Some exist as independent organisms (Unicellular) Others exist as a part of a whole (Multicellular) Orchestrate all living processes 10-15 micrometres Blood cell 7-5 micrometres Human egg is much larger- 100 micrometres Plasma Membrane Defines the boundaries of the cell Regulates passage of substances in and out of the cell Made of phospholipids Heads are hydrophilic Tails are hydrophobic Tails on the inside, heads on the outside Has cholesterol molecules interspersed throughout to stiffen up the layer Imbedded proteins allow passages of solutes Sometimes have carbs attached forming glycoproteins Identifies the cell Selectively permeable Lipid soluble passes easily Nucleus Central part of the cell Acts as the control centre of the cell Contains all of the cell’s genetic information Most cells contain 1 nucleus Some like liver cells and skeletal cells contain multiple Some like red blood cells contain 0 Double layered “nuclear envelope” surrounds the nucleus Has nuclear pores in it Allow for the passage of things like RNA and DNA when needed Chromatin in the centre of the nucleus Becomes chromosomes when the cells begins to divide Cytoplasm and other Organelles Cytoplasm Gel-like substance that fills the empty space Organelles in the cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER contains ribosomes allowing it to synthesise proteins which move through the ER to the Golgi Apparatus Smooth ER synthesises certain lipids and carbohydrates Ribosomes On the ER and free in the cytoplasm Synthesises proteins Golgi Apparatus Made of stacked sacs Receives proteins from the ER and packages them to go to other cells of the body 1) ER delivers proteins to the golgi body 2) The protein passes through the golgi apparatus, undergoing changes throughout 3) The Golgi apparatus enveloped the protein and pinches off, making a vesicle 4) Vesicles travel to the surface of the cell, Some pop and release their insides, other stay and store, and still others become lysosomes Centrioles 2 lie outside of the nucleus Used in cell division Lysosomes From the Golgi body Contains enzymes to break down anything unnecessary and bacteria Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell 2 membranes, outer and inner Inner folds are cristae Space between the 2 membranes make ATP Cytoskeleton Supporting framework for the cell Made of protein filaments and rods Gives shape, strength, and ability to move to the cell Organises contents of the cell Microvilli Folds in the cell membrane that increase the surface area of the cell Cilia Hair projections from the cell surface Can move Flagella Large cilia Help move with a flicking motion Passive transport Uses no energy Diffusion Movement of particles from higher concentration to an area of lower concentration When particles are evenly distributed, called “Equilibrium” Osmosis Diffusion of water down the concentration gradient Water, not the particles, move Causes hydrostatic pressure Filtration Caused by a difference in pressure Facilitated diffusion Passive Uses a carrier Active Transport Up the concentration gradient Uses energy Vesicles Endocytosis Phagocytosis and pinocytosis Exocytosis DNA Structure Polymer Made of nucleotides Phosphate + deoxyribose to make the backbone Bases in between the two backbones Provides instruction of how to make proteins RNA Same as DNA but Single stranded Sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose Uracil instead of Thymine Transcription Segment of DNA unwinds RNA enzyme assembles RNA complementary to the strand Translation mRNA goes to ribosome tRNA finds matches Mitosis Prophase Chromatin coils into chromosomes Chromatids join at a centromere Move to opposite sides, spindle fibres appear Nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase Spindle fibres attach to chromosomes Chromosomes line up Anaphase Centromeres divide, 2 chromosomes Telophase New nuclear envelope, cytokinesis