Biochemistry Lab

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Group B

10/02/2010

Question 3). What is considered a high and a low glucose concentration in blood?

Ans: - The normal blood sugar level range is 4 - 7 mmol/l before meals and less than 10 mmol/l after
1 and half hour of meals. At bed times, the normal blood sugar level is about 7 - 10 mmol/l. The normal
values of blood sugar (glucose) level is 70 to 110 mg/dl for fasting. (See the units given below.)
High blood sugar level There is mild hyperglycemia (a fasting blood sugar over 109 mg/dL in
adolescents/adults or over 100 mg/dL in children before puberty) and there is high (over 165 mg/Dl.
Increased glucose is found in diabetes mellitus, liver disorders, hyperactivity of thyroid, pituitary and
adrenal glands.
Low blood sugar level (decreased glucose) is found in lower activity (under-activity) of thyroid, pituitary
and adrenal glands. Generally, hypoglycemia is defined as a serum glucose level (the amount of sugar or
glucose in your blood) below 70 mg/dL. Symptoms of hypoglycemia typically appear at levels below 60
mg/dL. Some people may feel symptoms above this level. Levels below 50 mg/dL affect brain function.

Question 4). What other methods are available for the determination of glucose in the blood and how do
they compare with the glucose oxidase method?

Other methods available for glucose level determination in blood are Folin wu method,
Orthotoludine method and the Hexokinase method. As compared to the Glucose oxidase method as
indicated above folin wu test will estimate not only glucose but also other reducing sugar and non sugar
substances like glucoronic acid. Hexokinase test not only estinates glucose but also other hexoses such
as fructose and galactose. So by elimination glucose oxidase identification method is the best the only
pitfall of this method is that glucose oxidase test preferentially attacks beta glucose. So if we take into
account mutarotation erroneous results may be obtained if the same sample is measured after 24 hours.

Question 5). Why enzymatic methods is preferred for blood glucose estimation in the laboratories.

Ans: - Enzymatic method is preferred in blood glucose determination in the laboratory because of the high
specificity of enzymes. Enzymatic methods allow absolute or true values of glucose to be obtained whilst
the other mentioned methods are more estimations.

Question 6). Name 2 enzymatic methods that are commonly used in laboratories to determine blood
glucose.

Ans: - Two other enzymatic methods used to determine blood glucose levels are The Hexokinase Method
and The Glucose Dehydrogenase Method.

Question 7). What happens if the blood collection tube does not contain fluoride? Mention the
biochemical action of fluoride.
Ans: - If the tube collecting blood for blood glucose estimation does not contain fluoride the blood will
undergo a glycolytic change. Sodium fluoride is the antiglycolytic agent by inhibiting the enzyme endase.
Fluorine is also a weak anti-coagulant because it binds Ca2+.
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Question 8). What temperature is maintained during glucose estimation by enzymatic method and why?

Ans: - Cool to room temperature because

Question 9). Which hormone deficiency leads to diabetes mellitus?

Ans: - Insulin, made in the pancreatic beta cells.

Question 10). What are the 2 types of diabetes mellitus?

Ans: - Type 2 ;Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Adult onset diabetes.

Type 1 ;insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Juvenile onset diabetes.

Question 11). Explain the terms Polyuria, polydyspia, and polyphagia. Mention the condition which you
can see these symptoms.

Ans: - Polyuria is a condition characterized by the passage of large volumes of urine

(at least 2.5 L over 24 hours in adults). Polydypsia is a medical symptom in which
the patient displays excessive thirst. Polyphagia means eating to much. The condition in which
you can see these symptoms is diabetes mellitus.

Question 12). Mention any 2 criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

Ans: - 1) . Elevated fasting glucose on more than one occasion.

2). Individual with HDL less than 35mg/dL.

EXPERIMENT II

The classification of sugar and the determination of glucose in the urine.

Question 1). Explain your results.

Ans: -