Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
MÓDULO ÚNICO
CARRERA: ADMINISTRACIÓN DE EMPRESAS
CURSO: 3º AÑO
CONTADOR PÚBLICO
CURSO: 4º AÑO
PROFESORA:
GRACIELA FIGUEROA DE MORALEDA
SALTA - 2011
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2
Educación
A DISTANCIA
AUTORIDADES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD
CANCILLER
Su Excelencia Reverendísima
Mons. MARIO ANTONIO CARGNELLO
Arzobispo de Salta
RECTOR
VICE-RECTOR ACADÉMICO
VICE-RECTOR ADMINISTRATIVO
ADMINISTRA
SECRETARIA GENER
SECRETARIA AL
GENERAL
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4
Indice general
5
CAPÍTULO II Forma pasiva con “ought to”:
Pronombres personales (sujeto) ................... 97 ought to be + participio ........................... 131
El verbo To be (irregular) .............................. 97 Formas impersonales con “ought to” ......... 131
Verbo To be como ser. Ejercicios ................. 97 Forma pasiva con “should”:
should be + participio pasado ................. 132
Verbo “To be” como estar ............................. 98
Formas impersonales con “should” ............. 132
Verbo “To be” Forma negativa ..................... 99
Forma pasiva con “used to”: ....................... 134
Las formas abreviadas del verbo “To be” ..... 99
Formas impersonales con “used to” ........... 134
“To be” con adjetivos. Ejercicios ................. 100
Otras traducciones de “To be” .................... 100
CAPÍTULO IX
To be: Simple Past Tense
(Pretérito Imperfecto) .............................. 103 El imperativo................................................ 137
6
El infinitivo ................................................... 166 Lesson 3 (Lección 3) .................................. 222
Traducciones del infinitivo ........................... 166 Plans for the future (Planes para el futuro).. 222
Infinitivo pasivo ............................................ 167 Objectives of companies (Objetivos de
Infinitivo perfecto ......................................... 168 las compañías) ....................................... 223
Forma continua ........................................... 168 Extra Practice ............................................. 226
Revisión de los tiempos verbales
en voz pasiva ......................................... 169 WRITING
Uso del Diccionario ..................................... 173 First steps to business writing .................... 227
Writing messages ....................................... 227
UNIT IV Writing faxes ............................................... 227
Lesson 1 (Lección 1) .................................. 181 Writing e-mails ............................................. 228
Making arrangements (Planeando) ............. 181 Writing notes ............................................... 232
Prepositions: (Preposiciones) ..................... 182 Writing memos ............................................ 233
Dates ........................................................... 183 Writing a business letter .............................. 235
Lesson 2 (Lección 2) .................................. 187 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................... 239
Confirming arrangements INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................... 240
(Confirmando planes) ............................. 187 ¿Cómo facilitar nuestro trabajo de
Lesson 3 (Lección 3) .................................. 190 traducción? ............................................. 240
Making excuses (Disculpándose) ............... 190 Formación de palabras................................ 242
Apologies (Disculpas) ................................. 190 Accidentes gramaticales ............................. 243
Excuses (Excusas) .................................... 190 Composición ............................................... 244
Accepting apologies Ubicación de la palabra en la oración ......... 245
(Aceptando disculpas) ............................ 190 El Sustantivo ............................................... 247
Grammar Structures: El Verbo ...................................................... 247
See Grammar Notes .............................. 191
Palabras que acompañan al verbo .............. 248
Extra Practice ............................................. 194
Recomendaciones para la lectura de
textos largos ........................................... 252
UNIT V Método para la lectura de textos largos ...... 254
Lesson 1 (Lección 1) .................................. 195 Técnicas de lectura ..................................... 255
Making and receiving calls .......................... 195 A business book ......................................... 258
Lesson 2 (Lección 2) .................................. 199 Human resources ....................................... 276
Directions (Direcciones) ............................. 199 key words ................................................... 276
Lesson 3 (Lección 3) .................................. 203 Cuestionario de Opinión .............................. 283
Entertaining ................................................. 203
Prices .......................................................... 204
Offers and requests .................................... 204
Drinks (Bebidas) ......................................... 204
Food (Alimentos) ......................................... 205
Desserts (Postres) ..................................... 206
Extra Activities ............................................ 210
UNIT VI
Lesson 1 (Lección 1) .................................. 213
Your background (Su historia personal) ..... 213
Lesson 2 (Lección 2) .................................. 218
Company History ........................................ 218
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CurrIculum Vitae
Datos Personales
Cargos Ocupados
Cargos Actuales
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- Directora de los Cursos de Inglés del Instituto "LIFE", auspiciados por
la Universidad Católica de Salta- Niños, jóvenes y adultos.
- Profesora de la Cátedra "Fundamentos de la Enseñanza y Aprendizaje
de Idiomas Extranjeros" - Universidad Católica de Salta.
- Profesora de la Cátedra "Lengua Inglesa I y II de la Carrera de Secre-
tariado Ejecutivo, Universidad Católica de Salta.
- Profesora de la Cátedra "Inglés Técnico" de la Carrera de Administra-
ción de Empresas, Universidad Católica de Salta.
- Profesora de la Cátedra "Lengua Inglesa I, II y III" de la carrera de
Relaciones Internacionales, Universidad Católica de Salta.
- Profesora de la Cátedra "Lengua Inglesa I y II de la Carrera de Rela-
ciones Pública, Universidad Católica de Salta.
- Directora de estudio Colegio de Jesús. 2006.
10
- 5th. Annual English Teachers and Students Congress - “Facing the
Challenges of the New Millennium. English for Everyone- Octubre,1997
- Fundación de las Américas- Conferencia “Poder Transformador” dicta-
da por el Licenciado Miguel Angel Cornejo y Rosado, consultor interna-
cional, fundador del Colegio de Graduados en Alta Dirección- Mexico
D.F. - Octubre de 1997.
- “New Ideas for Teaching Young Learners: Towards a Multi Sensory
Approach” (curso dictado por Herbert Puchta) Agosto, 1.994.-
- Primer Encuentro Argentino de Enseñanza de Inglés en la Escuela
Primaria (Disertante: Susan Halliwell) Longman Argentina- Abril, 1.994.
- Curso Taller “Teaching Esol” (George Wilcox)- Abril, 1.994.
- Curso Taller “The Power of Words” (Prof. Luis González). Octubre, 1.993.
- Seminario Nacional de Profesores de Inglés “It’s all a question of
Belief...and Beliefs” (Jane Revell)- Agosto, 1.993.
- Jornada de Estudio sobre la Ley Federal de Educación. Secretaría de
Educación- Agosto, 1.993.
- Curso Taller “Imagination can really make a difference”- Abril, 1.993.
- Seminario Anual Internacional de Perfeccionamiento Docente para
Profesores de Inglés “The Power of Words” (Prof. Stephen Krashen)
I.C.A.N.A Bs. As- Agosto, 1.992.
- Curso Taller “How to Teach Prepositions” (Prof. Luis González)- Junio,
1.992.
- Curso sobre “Languaje Integration” (Prof. Ann Lippincott)- Agosto, 1.991.
- Seminario “Drama Techniques in Languaje Learning (Prof. Celia Zubiri)-
Octubre, 1.990.
- “Seminario Taller” (dictado por Kathleen M. Bailey)- Agosto, 1.990.
- Seminario Internacional Anual de Perfeccionamiento Docente para
Profesores de Inglés: “Mirando al Futuro. Nuevas Técnicas para la
Enseñanza-Aprendizaje del Inglés como lengua extranjera.” I.C.A.N.A
Bs. As.- Agosto, 1.990.
- The Seminar Workshop “Reading in the Natural Approach” (curso dic-
tado por William Grabe) - Setiembre, 1.989.
- “Técnicas y actividades para una efectiva comunicación” (curso dicta-
do por la Dra. Amy Sales).- Setiembre 1.988.
- Curso Taller (con evaluación) “Metodología y Lengua Inglesa” (dictado
por Efrain Davis y George Lewis) - Agosto, 1.988.
- “The Natural Approach (curso dictado por el Prof. Gerald Strei) - No-
viembre, 1.987.
- Seminario “Video in the Teaching of English” - Abril, 1.987.
- “Metodología de Estudio” (Curso dictado por el Profesor Damián Bus-
tos)- Diciembre, 1.986.
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- “Providing a Balanced Languaje Programme” (Curso dictado por Prof.
Jeremy Harmer)- Mayo, 1.986.
- Curso Taller en “Metodología de la Enseñanza del Inglés” (Prof. Efrain
Davis)- Agosto, 1.985.
- Seminario para Profesores de Inglés auspiciado por el Servicio Cultu-
ral de la Embajada de los Estados Unidos- Octubre, 1.984.
- “Three American Novels” (Prof. Olga Flores), Noviembre, 1.981.
- “Communicative Approach and Testing” (Dra. Noemí Colmenero), Oc-
tubre 1.981
Talleres Presentados
Otras actividades
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Carrera: Administración de Empresas - Contador Público
Curso: 3º Año - 4° Año
Materia: Inglés Técnico
Profesor: Graciela Figueroa de Moraleda
Año Académico: 2011
I. Fundamentos
II. Objetivos
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III. Programa de la Asignatura
Unit 1
Unit 2
You and your company. Ordinal numbers. Numbers to 100 to 1000. The
layout of the company. Buildings in a company.
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Unit 6
Writing:
14
Grammar structures:
Técnica de traducción:
- Estudio semántico.
- Estudio morfológico-sintáctico:
a.- Derivación.
b.- Composición.
- Estudio sintáctico:
A.-Bloque nominal:
Identificación de sustantivos.
a.- Vía morfológica.
b.- Vía sintáctica.
B.-Bloque verbal:
Identificación de verbos:
a.- Vía morfológica.
b.- Vía sintáctica.
- Verbos conjugados.
- Identificación sintáctica de verbos no conjugados:
1.- Infinitivo.
2.- Forma -ing.
3.- Participio pasado.
Estudio Gramatical:
- El artículo.
- La preposición.
- La conjunción.
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- El pronombre.
- El sustantivo.
- El adjetivo.
- El verbo:
1.- estudio morfológico.
2.- modo del verbo.
a.- modo indicativo.
b.- modo imperativo.
c.- modo subjuntivo.
3.- Voz pasiva.
4.- Usos especiales de Be, Have y Do.
- El adverbio.
- Expresiones idiomáticas.
Compresión de textos
IV. Bibliografía
BIBLIOGRAFÍA OBLIGATORIA
BIBLIOGRAFÍA COMPLEMENTARIA
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- Work in Progress: Hopkins, Andy and Potter, Jocelyn. Ed. Longman,
1997.
- OXFORD Dictionary of Business English of Learners of English: Ed.
Oxford University Press, 1994.
- Diccionario Moderno Inglés/español: Badger, Ian. Ed. Ediciones
Larousse. 1976.
- American Business: Menzies, Pete and Daniel, David. Ed. Macmillan
Publishers. 1994.
- English Program
V. Presentación de la asignatura
Estimado alumno:
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• ¿QUÉ COMPETENCIAS DEBE PONER EN PRÁCTICA PARA EL
APRENDIZAJE?
√ El foro
18
VI. Evaluación y condición para la regularización
IMPORTANTE!!
• Tablón de anuncios
• Foro de la materia
• Cuadros de regularización publicados en la página web
Manténgase atento!!!
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VII. Guía de trabajos para módulos y apéndice de traducción
UNIDADES
Cada unidad ha sido dividida en tres (3) lecciones. Cada lección está
formada por:
Unidades
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Listen and Complete (Escuche y complete)
Listen and write down (Escuche y escriba) etc.
Apéndice de Traducción
Forma de Trabajo
Espero que desde estas primeras páginas haya respondido a sus in-
quietudes acerca de la asignatura.
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UNIT I
Lesson 1 (Lección 1)
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Listening 3 Welcoming: Dando la bienvenida
Verb to Be
Personal pronouns
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UNIT I - LESSON 1UNIT I -
LESSON 2
ACTIVITIES
A. Excuse me.
B. Yes?
A. Are you Mr. Trevor?
B. Yes, I am.
A. My name is Mrs. Rodríguez.
B. How do you do?
A. Pleased to meet you. Welcome to Bariloche.
B. Thank you.
___________me.
___________?
________you Mrs. Brown?
Yes, _________ _________.
_______name’s Mrs. Serrano. _________________to Salta.
____________you.
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson 2 (Lección 2)
COUNTRY NATIONALITY
Brazil Brazilian
England English
China Chinese
Egypt Egyptian
France French
Hungary Hungarian
Japan Japanese
The USA American
Argentina Argentinian
Canada Canadian
Where are you from, Mrs. Nigon? (De donde es usted, Senora Nigon?)
I’m from Virginia. (Soy de Virginia)
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Listening 2 sking and answering about companies..
(Preguntando y respondiendo sobre compañías)
What company does Mr. Nigon work for? (Para que compania trabaja el
senor Nigon?)
He works for... (El trabaja para...)
Is he with....?
Yes, he is.
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Are you an engineer? (Es ud. ingeniero?)
No, I’m not. I’m a lawyer. (No, soy abogado)
Jobs: (empleos)
engineer: ingeniero/a
sales representative: representante de ventas
accountant: contador/a
sales manager: jefe de ventas
finance director: director/a de finanzas
personnel manager: jefe de personal
sales clerk: vendedor/a
travel agent: agente de viajes
business administrator: administrador/a de empresa
psychologist: psicologa/o
security guard: guardia de seguridad
designer: diseñador
a lawyer / an engineer
accounts: (contaduria)
nacionales)
research and development department: (departamento de investigacion
y desarrollo)
marketing department: (departamento de mercado)
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Are you in the sales department? (Esta usted en el departamento de
ventas?)
Yes, that’s right. (Si, correcto)
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UNIT I - LESSON 2
ACTIVITIES
30
Are you in the marketing department?
_________________________________________
5. Read:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Read:
8. Now write a similar paragraph about you. Practise and record it.
(Ahora escriba un párrafo similar acerca de usted. Practíquelo)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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9. Now, complete this interview. Write the questions (Ahora com-
plete esta entrevista. Escriba las preguntas.)
A. __________________________________
B. Gonzalo Pedrozo.
A. __________________________________
B. I’m from Chile.
A. __________________________________
B. I live in Valparaiso.
A. __________________________________
B. I work for a company called Remson.
A. __________________________________
B. I am in security.
A. __________________________________
B. I am a security guard.
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Lesson 3 (Lección 3)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z
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15 (fifteen) 60 (sixty) 65 (sixty five)
16 (sixteen) 70 (seventy) 76 (seventy six)
17 (seventeen) 80 (eighty) 87 (eighty seven)
18 (eighteen) 90 (ninety) 98 (ninety eight)
19 (nineteen) 100 (a/one hundred) 109 (one hundred and nine)
There are different ways of telling the time. (Hay diferentes maneras de
decir la hora)
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a quarter to: menos cuarto
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UNIT III - LESSON 3
ACTIVITIES
1. Listen to the telephone numbers and check the one you hear..
(Marque el número de teléfono que escuche.)
2. Listen to these flight numbers and check the one you hear..
(Marque el número de vuelo que escuche)
3. Listen to the dialogue and write the names and numbers. (Escu-
che el diálogo y escriba los nombres y números)
36
4. Listen to the dialogues and check the times you hear. (Escuche
los diálogos y marque las horas que escuche)
a. 3:15 or 3:55
b. 5:10 or 4:10
c. 7:05 or 6:05
d. 9:45 or 9:15
5.Now, use the numbers in exercise 4 to tell the time. Write and
record the time. (Ahora, use los numeros en el ejercicio 4 para decir
y escribir la hora)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
37
Extra practice
Dialogue 1
Yes, I am
or
Sorry
My name’s_______________I work
for a/an__________________
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Dialogue 2
What do you do
39
40
UNIT II
Lesson1(Lección1)
What company does he work for? (¿Para qué compañía trabaja el?)
He works for_______(El trabaja para...)
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Who is in perssonel?
Juan Pérez is in perssonel.
What are you working on at the moment? (En qué están trabajando en este
momento?)
We are working on a new project. (Estamos trabajando en un proyecto
nuevo)
EMPLOYEES’ ACTIVITIES
(Actividades de los empleados)
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Grammar Structures: See Grammar Notes
43
UNIT II - LESSON 1
ACTIVITIES
a. _____________________________________
b. _____________________________________
c. _____________________________________
d. _____________________________________
e. _____________________________________
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For example: Julia Robins is in the Research and Development
department. She designs new models.
_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
A. _______________________________________________?
B. The president is Mr. Nakubasi.
A. _____________________________________________do?
B. We produce cosmetics.
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A. _______________________________________________?
B. The company has 134 employees.
A. Who is _______________________________________?
B. Anita Tasaki is in production.
A. _______________________________________________
B. She supervises quality control.
A. _______________________________________________?
B. Danny Krowe is in accounts
A. _______________________________________________?
B. He checks invoices.
A. _______________________________________________?
B. Katleen Ferrandi is in the marketing department.
A. _______________________________________________?
B. Her job is to coordinate plans.
A. _______________________________________________?
B. Me? Well, I’m in research and development. I design the
perfume bottles.
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Lesson 2 (Lección 2)
47
It’s in the centre of town. (En el centro de la ciudad)
It’s on the 3rd floor. (En el tercer piso)
Are there any cafes/car parks/bars near your office? (¿Hay algun café/
estacionamien- to/bar cerca de su oficina?)
Yes, there is one on Madison Street. (Sí, hay uno en la calle Madison)
Let me introduce myself. (Permítame presentarme)
Does your company have (a car park)? (Tiene su compañía estaciona-
miento?)
Where are the main offices? (¿Dónde están las oficinas principales?)
They are 5 kilometres north of the city. (Están a 5 kilómetros de la
ciudad)
They are 5 kilometres from downtown. (Estan a 5 kilómetros del centro)
Some/Any
Possessive case
48
UNIT II - LESSON 2
ACTIVITIES
49
Lesson 3 (Lección 3)
Prepositions of place
50
in on next to in front of
51
UNIT II - LESSON 3
ACTIVITIES
1. Conference Centre
2. Testing Area
3. Paint Shop
4. Car Park
5. Main Block (Edificio Principal (Canteen 2nd. floor)
6. Main production Building
7. Workshops
8. Stores
9. Main gate
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8
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2. Make simple site plan of your company or a company you know
and point out places on it. For example: the manager’s office, the
cafe, the secretary’s office, personnel, the front door, the car park.
Then, describe the plan, using prepositions. (Realice un plano simple
de su compañía o una compañía que conozca y señale los lugares.
Luego, describa el plano, usando preposiciones.)
Extra Practice
Dialogue 1
Are there any good restaurants/ No, there aren’t. But there’s a good
cafes, nearby ? coffee shop/canteen.
Good/Great idea.
Dialogue 2
Very well. What are you doing I’m working on/finishing a project
here/in Salta? for my company.
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Dialogue 3
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UNIT III
Lesson 1 (Lección 1)
I have an appointment with (Mrs. Briones) at 10:00. (Tengo una cita con
la Sra.Briones a la s 10:00)
My name is John Taylor from AGM. (Mi nombre es Juan Taylor de AGM)
Mrs. Briones. Miss Taylor is here. (Sra. Briones. La Srta. Taylor esta
aquí.)
Nice to meet you/ Pleased to meet you/How do you do. (Mucho gusto)
55
Please, sit down. (Por favor, siéntese.)
Would you like a cup o coffee, tea? (¿Le gustaría tomar una taza de
café, té ?
Coffee, please. Thanks. (Café por favor. Gracias)
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UNIT III - LESSON 1
ACTIVITIES
B. Good morning Mrs. Taylor. Please come this way. Mrs. Briones is
waiting for you.
57
3. Now you write dialogues similar to number 1 and 2. Change the
names and the time. (Ahora escriba diálogos similares a número 1 y
2. Cambie los nombres y la hora.
58
Lesson 2 (Lección 2)
How long are you here for? (¿Por cuánto tiempo se queda?)
59
Listening 2 An invitation for dinner (Una invitacion para cenar)
60
Once a week/ Twice a week/ Three times a week (Una vez por semana/
Dos veces por semana/Tres veces por semana.)
Monday (Lunes)
Tuesday (Martes)
Wednesday (Miercoles)
Thursday (Jueves)
Friday(Viernes)
Saturday (Sabado)
Sunday (Domingo)
Present simple
61
UNIT III - LESSON 2
ACTIVITIES
4.a. Mrs. Mendoza and Mrs. Legarri are talking after dinner. (La Sra.
Mendoza y la Sra. Legarri estan conversando despues de la cena.)
Listen and read (Escuche y lea)
62
b. Answer these questions about the dialogue. (Responda estas pre-
guntas sobre el diálogo.)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
6.a. Mrs. Mendoza is describing her day at her company. Listen. (La
Sra. Mendoza describe su día en su compañía. Escuche)
I start work at 8:00. First I check my mail and then I phone the suppliers.
I always have a meeting with the staff to talk about the activities of the day.
After that, I usually answer urgent messages and I occasionally help clients
with their problems. I usually have lunch at a restaurant near the company
but I never have a business lunch. Once a month I have a business breakfast
with the Board of Directors.
b. Listen again and number the activities in the order you hear
them. (Escuche nuevamente y numere las actividades en el orden
que las escucha)
63
answer urgent messages ________
have a business breakfast ________
help clients ________
7. What about you? Describe your day in the office. Write a paragraph.
(Y usted? Describa su día en la oficina. Escriba un párrafo)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
64
Lesson 3 (Lección 3)
Ok. Bye. (Adiós) See you soon. (Bien. Nos vemos pronto)
Bye . (Adiós)
65
May (Mayo) November (Noviembre)
June (Junio) December (Diciembre)
Imperatives
66
UNIT III - LESSON 3
Will for promises
ACTIVITIES
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
67
Extra Practice
1) Explain how your company selects a member for their staff. Record it.
Dialogue 1
It’s (opposite________)
They are (behind__________)
68
Dialogue 2
Dialogue 3
69
Dialogue 4
70
GRAMMAR NOTES
I: yo We: nosotros
You: tú You: vosotros
He: él They: ellos
She: ella
It: el/ella (animal/cosa)
Write the correct form of the present tense of To be in the blanks. (Escri-
ba la forma correcta del presente del verbo To be en los espacios).
1. I......................a student.
2. Dennis............a student.
3. This.................a good book.
4. John and Pat.........................good accountants.
5. We.................in class now.
6. María .............at work today.
7. Today............Monday.
8. You and Henry.....................sales managers.
9. They..............in my company.
10 She..............a business administrator.
71
5. This (is/are) a good exercise.
6. They (is/are) accountants.
7. Mr. Jones (am/is) the Vice-President.
8. I (am/are) with Coca-Cola.
9. He (is/are) in the sales department.
Place the verb before the subject (Coloque el verbo antes del sujeto).
You can answer these questions with Yes or No. (Ud. puede responder
estas preguntas con Sí y No).
72
Yes, she is.
Is she a good student?
No, she isn’t.
Yes, we are.
Are you and Henry cousins?
No, we aren’t.
3. He is a supervisor.
...........................................?. Yes,............................ .
4. She is a good customer.
...........................................?. No,.............................. .
1. have: tener
breakfast: desayunar
2. have lunch: almorzar
dinner: cenar
I have We have
You have You have
He has They have
She has
It has
73
Write the correct form of “To have” in the blanks. (Escriba la forma co-
rrecta de “To have” en los espacios).
To form the negative of “To have”, place do not (don’t) or does not
(doesn’t) before the verb. (Para formar el negativo de “To have” coloque do
not (don’t) or does not (doesn’t) antes del verbo.
I He
You don’t have a car She doesn’t have blue eyes
We It
They *
* Fíjese que al usar “doesn’t” con He, She, It, tiene que escribir “have” y
no “has”.
74
To have: question form (forma interrogativa)
To form questions with “To have”, place Do or Does before the subject.
(Para formar preguntas con “To have” coloque Do or Does antes del sujeto.
I
Do We You have....?
They
he
Does she have....?
it
You can answer these questions with “Yes” or “No”. (Usted puede res-
ponder estas preguntas con Sí o No).
Yes, I do
Do you have a camera?
No, I don’t.
Yes,
No,
75
4. They have breakfast at home.
? Yes,
? Yes,
Third Person
go goes
teach teaches
wash washes
fix fixes
* Cuando el verbo termina en “y” (en este caso, la “y” se cambia por “i”
antes de agregar “es” si la “y” está precedida por una consonante).
study studies
76
3. Mary (work/works) in the production department.
4. The company (sells/sell) computers.
5. They (do/does) market research.
6. You always (comes/come) to work late.
7. He never (smoke/smokes) at the office.
8. We (go/goes) home late on Mondays.
To form the negative of the Simple Present Tense, place do not (don’t) or
does not (doesn’t) before the verb. (Para formar el negativo del presente
simple, coloque do not (don’t) o does not (doesn’t) antes del verbo.
He
She does not (doesn’t) work (*)
It
We
You do not (don’t) work
They
77
5. The company distributes soft drinks.
6. I organize training.
I
Do you work?
we
they
he
Does she work (*)
it
Yes, I do.
Do you work?
No, I don’t.
Yes, he does.
Does he work?
No, he doesn’t.
78
1. He comes to school by bus.
Does he come to school by bus? Yes, he does.
? No,
4. He distributes software.
? Yes,
5. We coordinate plans.
? No,
? Yes,
? Yes,
Do or does is used with question words like: (Do o Does se usa con
palabras interrogativas como:)
1. Where...............you work?
2. What company................she work for?
79
3. What.................they do?
4. How many cigarrettes..........he smoke?
5. When...............we start work?
6. What..........she do?
7. Who...........she work for?
1. He walks to.........................office.
2. The employees have..........................new computers.
3. What is.............address? Her address is 474 Caseros street.
4. I work in...........office.
5. The company sells..........own production.
6. The president likes..........job. We are pleased, too.
I was We were
You were You were
He was They were
She was
It was
2. I am very hungry.
80
3. The weather is good.
To form the negative of to be in the past tense, place not after the verb.
(Para formar el pasado negativo del verbo to be, coloque not después del
verbo). Notice how the contractions are formed. (Note cómo se forman las
contracciones).
To form questions in the past tense of to be, place the verb before the
subject. In there sentences, place the verb before there. (Para formar
preguntas en el pasado de to be, coloque el verbo antes del sujeto. En
oraciones con there, coloque el verbo antes de there.
81
You were in Europe last year. Were you in Europe last year?
There was a pie for dessert. Was there a pie for desert?
You can answer the questions with Yes or No. (Puede contestar las pre-
guntas con Sí o No.)
Answer these questions with Yes or No. (Responda estas preguntas con
Sí o No)
82
Past tense - Regular Verbs (Tiempo Pasado - Verbos regulares)
work worked
Notice the formation of the past tense with these regular verbs. (Note la
formación del pasado con estos verbos regulares.
When the simple form of the verb ends in “y” preceded by a consonant,
the “y” is changed to “i” before adding “ed”. (cuando la forma simple del
verbo termina en “y” precedida por una consonante, la “y” se cambia a “i”
antes de agregar “ed”.)
Change the verb of each sentence to the past tense. (Cambie el verbo
de cada oración al pasado)
83
Change the following sentences to the past tense. (Cambiar las siguien-
tes oraciones al pasado.)
5. I drink Coke.
* NOTE: Verbs in the past are the same for all the persons. (Los
verbos en el pasado son los mismos para todas las personas)
To form the negative past tense of all verbs (except to be), place “did
not” before the simple form of the verb. The auxiliary “did” is the same for
all the persons in the past tense. The contraction “didn’t” is generally
used. Para formar el pasado negativo de todos los verbos, (excepto to
be), coloque "did not" antes de la forma simple del verbo. El auxiliar "did"
es el mismo para todas las personas en el pasado. Generalmente se usa
la contracción "didn't".
84
4. We ate lunch in the cafeteria.
Form the past tense question by placing “did” before the subject and by
changing the verb to its simple form. (Forme el pasado interrogativo colo-
cando “did” antes del sujeto y cambiando el verbo a su forma simple).
e.g:
You went home. Did you go home?
85
Answer these questions with Yes or No.
I am finish soon
You are
He
She is going to buy that car
It
5. He (be) a doctor.
86
Used to
It is used to indicate an action that one did in the past, bus it is not done
any more. (Se usa para indicar una acción que se hacía en el pasado, pero
no se hace más) e.g:
To be + born (nacer)
I was
You were in 1978
He was
She was born in Salta
It was
We were
You were two weeks ago
They were
87
Answer
To form the future tense, the auxiliary “will” is used with the simple form
of the verb. (Para formar el tiempo futuro, se usa el auxiliar “will” con la
forma simple del verbo). The contracted form (‘ll) is generally used. (Gene-
ralmente, se usa la forma contraída (‘ll)
I
You run
He
She will walk
It
We ‘ll finish it
You
They phone him this afternoon
e.g:
I’ll walk.
88
4. They have lunch in the cafeteria.
NOTE: For more grammar information read the “Translation Set”. (Para
mayor información gramatical lea el “Set de Traducción”)
89
90
APÉNDICE DE
TRADUCCIÓN
91
92
CAPÍTULO I
Plurales
93
hero watch dish
brush class
dress lunch
Pero: piano: pianos dynamo: dynamos photo:photos
Pero cuando la “y” va precedida por una vocal, el plural se forma agre-
gando “s”:
5) Plurales irregulares
94
7) Algunos sustantivos de origen latino retienen los plurales originales:
radius radii
crisis crises
axis axes
appendix appendices
datum data
Pero: dogma: dogmas.
3) A powerful database
Ejercicios:
95
10. An interesting idea 25. The quarterly report
11. An interesting new project 26. Two very good reasons
12. Some interesting new books 27. The complete procedure
13. Some technical articles 28. The wrong way
14. A standardized highlevel 29. A powerful diagnostic tool
language 30. An amazing speed, power and
15. The automatic discount flexibility
96
CAPÍTULO II
Singular I you He She It (yo- tu/Ud.- el / ella / depende del sustantivo que
reemplaza).
El verbo To be (irregular)
Como todo verbo puede usarse de tres formas distintas afirmativa, inte-
rrogativa y negativa.
a)Forma afirmativa
I am (soy/estoy)
You are
He is
She is
It is
We are (somos/estamos)
You are (sois/son/estais/estan)
They are
97
Nota: el artículo indefinido “a” no se traduce al castellano en los casos en
que el sustantivo exprese nacionalidad, religión o profesión.
Con palabras que indican posición: in, on, under, over, below, above, at,
near ,by, far from, here, there, at the bottom, at the top, belhind, in front of,
opposite, at the back ; el verbo “To be” se traduce por “estar”.
Ejercicios
Palabras interrogativas
Ejercicios
1. Is flexibility important?
98
2. Why is this issue interesting?
3. Where is the information?
4. What is the name of that manufacturer?
5. Are you ready to write the minutes?
6. What are the different possibilities?
7. Which is the long-term one?
Ejercicios:
99
“To be” con adjetivos. Ejercicios
Ejercicios con “this” (este, esta, esto); “that” (ese, aquel, esa, aquella,
aquello); “these (estos estas); “those” (aquellos, aquellas, esos, esas);
“too” (también, demasiado).
100
Ejercicios:
Ejercicios
101
It’s 50 cm. tall. Tiene 50 cm de alto.
How large is the computer? Qué dimensión/tamaño tiene...
How deep is the well? Qué profundidad ....
How high is that mountain? Qué altura tiene...
How thick is the wall? Qué espesor tiene...
It’s 60 cm. thick. Tiene 60 cm. de espesor
Ejemplos:
102
The clock is slow/ fast
What year are we in? We are in 1.988
Ejercicios:
Afirmativo:
103
Negativo:
I was not
You were not
He was not
She was not
It was not
We were not
You were not
They were not
Interrogativo:
Was I?
Were you?
Was he?
Was she?
Was it?
Were we?
Were you?
Were they?
Ejercicios:
104
CAPÍTULO III
Ejercicios
Ejercicios:
“Some, Any”
105
There are some Italian orders to deal with.
There is some information on the right
There is not any information here. (No hay ninguna información aquí)
There are not any mistakes in the problem. (No hay ningún error en el
problema. No hay errores en el problema).
d) Palabras compuestas
106
ANY:
Anyone
Afirmativo Negativo Interrogativo
cualquier/cualquiera nadie alguien
Anybody
cualquier/cualquiera nadie alguien
quienquiera
Anything
cualquier cosa nada algo
Anywhere
cualquier parte/lugar ninguna parte/lugar alguna parte/lugar
NO: no one: nadie
nobody: nadie
nothing: nada
no where: ninguna parte
EVERY:everyone: todos
everybody: todos
everything: todo
everywhere: en todas partes o lugares
Ejercicios:
107
108
CAPÍTULO IV
Ejemplos:
Ejercicio
109
110
CAPÍTULO V
Ejercicios:
II) Past Continuous: se forma con el pasado del verbo “to be” y la forma
“-ing”. Se traduce por estaba+ gerundio o a veces por el Pretérito Imper-
fecto del Indicativo.
111
He/She/It was working
We were working
You were working
They were working
Ejercicios:
“Going to”
Ejercicios:
112
CAPÍTULO VI
Voz pasiva
En inglés se forma con el presente del verbo “to be” y el participio pasivo
del verbo. Se encuentra de las siguientes maneras:
Ejercicios:
1. When the abacus was invented, a bead frame in which the beads are
moved from left to right.
2. Calculus, a branch of mathematics, was independently invented by
both, Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman and Leibnitz, a German
mathematician.
3. In 1.930, the first analog computer was built by an American named
Vannevar Bush.
4. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in
1.944.
5. The computed results were printed inmediately.
6. Binary arithmetic is based on two digits: 0 and 1.
7. There is no limit on the kinds of things a computer can do: its versatility
is limited only by the imagination of those using it.
8. Programs or data are stored on tapes or disks.
9. Calculations were done using devices that are still used today; the
slide rule (a perfect example), not to mention the ten fingers of the
hands.
113
10. It wasn’t until the mid-1.940s that the first digital computer was built.
11. The memory of a computer is used for storing information.
12. Software packages are sold by various vendors and not necessarily
by the computer manufacturer.
13. These packages are coded in machine language on magnetic tapes
or disks which can be purchased, leased or rented by users who
choose the package that most closely corresponds to their needs.
14. Although systems programs are part of the software, they are usually
provided by the manufacturer of the machine.
15. Certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers)
are used to control directly, things such as robots, aircraft navigation
systems, medical instruments, etc.
114
CAPÍTULO VII
Pronombres
I yo
You tu, Ud.
He él
She ella
it
We nosotros/as
You vosotros/as, Uds.
They ellos/as
me me,mi
you te, le, la; ti, Ud.
him lo. le; él
her la, le; ella
it le, lo, la; él, ella, ello
us nos; nosotros/as
you os, les, vosotros/as; Uds.
them les, los, las; ellos, ellas
Ejercicios:
115
Adjetivos Posesivos
my mi, mis
your tu, tus; su,sus (de Ud.)
his su, sus (de él)
her su, sus (de ella)
its su, sus (neutro)
our nuestro/a nuestros/as
your vuestro/a/as/os, sus (de Uds)
their suyos, sus (de ellos/as)
Ejercicios:
Pronombres Posesivos
116
Ejercicios:
Ejercicios:
117
Pronombres Reflexivos
a) Como un simple reflexivo castellano: me, te, se, nos, os, se. Ejemplo:
I was looking at myself in the mirror. (Me estaba mirando en el espejo).
Ejercicios:
I myself was to blame for the mistake. (Yo mismo/a (tengo la culpa/soy
culpable del error).
Ejercicios:
118
Ejercicios:
Singular
This este, esta, esto
That ese, esa, eso, aquel, aquello/a
Plural
These estos, estos
Those esos, esas, aquellos, aquellas
Ejemplos:
a) Las formas acentuadas éste, ese, aquél, ésta. esa, aquella corres-
ponden generalmente al inglés “this one”, “that one”, o sea el demostrativo
correspondiente seguido de “one”.
I like this one, not that one. (Me gusta éste, no aquél).
119
Those books are expensive, these are cheap; the former are illustrated,
the latter are not. (Aquellos/Esos libros son caros, estos son baratos; los
primeros están ilustrados, los últimos no).
Ejercicios:
Finance and Human Resources are divisions of the company. The former
is concerned with money, the latter with employees.
Pronombres recíprocos
Son los siguientes: one another, each other (el uno al otro, entre sí). Se
usan indistintamente y se colocan después del verbo. Ejemplo:
At present, the members of the club are helping one another. (Actual-
mente, los miembros del club se están ayudando mutuamente).
Ejercicios:
120
Pronombre personal indefinido One uno, una. Ejemplo
One is never sure of the result. (Uno nunca esta seguro del resultado).
One is always thinking of tomorrow.
Pronombres relativos
Ejemplos:
Ejercicios:
1.The International Conference Centre which was opened las year, seats
3,000 people.
2. The new manager who is a natural leader is also very imaginative.
3. The methods which were used there were faultless.
4. You have to organize a Trade Fair for organizations who train people in
using all forms of new technology.
5. What is shown in the graph is sugar production on a small scale.
121
Omisiones de pronombres relativos
122
CAPÍTULO VIII
Verbos defectivos
Can: se traduce por el presente Indicativo del verbo poder. (Yo puedo, tu
puedes, etc.). Ej:
Ejercicios:
123
Could he be accepted is he is efficient?
(¿Podría ser aceptado si es eficiente?).
Ejercicios:
“To be able to”: esta forma verbal no es defectiva. Suple los tiempos de
que carece “can”. Puede usarse en presente y en pasado. Se traduce por:
poder, ser capaz. Ejemplo:
Ejercicios:
Can
+ be + participio pasado
Could
Ejemplos:
124
Priorities could be identified easily. (Se pudo/podría/podía identificar las...)
(Las prioridades se pudieron/podían/podrían ser identificadas fácilmente).
Ejercicios:
Ejemplos:
125
Ejercicios:
Ejemplo:
Ejercicios:
1.The computers of the future may be quite different from those in use
today.
2.The result of this programe may change the whole course of your
researches.
3.What may the possible consequences be?
4.A belief may be wrong even though it may seem reasonable.
5.In terms of its effects, we may think that the machinery is up-dated.
Some people might consider the new policy lucrative, but this is not
accurate.
Algunos podrían considerar la nueva politica lucrativa, pero esto no es
correcto.
Ejercicios
126
Formas de voz pasiva con “May” y “Might”
Se forman:
may
be + participio pasado
might
Ejercicios:
127
Ejercicios:
1.There might be unknown factors which may change the result of the
contract.
2.It may be said that anger is always characterized by some aggresive
response.
3.Usually, there may be no legal obligation to change your process.
Ejercicios:
To have to: esta no es una forma defectiva. Se usa para suplir todos los
tiempos verbales de los que carece “must”. Se traduce por “tener que”. Se
conjuga de la siguiente manera:
Presente Simple
Pasado Simple
128
You had to
He had to
She had to
It had to
We had to
You had to
They had to
Ejercicios:
1.During that time they had to negotiate for a long-term and valuable
contract.
2. The law officer had to investigate a case of bribery.
3. They have to decide on a price which can be both attractive to the
consumer and profitable to them.
4. I hadn’t enough money and I had to pay by cheque.
5. You have to take off your shoes to go in their houses.
must
have to + be + participio
had to
Ejercicios:
129
2. All information must be prepared in such a way that the computer can
understand it.
3.The meetings must be programmed in order to be useful.
4.Even the most careful employee must be told what to do.
5.What provision have to be made with regard to holiday work?
6.Instructions must be given to the new staff.
7.Employees must be motivated to learn quickly.
Ejercicios:
You ought to analyse why the sales of your product are declining.
Debería (Debiera) analizar...
130
Ejercicios:
Ejercicios:
There ought to be
It ought to be + participio pasado
It ought to be realized that foreign books are necessary for this course.
Se debería/debiera considerar que los libros extranjeros son necesarios...
Debería/debiera decirse que los libros extranjeros son necesarios...
Ejercicios:
131
Should: se traduce por “debe, debiera/se, debería”. En traducciones
científicas generalmente por “debe”.
Ejercicios:
Ejercicios:
There should be
It should be + participio pasado
132
There should be foreign books in the library.
Debe/debiera/debería haber libros....
Ejercicios:
Used to:
The students used to read many foreign books for the translation course.
Los estudiantes solían leer muchos libros....
Ejercicios:
1.When he was a little boy he used to live in the country. He used to get
up early everyday. There was a little dog in the house and he used to
play with him all morning. At twelve o’clock he used to have his lunch.
2.He always used to drink fresh milk. After lunch he used to go swimming
in the river. He could swim very well, and he used to swim across the
river from one side to the other. Back at home, he used to eat dinner
and then take a short walk. He always used to go to bed early.
133
Forma pasiva con “used to”:
Ejercicios:
There used to be
It used to be + participio pasado
Ejercicios:
1.It used to be thought that that was the strategy of the company.
2.There used tobe a reduction in price every two years.
3.It used to be thought that it was necessary to delegate.
4.At other times there used to be unofficial strikes rather than collective
bargaining.
134
Ejercicios generales:
135
136
CAPÍTULO IX
El imperativo
b)El imperativo negativo se forma colocando “do not” delante del infinitivo
sin “to”.
a) “Let us” se usa en la primera persona plural para hacer una sugerencia.
Let us read the book. Leamos el libro.
b) Let seguido de “me, him, her, it, them”, se traduce por “permitir, dejar”.
Let me read the book. Déjeme/Permítame leer el libro.
Ejercicios:
1.Explain the meanings of the words underlined and discuss the general
style of the passage.
2.Do not make new changes unless they’re necessary.
3.Let me give you some advice.
4.Go ahead with the plan after his confirmation.
5.Ask the technician to clean the machine.
6.Make your agent pay for local advertising and promotion.
7.Obtain bank references for open accounts customers.
137
138
CAPÍTULO X
Forma afirmativa
I work (trabajo)
You work
He works
She works
It works
We work
You work
They work
Forma negativa
Forma interrogativa
Do I work?
Do you work?
Does he work?
Does she work?
Does it work?
Do we work?
Do you work?
Do they work?
139
Con el verbo “to go”:
Ejercicios:
Afirmativo
I worked (trabajé)
You worked (trabajaste)
He worked
She worked
It worked
We worked
You worked
They worked
140
Negativo
Interrogativo
Did I work?
Did you work?
Did he work?
Did she work?
Did it work?
Did we work?
Did you work?
Did they work?
Ejercicios:
Nota: hemos visto hasta ahora que los auxiliares “do”, “did”, “does”,
cuando se encuentran en oraciones negativas e interrogativas no afectan
la traducción del verbo principal. Pero cuando el auxiliar “do”, “does”, “did”
141
va en oraciones afirmativas precediendo al verbo principal toma un senti-
do enfático y se lo traduce por “sí”, “si que....”, “claro que....”.
Ejercicios:
There
+ present simple
It
There seems (parece)
It exists (existe)
There
+ past simple
It
Ejercicios:
142
3. There came a time when we had high hope for the nex model.
4. It seemed that his influence on the young author was good.
* Hay palabras que son adjetivos propiamente dichos. Por ejemplo: pretty,
red, good, bad, few, fat, thin, large, small, short, heavy, etc.
a) Sufijo “y”
b) Sufijo “able”
c) Sufijo “ful”
143
d) Sufijo “less” (tiene sentido negativo)
e) Sufijo “en”
El adverbio
144
daily - daily (diario - diariamente)
weekly - weekly (semanal - semanalmente)
monthly - monthly (mensual - mensualmente)
yearly - yearly (anual - anualmente)
friendly - friendly (amistoso - amistosamente)
only - only (sólo/único - solamente/únicamente
a) Comparativo de Igualdad
Ejercicios:
145
b) Comparativo de Superioridad
Ejercicios:
c) Comparativo de Inferioridad
146
the + comparativo............the + comparativo. Ejemplo:
Grado Superlativo
Ejemplos:
Ejercicios:
147
Adjetivos y adverbios que forman
comparativo y superlativo irregularmente
Positivo
good (bueno)
well (bien)
bad (malo)
badly, ill (malo)
little (poco)
many (mucho)
much (mucho)
far (lejos)
far (muy, mucho)
old (viejo)
out (afuera)
up (arriba)
in (dentro)
Comparativo
better (mejor)
better (mejor)
worse (peor)
worse (peor)
less (menos)
more (más)
more (más)
farther (más, lejos)
further (más, adicional)
older (más viejo, mayor)
outer (exterior)
upper (superior)
inner (interior)
Superlativo
148
worst (lo, la, el peor)
least (el, la, lo menos)
most (lo, la, el más)
most (lo, la, el más)
farthest (lo, la, el más lejos)
furthest (lo, la, el más lejos)
oldest (la, el más viejo) (la, el mayor)
outermost (lo más exterior)
uppermost (superior)
innermost (lo más interno)
149
any longer: más, ya no, no más
no longer: no más
any farther: más (lejos)
any further: más
of course: por supuesto, naturalmente
every other day: día por medio
long ago: hace mucho tiempo
long since/ever since: desde entonces
by the way: de paso, a propósito, entre paréntesis
by all means: de todas maneras, por supuesto
hence: de allí, desde entonces
pretty: pasablemente, bastante
however much/however many: por mucho/os
The Eastern region is the most densely populated part of the country.
La región Este es la parte del país más densamente poblada.
Ejercicios:
Present Perfect: se forma con el Simple Present del verbo “to have” y el
“past participle” de los verbos. Se conjuga de la siguiente manera:
150
Afirmativo
Negativo
Interrogativo
Have I lived?
Have you lived?
Has he lived?
Has she lived?
Has it lived?
Have we lived?
Have you lived?
Have they lived?
151
7. As requested we have sent you a proforma invoice.
8. They have agreed to a 5% discount.
9. She has worked on that report all day.
10. Money is a factor which has played an important part in establishing
the pattern of modern scientific investigation.
Past Perfect
Este tiempo se forma con el “Simple Past” del verbo “to have” y el “Past
Participle” de los verbos. Se conjuga así:
Afirmativo
Negativo
Interrogativo
Had I lived?
Had you lived?
Had he lived?
Had she lived?
152
Had it lived?
Had we lived?
Had you lived?
Had they lived?
In the year 1.500 Europe knew less about science than Archimides had
known in 212 B.C. En el año 1.500 Europa sabía menos de ciencia que lo
que Arquímides había sabido en 212 A.C.
Ejercicios:
Nota: cuando los tiempos "Present Perfect" y "Past Perfect" van con
“just”, se traducen:
153
I had the fax machine controlled before they came.
Hice controlar el fax antes que vinieran.
Ejercicios:
Se forman:
have
been +.....ing
had
Ejercicios:
1. It was obvious that she had been studying the project for weeks.
2. All these years they have been trying to remodel the company.
3. I had been thinking of moving for a long time and then I got a job at ICL.
Se forman:
have
been + Past Participle
had
154
The technique has been developed by a German scientist.
La técnica ha sido desarrollada por un científico alemán.
Ejercicios:
Impersonal pasiva:
It had been thought that the plans had been stolen but then they were
found.
Se había pensado que los planos habían sido robadas pero luego fue-
ron encontrados.....
Ejercicios:
1.It has been said that the essential components will be delivered to the
factory.
2.It has been explained that the meetings are held on Monday morning.
3.It has been proved that premiums must be increased.
4.There has been great progress in the field of human resourses recently.
5. There have been times when she sent a copy of the report every day.
155
Verbos defectivos con “Perfect Tenses”
could
may
must have + Past participle
ought to
should
Ejercicios:
156
Negativo
I shall not go
You will not go
etc.
Interrogativo
Shall I go?
Will you go?
etc.
Ejercicios:
Future Continuous
Se forma:
shall
be + .....ing
will
Ejercicios:
157
Future Perfect
Se forma:
shall
have + Past Participle
will
Ejercicios:
Se forman:
The book wil have been read by the end of the year.
El libro habrá sido leído antes de fin de año.
Ejercicios:
158
It will be impossible to interview so many people in two days.
Será imposible entrevistar a tanta gente en dos dias.
There will have been many debates on the subject by the end of the
year.
Habrá habido muchos debates sobreel tema para fin de ano.
La forma “ing”
Ejercicios:
Ejercicios:
i. Un infinitivo..
159
His success consisted of speaking a lot with his staff..
Su triunfo consistio en hablar mucho con su gente.
Ejercicios
Ejercicios:
160
c) Por la forma “que + verbo conjugado”
Ejercicios:
Formas perfectas
161
having been + past participle (ando-iendo + sido + participio pasado)
infinitivo + past participle (infinitivo + sido + participio pasado).
Having left her contract in the office she had to postpone the meeting.
Habiendo dejado su contrato en la oficina, tuvo que posponer la reunión.
Ejercicios:
Formas impersonales
It was a cheap lodging house, and, it being holiday time, owner and
tenants went away.
There not being much time left, she called for a meeting.
No habiendo mucho tiempo disponible, ella llamó a una reunión.
Oraciones condicionales
Tipo I, se forma:
If + Simple Present.......................Future.
162
Si + Presente del Indicativo............Futuro.
Ejercicios:
If + Present................Present
Si + Presente..............Presente
b)If + Present....................Imperative
Si + Presente..................Imperativo
“Ing”
163
Tipo II, se forma:
Ejercicios:
1.If you had a serious accident you would have to stop work.
2.If you stopped work, there would not be any protection for your family.
3.If you had to stay in hospital, there would not be enough money to pay.
4.If the house caught fire the insurance wuld be insufficient to cover the
lost items.
Ejercicios:
1.If the supplier had delivered late, a penalty clause would have been
applied.
2.We would have terminated the contract if the customer had refused to
accept the goods.
3.If we had taken your advice, we would not have spent more money.
supposing (suponiendo):
164
Supposing the supplier were to deliver late, a penalty clause would be
applied.
Suponiendo que el proveedor entregara tarde, se aplicaria una clausula
penal.
We will not renew our contract unless you are able to offer better
conditions.
No renovaremos en contrato a menos que pueda ofrecer mejores con-
diciones.
165
If it was not for the manager, we would have lost the business.
Si no fuera por el gerente, hubiéramos perdido el negocio.
as though:(como si)
El infinitivo
166
I want a book to read. Quiero un libro para leer.
We should try to avoid it. Deberíamos tratar de evitarlo.
He sat in the front row in order to listen to the speech well.
so as to see
Se sentó en la primera fila para escuchar el discurso bien.
Ejercicios:
Con los verbos que expresan deseo, orden, consejo, ruego, se encuen-
tra el infinitivo en inglés colocado de la siguiente manera:
They advised him to go. Ellos le aconsejaron ir. Ellos le aconsejaron que
fuera.
Ejercicios:
Infinitivo pasivo
to be + past participle
167
Ejercicios:
Infinitivo perfecto
Ejercicios:
Forma continua
Se forma: to be + ing
The Parliament claimed to be defending rights which the Reign had long
possessed.
168
Ejercicios:
1.We seem to be tending to turn the state into a great industrial and
financial corporation.
2.The company seems to be speeding the conversations about falling
sales.
Presente
When time is short, the goods are sent by plane.
Cuando el tiempo es poco, se envía la mercadería por avión.
The figures are prepared by the new accountants.
Las cifras son preparadas por los nuevos contadores.
Pasado
The finished products were packed into boxes.
Se empacaron en cajas los productos terminados.
Verbos Defectivos
A new branch can be set up here.
Se puede establecer una nueva sucursal aquí.
169
A new plan will be developed by the firm next year.
Un nuevo plan será desarrollado por la firma el año próximo.
A new plan will have been developed by the firm by the next year.
Un nuevo plan habrá sido desarrollado por la firma para el año próximo.
Imperativo
Develop a plan for the production area.
Desarrolle un plan para el area de producción.
A new plan would have been developed by the firm if it had been
necessary.
Un nuevo plan habría sido desarrollado por la firma si hubiera sido necesario.
Infinitivo
Any plan to be developed is risky.
Cualquier plan que se desarrolle es riesgoso.
170
Impersonal
It is said that there is a new plan for the production area.
Se dice que hay un nuevo plan para el área de producción.
It was said that there was a new plan for the production area.
Se dijo/decía que había un nuevo plan para el área de producción.
Ejercicios en contexto:
2.On Monday at 16.30 a construction worker was hurt at the Iribas plant.
The foreman said that four men were working on a roof when a crane
hit the wall of the building. One of the men slipped and fell to the
ground. The crane driver was trying to lift a metal pipe when he lost
control. A preliminary report identifies three factors which contributed
to the accident: the injured worker was not wearing a safety harness.
The crane was working in a prohibited area. It was raining, so work
should have been stopped.
“For our sector, recent times have been difficult. However, it is clear
that we are not alone. The world economy has suffered a downturn
and all sectors of industry have experienced difficulties. But this year
we have already seen signs of improvement; I am sure you know that
especially in Asia there has been increased growth and this will benefit
us greatly. Also, turning to insurance, we have been involved in the
insurance market for only a relatively short time, but it is good to see
that this sector has grown rapidly since 1991.
171
4. Deposit and payment:
No holiday booking will be accepted unless accompanied by the
necessary deposit. A confirmation will then be issued once the deposit
has been received. The balance may be paid at any time provided it is
not later than eight weeks before departure.
5.The consultant said falling sales was a problem. She suggested changing
the advertising strategy and improving the products. She said there
was a quality deficit. This could be improved by introducing a new
quality control system.
6. Antibiotics today
The conference, which will discuss the action of antibiotics on diseases,
will be held at University College, whis is one of the oldest colleges in
the city. People who wish to attend should send an application form to
the President of the Society, who is in charge of bookings. Anyone who
is presenting a paper at the conference will automatically receive full
details.
172
10. We need to increase the quality of our research. Increasing the quality
of our research will be expensive. Our present research is on a new
pocket-sized communications device. The research we are presently
engaged in is potentially very exciting. A major technological advance
is possible.
11. There are four production plants. One is responsible for 50 per cent
of the total production of the company. This one is in Athens. The
smallest plant, in Thessalonika, is also the newest. It was opened in
1992. A new plant is to be opened near Athens next year.
12. The National Bank will probably decide today to raise the cost of
borrowing. Interest rates will increase by 2.0 per cent. Many companies
already have large debts and are paying heavy costs. Any new increase
will definitely make problems worse. A representative of the Indus-
trial Federation said “Many businesses will close. Profits are non-
existent for many companies. This new increase in the cost of
borrowing is a disaster.”
173
b. Una vez cumplido el paso a. se debe elegir dentro de todos los signi-
ficados que presenta esa palabra en esa función, el que vaya mejor con el
contexto. Ejemplo:
2.Don’t be mean!
En esta oración “mean” significa malo, vil. Traducción: ¡No seas malo!
to look: mirar
to look to: ocuparse de
to look after: cuidar
to look for: buscar
to look down (on something): despreciar
to look into (something): investigar (algo)
to look like: parecerse a
weight: peso
overweight: sobrepeso
174
underweight: peso insuficiente
weightless: sin peso
weightlessness: ingravidez
175
II) Afijos
A. FORMACIÓN DE SUSTANTIVOS
1. PREFIJOS:
2. SUFIJOS:
176
-th (denota estado o condición) length: largo
B. FORMACIÓN DE ADJETIVOS
1. PREFIJOS:
2. SUFIJOS:
177
-fold (denota un número de veces) twofold: doble, duplicado
-ful (significa “lleno de”) useful: útil
C. FORMACIÓN DE VERBOS
1. PREFIJOS:
178
iii. enfatiza el significado
de verbos transitivos. beseech: suplicar
2. SUFIJOS:
179
-ing (denota gerundio) hammering: martillando
D. OTRAS PALABRAS
1. PREFIJOS:
2. SUFIJOS:
180
UNIT IV
Lesson 1 (Lección 1)
Hello, this is Maria Ferraris from AGM. (Hola. Habla Maria Ferraris de
AGM)
Good morning, Ms. Ferraris. What can I do for you?( Buenos días seño-
rita Ferraris. ¿Qué puedo hacer por usted?)
Could I meet you sometime next week? (Podría verla en algún momento
la próxima semana?)
181
Are you free tomorrow? (Está desocupada mañana?)
No, but I´m free today. (No, pero estoy desocupada hoy)
How / What about Monday at 4:00? (¿Qué le parece el Lunes a las 4:00?)
I´ll see you next Monday at 4:00 (La veré el próximo lunes a las 4:00)
I´m afraid I can´t / I’m afraid I can´t make it. (Me temo que no puedo)
I´m busy all day. I´m sorry. (Estoy ocupado todo el día. Lo siento)
That´s a little difficult. I´m busy all afternoon. ( Es un poco difícil. Estoy
ocupado toda la tarde.)
Then how about the morning? Say 9:30? (Entonces qué le parece en la
mañana? Digamos a las 9:30?)
182
...on Wednesday. (el miércoles)
...in January (en enero)
...on January the 27th , 1993 (el 27 de enero de 1993)
Listening 3 Dates
Can / Can´t
183
UNIT IV - LESSON 1
ACTIVITIES
3/7/56 _______________________________
2/6/98 _______________________________
184
B. So, see you Thursday at 5:30. Good bye.
A. Good bye.
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185
b. go over the project - Friday - 10:00
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c. show you our new plan - next Monday - 9: 30 a.m. / afternoon 5:30
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186
Lesson 2 (Lección 2)
187
UNIT IV - LESSON 2
ACTIVITIES
A. Hello.
B. Mrs. Robin?
A. Speaking.
B. This is Clara Schiff calling.
A. Oh, hello Ms. Schiff.
B. Mrs. Robin, I´m calling to confirm the meeting on Friday at 10:00.
A. The meeting? Oh yes, about the new project.
B. Can you still make it?
A. Yes, Friday at 10:00 is allright.
B. Then, see you on Friday.
A. See you. Bye.
B. Bye.
188
A. What time is it?
B. At 4:30.
A. And where is it?
B. I think it is at the conference room.
A. Thanks a lot.
B. You´re welcome.
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189
Lesson 3 (Lección 3)
Apologies (Disculpas)
190
Grammar Structures: See Grammar Notes
Present Past
Present Past
191
UNIT IV - LESSON 3
ACTIVITIES
e.g. A: Good morning Mr. Takashi. I´m sorry I missed the train.
B. That´s OK.
1.afternoon / Mrs. Sallis / didn´t call this morning / lost your number
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------------------------------
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------------------------------
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Dear Peter,
I´m sorry I missed your _________on________. I lost the _________
and I didn´t have your ____________ _______________.
Dear Mara,
I´m sorry I missed our ________________ on 1st ________. I had to
finish ________ _______and I´m afraid I forgot to ________ ________.
192
Dear Mr. Briones,
193
Extra Practice
Dialogue 1
How about__________?
What about__________?
Dialogue 2
Yes, I did.
No, I didn´t. I ____________
194
UNIT V
Lesson 1 (Lección 1)
Hello, can / could I speak to Mrs Merani? (Hola, puedo / podría hablar
con la Sra. Merani?
Just a moment, please. I´ll put you through. (Un momento por favor. La
conectaré.)
195
Grammar Structures
196
UNIT V - LESSON 1
ACTIVITIES
Name: ________________________
Company: Rim S.A.
In connection with: ________________________
____________________
Name: _________________________
Company: ______________________
About: the seminar in July.
1. K-A-V-A-C-K _______
2. Hold on, please. _______
3. Who´s calling? _______
4. Is it possible to speak to Mr. Brown? _______
197
5. How do you spell that? _______
6. My name´s John Kavack from AGM. _______
7. You are through. _______
8. Speaking. _______
9. Is that Mr. Brown? _______
10. Good morning John. _______
11. This is John Kavack. _______
198
Lesson 2 (Lección 2)
Excuse me. Can you tell me the way to the bank? (Me puede indicar el
camino al banco?)
Excuse me , can you tell me how to get to the nearest hotel? (Como
llego al hotel más cercano?)
It´s next to / across from / between the (post office) and the (bank).
(Está al lado / cruzando / entre la oficina de correos y el banco)
199
The office is around the corner. (La oficina está a la vuelta de la esquina)
Imperatives (Imperativos)
Prepositions (Preposiciones)
200
UNIT V - LESSON 2
ACTIVITIES
2. Now you write your dialogue. Find out the location of the post
office. (Ahora escriba su diálogo. Averigue la ubicación de la oficina
de correos.)
4. Getting to the office. Follow the arrows (—à ) on the map. Put
the directions in order. (Llegando a la oficina. Siga las flechas en el
mapa. Coloque las direcciones en orden)
201
___ After you cross Madison Street, go past the post office to the
corner of Broadway and Forest Road.
___ Turn right and then go down Pacific for two blocks.
___ Turn left at the bank and then go straight.
___ Turn left on Forest and our office is around the corner, next to the
post office.
202
Lesson 3 (Lección 3)
Listening 1 Entertaining
Would you like to go out for lunch? / dinner? (Le gustaría salir a almor-
zar, cenar?)
Would you like a cup of coffee? Tea? (¿Quiere una taza de café, té?)
203
I´d like a beer. (Quisiera una cerveza.)
Here you are. (Aquí está – su café, su té, su pedido, la cuenta, etc.)
Listening 2 Prices
It´s ...
Coffee, (café) black (sin azúcar or crema) with milk /with cream (con
leche / con crema)
204
Tea (té) cold / hot (frío / caliente ) with lemon (con limón)
Milk (leche)
Toast ( tostadas)
Butter (manteca)
Jam (jalea / mermelada)
A hamburger (una hamburguesa)
chicken (pollo)
meat ( carne)
fish (pescado)
vegetables (vegetales)
205
Listening 6 Desserts (Postres)
206
UNIT V - LESSON 3
ACTIVITIES
LA PASTA RESTAURANT
Breakfast Snacks
Croissant Sandwiches
Toast, butter, jam (cheese, chicken, beef)
Eggs (boiled, fried, scrambled)
207
Main Courses Salad
Desserts Drinks
6. Now make up your own dialogue and record it. (Ahora realice
su propio diálogo y grábelo)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
208
7.Write the prices.
$25.95 ____________________________________
$62.50 ____________________________________
$80.25 ____________________________________
Note: In English they use the decimal point where we use the comma
and viceversa. (En inglés se usa el punto decimal donde nosotros usamos
coma y viceversa)
209
Extra Activities
Dialogue 1
It´s ______________
This is ___________
Speaking.
Yes, who´s that?
210
Dialogue 2
Good bye.
(See you.) Good bye
211
Dialogue 3
Tea, please.
Yes, please.
Anything else?
Would you like anything else?
212
UNIT VI
Lesson 1 (Lección 1)
213
I have a degree in Business Administration (Tengo el título en Adm. de
Empresas)
214
UNIT VI - LESSON 1
ACTIVITIES
e. Is she married?
________________________________________
215
BETTY MOLINO PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
EDUCATION
1993-1997 Catholic University,
Salta.
Psychology
SKILLS
Computers: Good user of Microsoft
Word, Exel, Tango.
Languages: French (fluent), English
(Basic)
REFERENCES ON REQUEST
216
10. Don´t mention your hobbies and interests. (No nombre sus
hobbies o intereses)
217
Lesson 2 (Lección 2)
218
The installation of the first centre (La instalación del primer centro)
219
UNIT VI - LESSON 2
ACTIVITIES
1996 The installation of the first centre. The teaching to adults started.
They installed the first centre in 1.996 and they started teaching adults.
LIFE hired 2 new teachers in 2.000 and in 2.001 LIFE bought new
computers for teaching.
b. What are the questions for these answers? (¿Cuáles son las
preguntas para estas respuestas?)
220
4. Two new teachers.
_______________________
221
Lesson 3 (Lección 3)
I´m going to travel by plane / car / bus. (Voy a viajar en avión / auto /
colectivo)
222
Where are you going to stay? (¿Dónde se quedará?)
What are you going to do in the evening? (¿Qué hará por la noche?)
223
UNIT VI - LESSON 3
ACTIVITIES
224
B. At night? Imagine. Go to expensive restaurants and I´m going to
visit the best discos.
A. Well, enjoy yourself.
B. Thanks a lot.
225
Extra Practice
Dialogue 1
Personal information;
Past job;
Studies;
Skills.
Dialogue 2
226
WRITING
First steps to business writing
Writing messages
1. Follow the examples and write the messages. Use the correct
prepositions. (Siga los ejemplos y escriba los mensajes. Use las preposi-
ciones correctas)
Writing faxes
GFM CONSULTANTS
Thank you for your letter of May 10, and your invitation to visit your
company. I am arriving at 3.00 on May 20. My flight number is AA 465.
Sincerely,
Ana Tasaki
227
2. Now write a similar fax. You are going to visit a car factory. Use the
information below. (Ahora escriba un fax similar. Usted va a visitar un
fabrica de autos. Use la información a continuación)
GFM CONSULTANTS
Riobamba 1040 – Buenos Aires – Argentina –1000
Tel/Fax: 011- 42234 5620
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Writing e-mails
The project for the new school is ready, and I would like to discuss a
few things with you. Can we meet at your office at 10.00 am on Monday
next week?
Best wishes,
Betty Villalba
228
Dear Mrs. Villalba,
Thank you for your e-mail about the project for the new school. 10.00
am on Monday next week at my office would be fine.
Best wishes
Jose Aramayo
2.Now read the e-mail you received yesterday afternoon. Answer it.
(Ahora lea el e-mail que recibió ayer a la tarde. Respóndalo)
The arrangements for the conference are finished. I would like to show
them to you. Could you come to my office at 3.00 on Friday, May 25?
Best wishes
Magdalena Nallar
Dear_________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
229
3. Read this e-mail message (Lea este e-mail)
Cecilia
Regards
Graciela
Gloria Crespo called Cecilia Cruz . She wants to meet on Monday morning
to discuss the teleconferences schedules. They agreed to meet at 9.30
am. Complete Gloria´s e-mail message to Cecilia Cruz confirming the details
of the meeting.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
230
5.Read the e-mail message (Lea este e-mail)
Best wishes
Jose Aramayo
6. Now write a similar e-mail. Use your name and this information. (Ahora
escriba un e-mail similar. Use su nombre y esta información)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thank you very much for your invitation. I would love to have lunch
with you on Friday. I look forward to seeing you in Buenos Aires next week.
Claudia Mendoza
231
8. Now write an e-mail replying to this invitation. Use your own name.
(Ahora escriba un e-mail contestando a esta invitación. Use su nombre)
Jorge Figueroa
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Writing notes
Magdalena,
I am very sorry but I can´t make the meeting on Friday at 3.00 because
of a doctor´s appointment. Is it OK if we meet next Monday?
Thank you
Connie
You had a meeting on Monday at 5.00 pm. You can´t make it because of
a trip to Corrientes. (Ahora escriba una nota similar a un conocido de
negocios).
232
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Writing memos
Thank you
2.Now use the note below to write a memo to all staff in the Finance
Department. (Ahora use la nota a continuación para escribir un memo a
todo el personal del Departamento de Finanzas)
Elsa,
Thanks.
233
MEMO
To: Finance Dept.
From:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
MEMO
From:_________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
234
Writing a business letter
CCIM
PRODUCTIONS
Daniel Krowe
SPA Ltd.
345 Silver Ridge Drive
Virginia
I am visiting Virginia in June and I would like to meet you to discuss the
plans for the new hotel. I am free on June 10, 11 and 12. Can we meet
any of these days?
Sincerely
Patricia Saenz
Designer Manager
2. Now write a similar letter. Use your name and this information.(Ahora
escriba una carta similar. Use su nombre y esta información)
You are visiting IAC in July. The address is 3555 Congreso Street. You
would like to meet Cecilia Barni to discuss the new transmissions. You are
free on 9, 10, and 11 July.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
235
236
Estimado alumno:
237
238
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
239
INTRODUCCIÓN
Tenga siempre una opinión positiva. Lea tanto como sea posible en
Inglés y trate de seguir las técnicas que se explicarán y practicarán en este
Módulo.
Por su significado:
Por ejemplo:
Por su forma:
240
Por ejemplo:
Por ejemplo:
En esta oración podemos observar que hay palabras que son claves
para el mensaje:
241
Podemos entonces como en castellano delimitar dos partes importan-
tes en la oración:
Formación de palabras
Derivación:
Por ejemplo:
Employ____________employment (empleo)
242
Employ ___________employs (presente 3ra persona del singular)
Accidentes gramaticales
Por ejemplo:
Report reports (informe / informes)
Company companies (compañía / compañías)
Box boxes (caja / cajas)
Excuse excuses (excusa / excusas)
Por ejemplo:
3.Caso posesivo
Por ejemplo:
Por ejemplo:
243
5.Tiempo y Persona
Por ejemplo:
6.Modo (subjuntivo)
Por ejemplo:
Por ejemplo:
Composición
Las palabras compuestas se forman por dos o más palabras, que tambien
pueden usarse independientemente la una de la otra.
A saber:
Sustantivos compuestos: firearms (armas de fuego)
Adjetivos compuestos: tax-free (libre de impuesto)
244
Verbos compuestos: go down (bajar)
Adverbios compuestos: sometime (en algún momento)
Por ejemplo:
Por ejemplo:
Por ejemplo:
245
Jennifer Brown is a systems analyst.
Por ejemplo:
• El adverbio modifica a:
246
El Sustantivo
Se lo reconoce por:
Su forma
3) Algunas terminaciones más comunes: -in / ment / -ing / -ance / ship / -age
Competition / arrangement / training / assisstance / relationship / patronage
El Verbo
Se lo reconoce por:
Su forma
247
¨Mr. Jones works for a major firm in the City of London” (El señor Jones
trabaja para una gran firma en la ciudad de Londres)
They are considering the new plan (Ellos están considerando el plan nuevo)
Pron verbo
They must consider the new plan (Ellos deben considerar el nuevo plan)
248
It is necessary to consider the new plan (Es necesario considerar
el nuevo plan)
The directors are considering the plan (Los directores están consideran-
do el plan)
249
Would (potencial)
A + infinitivo
Para + infinitivo
He is here to consider the plan (El está aquí para considerar el plan)
De + infinitivo
En voz pasiva
The plan is said to be very useful (Se dice que el plan es muy útil)
250
For + noun + to + infinitive
This plan is ready for the company to evaluate it (Este plan está listo
para que la compañía lo evalúe)
It is his job to study the possibility of the plan (Es su tarea estudiar la
posibilidad del plan)
To study the possibility of the plan takes time (Estudiar la posibilidad del
plan lleva tiempo)
They are paid for considering the plan (Les pagan para considerar el
plan)
By considering his plan, the company is giving him a good possibility. (Al
considerar su plan, la compañía le está dando una buena posibilidad )
En mitad de la oración
They accepted the plan, considering that it was possible. (Ellos acepta-
ron el plan, considerando que era posible)
251
Sustantivo + -ing
They are the staff considering the new plan. (Ellos son el personal que
considera el plan nuevo)
When considering the plan, they didn´t like it. (Cuando consideraron el
plan no les gustó)
Finish + -ing
- No fije sus ojos en cada palabra. Debe permitir que se muevan sobre
el texto a una velocidad constante mirando a varias palabras a la vez.
252
- No lea en voz alta. Este tipo de lectura es una habilidad diferente, útil
para practicar pronunciación y como parte de preparación para dar
presentaciones.
253
Método para la lectura de textos largos
Contenidos
Entrada o Indice
Título / Longitud
No es interesante encabezamiento
figuras
Interesante
Skim:lea breve-
Lea introducción mente buscando Lea conclusión
ideas principales
Lea resumen
Todo importante
Mire brevemente /
busque más
Lea brevemente buscan- partes importantes
do ideas principales en
cada párrafo
Lea / estudie
Lea / estudie esas partes
en detalle
Tome notas
si quiere
254
Técnicas de lectura
Ejemplos:
Skimming: significa leer un texto sin atención a los detalles pero sólo
buscando ideas principales. Esto incluirá prestar atención al título, enca-
bezamientos, introducción y conclusión, como así también a los puntos
principales en los párrafos.
Ejemplos:
255
Entonces, cuando haya seleccionado algo para leer, primero mire el
título, encabezamientos y la letra acentuada (negrita). Mire la longitud y
cualquier figura o material gráfico, por ejemplo diagramas, cuadros, etc.
Luego pregúntese: ¿ qué me contará este artículo? o ¿qué información es
probable en el mismo?. Esto es predicción.
Lo primero que se debe hacer es leer el texto, buscando sólo las ideas
principales. Al hacerlo, se dará cuenta que algunos textos contienen pala-
bras que se refieren a otras en el mismo. Esto también puede ocurrir de un
párrafo a otro. Reconocer e interpretar esta relación lo ayudará a entender
la estructura interna del texto.
256
texto y especialmente las palabras y oraciones cercanas a las desconoci-
das) lo ayudarán a decidir su posible significado. Sólo busque una palabra
en el diccionario si no tiene idea de lo que significa y está seguro que es
necesario entenderla para conseguir la información que necesita.
257
A business book
ECONOMICS
An Introduction to Analysis and
Policy
FOURTH EDITION
George Leland Bach
CONTENTS
Copyright 1954, 1957, 1960 and PART FOUR
1963 THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
by PRENTICE-HALL, INC.,
Page 470
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
28
All rights reserved. HOW IS INCOME DISTRIBUTED?, page 470
No part of this book 29
may be reproduced in any form, WAGES AND SALARIES, page 483
by mimeograph or any other means,
30
without permission in writing
from the publisher. LABOR UNIONISM AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING, page
Printed in 502
the United States of America. 31
L.C. Cat. Nº: 63-10591
GOVERNMENT AND LABOR, page 524
Third printing ..... February, 1964 32
PROPERTY INCOMES-RENT AND INTEREST, page 537
Designed by Harry Rinehart 33
Ilustrations by Felix Cooper PROFITS, page 552
22740-C
34
WAGES, PROFITS, AND STABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH, page
562
258
Actividad Nº 1
Aproximación al texto
259
Actividad Nº 2
DIALOGUE 1
Y. Thanks, but I´d rather just have a glass of water, if that´s all right.
DIALOGUE 2
A. Gate 3
B. Gate 12
C. Gate 17
260
Actividad Nº 3
b: conferences: $ ______________
261
Caller: I run a restaurant in Highfield Old Town.
Secretary: Well. The Manager could see you on the 14th. August at 10.30
a.m.
Caller: What day is that?
Secretary: Wednesday.
Caller: Yes, that´s fine.
Secretary: Can I ask what it´s about?
PHONE MESSAGE
Occupation: _____________________Manager.
262
Actividad Nº 4
1.You will receive the full amount as soon as the work is complete
263
3. FLIGHTS FROM TOKYO TO LONDON HEATHROW
A JAL 415
B JAL 425
C JAL 435
4. 13.4.01
Dear Mr Parker,
Thank you for telephoning yesterday about...
A 12 April
B 13 April
C 21 April
A The Sales Manager will become the new Regional Sales Director.
B The Regional Sales Director is looking for a new Sales Manager.
C Mr Tannerman will be appointed as the new Sales Manager.
264
Actividad Nº 5
For questions 1-5, decide which department A-H each employee should
contact.
MOLEWORTH PLC
CABERRA, AUSTRALIA
4.Mary Walden thinks she has been charged too much tax on her pay.
5.Ian Whittaker has a box of faulty goods which a shop has sent back
265
Actividad Nº 6
Read the text below, which is a talk about training courses for new
staff.
The first course will begin with a tour of the building. the first aid
room and the Chief Executive´s office.
Everyone must attend the second course, on health and safety. This will
include what to do in case of fire. Any employees who would like to
follow a course on emergency first aid should tell their instructor
after this talk.
The third course covers company goals, plus information on the structure
of the company and the senior management team.
The final course looks at hours of work, salaries and sick leave. However,
we will not be able to discuss individual contracts and job descriptions.
If you have any doubts about what your job includes, please, speak to
your department Head.”
Now, answer these questions about the text. You can answer in
Spanish or in English.
266
4.Where should you go for the Health and Safety Course?
_____________________________
5.Where should you go for all the other courses?
_____________________________
6.How will the first course begin?
_____________________________
7.What will you be shown?
________________________
8.Is it possible not to attend the second course on health and safety?
____________________________
9.What will this include?
____________________________
10. Who should you tell if you are interested in an emergency first aid
course?
___________________________
11. What does the third course cover?
___________________________
12. What does the final course look at?
____________________________
13. Will they be able to discuss individual contracts with the staff on that
course?
___________________________
14. Who do you have to speak to if you have doubts about what your job
includes?
_____________________________
267
3. The tour begins with a visit to the post room.
5. On the third training course, you will meet a member of the senior
management team.
6. On the final training course, you will talk about what you will do in your
own job.
7. If you can attend none of the training courses, you should talk to your
department Head.
268
Actividad Nº 7
Read this extract from an annual report, written by the Managing Direc-
tor of a toy company called Bambinos, and answer questions 1-B A-13 .
1996 began well for Bambinos, with the purchase in January of National
Toy Shops Ltd for $2.3 million. All departments avoided job losses, except
Sales, where both companies had previously had agents serving the same
areas. In the Production department, eighty temporary workers were
taken on in February to work on a contract with a new client in Japan.
These jobs will probably disappear by the beginning of the summer, though
staffing levels may rise again soon afterwards when we launch the new
robot toy, Roboman.
The export order to Japan has been a major success, but it cannot hide
the problems we have had in this area. Despite the huge amounts we have
invested in designing world-leading toys and in the distribution of our
products, I am disappointed to see we are losing customers to rival
firms, especially in Asia. We do not seem able to offer the same quality
of service as our rivals. I want to see a system for improving the way we
deal with calls form customers wanting information or help, checking on
details of products, or making complaints. I would like to see major
improvements in this area as soon as possible.
Finally, I would like to mention Roboman. Many of our future plans depend
on the success of this project, which will go into production in February. In
1993 our engineers in the Research and Development department had
already succeeded in producing one of the world´s smallest radio-controlled
robots, so efficient that the batteries do not need to be changed for at least
269
25 hours of use. What makes this new one particularly exciting is that
it is controlled simply by the user giving it spoken instructions. It is
this, rather than sales techniques or pricing policy, that will make Roboman
the bes-selling toy for the next five years.
11. Did the company invest a lot of money in staff training last year?
270
Extra staff were employed for
B it responds to speech.
C it is very small.
271
Actividad Nº 8
Look at the charts below. They show the number of passengers using
eight different airlines over a three-month period.
Passengers Passengers
0.75 m 0.75 m
0.5 m 0.5 m
0.25 m 0.25 m
1 2 3 Month 1 2 3 Month
D E
272
4. The number of passengers rose very slightly each month.
5. The number of passengers fell dramatically in the third month.
273
Actividad Nº 9
Read the text below about working at home, and answer the
questions
Some of these problems may be caused simply by the fact that such
patterns of work are unfamiliar. That does not help people such as one
publishing worker, who was allowed to work from home, but then had to
accept a 2000 pounds pay cut. Another employee, a senior marketing
consultant, had a whole list of complaints, including no assistance
with the extra cost of electricity and the phone, and being contacted 24
hours a day, even in the evenings and at weekends. Home working may
seem an attractive idea, but when faced with problems like these, it is not
surprising that relatively few people actually choose to do it.
274
1. What did Larry Newson´s survey contain? (Leer todo el texto)
275
Human resources
key words
Actividad Integradora
Nº 1: una las palabras apropiadas
1. salary a) turnover
2. annual b) negotiations
3. to earn c) a survey
4. to claim d) expenses
5. to conduct e) a living
6. to pay f) an appointment
7. to fix g) tax
8. a joint h) venture
1) 5)
2) 6)
3) 7)
4) 8)
276
Nº 3: Lea rápidamente el siguiente extracto de un libro llamado
"Going International". ¿Qué título le daría a la historia?
277
4) What did he discover by Wednesday?
5) What was he frustrated by?
6) What did the old army buddy introduce him to?
7) What did he discover?
8) How had he repeteadly insulted his contacts?
9) How much had his trip cost by that time?
10)How had he established himself?
11)What are the three secrets to successful business in Saudi Arabia?
Línea 1: When =
Línea 9: To his surprise =
Línea 11: By =
Línea 17: Eventually =
Línea 23: After: =
Línea 34: By now =
Texto Nº 2
278
4) ¿Porqué pidió el gerente japonés ser transferido?
279
THE PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
BUILDING BRIDGES
OVER THE
CULTURAL RIVERS
A growing number of multinationals are
training their staff to work in other,
particularly oriental, cultures, hoping to
avoid the waste from no-communication
Each of this real-life cases involved people who were regarded as superior
employees, but were ill-equipped to cope with the complexities and dangers
of intercultural management.
"Never show the sole of your shoe to an Arab; never arrive on time for a party
in Brazil; and in Japan, don't think 'yes' means 'yes' " , advise U.S consultants
Lennie Copland and Lewis Brown Griggs, who have produced a series of films
and a book to help managers improve their international business skills.
But simply learning the social "dos" and "don'ts" is not the answer, according
to the new culture specialists. The penalties for ignoring different thinking
patterns, they point out, can be disastrous.
For example, the American manager who promised to be fair thought he was
telling his Japanese staff that their hard work would be rewarded; but when
some workers received higher salary increases than others, there were
complaints. "You told us you'd be fair, and you lied to us", accused one
salesman. "It took me a year and a half", sighed the American, "to realise that
'fair', to my staff, meant being treated equally".
The Asian engineer who suffered in America was the victim of another
mistaken expectation. "He was accustomed to the warm group environment so
280
typical in Japan", said his U.S manager. "But in our company, we're all expected
to be self-starters who thrive on working alone. For him, it was emotional
starvation. He's made the adjustment now, but he'd be humiliated if I told you
his name. That's another cultural difference".
The Japanese manager who failed to respond to his promotion couldn't bring
himself to use the more direct language needed to communicate with his
London-based superiors. "I used to think all this talk about cultural
communication was a lot of baloney", says Eugene J. Flath, president of Intel
Japan Ltd., a subsidiary of the American semiconductor maker.. "Now, I can
see it's a real problem". Miscommunication has slowed our ability to coordinate
action with our home office".
That's why Intel, with the help of consultant Clarke, began an intercultural
training programme this spring which Flath expects will dramatically reduce
decision-making time now lost in making sure the Americans and the Japanese
understand each other.
Copyright International
Source: Inprint Cambridge University Press, 1.993
281
Actividad Nº 10
Read the text below and give the meaning of these words:
However:
Actually:
Though:
When:
While:
According to:
Overall growth:
Gains:
Work force:
282
Cuestionario de Opinión
Estimado alumno:
Muchas Gracias
Sí No
5. Las grabaciones
283
284
FICHA DE EVAL
EVAL
ALUUACIÓN
MÓDULO ÚNICO
Sr. alumno/a:
CONSULTAS A TUTORIAS SI NO
2) Para que la próxima salga mejor... (Agregue sugerencias sobre la línea de puntos)
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................
Evaluación: MB - B - R - I -
4) Otras sugerencias.............................................................................................................................................................
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285