys suited for arch dam 341
14.3 Laying out dam in plan 341
14.4 Types of arch dams 342
14.5 The appurtenant works 345
14.6 Design of an arch dam 347

x CONTENTS

14.7 Trial load analysis 360

14.8 Stability at abutments 365
14.9 Preliminary dimensioning 366
14.10 Spillways 368
14.11 Design principles of ogee or overflow spillway 374
14.12 Design principles of side channel spillway 383
14.13 Design principles of chute spillway 383
14.14 Design principles of siphon spillway 389
14.15 Design principles of shaft spillway 391
14.16 Stepped spillway 393
14.17 Cascade spillway 394
14.18 Energy dissipators 395

15. Galleries and Sluices 406 - 435

15.1 General 406
15.2 Stress concentration at holes 407
15.3 Openings in dams 410
15.4 Reinforcement for circular galleries 411
15.5 Rectangular gallery 413
15.6 Multiple openings 413
15.7 Design of a gallery with semi circular top 414
15.8 Design of rectangular gallery 414
15.9 Outlet sluices – general 417
15.10 Hydraulics of flow through a sluice 419
15.11 Intake structures 421
15.12 Profiles of sluices in concrete dams 421
15.13 Transition shapes 423
15.14 Aeration of sluices 424
15.15 Structural design of outlet sluice 425

16. Gates and Valves 436 - 481

16.1 General 436
16.2 Control equipment 436
16.3 Hydraulic gates 436
16.4 Radial gates 455
16.5 Air vent 462
16.6 Weight estimates 463
16.7 Illustrative design of radial gate 465
16.8 Control valves 477

Part Four
WATER CONDUCTING SYSTEM
17. Intake Structures 485 - 540
17.1 General 485
17.2 Location and intake type 485
17.3 Trash racks 487
17.4 Shape of inlet 508

CONTENTS xi

17.5 Intakes through concrete dam 512

17.6 Aeration in inlets 513
17.7 Design of intake 514
17.8 Sediment exclusion arrangements 533

18. Tunnels 541 - 612

18.1 General 541
18.2 Rock mechanics and tunnels 542
18.3 Stresses in rock tunnels 546
18.4 Geometric design 557
18.5 Hydraulic design 559
18.6 Structural design of concrete lining in rock 564
18.7 Structural design of concrete lining in soft strata and soils 577
18.8 Tunnel supports 578
18.9 Rock bolts 584
18.10 Grouting 592
18.11 Shotcrete lining 593
18.12 Tunnelling methods 597
18.13 Tunnel supports 600
18.14 Ground water in tunnels 602
18.15 New Austrian tunnelling method (NATM) 603
18.16 Use of freezing method in tunneling 609
18.17 Tunnelling in soft/loose rock mass 611

19. Penstocks and Pressure Shafts 613 - 664

19.1 General 613
19.2 Types of penstocks 613
19.3 Other parts of penstock’s alignment 615
19.4 Economical diameter of penstock 618
19.5 Design of penstocks 621
19.6 Number of penstocks and equivalent penstock diameter 624
19.7 Pressure conduits in rock or concrete 625
19.8 Anchors and supports (saddles) 649
19.9 Miscellaneous penstock accessories 660
19.10 Bulkheads 660
19.11 Special types of penstock construction 662

20. Surge Tanks 665 - 729

20.1 General 665
20.2 Functions of a surge tank 666
20.3 Types of surge tanks 666
20.4 Design considerations of surge tanks 672
20.5 Methods of surge analysis 673
20.6 Simple surge tank 673
20.7 Restricted orifice surge tank 694
20.8 Differential surge tank 703
20.9 Stability of surge tank 720
20.10 Downstream surge tanks 722

xii CONTENTS

Part Five
POWER HOUSES
21. Hydraulic Design of Power Stations 733 - 788
21.1 The power house 733
21.2 Turbines 733
21.3 Generators 741
21.4 Governing and protection equipment 742
21.5 Transformer 743
21.6 Turbine efficiency determination 743
21.7 Setting of turbines-draft head 745
21.8 Hydraulic design of spiral case 748
21.9 Hydraulic design of draft tube 755
21.10 Dimensioning of power house 764
21.11 Preliminary dimensioning of a power house 765
21.12 Approximate dimensions and weight of pelton wheels 787
21.13 Approximate dimensions and weight of propeller turbine 788

22. Structural Design of Hydel Power Station 789 - 812

22.1 Introduction 789
22.2 Hydraulic thrust 789
22.3 Structural design 791

23. Tidal Power Stations 813 - 822

23.1 Introduction 813
23.2 Types of tidal plants and their operation 814
23.3 Turbines for tidal plants 819
23.4 Possibilities of tidal power in India 820

24. Pumped Storage Plants 823 - 830

24.1 Introduction 823
24.2 Types of pumped storages 824
24.3 The economics of pumped storage 825
24.4 Pump turbines 827

Part Six
SMALL HYDRO
25. Small Hydro Scenario 833 - 837
25.1 Small hydro power – development scenario 833
25.2 Benefits of small hydro 834
25.3 Small hydro potential in India and in Himalayan region 836

26. Small Hydro Stations – Design 838 - 857

26.1 Introduction 838

CONTENTS xiii

26.2 Civil works of medium and high head micro/mini hydro schemes 839
26.3 Civil works of low head micro/mini hydro schemes 849
26.4 Gates for small hydro schemes 852

27. Turbines and Generators for Small Hydro 858 - 882

27.1 Turbines 858
27.2 Generators 878

Part Seven
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND USE
28. Water Resources Development - Basics of Irrigation 885 - 919
28.1 Irrigation 885
28.2 Soil water plant relationships 888
28.3 Water requirements of crops 906
28.4 Methods of determining duty of water 909
28.5 Effective rainfall 915

29. Irrigation and Drainage Practices 920 - 965

29.1 Introduction – modern methods of irrigation 920
29.2 Irrigation efficiencies 921
29.3 Methods of irrigation 922
29.4 Automation in surface irrigation methods 926
29.5 Sprinkler or spray irrigation 932
29.6 Sub-irrigation 933
29.7 Intrasoil (drip/trickle/micro) irrigation 934
29.8 Mist irrigation 934
29.9 Regulation and maintenance of a canal system 934
29.10 Farm irrigation system - on farm development works 937
29.11 Maintenance of channels 947
29.12 Water logging and salinity 949
29.13 Drainage 951
29.14 Types of the drainage system 958

30. Ground Water and Tube Wells 966 - 1008

30.1 Occurrence of ground water 966
30.2 Types and functions of aquifer 967
30.3 Ground water movement 968
30.4 Factors affecting permeability 970
30.5 Steady state flow in fully penetrating wells 970
30.6 Unsteady-state radial flow in a fully penetrating well 974
30.7 Partially penetrating wells 977
30.8 Interference of wells 979
30.9 Pumping tests 981
30.10 Irrigation tubewells 983
30.11 Classification of tubewells 985
30.12 Types and selection of strainers 988
30.13 Boring of tube wells 991

xiv CONTENTS

30.14 Types and selection of pumping sets 994

30.15 Design of a tubewell 1000
30.16 Siting of a tubewell 1005
30.17 Yield of ground water 1005
30.18 Artificial recharge 1006

31. Foundations 1009 - 1030

31.1 Types of foundations 1009
31.2 Spread foundations 1009
31.3 Depth of foundations 1010
31.4 Bearing capacity 1011
31.5 Plate loading test 1017
31.6 Standard penetration test 1019
31.7 Foundation settlement 1024
31.8 Piles for deep foundations 1026
31.9 Well foundations 1029

References 1031
Project Index 1032
Author Index 1036
Subject Index 1040