WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

AND MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

Submitted by:

Dept of Information Technology Dept of Information Technology

NRI Institute of Technology NRI Institute of Technology

NRI Institute of Technology

VISADALA: GUNTUR

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INDEX :-

1. ABSTRACT.
2. INTRODUCTION.
3. WiMax Standards
4. Practical Application of Mesh Networks
5. WIMAX Usage Scenarios.
6. WIMAX Benefits
7. Today’s wireless applications
8. Conclusion

ABSTRACT
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 Wireless LAN technology is gaining broad acceptance and being adopted world-wide in organizations
that clamor for competitive advantage of an increasingly mobile and highly productive workforce. The
WAP 2000 series access point, which sets the enterprise standard for secure, manageable and reliable
wireless LANs while also providing a smooth migration path to future high-speed wireless LAN
technologies. This innovative, state-of-the art wireless infrastructure platform features dual-band
functionality that simultaneously supports current and emerging wireless standards. One of the most
innovative aspects of the WAP 2000 series access point is that it is both software and hardware
upgrade their software to take advantage of new features that DAX will develop in the future, but
they also will be able to upgrade the radios in the field to take advantage of new high-speed wireless
standards.

WIMAX (world-wide interoperability for microwave access) is the IEEE 802.16 standards based
wireless technology that provides MAN (metropolitan area network) broad band connectivity. WIMAX
can offer a solution to what is normally called the “last-mile” problem by connecting individual homes
and business offices Communications. It is to be less expensive than their wired counterparts, such as
digital subscriber lines (DSL). This will now be able to enjoy high-speed internet access since distance up
to 30miles (50km) are supported

“No wires, No rules”. Zooming down the highway, you will be able to use a laptop or PDA to check the
weather or traffic a few miles ahead. From physical issues up to applications aspects, Mobile Ad hoc
networking in Wi-Fi (wireless-fidelity) comprehensively covers all areas of the technology including
protocols and models with an emphasis on the most current research and development. To understand
wireless technology trends and to see why non infrastructure-based. Mobile Ad hoc networks are poised to
play an important role in the evolution of future wireless networks. It helps in the evolution path of
different technology generations.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION:

Wireless technology for computer users is nothing new. The first connections were
established two decades ago .Adoption, though, has proceeded very slowly, mostly limited to a few
specialized vertical markets, such as warehousing, education and retail. Implementation has been slow
for three reasons. first, the original wireless data rates were too slow to serve mainstream users on a
shared LAN. Although throughput did gradually increase, network speeds still drastically lagged those
of wired LANs. Second, proprietary, nonstandard solutions dominated the marketplace, providing little
interoperability among devices, or the peace of mind for users that come from having multiple vendor
options. third, these low speed proprietary solutions were very expensive compared to wired solutions.

In recent years, the situation has changed dramatically. In 1999, institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers(IEEE) ratified the 802.11b standard, offering data rates up to 11 megabits per second
(mbps),similar to the 10 mbps connections that are common for many Ethernet-based workgroups. For the
first time, wireless LANs became truly usable for most work environments and office applications. Multiple
vendors quickly came to support the 802.11b standard. This rapidly drove down costs, leading to increased
demand and even greater vendor support. In addition, the 802.11bstandard assured users of device
interoperability. The Wireless Ethernet Compatibility of wireless LAN products based on the IEEE 802
.11b specification and to promote the use of the standard across all Market segments. With the rapid
Adoptions of the 802.11b standard, users began to have a choice of a wide variety of interoperable,
Low-cost, high –performance wireless equipment.
Perhaps most importantly, much type of organizations today sees tremendous value by adding wireless
on to the corporate LAN. For years, laptop and notebook computers have promised anytime, any where
computing. But, with access to the LAN and the internet becoming such an integral part of business, a
wireless connection is needed to make true the Promise of anytime, anywhere computing. Wireless
devices enable users to be constantly connected from virtually anywhere: a desk, a conference room, the
coffee shop, or another Building on a corporate or academic campus. This ability provides users with
maximum flexibility, productivity and efficiency, while dramatically boosting collaboration and
cooperation with colleagues, business partners and customers. In addition, wireless can bring LAN access
to location where laying cable is difficult or expensive.

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1.1 WiMax Standards
This figure shows how 802.16 broadband wireless systems have evolved over time. This diagram shows
that the original 802.16 specification defined fixed broadband wireless service that operates in the 10-66
GHz frequency band. To provide wireless broadband service in lower frequency range, the 802.16A
specification was created that operates in the 2-11 GHz frequency band. To provide both fixed and mobile
service, the 802.16E specification was developed

Both 802.11a and 802.11g offer substantial improvements over the current 802 .11b standard, because
higher data rates deliver far greater performance and usability for devices on the wireless LAN. The
one disadvantage is that the 802.11a and 802.11g standards are not compatible because they use
different frequency bands.futher more, 802 11a is not compatible with the exiting installed base of 802.11b
devices. So, what should organizations do? This decision is critical as look a head to the future of their
wireless infrastructure. it will guide their product choices and infrastructure capabilities for years to come.

2. Wimax:
Broadband wireless access technology
Wimax is a wireless standards developed by working group of institute of electrical and electronics
engineers (IEEE). The first version,
IEEE 802.16 activities were Initiated by the national wireless electronics systems tested (N-WEST) of the
u.s national institute of standards and technology.
The WIMAX from is a non-profit group that promotes 802.16 technology and certificates compatibility
and interoperability of broadband wireless access equipment that conforms tIEEE802.16
& ETSIHIPERMAN standards. That standard offers an alternative [1] to cabled access networks, such as
fiber optic links, coaxial system using cable Modems, and digital subscriber line (DSL) links or t1 links.
This technology provides fast services, flexible, cost effective filling of the existing gaps of wired network
and facility to create new services.
The IEEE has established many wireless standards as IEEE 802.15 for personal Area
network (PAN), IEEE802.11 for local area network (LAN), IEEE802.16 for local area network (LAN),
IEEE802.16 for metropolitan Area network (MAN). Each standard represents the optimized technology
for usage model.

2.1 - Typical WLAN Roaming

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The topology of roaming cells may take on many forms but the essential building block is a collection of
wireless devices with overlapping BSS. The overlapping wireless roaming cells mainly constitute an Access
Point to Access Point (AP-to-AP) signal, Access Point-to-Wireless Client (AP-to-WC) linkage, or Wireless
Client-to-Wireless Client (WC-to-WC) association. In a typical WLAN topology, the WC does not
communicate directly with each other; they communicate with the access point. If a single BSS does
not provide enough coverage, a number of wireless cells can be added to extend the range. (ESS).

One form of Wi-Fi™ Mesh comprise of a collection Root-AP overlapping to create wireless roaming cells

An AP attached directly to a wired network provides a centralized point for wireless end users to remain
attached to a wired Internet. If more than one AP is connected to the wired network, users can roam from
one area (or wireless cell) of a facility to another cell without losing their connection to the network in a
large facility (Figure 3). As users move out of range of one AP, they automatically connect to the network
through another AP; consequently, the roaming process is seamless and transparent to the user. 1c- WLAN
Repeater Roaming

Another Wi-Fi™ Mesh comprise of a Root-AP and a collection of adjacent Repeater-APs

Another wireless roaming configuration is attaching a principal AP to a wired network and arranging other
access points as a repeater or central router for mobile end users. The WLAN repeater-roaming
configuration is a chain of repeaters overlapping be neighboring wireless cells and maintain an indirection
association to the wired AP. Similar to a teacher leading a group of children, by the hand, across a street
intersection. The AP wired to the backbone network is designated as a Root Access Point (Root-AP) and

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the wireless APs not attached to the wired network are called Repeater Access Points (Repeater-APs).

The IEEE 802.16 standard, WIMAX is a broadband wireless access to link homes and business to core
telecommunications networks worldwide. The wireless MAN technology bringing the network to a
building, users inside the building will connect to it with conventional in-building networks. This
technology allows for the efficient extension of the individual users laptop computer in a home.

The working group’s initial interest was the 10to 66 GHZ range which is developed for a point-to-
multipoint broadband wireless access over 30 miles. The standards covers both the media access control
(MAC) and the physical (PHY) layers. Task groups a and b are jointly producing an amendment to extend
the specification to cover both the licensed and unlicensed bands in the 2 to 11GHZ range [2]. The data
rate is of 70 mbps over 30 miles (50Kms).WIMAX is speed broadband network.

The WIMAX network is as shown in figure 2. A WIMAX system consists of two parts.

(1) A WIMAX TOWER:

A single WIMAX tower can provide coverage to Avery large area [5].

(2) A WIMAX REACEIVER:

The receiver and antenna could be a small box or PCMCIA card, or they could be built into a laptop.
A WIMAX tower station can connect directly to the internet using a high-bandwidth, wired connection (for
example, a T3 line). It can also
Connect to another WIMAX tower using a line-of-sight, microwave link. This connection to a second
tower (often referred to as a backhaul). A long with the ability of a single tower to cover up to 3,000
square miles is what allows WIMAX to provide coverage to Remote rural areas.WIMAX is capable of
delivering flexible and affordable last-mile broadband access for millions of subscribers in homes and
business throughout the world.

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2.2 Wimax Radio Channels
This figure shows the key components of a basic WiMax radio system. This diagram shows that the major
components of a WiMax system include subscriber station (SS), a base station (BS) and interconnection
gateways to datacom (e.g. Internet) and telecom (e.g. PSTN). An antenna and receiver (subscriber station)
in the home or business converts the microwave radio signals into broadband data signals for distribution in
the home. In this example, a WiMax system is being used to provide telephone and broadband data
communication services. When used for telephone services, the WiMax system converts broadcast signals
to an audio format (such as VoIP) for distribution to IP telephones or analog telephone adapter (ATA)
boxes. When WiMax is used for broadband data, the WiMax system also connects the Internet through a
gateway to the Internet. This example also shows that the WiMax system can reach distances of up to 50
km when operating at lower frequencies (2-11 GHz).

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3- Practical Application of Mesh Networks

A Wireless Mesh Network has two practical applications in the Wi-Fi community: Static Wireless Mesh
and Dynamic Wireless Mesh. With a Static Wireless Mesh, the permanent IP address is assigned to a
centralized or specific wireless device, like a wireless router, as it rarely change in physical location.
Adjacent wireless routers can overlap in RF coverage to produce a roaming effect or extend the range via a
repeater configuration as well as several pockets of mobile wireless end users.

Users or wireless devices wishing to communicate without any infrastructure or vital administration
primarily form the Dynamic Wireless Mesh. Each node is free to enter or leave the network area at any
time; however, a very complex IP layer is required to assign or de-assign IP addresses because of an every
changing mobile environment.

Figure 7: Static Wireless Mesh: Wireless Bridge delivers Internet access to Homes and roaming can occur
between neighboring home.

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4.0 WIMAX Usage Scenarios

4.1 Extending the Reach of Communication and Government Services

In Indian cities, house holds with internet access use it to keep in touch with their families and friends or in
other parts of the country or abroad. But dial-up connection, currently the most prevalent method of internet
access does not provide the service quality or reliability for applications like video chat. Low bandwidth
results in video frames being dropped and in poor audio quality, and makes the telephone unavailable for
the duration of the internet connection

Broadband facilities solve these problems and extend the reach and variety of personal communication to
include the efficient VOIP, video conferencing, instant messaging and quick access to e-mail. Broadband
access can increase the effectiveness of e-governance initiatives E-governance can reduce wait times for
service and increase productivity in government offices.

4.2 Backhaul for Meshed Wi-Fi

Local Area Network

India has one of the fastest-growing IT industries in the world, and this growth is expected to continue.
Broadband internet connectivity is critical for many businesses, so IT- dependant industry concentrates in
areas where broadband service is available. Wireless last-mile broadband could accelerate the development
of meshed office wireless LANs (like wi-fi), and business could than backhaul the LAN traffic to the
WIMAX network. Service providers will be able to quickly provide on-demand high-speed connectivity to
businesses anywhere within their base station range.

5.0 WIMAX Benefits

5.1 cost and investment risks

• Interoperable equipment lets operators purchase WIMAX-Certified equipment from more

than one vendor [4].
• A stable, standards-based platform improves Op ex by sparking innovation at the
network management layer, antenna layers and elsewhere in the protocol stack.
• Better bits per second per Hz at longer ranges.

5.2 Scalable System Capacity

• Easy addition of channels maximizes cell capacity.
• Flexible channel bandwidths accommodate allocations for both licensed and
unlicensed spectrums.
.

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6.0 Today’s wireless applications
Wireless access at LAN speeds:

Workers today need secure access to an organizations network, whether they are at the
office, at a branch location, at home, or at the airport. With wireless connection, they can
enjoy full access to their applications and data, enabling them to work from a wide
variety of locations within range of an access point. Therefore, workers can stay
connected and be fully productive from almost anywhere.

Internet/intranet access:

Today, workers require continual access to the internet and to the company intranet.
Wireless technology lets employees take advantage of these capabilities constantly,
conducting research and communicating with co workers and business partners through
email and instant messaging .Without the physical restriction of wired connection.

Conclusion:

The IEEE 802.16 wireless MANTM air interface standard provides the wireless alternative to cable and DSL.
The WIMAX can offer a solution to what is normally called the “last-mile” problem by connecting
individual homes and business offices communications. It’s high throughout, scalability, and QOS features,
are combined with techniques for coverage extension. IMAX provides world-wide broadband connectively.
The standard is intended to allow for multiple venders to produce interoperable equipment.

References:

1. IEEE 802.16-2001,”IEEE standard for local and metropolitan Area networks-part 16: Air later
face for fixed broadband wireless access system”, apr.8, 2002.
2. www.ieee.org
3. www.wimaxforum.org
4. http://computer.howstufffworks.com
5. www.intel.com
6. www.wi-fitechnology.com

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