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Questions 1.1
Date/Time May 4, 2018 at 4:37 PM (UTC/GMT) You answered 20 questions, and left 0 questions blank.
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1. Give two examples each of the bad and the good effects of vibration.
Your Answer:
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1. Bad effects:
(a) Blade and disk failure in turbines
(b) Poor surface finish in metal cutting
Good effects: (a) vibratory conveyors and hoppers
(b) Pile driving and vibratory finishing processes

2. What are the three elementary parts of a vibrating system?

Your Answer:
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Means to store potential energy: spring

Means to store kinetic energy: mass
Means by which energy is lost: damper

3. Define the degree of freedom of a vibrating system.

Your Answer:
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Degree of freedom is the minimum numbers of independent coordinates required to determine

completely the positions of all parts of a system at any instant of time.

4. What is the difference between a discrete and a continuous system? Is it possible to solve any vibration
problem as a discrete one?
Your Answer:
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A discrete system is one that has a finite number of degrees of freedom. A continuous system is one
that has an infinite number of degrees of freedom. Any continuous system can be approximated as a
discrete system.

5. In vibration analysis, can damping always be disregarded?

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Your Answer:
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It may not be possible to disregard damping always, especially if the system is excited near resonance.

6. Can a nonlinear vibration problem be identified by looking at its governing differential equation?
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Yes. If the differential equation is nonlinear, the corresponding system will be nonlinear.

7. What is the difference between deterministic and random vibration? Give two practical examples of
each.
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If the system parameters are completely known and the magnitude of excitation acting on the vibratory
system are known at any given time, the resulting vibration is known as deterministic vibration.
Examples are (i) simple pendulum, and (ii) vibration of a cantilever beam subjected to harmonic base
motion. If the system parameters and/or excitation of a system are random or nondeterministic, the
resulting vibration is called random vibration. Examples are (i) vibration of an automobile due to road
roughness, and (ii) vibration of a multistory building subjected to an earthquake.

8. What methods are available for solving the governing equations of a vibration problem?
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Standard methods of solving differential equations, Laplace transform methods, matrix methods, and
numerical methods.

9. How do you connect several springs to increase the overall stiffness?

Your Answer:
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In parallel.

10. Define spring stiffness and damping constant.

Your Answer:
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Spring stiffness is the force necessary to deform the spring by a unit amount. Damping constant is the
force necessary to cause a unit velocity across the damper.

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11. What are the common types of damping?

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Viscous damping, Coulomb (dry-friction) damping, and solid(hysteretic) damping.

12. State three different ways of expressing a periodic function in terms of its harmonics.
Your Answer:
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Fourier series in terms of trigonometric functions, complex Fourier series, and frequency spectrum.

13. Define these terms: cycle, amplitude, phase angle, linear frequency, period, and natural frequency.
Your Answer:
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Cycle: The movement of vibratory body from its equilibrium position to its extreme position in one
direction, then to the equilibrium position, then to its extreme position in other direction, and back to
equilibrium position is called a cycle of vibration.
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a vibrating body from its equilibrium position is called the
amplitude of vibration.
Phase angle: The angular difference between the occurrence of the maxima of two harmonic motions
having the same frequency is called the phase difference.
Linear frequency: The number of cycles per unit time.
Period: The time taken to complete one cycle of motion is called the period.
Natural frequency: If a system, after an initial disturbance, is left to vibrate on its own, the frequency
with which it oscillates without external forces, is known as its natural frequency.

14. How are τ, ω, and ƒ related to each other?

Your Answer:
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τ = 2π/ω = 1/ƒ

15. How can we obtain the frequency, phase, and amplitude of a harmonic motion from the corresponding
rotating vector?
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Frequency: Angular velocity of the rotating vector (ω). Phase: If the vertical projection of the rotating
vector is nonzero at time t = 0, the angular difference from the occurrence of zero vertical projection to
t = 0 is called the phase.
Amplitude: maximum projection of the rotating vector on the vertical axis.

16. How do you add two harmonic motions having different frequencies?

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Your Answer:
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If x1(t)=Asinω1t and x2(t)=Asinω2t=Asin(ω1t+δω1t), x(t)=x1(t)+x2(t)=2Asin(&omega1t+

(1/2)δ&omega1t).cos((δω1t)/2)

17. What are beats?

Your Answer:
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When two harmonic motions, with frequencies close to one another, are added, the resulting motion
exhibits a phenomenon known as beats. In beat phenomenon, the amplitude builds up and dies down
at a frequency known as beat frequency.

18. Define the terms decibel and octave.

Your Answer:
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Decibel (dB) is defined as:

dB=20log((X)/X0)
where X0 is a specified reference value of X.
Octave: The frequency range in which the maximum value is twice the minimum value is called an
octave band.

19. Explain Gibbs phenomenon.

Your Answer:
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When a periodic function is approximated by n terms of the Fourier series, the approximation improves
everywhere except in the vicinity of the discontinuity as the value of n increases. This phenomenon is
called the Gibbs phenomenon.

20. What are half-range expansions?

Your Answer:
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If a function, defined only in the interval 0 to τ, is extended arbitrarily to include the interval –τ to 0 for
the purpose of Fourier series expansion, the resulting expansion is known as the half-range expansion.

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