PREFACE

Let give thank’s to Almighty God, because of Hisgood health blessing so writer’s can write this
paper with a the title is “The Human Body System”.

In the preparation of this nursing care, so much trouble we experienced. But thank’s to the
support, encouragement, and repeated consultation to our lecturers can complete this nursing
care. Therefore, in this opportunity we would like to thank you as much as possible to :

1. Mrs.Rostianna Purba, S.Pd., M.Kes as director of Nurse Academy of Central Tapanuli

2. Mr.Haris Lubis, M.Hum as our supervisor

3. Mr/Mrs lecturer institution nursing academy of central Tapanuli

We realize that there are still many shortcomings in the results. Therefore we are very
welcome if anyone give suggestions or criticisms in my result. Hopefully this nursing care is
beneficial to all of us and thank you.

Pandan, February 2018

Writers
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Your body is an amazing machine, with many systems and organs that must all work
together to keep you healthy.

The human body is the entire structure of a human being. It is composed of many different
types of cells that together create tissuesand subsequently organ systems. They
ensure homeostasis and the viability of the human body.

It comprises a head, neck, trunk (which includes the thorax and abdomen), arms and
hands, legs and feet.

The study of the human body involves anatomy, physiology, histology and embryology. The
body varies anatomically in known ways. Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of
the human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to
maintain homeostasis, with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood.
These elements reside in trillions of cells and non-cellular components of the body.

The adult male body is about 60% water for a total water content of some 42 litres. This is
made up of about 19 litres of extracellular fluid including about 3.2 litres of blood plasma
and about 8.4 litres of interstitial fluid, and about 23 litres of fluid inside cells. The content,
acidity and composition of the water inside and outside cells is carefully maintained. The
main electrolytes in body water outside cells are sodium and chloride, whereas within cells
it is potassium and other phosphates.
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSIONS

2.1 Defenitions

A system of human body means a collective functional unit made by several organs in
which the organs work in complete coordination with one another. Organs cannot work
alone because their are certain needs of every organ that need to be fulfilled and the organ
itself cannot fulfill those needs. So all organs of human body need the support of other
organs to perform their functions and in this way an organ system is formed.

Human body is made of six different systems. All the systems require support and
coordination of other systems to form a living and healthy human body. If any one of these
systems is damaged, human body will become unstable and this lack of stability will
ultimately lead to death. The instability caused by damage of one system cannot be
stabilized by other systems because functions of one system cannot be performed by other
systems. Knowledge of human body systems is very important for a medical professional
because it is the base of all medical sciences and clinical practices. Although, generally, the
structural aspects of human body systems are studied in anatomy and the functional aspects
are studied in physiology but it is very important to have a coordination between the two
subjects because knowledge of structure is incomplete without the knowledge of function
and the knowledge of function is incomplete without the knowledge of structure.

a. Digestive System

The digestive system is responsible for taking in and processing food. It starts with your
mouth, where your tongue, teeth, and salivary glands begin to break down food. Then, as you
swallow, the food moves through your esophagus and into your stomach where it is mixed with
acids that break it down even more. Next, it moves into your small intestine where nutrients are
absorbed. Did you know that your small intestine is about 20 feet long? That's more than three
people standing on top of each other! Whatever indigestible matter remains at the end of the
small intestine passes into the much shorter large intestine. There, water is returned back to your
body and the waste products from digestion are passed out of the body through the rectum. Other
digestive system organs that produce and store enzymes to help with the digestive process are the
liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.

The digestive system consists of a series of connected organs that together, allow the body to
break down and absorb food, and remove waste. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. The liver and pancreas also play a role in the
digestive system because they produce digestive juices.

b. Respiratory System

The respiratory system allows us to take in vital oxygen and expel carbon dioxide in a
process we call breathing. It consists mainly of the trachea, the diaphragm and the lungs.

The lungs are responsible for removing oxygen from the air we breathe and transferring it to our
blood where it can be sent to our cells. The lungs also remove carbon dioxide, which we exhale.
As we breathe, oxygen enters the nose or mouth and passes the sinuses, which are hollow spaces
in the skull. Sinuses help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air we breathe.

The trachea, also called the windpipe, filters the air that is inhaled, according to the American
Lung Association. It branches into the bronchi, which are two tubes that carry air into each lung.
The bronchial tubes are lined with tiny hairs called cilia. Cilia move back and forth, carrying
mucus up and out. Mucus, a sticky fluid, collects dust, germs and other matter that has invaded
the lungs. We expel mucus when we sneeze, cough, spit or swallow.

The bronchial tubes lead to the lobes of the lungs. The right lung has three lobes; the left lung
has two, according to the American Lung Association. The left lung is smaller to allow room for
the heart, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Lobes are filled
with small, spongy sacs called alveoli, and this is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide occurs.

The alveolar walls are extremely thin (about 0.2 micrometers). These walls are composed of a
single layer of tissues called epithelial cells and tiny blood vessels called pulmonary capillaries.

Blood passes through the capillaries. The pulmonary artery carries blood containing carbon
dioxide to the air sacs, where the gas moves from the blood to the air, according to the NHLBI.
Oxygenated blood goes to the heart through the pulmonary vein, and the heart pumps it
throughout the body.

The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs, controls breathing and
separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, the American Lung Association noted.
When a breath it taken, it flattens out and pulls forward, making more space for the lungs.
During exhalation, the diaphragm expands and forces air out.

c. Nervous System

The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called
neurons that coordinate the actions of an animal and transmit signals between different parts of
his body . In most animals the nervous system consists of two parts , central and peripheral . The
central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord . The peripheral nervous system
consists of sensory neurons , groups of neurons called ganglia , and nerves connecting them to
each other and the central nervous system . These areas are all interconnected through complex
neural pathways . In the enteric nervous system , a subsystem of the peripheral nervous system ,
has the capacity , even when separated from the rest of the nervous system through the primary
connection by the vagus nerve , to function independently in controlling the gastrointestinal
system .

Neurons send signals to other cells as electrochemical waves traveling along thin fibers called
axons , which cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at junctions called
synapses . A cell that receives a synaptic signal may be excited , inhibited , or otherwise
modulated . Sensory neurons are activated by physical stimuli happen to them , and send signals
that inform the central nervous system of the state of the body and the external environment .
Motor neurons , situated either in the central nervous system or in peripheral ganglia , connect
the nervous system of muscles or other effector organs . Central neurons , which in vertebrates is
very much more than other types , make all of their input and output connections with other
neurons . The interaction of all types of neurons form neural circuits that generate an organism ‘s
perception of the world and determine behavior . Along with neurons , the nervous system
contains other specialized cells called glial cells ( or simply glia ) , which provide structural and
metabolic support .
The nervous system is one that is in charge of coordinating systems deliver stimulation of
receptors to be detected and responded to by the body . The nervous system allows living things
respond quickly to changes in the environment that occur outside and inside .

To respond to stimuli , there are three components that must be owned by the nervous system ,
namely :

• Receptor , is a stimulus or impulse receiver . In our body that acts as a receptor is a sensory
organ .

• Dissipation impulse , carried by the nerves themselves . Composed of nerve fibers connecting
beam ( axons ) . In the connective fibers are specialized cells that extends and extends . Nerve
cells called neurons .

• Effectors , is part of the response to stimuli that have been delivered by the impulse conductor
. the most important effector in humans is muscle and glands.

1 . Nerve cells ( neurons )

The nervous system consists of nerve cells called neurons . Neurons coalesce to form a network
to deliver impulses ( stimuli ) . The nerve cells are composed of a cell body , dendrites , and
axons .

a. Cell bodies
Nerve cell bodies are part of the greatest of nerve cells . Body cells function to receive
stimulation of dendrites and axons to pass . In neuronal cell bodies contained a nucleus,
cytoplasm , mitochondria , centrosome , the Golgi apparatus , lysosomes , and Nisel body
. Nisel a collection agency where transport endoplasmic reticulum protein synthesis.
b. Dendrites
Dendrites are short fibers and nerve cell branching . Dendrites are extensions of the cell
body . Dendrites function to receive and deliver stimulation to the cell body.
 c. Axon
Axon called neurites . Neurites is a long nerve cell fibers that are perjuluran cytoplasm of
the cell body . In the neurites are fine threads called neurofibril . Neurofibril wrapped by
several layers of myelin membranes that contain lots of fat and serves to accelerate the
course of stimulation . The myelin membrane wrapped by sachwann cells that will form a
network that can provide food to help the formation of neurites and neurites . Outer layer
called myelin that protects the axons neurilemma of damage . Neurites part there are not
wrapped by a layer of myelin . This section is called the nodes of Ranvier , and serves to
accelerate away stimuli.

There are three kinds of nerve cells that are grouped based on the structure and functions ,
namely :

a. Sensory nerve cells , nerve cells that are functioning receptors that receive stimuli from
sensory organs .
b. Motor nerve cells , nerve cells that function is to deliver stimulation to the muscles and
glands are effectors . Stimuli were delivered from or received from the brain and spinal
cord.
c. Nerve cells connecting the connecting nerve cells are nerve cells that serves to connect
one nerve cell to another nerve cell . These nerve cells are found in the brain and spinal
cord . Nerve cells are connected sensory nerve cells and motor nerve cells .
Nerves are one interconnected with other nerves . The relationship between the nerve
called synapses . These synapses located between dendrites and neurites . Synapses shape
like a lump with bags containing chemicals such as acetylcholine ( ACh ) and the enzyme
cholinesterase . These substances play a role in transmitting impulses at synapses.
2.Impulse

Stimulation impulses or messages are received by receptors of the external environment, then
carried by neurons . Impulse may also be regarded as a series of electrical pulses flowing through
the nerve fibers . Examples of stimuli are as follows.

1. The change from cold to heat.

2. The change from no pressure on the skin is no pressure.
3. A wide variety of scents that wafted by the nose .
4. An object that attracts attention .
5. Noise .
6. Taste sour , sweet , salty and bitter foods .

Impulses received by the receptors and effectors will be delivered to cause movement or changes
in effector .The movement is as follows

a. Motion aware.
Aware of unusual motion or motion is motion that occurs because of deliberate or
unconscious . Impulses that cause these movements conveyed through a long path .
b. Reflex
Motion reflex is unintentional or unconscious . Impulses that cause these movements
conveyed through a very short path and do not pass through the brain.
3 . Structure of the Nervous System.

In our body there are billions of nerve cells that make up the nervous system . The human
nervous system is composed of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system . The
central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord . While the peripheral nervous
system consists of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

a. Central nervous system

 Brain
The brain is an organ that is very important and as a central regulator of all human
activities . The brain is located in the cavity of the skull , weighing approximately 1/50 of
body weight . The main part of the brain is a major brain (cerebrum) , cerebellum, and
brain system.

Large brain is the control center of the body conscious activity. Thinking, talking,
seeing,moving ,remembering ,and hearing including body conscious activity . Big brain is
divided into two parts , namely the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere. The
cerebellum is located at the back of the cerebrum , right under the big brain.The cerebellum
consists of two layers: the outer layer of gray and white lining inside. The cerebellum is
divided into two parts, the left hemisphere and right hemisphere are connected by bridges
Varol . The cerebellum functions as a regulator of body balance and coordinate the work of
the muscles when a person will perform activities.The brain stem is composed of oblangata
medulla, pons ,and midbrain. The brain stem is located at the front of the cerebellum,
pituitary great, and be a liaison between the cerebrum and cerebellum. The brain stem
called the Advanced marrow or cord connector . The brain stem is divided into two layers ,
namely the inner and outer layers of gray because it contains neurons . The outer layer is
white, containing neurites and dendrites
  The spinal cord

The spinal cord is located in the cavity of the elongated spine , from the neck vertebrae to
vertebrae second waist . The spinal cord is divided into two layers , the outer layer and the
inner layer of white colored gray . The outer layer contains nerve fibers and neuronal
layers in the containing body .In the spinal cord there are sensory nerves , motor nerves ,
and nerve connections . Its function is the conduction of impulses from the brain and into
the brain as well as a central regulator of reflexes .

b. Nervous System Edge

Peripheral nervous system is made up of all the nerves that carry messages to and from
the central nervous system . Cooperation between the central system and the peripheral
nervous system form a rapid change in the body to respond to stimuli from your
environment . The nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system .
a. Somatic nervous system
Somatic nervous system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal
nerves . The twelve pairs of nerves of the brain will lead to specific organs , such as eyes
, nose , ears , and skin . Nerves exit the spinal cord through the sidelines vertebrae and
associated with body parts , among other legs , hands , and striated muscle .

The nerves of the somatic system delivers information between the skin , central nervous
system , and muscles order . This process is affected nerves conscious , then you can
decide to move or not to move the body parts under the influence of this system
.Examples of the somatic nervous system is as follows .

• When we hear the bell rang , signaling from the brain to the ear will arrive . The brain
translates the message and send a signal to the legs to walk towards the door and signaled to the
hand to open the door .
• When we feel the hot air around us , the skin will transmit the information to the brain . Then
the brain hinted at hand to turn on the fan.

• When we look at a messy room , the eye will transmit the information to the brain , the brain
will translate this information and hinted hands and feet to move clean room .

b. The autonomic nervous system

For example , if we fall of a lizard , we felt shocked frightened , and cried out loud . The heart
beats quickly . Distractedly . Reactions that create fear response in this situation dikontro by the
autonomic nervous system .

The autonomic nervous system regulate the body’s tissues and organs are not realized or are not
affected by our will . Tissues and organs of the body is regulated by the autonomic nervous
system is the heart and blood vessels . The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic
nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. Nervous system called the sympathetic
nervous system also torakolumbar , because nerve preganglion thoracic spine out of 1st until the
12th . The nervous system in the form of 25 pairs of ganglion or ganglion located in the spinal
cord are located along the front of the spine , starting from the neck vertebrae to the coccyx .
Each ganglion is connected with the spinal nervous system out to the body organs such as the
heart , lungs , kidneys , blood vessels , and digestion . The function of the sympathetic nervous
system is as follows .

• Speeding up the heart rate .

• Widen the blood vessels .

• Widen the bronchus .

• Enhance blood pressure

• Slow motion peristalsis .

• Widen the pupil .

• Inhibits the secretion of bile .

• Reduce the secretion of saliva .

• Increased secretion of adrenaline

The parasympathetic nervous system is also called the craniosacral nervous system , because the
nerves preganglion out of the area of the brain and sacral regions . Parasympathetic nervous
system in the form of a net that is associated with ganglion since spread throughout the body .
Parasympathetic nerves to the organs that are controlled by the sympathetic nerves , so it works
on the same effector .

The spinal cord leading to the organs controlled by the sympathetic nervous system .
Parasympathetic nervous system has a function that is contrary to the function of the sympathetic
nervous system . For example, the function of the sympathetic nervous system accelerates the
heart rate , while the parasympathetic nervous system will slow the heart rate.

c. Abnormalitiesof the Nervous System

The nervous system may be malfunctioning or abnormality. Some examples of interference in

sistembuh) human nerves are as follows.

1. Epilepsy, adisorderin thenerve cellsinthe brain, so people can notrespond to various stimuli.
Skeletal musclesto contractsufferersoftenuncontrollably. Epilepsycan be caused bybirthdefects,
metabolicdisorders, infections, toxinsthat destroynerve cells, injury to the head, andtumors.

2. Neuritis, is injury to the neurons or nerve cells. Caused by infection, vitamin deficiency,
because the influence of drugs and toxins.
3. Amnesia, or a forgotten disease, which is difficult to recall the events that have passed.
Amnesia can be caused due to mental shock or injury to the brain.

4. Stroke, is brain damage caused by rupture, narrowing, or blockage of blood vessels in the
brain. Stroke often occurs in people who suffer from high blood pressure.

d. Skeletal System

The adult human skeletal system consists of 206 bones, as well as a network of tendons,
ligaments and cartilage that connects them. The skeletal system performs vital functions
support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation
that enable us to survive.Animals with internal skeletons made of bone, called vertebrates, are
actually the minority, as 98 percent of all animals are invertebrates, meaning they do not have
internal skeletons or backbones. Human infants are born with about 270 bones, some of which
fuse together as the body develops.The axial skeleton, with a total of 80 bones, consists of the
vertebral column, the rib cage and the skull. The axial skeleton transmits the weight from the
head, the trunk and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the hip joints, which
help humans maintain our upright posture, the NLM noted. The appendicular skeleton has a total
of 126 bones, and is formed by the pectoral girdles, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle and the
lower limbs.Their functions are to make walking, running and other movement possible and to
protect the major organs responsible for digestion, excretion and reproduction.

e.Circulatory System

The essential components of the human cardiovascular system are the heart, blood and blood
vessels. It includes the pulmonary circulation, a "loop" through the lungs where blood is
oxygenated; and the systemic circulation, a "loop" through the rest of the body to
provide oxygenated blood. The systemic circulation can also be seen to function in two parts–
a macrocirculation and a microcirculation. An average adult contains five to six quarts (roughly
4.7 to 5.7 liters) of blood, accounting for approximately 7% of their total body weight. Blood
consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Also, the digestive system
works with the circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart
pumping.

The cardiovascular systems of humans are closed, meaning that the blood never leaves the
network of blood vessels. In contrast, oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the blood vessel layers
and enter interstitial fluid, which carries oxygen and nutrients to the target cells, and carbon
dioxide and wastes in the opposite direction. The other component of the circulatory system,
the lymphatic system, is open.

Arteries

Oxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation when leaving the left ventricle, through
the aortic semilunar valve. The first part of the systemic circulation is the aorta, a massive and
thick-walled artery. The aorta arches and gives branches supplying the upper part of the body
after passing through the aortic opening of the diaphragm at the level of thoracic ten vertebra, it
enters the abdomen. Later it descends down and supplies branches to abdomen, pelvis, perineum
and the lower limbs. The walls of aorta are elastic. This elasticity helps to maintain the blood
pressure throughout the body. When the aorta receives almost five litres of blood from the heart,
it recoils and is responsible for pulsating blood pressure. Moreover, as aorta branches into
smaller arteries, their elasticity goes on decreasing and their compliance goes on increasing.

Capillaries

Arteries branch into small passages called arterioles and then into the capillaries. The capillaries
merge to bring blood into the venous system.

Veins

After their passage through body tissues, capillaries merge once again into venules, which
continue to merge into veins. The venous system finally coalesces into two major veins:
the superior vena cava (roughly speaking draining the areas above the heart) and the inferior
vena cava (roughly speaking from areas below the heart). These two great vessels empty into
the right atrium of the heart.

Coronary vessels

The heart itself is supplied with oxygen and nutrients through a small "loop" of the systemic
circulation and derives very little from the blood contained within the four chambers.
Portal veins

The general rule is that arteries from the heart branch out into capillaries, which collect into
veins leading back to the heart. Portal veins are a slight exception to this. In humans the only
significant example is the hepatic portal vein which combines from capillaries around
the gastrointestinal tract where the blood absorbs the various products of digestion; rather than
leading directly back to the heart, the hepatic portal vein branches into a second capillary system
in the liver.

f. Muscular System

While most people associate muscles with strength, they do more than assist in lifting heavy
objects. The 650 muscles in the body not only support movement — controlling walking,
talking, sitting, standing, eating and other daily functions that people consciously perform — but
also help to maintain posture and circulate blood and other substances throughout the body,
among other functions.Muscles are often associated with activities of the legs, arms and other
appendages, but muscles also produce more subtle movements, such as facial expressions, eye
movements and respiration, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

The muscular system can be broken down into three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth and
cardiac, according to the NIH.

Skeletal muscles are the only voluntary muscle tissue in the human body and control every
action that a person consciously performs. Most skeletal muscles are attached to two bones
across a joint, so the muscle serves to move parts of those bones closer to each other, according
to The Merck Manual.

Visceral, or smooth, muscle is found inside organs such as the stomach and intestines, as well as
in blood vessels. It is called a smooth muscle because, unlike skeletal muscle, it does not have
the banded appearance of skeletal or cardiac muscle. The weakest of all muscle tissues, visceral
muscles contract to move substances through the organ, according to The Merck Manual.
Because visceral muscle is controlled by the unconscious part of the brain, it is known as
involuntary muscle, as it cannot be controlled by the conscious mind.
Found only in the heart, cardiac muscle is an involuntary muscle responsible for pumping blood
throughout the body, according to The Merck Manual. The heart's natural pacemaker is made of
cardiac muscle that signals other cardiac muscles to contract. Like visceral muscles, cardiac
muscle tissue is controlled involuntarily. While hormones and signals from the brain adjust the
rate of contraction, cardiac muscle stimulates itself to contract.

Muscle shapes

Muscles are further classified by their shape, size and direction, according to the NIH. The
deltoids, or shoulder muscles, have a triangular shape. The serratus muscle, which originates on
the surface of the second to ninth ribs at the side of the chest, and runs along the entire anterior
length of the scapula (shoulder blades), has a distinctive sawlike shape. The rhomboid major,
which attaches the scapula to the spinal column, is a diamond shape.

Size can be used to differentiate similar muscles in the same region. The gluteal region (the
buttocks) contains three muscles differentiated by size: the gluteus maximus (large), gluteus
medius (medium) and gluteus minimus (smallest), the NIH noted.

The direction in which the muscle fibers run can be used to identify a muscle. In the abdominal
region, there are several sets of wide, flat muscles, according to the NIH. The muscles whose
fibers run straight up and down are the rectus abdominis, the ones running transversely (left to
right) are the transverse abdominis and the ones running at an angle are the obliques. As any
exercise enthusiast knows, obliques are among the hardest muscles to develop to achieve "six-
pack"

Muscles also can be identified by their function. The flexor group of the forearm flexes the wrist
and the fingers. The supinator is a muscle that allows you to roll your wrist over to face palm up.
Adductor muscles in the legs adduct, or pull together, the limbs, according to the NIH.
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclution

The human body is the entire structure of a human being. It is composed of many different
types of cells that together create tissuesand subsequently organ systems. They
ensure homeostasis and the viability of the human body.

It comprises a head, neck, trunk (which includes the thorax and abdomen), arms and
hands, legs and feet.

The study of the human body involves anatomy, physiology, histology and embryology. The
body varies anatomically in known ways. Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of
the human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to
maintain homeostasis, with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood.

The human body is composed of

elements including hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, calcium and phosphorus. These elements
reside in trillions of cells and non-cellular components of the body.
 THE HUMAN BODY SYSTEM

CREATED BY :

ELVITA MARNI SINAGA

NIM : 16-01-478

THE DIPLOMA OF NURSING PROGRAM

STATE NURSE ACADEMY OF

CENTRAL TAPANULI

T.A 2017/2018