Chapter 27 - Underground Raceway Systems

ETAP 
PowerStation 4.0 
User Guide
Copyright  2001
Operation Technology, Inc.
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Chapter 27
Underground Raceway Systems
Cable derating analysis is an important part of power system design and analysis. For designing a new
system, it determines the proper size of cables to carry the specified loads. For analysis of an existing
system, it examines cable temperatures and determines their ampacities.
Operation Technology, Inc. 27-1 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Underground Raceway Systems Overview
PowerStation provides five types of calculations for cable derating analysis, namely, steady-state
temperature calculation, uniform-ampacity cable ampacity calculation, uniform-temperature cable
ampacity calculation, cable sizing, and transient temperature calculation. The steady-state temperature
calculation, cable ampacity calculation, and cable sizing are based on the NEC accepted Neher-McGrath
method. The transient temperature calculation is based on a dynamic thermal circuit model. All of the
calculations can handle multi-raceway systems and consider the effect of heat generated by neighboring
cables and external heat sources.
This chapter contains the following sections:
• The GUI section explains the various toolbars and their functions, how to launch calculations, open
and view an output report, and how to select display options.
• The Editor section explains how to add/edit elements of the system, how to create a new study case,
what parameters are required to specify a study case, and how to set them.
• The Display Options section explains what options are available for displaying some key system
parameters and the output results on the UGS diagram, and how to set them.
• The Calculation Methods section briefly describes calculation methods for steady-state temperature
calculation, cable ampacity calculation, cable sizing, and transient temperature calculation.
• The Required Data section describes what data is necessary to perform Cable Ampacity Derating
calculations and where to enter them.
• The Output Reports and Plots section illustrates and explains the data contents of the output report
and how to interpret results on the plots.
• The Tutorial section provides an overview of the operation and of some key functions of the
Underground Raceway Systems module.

Underground Raceway Systems GUI
27.1 Underground Raceway Systems GUI

The UGS presentation is conceptually a cross-section of desired raceways, conduits/locations, cables, and
heat sources, which are in the same vicinity. The UGS presentation allows you to graphically arrange
raceways, conduits, cables, and external heat sources to represent cable routing and to provide a physical
environment to conduct cable ampacity derating studies.
Each UGS presentation is a different cross-section of the underground system. This is a different concept
than the multi-presentation of the one-line diagram, where all presentations have the same elements.
You can create as many UGS presentations as you wish. There is no limit on the number of raceways and
heat sources that can be created/added in one presentation. In UGS, each presentation acts independently.
If you add a raceway to a UGS presentation, this raceway will not be shown in the other UGS
presentations. However, raceways from any UGS presentation can be added to the other UGS
presentations as existing raceways. Also, if you delete a raceway from a UGS presentation into the
Dumpster, this raceway can be added to other UGS presentations as an existing raceway.
27.1.1 Create a New UGS Presentation

When a new project is created, by default, no UGS presentation is created. You need to create UGS
presentations when necessary. To create a UGS presentation, right-click on U/G Raceway System in the
Project View, then click on Create New.
Creating A UGS Presentation

A graphical user interface window with a UGS presentation will be displayed on your screen. The ID
(name) of the displayed presentation is UGS1 by default (default name appended with a number). The
name may be changed to any unique name (maximum 12 characters) that you choose. To change the
name, double-click on the UGS1 presentation. This will open its editor.
Change ID (Name) of a UGS Presentation
Another way you can change the name of a UGS presentation is to right-click on UGS1 in the Project
View, then click on Properties, as shown below. Enter a new name from the dialog box.
Right-Click On UGS1, to View, Save, Rename, or Purge UGS1

27.1.2 Edit Toolbar
Add Existing Heat Sources Add New Heat Sources
Add Existing Cables Add New Cables
Add Existing Duct Bank RWs Add New Duct Bank RWs
Add Existing Direct Buried RWs Add New Direct Buried RWs
Add New Conduits for Duct Banks RWs Add New Locations for Direct Buried RWs
Display Options
UGS Edit Toolbar
Pointer
The mouse pointer allows you to select or move items. Clicking on the Pointer icon returns the cursor to
its original shape after an element icon has been clicked on, displaying an element to be placed into the
UGS.
Existing External Heat Source

Click on the Existing External Heat Source icon to open a drop-down list from which you can choose an
external heat source that has been previously created.
A message will appear if no existing external heat sources are available. These external heat sources can
be found either in the Dumpster or in other U/G Systems. For more information on external heat sources
see the External Heat Source Editor.
New External Heat Source

Click on the New External Heat Source icon to create a new external heat source. This will enable you to
place it in the UGS wherever there is space available. For more information on external heat sources see
External Heat Source Editor.

Existing Cable
Click on the Existing Cable icon to open a drop-down list from which you can choose a cable that has
been previously created. This list includes one-line, equipment, and UGS cables.
The cables in this list can be found in the one-line diagram (either as a one-line or equipment cable),
Dumpster (deleted cables), or in other U/G raceway systems (UGS cables). Cables selected from the one-
line diagram will be converted from one-line or equipment cables to compound cables. A compound
cable represents a cable that exits in the one-line diagram and UGS. For more information on cables, see
the Cable Editor Overview.
Note that you can graphically add existing one-line cables to any location (conduit) in UGS. To do this,
press and hold Control+Shift and drag the cable, using the mouse, from the one-line diagram into a
location in UGS.
A message will appear if no existing cables are available. These cables can be found in the one-line
diagram, Dumpster, or in other U/G Systems. Cables selected from the one-line diagram will be
converted from one-line cables to compound cables. For more information on cables see the Cable Editor
Overview.
New Cable
Click the New Cable icon to create a new cable. This will enable you to place it in the UGS wherever
there is space available. This cable will be a UGS cable since it only exists in the UGS. To add this cable
(or any other cable in the UGS) to the one-line diagram press and hold Control+Shift and drag the cable,
using the mouse, from the UGS into the one-line diagram. For more information on cables see the Cable
Editor Overview.
Existing Duct Bank Raceway

Click the Existing Duct Bank Raceway icon to open a dialog box from which you can choose a duct bank
raceway that has been previously created.
A message will appear if no existing duct bank raceways are available. These duct bank raceways can be
found either in the Dumpster or in other U/G Systems. For more information on duct bank raceways see
Duct Bank Raceway Editor.

New Duct Bank Raceway

Click the New Duct Bank Raceway icon to create a new duct bank raceway. This will enable you to
place it in the UGS wherever there is space available. For more information on duct bank raceways see
Duct Bank Raceway Editor.
Existing Direct Buried Raceway

Click the Existing Direct Buried Raceway icon to open a dialog box from which you can choose a direct
buried raceway that has been previously created.
A message will appear if no existing direct buried raceways are available. These direct buried raceways
can be found either in the Dumpster or in other U/G Systems. For more information on direct buried
raceways see the Direct Buried Raceway Editor section.
New Direct Buried Raceway

Click the New Direct Buried Raceway icon to create a new direct buried raceway. This will enable you to
place it in the UGS wherever there is space available. For more information on direct buried raceways
see the Direct Buried Raceway Editor section.
New Conduit
Click the New Conduit icon to create a new conduit. This will enable you to place it in any duct bank
raceway wherever there is space available. For more information on conduits see Conduit Editor.
New Location
Click the New Location icon to create a new location. This will enable you to place any Direct Buried
Raceway wherever there is space available. For more information on locations see the Location Editor
section.
Display Option
Click on the Display Options icon to change the appearance of element IDs and ratings in the UGS. For
more information, see the Display Options section.

Underground Raceway Systems Study Toolbar
27.2 Study Toolbar
Steady-State Cable Temperature Calculation
Cable Ampacity Calculation, Uniform-Ampacity
Cable Ampacity Calculation, Uniform-Temperature
Cable Sizing
Transient Cable Temperature Calculation
Display Options
View Output Report
Cable Temperature Plots
Halt Current Calculation
Get On-Line Data
Get Archived Data
Steady-State Cable Temperature Calculation

Click on this icon to calculate the steady-state temperature of cables in the raceway system under the
specified loading conditions. PowerStation uses the NEC accepted Neher-McGrath method for these
calculations. It determines steady-state conductor temperature for the specified cable loading and
raceway system configuration, considering the effect of heat generated by neighboring cables and external
heat sources.
Uniform-Ampacity Cable Ampacity Calculation

Click on this icon to calculate cable ampacity under uniform ampacity conditions for all cables in the
raceway system. This calculation assumes that the loading of all cables is increased/decreased uniformly
based on cable base ampacity, which is defined in the cable library. The cable ampacity is calculated by
increasing the loading of all cables until the temperature of the hottest cable reaches the maximum
allowable limit. PowerStation uses the Neher-McGrath method for this calculation.
Uniform-Temperature Cable Ampacity Calculation

Click on this icon to calculate cable ampacity under uniform temperature conditions for all cables in the
raceway system. This calculation adjusts individual cable loading to maintain uniform temperature
throughout the raceway system. The cable ampacity is obtained when the cable temperature reaches its
maximum allowable limit. PowerStation uses the Neher-McGrath method for this calculation.

Underground Raceway Systems Study Toolbar
Cable Sizing
Click on this icon to automatically optimize cable sizes for the specified cable loading and cable
temperature limit. The result of this study yields the smallest possible sizes for all cables in the raceway
system that can carry the specified loading within the temperature limit. PowerStation uses the Neher-
McGrath method for this calculation.
Transient Cable Temperature Calculation

Click on this icon to calculate cable transient temperatures as a function of time. The cables carry time-
varying loads, as defined in the Load Profile of the Cable Editor. This study allows you to investigate
cable transient operating conditions and verify cable temperatures against time for determining the short-
time loading limit. This calculation is based on a dynamic thermal circuit model.
Display Options
Click on this icon to open the Cable Derating Display Options dialog box to display calculation results.
View Output Report

To view the contents of the last output report, click on the View Output File button on the toolbar. The
output file name is displayed on the Study Case Toolbar. You can also view output reports by clicking on
the View Output File button on the Study Case Toolbar. A list of all output files in the selected project
directory is provided for cable ampacity derating calculations. To view any of the listed output reports,
click on the output report name, and then click on the View Output File button.
The output reports for cable derating studies have a .cdr extension.
PowerStation text output reports can be viewed by any word processor such as Notepad, WordPad, and
Microsoft Word. Currently, by default, the output reports are viewed by Notepad. You can change the
default viewer in the ETAPS.INI file to the viewer of your preference.
The text output reports are 132 characters wide with 66 lines per page. For the correct formatting and
pagination of output reports, you MUST modify the default settings of your word processor application.
For Notepad, WordPad, and Microsoft Word applications we have recommended settings that are
explained in the Printing and Plotting chapter.
Cable Transient Temperature Plot

Click on the Plot icon to select and plot the calculated temperatures of the cables in the raceway.
Get On-Line Data

If the ETAP key installed on your computer has the on-line feature (PSMS), you can copy the on-line data
to the cables in the current U/G system.
Get Archived Data

If the ETAP key installed on your computer has the on-line feature (PSMS), you can copy the archived
data to the current U/G system.

Underground Raceway Systems Study Case Editor
27.3 Study Case Editor
The Cable Derating Study Case Editor contains solution control variables, cable loading parameters, and
options for output reports. PowerStation allows you to create and save an unlimited number of study
cases. Cable derating calculations are conducted and reported in accordance with the settings you have
specified in the study case editor. Note that you can have an unlimited number of study cases and can
easily switch between the study cases without the trouble of resetting the study case options each time.
This feature is designed to organize your study efforts and save you time.
To conduct studies, you first need to switch to the calculation mode by clicking on the U/G Cable
Raceways button on the Mode Toolbar.
The Cable Derating Study Case Editor can be accessed by clicking on the Study Case button located on
the Study Case Toolbar. You can also access this editor from the Project View by clicking on the Cable
Derating Study Case folder.

To create a new study case, go to the Project View, right-click on the Cable Derating Study Cases folder,
and select Create New. The program will then create a new study case, which is a copy of the default
study case, and add it to the Cable Derating Study Case folder.
Study Case ID
Study case ID is shown in this entry field. Here you can rename a study case by deleting the old ID and
entering the new ID. The study case ID can be up to 25 alphanumeric characters. Use the Navigator
button at the bottom of the editor to move between study cases.
Initial/Steady-State Amp
Here you can specify the cable loading for the study case. The loading amps are entered into the Loading
page of the Cable Editor. Note that the cable current specified in the Cable Editor is the phase current,
and the current each conductor carries is equal to the phase current divided by the number of conductors
per phase.
Load Profile
When this option is selected, the first current value in the Transient Load Profile list in the Loading page
of the Cable Editor will be used as the initial load current for the transient temperature calculation, and as
the load current for the steady-state temperature calculation.
Operating Load
When this option is selected, the operating load in the Loading page of the Cable Editor will be used as
the initial load current for the transient temperature calculation and as the load current for the steady-state
temperature calculation. Note that operating load current can be updated with the load flow calculation
result by clicking on the Update Cable Load Current button on the Load Flow Tool Bar.
Multiplication Factor
ETAP PowerStation provides several multiplication factors, which allow you to vary the cable loading
both individually and globally. These options furnish flexibility in raceway system design and allow you
to project future load variation.

Global Projection MF
The cable load, which you have specified in the Cable Editor, is multiplied by this factor prior to
calculation, allowing you to globally change the system load.
Use Individual Projection MF

Select this option to apply the individual load projection multiplication factor that you have entered in the
Loading page of the Cable Editor. The cable load will be multiplied by this factor prior to calculation.
Use Application MF
When this box is checked, the Application MF selected in the Ampacity page of the Cable Editor will be
utilized to modify the cable load. Prior to performing the cable derating calculation, the cable load
current is multiplied by the Application MF.
Transient Temperature Study

Enter the time limit and plot time step for a cable transient temperature study in this section.
Max. Time
Maximum Time is the length of time, at the unit selected, for which the transient temperature calculation
will be performed.
Output Step Size

Output Step Size specifies the time step, at the unit selected, at which plot points will be generated. The
total number of plot points generated is approximately equal to the Max. Time divided by the Output Step
Size.
Unit
The Unit selection box allows you to select time units for the Max. Time and Output Step Size. Time unit
selections include days, hours, minutes, and seconds.
Update
This section is provided for you to flag PowerStation to update your cable data.
Currents from Ampacity Calculation

If the box is checked, after running a UT ampacity or UA ampacity calculation, PowerStation will update
the allowable current for each cable involved with the calculated ampacity.
Size from Cable Sizing Calculation

If the box is checked, after running a cable sizing calculation, PowerStation will update all the cables
involved with the calculated optimal size.

Underground Raceway Systems Display Options
27.4 Display Options for UGS
27.4.1 Cable Derating Result Display Options

This dialog box allows you to specify the format for information annotations associated with an
Underground Raceway presentation.
Default
This check box is used to edit the display options specified by the Project Default Display Options. When
this option is selected, the Info section in this dialog box will be disabled and all the customized
selections displayed will be ignored and replaced by the default settings.
Info
This section becomes accessible only when the Use Default Display Options box is not checked;
otherwise, the information in this section will not apply.
Color
This selection box allows you to select one of the sixteen available colors for information annotations.
Cable ID
Select the check box to display the cable ID in the raceway view.
Conduit/Location ID
Select the check box to display the conduit/location ID in the raceway view.
Raceway ID
Select the check box to display the raceway ID in the raceway view.
Heat Source ID
Select the check box to display the external heat source ID in the raceway view.

27.4.2 U/G Raceway Display Options

This dialog box is used to specify the format and content of the annotations to be displayed for each
individual element on the UGS presentation.
Default
If the Use Project Default Options box is selected, the project default settings will be used on the UGS
presentation.
Options
Color
Select from a variety of colors to display annotations for each element.
ID
For each element type (cable, conduit/location, raceways, and heat sources) choose whether or not to
display their ID in the UGS presentation.
Size
For each element type (conduit/location, raceways, and heat sources) choose whether or not to display
their size (in inches or cm) on the UGS presentation.

27.4.3 Default Display Options - UGS

This dialog box is used to specify the default format and content of the annotations to be displayed for
each individual element on UGS presentations.
Underground Raceway System Annotations
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed.
ID
For each element type (cable, conduit/location, raceways, and heat sources) choose whether or not to
display their ID on the UGS presentation.
Size
For each element type (conduit/location, raceways, and heat sources) choose whether or not to display
their size (in inches or cm) on the UGS presentation.
Annotation Font
IDs
Select the font, style, and size to display all IDs selected in Display Options.
Ratings
Select the font, style, and size to display all ratings selected in Display Options.
Results
Select the font, style, and size to display all study results selected in their respective Display Options.

Underground Raceway Systems Edit A UGS
27.5 Edit A UGS

This section addresses editors for elements in the U/G Raceway Systems (UGS). Except for the
element’s ID, all other data that appear in the editors are considered engineering properties.
The elements that are included in this chapter are shown below.
Underground System Raceway External Heat Source
Add Elements
Duct bank raceways and direct buried raceways, conduits for duct bank raceways, locations for direct
buried raceways, external heat sources, and cables are the elements available for adding to an
underground raceway system which can be done by clicking on the Edit Toolbar.
Rules
• Elements can be added ONLY in Edit mode when the Base Data is active.
• Elements CANNOT be added when you are in study mode or in a Revision level of the database.
• You CANNOT drop two raceways on top of each other.
• You CANNOT drop an external heat source inside a raceway.
• Cables can ONLY be placed inside of a conduit or location.
• Conduits and locations can ONLY be added inside of their respective raceway types.
• Conduits and raceways CANNOT overlap each other.

A UGS Presentation
To add a new element to your UGS presentation, select a new element from the Edit Toolbar, which
changes the cursor symbol to a picture of that element. You may place the element anywhere in the UGS
(where there is room) by clicking the mouse. After dropping the element, the cursor goes back to its
original arrow shape. If you double-click on an element in the Edit Toolbar, you can place multiple
copies of the same element in the UGS.
To add an existing element to a UGS presentation, select an existing element in the Edit Toolbar (red
symbols), which changes the cursor shape to a picture of that element. Move the cursor into the UGS
presentation and click. It will open an editor (dialog box), which allows you to select an element from the
list box to be added as an existing element, and then click on OK. The element will be added with the
same ID (name) with all of the engineering properties preserved.
External Heat Source Cable Duct Bank Raceway Direct Buried Raceway
Dialog Boxes for Adding Existing Elements to UGS Presentations
Add Raceways and External Heat Sources

Click on the Raceway or External Heat Source button on the Edit Toolbar, move the cursor to the UGS
presentation, and drop it into place by clicking. If a new raceway or heat source is selected from the
toolbar, PowerStation creates the new raceway or external heat source using the default values. If an
existing raceway or heat source is selected, PowerStation prompts you with a drop-down list to select an
element from the already existing ones.
Add Cables
Click on the Cable button on the Edit Toolbar, move the cursor inside of a conduit or location, and drop it
into place by clicking. If you select new cables from the toolbar, a new cable (UGS cable) is created with
a dummy cable diameter. If an existing cable is selected, PowerStation provides a drop-down list to
select from. You can select a one-line cable, equipment cable, or UGS cable.
Add Conduits
Click on the Conduit button on the Edit Toolbar, move the cursor inside of a duct bank raceway, and drop
it into place by clicking. Conduits are always created. You cannot add existing conduits to a raceway.
The drop point of a conduit or location is its center. The cursor is marked with an X if your drop point is
too close to the raceway’s edge causing it to overlap the outside of the raceway.

Add Locations
Click on the Location button on the Edit Toolbar, move the cursor inside of a direct buried raceway, and
drop it into place by clicking. Locations are used for placing and locating cables in direct buried
raceways and do not physically exist. Locations are always created. You cannot add existing locations to
a raceway. The drop point of a location is its center. The cursor is marked with an X if your drop point is
too close to the raceway edge causing it to overlap outside of the raceway.
Add One-Line Cables

You can graphically add cables from one-line diagrams (one-line cables) to underground raceways. To
do this from a one-line diagram presentation, use <Ctrl><Shift>+Drag to select and graphically drag a
one-line cable to a conduit or location in a UGS presentation. At first, the cursor becomes a cable symbol
with a big X marked on top of it. Once the cursor inside a conduit or location, the X disappears and you
can drop it. The cable that you have just placed inside a U/G raceway appears both in the one-line
diagram and the UGS presentations. The property of this cable can be changed from either presentation.
Note that you can also use <Ctrl><Shift> + Drag to add UGS cables to the one-line diagram.
Select Elements
To select an element, click the left mouse button while the cursor (arrow shape) is on top of the element.
To rubber-band multiple raceways, click the left mouse outside the raceway and drag the mouse across
the raceways you want to select. It will show you a dotted rectangle. When the mouse is released, only
the raceways inside the rectangle will be selected. Note that when a raceway is selected, no matter how
many conduits, locations, or cables it contains, the raceway is considered to be one element. For
example, if you cut or copy a selected raceway, the raceway and its contents will be cut or copied.
Selecting & Deselecting Multiple Elements

<Ctrl>Click on the elements that you want to select or deselect.
Move / Relocate Elements

When an element (other than a cable) is added to a UGS presentation, according to the drop point, its
coordinates (x and y) are updated automatically in its editor and in the Help line at the bottom of your
screen. You may relocate the element to new coordinates, either from its editor (Ref. X and Ref. Y for
raceways and external heat sources, and Horiz. Dist. and Vert. Dist. for conduits and locations relative to
their raceways reference point) or by dragging the element and watching the Help line change to the
desired position, as shown below.
X and Y coordination of an element in the Help Line
To drag an element, first select the element that you want to move, place the cursor on top of the selected
element. Click and hold the left mouse button, drag the element to the desired position, and release the
left button.
Move Raceways, Heat Sources, and Locations (Conduits)

Select the element, hold the left button, drag it to the new position, and then release the left button. When
the cursor is placed on a selected element, the cursor becomes a movement symbol.

The following graph shows the relationship between raceway reference points and other elements.
The value of the reference Y for raceways and heat sources represents the depth of the elements below the
earth’s surface. The value of the reference X determines the relative horizontal distance between
raceways and heat sources. For a UGS presentation that has only one raceway, the reference X is
irrelevant.
Rules
• Elements CANNOT be relocated in study mode or in a Revision level of the database.
• Elements CANNOT be overlapped.
• All three phases of a cable must be routed through the same raceway, i.e., if you move one of the
conductors, PowerStation prompts you to move all conductors (placed together).
You can also move a raceway (reference X and Y) or a location/conduit (horizontal and vertical distance)
from its editor as shown below.

Move Cables
You can graphically move any cable within a UGS. To move a cable, select the cable, hold the left
button, drag it to the new location (conduit), and then release the left button. When you move a cable
from one raceway to another raceway, all conductors for that cable will be moved.
Move Cable2 from One Conduit to Another
Move Cable4 from Raceway RW1 to RW2
Cut (Delete) Elements

When elements are cut, they are placed into the Dumpster (inside a Dumpster Cell). To cut an element
that is selected, click on the Cut button in the Project Toolbar or press Delete on the keyboard. You can
cut elements in Edit mode only. When you cut an element or group of elements, they are deleted from
UGS and placed in the Dumpster with the same IDs (engineering properties are preserved). Elements can
be cut (deleted) three ways.
• Click on Edit in the menu bar, and then click on Cut.

• Click on the Cut button on the Project Toolbar.
• Press the Delete key on the keyboard.

Rules
• Elements can be cut in Edit mode ONLY when Base Data is active.
• Elements have to be selected in order for them to be Cut (deleted).
• When a conduit or location that contains cables is cut, the cables are not deleted. They are moved
into a container attached underneath of the raceway. This container is used to hold cables that belong
to this raceway but are not assigned to a specific conduit or location.
• When one or more raceways, cables, or heat sources are placed in the Dumpster, PowerStation forms
a new Dumpster Cell (element group) that holds these elements. PowerStation automatically assigns
the name of the Dumpster Cell.
Copy Elements
Elements are copied into the Dumpster (inside a Dumpster Cell). To copy an element or group of
elements, place the mouse on top of the element, click the right mouse button, and then select Copy.
When you copy an element or group of elements, they get copied into the Dumpster with new IDs while
the engineering properties are preserved.
Elements can be copied two ways:
• Click on Edit in the menu bar, and then select Copy.

• Click on the Copy button in the Project Toolbar.
Rules
• Element can be copied in Edit mode ONLY when Base Date is active.
• Element must be selected before they can be copied.
• When one or more raceways, cables, or heat sources are placed in the Dumpster, PowerStation forms
a new Dumpster Cell (element group) that holds these elements. PowerStation automatically assigns
the name of the Dumpster Cell.
To graphically copy raceways from a UGS presentation to the Dumpster, use <Shift>+Drag. After you
select a raceway, hold the <Shift> key down, and click and hold the left mouse button down while you
drag the mouse. At first, the cursor becomes a preventive symbol (a red circle with a line across it).
When you move the cursor on top of the Dumpster, it becomes a box symbol with a plus sign indicating
that you can copy it to the Dumpster.
Paste
Use the Paste command to copy the selected cell from the Dumpster into the UGS presentation. To paste
a copy of the elements from a Dumpster Cell, first select the Cell from the Dumpster, activate the UGS
presentation view you want the element to be pasted into, and then click on Paste. When you paste
elements, they get copied into the UGS presentation with new IDs (engineering properties are preserved).
Elements can be pasted two ways:
• Click on Edit in the menu bar, and then select Paste.

• Click on the Paste icon in the Project Toolbar.

Rules
• Pasting CANNOT be done if there are no Cells (element groups) in the Dumpster.
• Pasting can be done in Edit mode ONLY when Base Data is active.
• In the Dumpster, conduits or locations CANNOT be deleted or purged unless the raceway containing
these conduits or locations is deleted or purged.
• You can paste any Dumpster Cell you desire by making it active from the Dumpster presentation.
• When you cut or copy elements to the Dumpster, the newly created Dumpster Cell becomes the
active Cell.
• You CANNOT paste part of a Dumpster Cell; the entire contents of a Cell are pasted.
• You CANNOT paste Dumpster Cells that contain one-line diagram elements in UGS presentations.
• A UGS presentation can contain multiple raceways, but not a duplicate raceway, i.e., a raceway
CANNOT be placed twice in the same UGS presentation.
Size Elements
When an element is added into a UGS presentation, its size is set to the default. You can graphically
change the width and height of raceways, as well as, the outside diameter of conduits, locations, and heat
sources. To change the size, select the element, move the cursor to the corner or edges of the selected
element, and, when the cursor changes its shape, release the mouse button. You can see the new sizes on
the Help Line. Note that you can also change the sizes from the raceway editor. Outside diameter (OD)
of cables can only be changed from the Cable Editor.
Rules
• Sizing elements can be done in Edit mode ONLY when Base Data is active.
• Elements CANNOT overlap each other.

Underground Raceway Systems Underground System Editor
27.6 Underground System Editor

The Underground System (UGS) Editor provides details regarding the overall layout of the underground
system. This includes global properties such as soil type and temperature.
ID
Enter a unique alphanumeric ID with a maximum of 25 characters. PowerStation automatically assigns a
unique ID to each UGS. The IDs consist of the word UGS plus an integer starting with the number one
and increasing with the addition of each UGS. The default ID can be changed from the Defaults menu in
the menu bar or from the Project View.
Soil
Soil refers to the surrounding earth for the raceway system. Backfill soil or concrete for raceways is
specified in the Raceway Editor.
Type
Select the soil type from the drop-down list.
• Average Dry
• Average Wet
• Clay Dry
• Clay Wet
• Sandy Dry
• Sandy Wet
Note that the selection of soil type will not affect the value of RHO.
RHO
Enter the thermal resistivity of the earth (soil) in degrees C-cm/Watt.

Underground Raceway Systems Underground System Editor
Temperatures
Ambient
Ambient refers to the soil ambient temperature specified in degrees Celsius. The soil temperature is a
constant from the surface of the soil to the deepest point considered in the underground raceway system.
Warning
Warning refers to the conductor warning temperature specified in degrees Celsius. Each conductor,
whose temperature is above the warning level and below the alarm level, will be shown in magenta after a
cable temperature calculation study has been performed.
Alarm
Alarm refers to the maximum allowable conductor temperature specified in degrees Celsius. Each
conductor, whose temperature is above the alarm level, will be shown in red after a cable temperature
calculation study has been performed.
Heat Sources
This is the list of all external heat sources located in this underground raceway system. Each heat source
is specified by an ID as well as its (center-point) X and Y coordinates. X and Y coordinates are specified
from the upper left corner of your underground raceway system.
Raceways
This is the list of all raceways (direct-buried or duct bank) located in this underground raceway system.
Each raceway is specified by its ID, as well as, its reference point X and Y coordinates. The reference
point is the upper-left corner of the raceway.

Underground Raceway Systems Raceway Editor
27.7 Raceway Editor

The Raceway Editor consists of three separate pages or screens. These are the Raceway, Location, and
Cable pages. The Location and Cable pages will not be displayed if there are no conduits/locations or
cables in the raceway.
27.7.1 Raceway Page
Raceway Info
ID
unique ID to each raceway (direct buried or duct bank). The default ID consists of RW plus an integer
starting with the number one and increasing as the raceway numbers increase. The default ID can be
changed from the Defaults menu in the menu bar or from the Project View.
Ref.X
Ref.X is the X coordinate for the reference point in inches or cm. The reference point is the upper left
corner of the raceway. X and Y coordinates are specified from the upper left corner of your underground
raceway system.
Ref.Y
Ref.Y is the Y coordinate for the reference point in inches or cm. The reference point is the upper left
corner of the raceway. X and Y coordinates are specified from the upper left corner of your underground
raceway system.

Width
Width specifies the raceway width in inches or in centimeters. The width of the raceway begins from the
raceway reference point and extends to the right.
Height
Height specifies the raceway height in inches or in centimeters. The height of the raceway begins from
the raceway reference point and extends down.
Fill Type
Select the type of fill (material) from the list of options used in the construction of the raceway. Light
Aggregate and Heavy Aggregate are options for duct bank raceways, and Average Dry, Average Wet,
Sandy Dry, Sandy Wet, Clay Dry, and Clay Wet are options for direct buried raceways.
Fill RHO
Fill RHO specifies the thermal resistance of the fill material. Units are specified in degrees Celsius
centimeters per Watt.
Cables in Raceway
Displays a list of all the cables located in this raceway. Each cable is described with its ID, the number of
conductors per phase, the number of conductors per cable, and which location (conduit) the cable is
located in.
27.7.2 Location Page
Conduit / Location Info
Conduit
unique ID to each location or conduit. The default IDs consist of Loc (for direct buried locations) or
Cond (for duct bank conduits) plus an integer starting with the number one and increasing as the location /
conduit numbers increase. The default ID can be changed from the Defaults menu in the menu bar or
from the Project View.

Horiz.Dist
Horiz. Dist specifies the horizontal distance of the center point of the location (conduit) from the raceway
reference point. The horizontal distance is specified in inches or in centimeters.
Vert. Dist
Vert. Dist specifies the vertical distance of the center point of the location (conduit) from the raceway
reference point. The vertical distance is specified in inches or in centimeters.
Type (Conduit)
Type specifies the type of material used in the fabrication of the conduit for duct bank raceways. This
field is not active for direct buried raceways. You can select from a variety of options including:
• Metal
• Fiber
• Transite
• PVC-40
• PVC-80
• PVC-A
• Other
Size (Conduit)
Size specifies the standard diameter of a conduit in inches or centimeters. There are a variety of sizes to
choose from including:
• 0.50
• 0.75
• 1.00
• 1.25
• 1.50
• 2.00
• 2.50
• 3.00
• 3.50
• 4.00
• 5.00
• 6.00
OD (Conduit)
OD specifies the outside diameter of a conduit in inches or centimeters. For standard size conduits,
PowerStation provides the outside diameter of the conduit based on the conduit type.
Thickness (Conduit)
Thickness specifies the thickness of the material used to fabricate the conduit in inches or centimeters.
For standard size conduits, PowerStation provides the conduit thickness based on the conduit size and
type.

27.7.3 Cable Page
Cable Type
Cable type specifies details regarding the selected cable header and size. The details include
manufacturer, type, voltage rating, loading factor, number of conductors per cable, conductor material
type, and magnetic or non-magnetic installation type.
Size
Size specifies the cable size using international standards. The units for cable sizing are AWG/kcmil for
English unit cables and mm2 for Metric unit cables. Note that for quick selection, PowerStation provides
the list of all available cable sizes from the selected library. Changing the cable size will update pertinent
cable data from the library.
Cable Editor
Clicking on the Cable Editor button will open the editor for the selected cable. The Cable Editor contains
electrical and physical data used in both the one-line diagram and the underground raceway systems. Any
changes made in the Cable Editor will be reflected on the Cable page of the Raceway Editor.
Cable Routing
Cable routing specifies the conduit or location where this cable is installed (routed) in every underground
raceway system for this project. Details include the raceway ID, the type of raceway, i.e. direct buried or
duct bank, and which underground raceway system the raceway is located in.

Underground Raceway Systems External Heat Source
27.8 External Heat Source
External heat sources can be placed in underground raceway systems to simulate steam pipes or other
sources of heat in the vicinity of raceways.
Info
ID
unique ID to each external heat source. The IDs consist of HS plus an integer starting with the number
one and increasing as the external heat source numbers increase. The default ID can be changed from the
Defaults menu in the menu bar or from the Project View.
Ref. X
Ref. X is the X coordinate reference for the focal (center point) of the external heat source in inches or
cm. X and Y coordinates are specified from the upper left corner of your underground raceway system.
Ref. Y
Ref. Y is the Y coordinate reference for the focal (center point) of the external heat source in inches or
cm. X and Y coordinates are specified from the upper left corner of your underground raceway system.
Outside Diameter
Outside diameter specifies the diameter of the external heat source in inches or cm. The thermal energy
produced by the external heat source uses a constant temperature for the entire external heat source. The
larger the diameter, the greater the thermal energy provided by the external heat source. The outside
diameter is specified in inches or in centimeters.
Operating Temp.
Operating Temp. specifies the surface operating temperature of the external heat source in degrees
Celsius. The temperature is constant throughout the external heat source.

Underground Raceway Systems Calculation Methods
27.9 Calculation Methods

PowerStation provides five types of cable derating calculations, namely, steady-state temperature
calculation, uniform-ampacity ampacity calculation, uniform-temperature ampacity calculation, cable
sizing, and transient temperature calculation.
In the calculations, all conductors from the same cable branch are presumed to equally share the total line
current. They can be located in the same conduit/location or different conduits/locations in the same
raceway. Note that the cables located in different conduits/locations in general will not have the same
temperature, even though they carry the same load current. However, if they are located in the same
conduit/location, the calculated temperature will be the same.
The raceway system can contain several raceways and external heat sources. The calculation considers
the mutual heat effect of cables in the same raceway as well as in different raceways. It also considers the
heat effect from external heat sources.
Cables with De-Energized Conductors

For a DC or a single-phase cable branch, it is possible that some of the cable conductors may not carry
current. For example, consider that a single-phase branch needs five conductors per phase to carry its
load. Since a single-phase circuit has a forward and a return path, it requires ten conductors in total. If
for some reason three-conductor cables are used for this branch, four, three-conductor cables will be
needed, which equals a total of twelve conductors. This leaves two of the twelve conductors as non-
current-carrying (de-energized) conductors. PowerStation will spread non-current-carrying conductors
among individual cables for the branch. In this case, two of the four cables will have only two conductors
carrying current. In the Cable Temperature section of the output report, PowerStation reports the number
of energized conductors for each individual cable.
Voltage Used for Calculating Cable Dielectric Losses

Since the cable dielectric losses are directly related to the voltage applied on the insulation layer, the cable
operating voltage should be used for this calculation. In PowerStation, if a cable is a branch cable or an
equipment cable, the nominal kV of the cable terminal bus will be used. For an underground cable (no
terminal bus), the cable rated voltage is used. In the report, the voltage applied on the insulation layer is
printed under the “Insulation Layer kV” column.
27.9.1 Steady-State Temperature Calculation

The Steady-State Cable Temperature calculation determines the temperature of all the cable conductors
involved in the raceway system under a specified loading condition. The calculation is based on the NEC
accepted Neher-McGrath approach, which employs a thermal circuit model to represent heat flow
situations. It is assumed that the cables have been carrying the specified load long enough that the heat
flow has reached its steady-state and no more changes of temperature will occur throughout the raceway
system. The cable temperature calculated is dependent on raceway system configuration, cable loading,
and the location of each particular cable.

Maximum Number of Iterations

The maximum number of iterations for the steady-state and transient temperature calculations is set to 50.
To modify this value, enter the following command line in the ETAPS.INI file under the [ETAP
PowerStation] heading. Note that you must close PowerStation and launch it again to see the results of
the changes made in the ETAPS.INI file.
MaxIterForTempCalc=50
27.9.2 Cable Ampacity Calculation

The Cable Ampacity calculation determines the maximum allowable load current that the cables in a
raceway system can carry under the specified system conditions and the cable conductor temperature
limit. PowerStation provides two approaches to ampacity calculation: Uniform-Ampacity calculation and
Uniform-Temperature calculation. Both approaches employ the NEC accepted Neher-McGrath method
to calculate cable temperature, but they differ in the criteria used to determine the maximum allowable
load current.
27.9.3 Uniform-Ampacity (UA) Ampacity Calculation

This approach is based on the equal loading criterion for ampacity calculation. It determines the
maximum allowable load currents when all the cables in the system are equally loaded to the same
percentage of their base loading. The base load is obtained from the Cable Library for the appropriate
system configuration type, such as duct bank or directly buried raceways.
The calculation involves an iterative process of cable temperature calculation and load adjusting, as listed
below.
1. Determine an initial loading level based on the base ampacity from the Cable Library and using cable
derating factors for the given configuration.
2. Calculate cable temperature as in the steady-state temperature calculation described above.
3. Check cable temperature values against the cable temperature limit.
4. If the temperature of the hottest cable is within close range of the temperature limit, the solution has
been reached. If not, adjust the cable loading uniformly at the same percentage, either increasing or
decreasing the loading in order to make the highest cable temperature come closer to the temperature
limit. Then go to back to step 2 to recalculate cable temperature.
If the Update Currents from Ampacity Calc option is checked in the study case, the cable allowable
current is updated by the calculated ampacity.

The maximum number of iterations for uniform-ampacity and uniform-temperature calculations is set to
200. To modify this value, enter the following command line in the ETAPS.INI file under the [ETAP
PowerStation] heading. Note that you must close PowerStation and launch it again to see the results of
the changes made in the ETAPS.INI file.
MaxIterForAmpCalc=200

Cables with Fixed Current

If the Fixed Current box in the Leading page of the Cable Editor is checked for a cable, the load current
for this cable will be held constant in the ampacity calculation. The cable current used in the calculation
depends on the Initial/Steady-State Amp selection in the study case.
27.9.4 Uniform-Temperature (UT) Ampacity Calculation

This approach is based on the equal temperature criterion for ampacity calculation. It determines the
maximum allowable load currents when all the cables in the system have their temperature within a small
range of the temperature limit. Since all the conductors in a cable branch are assumed to equally share the
load current, in the case where these conductors are not located in the same conduit/location, they may
not have the same temperature. When this situation occurs, the temperature of the hottest conductor in
this cable branch will be used to represent this cable branch.
The calculation involves an iterative process, which adjusts cable loading current in each iteration so that
the cable temperature approaches the temperature limit. The load adjustment in each step is determined
based on the gradient of cable temperature change and therefore offers fast convergence to the solution.
The following steps are involved in the calculation:
1. Determine an initial loading level based on the base ampacity from the Cable Library and using cable
derating factors for the given configuration.
2. Calculate cable temperature as in the steady-state temperature calculation described above.
3. Check cable temperature values against the cable temperature limit. If the temperature values of all
the cables are within close range of temperature limit, the solution has been reached. If not,
determine the load change required for the cable temperature to approach the temperature limit based
on the gradient of cable temperature change.
4. Update cable loading and go back to step 2 to recalculate cable temperature.
If the Update Currents from the Ampacity Calculation option is checked in the study case, the cable
allowable current will be updated by the calculated ampacity.

The maximum number of iterations for uniform-ampacity and uniform-temperature calculations is set to
200. To modify this value, enter the following command line in the ETAPS.INI file under the [ETAP
PowerStation] heading.
MaxIterForAmpCalc=200
Acceleration Factor
The uniform-temperature ampacity acceleration factor has a range between 0.0 and 2.0. The value can be
set higher than the default setting of 0.7 to speed up the calculation; however, the calculation may
diverge. To modify this value, enter the following command line in the ETAPS.INI file under the [ETAP
UTAmpAccelFactor=0.7
Note that you must close PowerStation and launch it again to see the results of the changes made in the
ETAPS.INI file.

Cables with Fixed Current

If the Fixed Current box in the Leading page of the Cable Editor is checked for a cable, the load current
for this cable will be held constant in the ampacity calculation. The cable current used in the calculation
depends on the Initial/Steady-State Amp selection in the study case.
27.9.5 Cable Sizing

The Cable Sizing calculation determines the minimum size for each cable that will carry the specified
load current without violating the cable temperature limit. The cables considered as candidates for cable
sizing are the ones that are flagged as available cables in the Cable Library of the same cable type, that is,
they have the same voltage, insulation, conductor type, etc., as the cable to be sized.
The calculation is an iterative process involving repetitively adjusting the cable size and calculating cable
temperature. The cable temperature calculation is done in the same way as the steady-state temperature
calculation described above. If there are no available alternative sizes for a cable, the cable will be
considered not changeable.
If a solution is reached, calculation results will be reported in the output report and the cables involved in
the study will be changed to the new sizes if the Update Size option is checked in the study case.

The maximum number of iterations for cable sizing calculations is set to 1000. To modify this value,
enter the following command line in the ETAPS.INI file under the [ETAP PowerStation] heading. Note
that you must close PowerStation and launch it again to see the results of the changes made in the
ETAPS.INI file.
MaxIterForCableSizeCalc=1000
Cables with Fixed Size

If the Fixed Size box in the Loading page of the Cable Editor is checked for a cable, the size of this cable
will not be changed in the Cable Sizing studies.
27.9.6 Transient Temperature Calculation

The transient temperature calculation yields cable temperature variations as a function of time in
accordance to load changes. While the steady-state temperature calculation can be used to check the
cable temperature under constant loading, the transient temperature calculation provides a tool to verify
operation conditions of the raceway systems against the cable short-time or emergency temperature limits.
In most cases, the short-time maximum allowable temperature of a cable is considerably higher than its
steady-state temperature limit. For loads that have high peak values for only a short period of time, the
transient temperature calculation can be used to determine the cable peak temperature and its duration,
and to compare against its short-time maximum allowable temperature, resulting in a more economical
design of your raceway systems.

The transient temperature calculation is based on a dynamic thermal model of the raceway system,
constructed mainly from thermal resistance, thermal capacitance, and heat sources. The thermal
resistance is used to represent different thermal layers from the cable conductor to ambient soil. The
thermal capacitance is used to represent the capability of each layer to absorb the heat. When you change
the cable loading, the heat generated by the loss in the conductor will change accordingly, resulting in a
variation of the heat flow dissipated from the cable conductor to the ambient soil. As a result, the cable
conductor temperature will vary to follow the load change pattern, at a rate of temperature change that
depends on the resistance and capacitance values of the circuit.
The cable load variations are defined in the Load Profile of the Cable Editor. The initial state of the
raceway system is based on the initial load specified in the Cable Derating Study Case, either the load
profile (the first current value in the profile list) or the operating load. It is assumed that all cables
initially carry the initial load and have reached the steady-state.

The maximum number of iterations for the steady-state and transient temperature calculations is set to 50.
To modify this value, enter the following command line in the ETAPS.INI file under the [ETAP
MaxIterForTempCalc=50
Maximum Transient Steps

Maximum number of transient steps is set to 5000. To modify this value, enter the following command
line in the ETAPS.INI file under the [ETAP PowerStation] heading. Note that you must close
PowerStation and launch it again to see the results of the changes made in the ETAPS.INI file.
MaxTransientStep=5000

Underground Raceway Systems Required Data
27.10 Required Data
27.10.1 Underground Raceway System Data

The data for the underground raceway system can be entered from the Underground System Editor. The
minimum requirement for underground system data includes soil type, soil thermal resistivity, and
ambient temperature.
27.10.2 Raceway Data

Two types of raceways are supported in the current version of PowerStation: Duct Bank Raceway and
Direct Buried Raceway. Raceway data can be entered from the Raceway page of the Raceway Editor.
The minimum requirement for raceway data includes raceway dimension, raceway fill type, and its
thermal resistivity.
You can run studies with raceways that contain no cables. However, you cannot run studies if the
raceway contains unassigned cables (cables that are assigned to a raceway but are not located in a specific
conduit or location).
Conduit/Location Data
The data for conduit/location can be entered into the Location page of the Raceway Editor. A
conduit/location can be empty (contain no cables).
Conduit
A conduit can only be placed in a duct bank raceway. The minimum requirements for conduit data
include location, type, outside diameter, and thickness.
Location
A location is a specified space in a direct buried raceway in which cables are placed. Location can only
be assigned to a direct buried raceway. The only requirement for location data is its location.
Cable Data
Cable data is entered into several pages of the Cable Editor.
Data from the Info Page

The cable type data must be available before performing any cable derating calculation. You can select
cable type from the Cable Library by clicking on the Library button.
Other data that is needed for cable derating calculations and can be entered into the Info page including
the cable size and the number of conductors per phase.
Special attention should be given to the Link to Library box. When this box is checked, the cable
derating calculation will extract the cable physical data directly from the Cable Library; otherwise it will
use the data from the Physical page of the Cable Editor.

Underground Raceway Systems Required Data
Physical Page
This page is designed especially for entering parameters employed in cable derating calculations. The
parameters describing the physical aspect of a cable are required to calculate cable electrical resistance,
thermal resistance of different layers, dielectric losses, etc.
Loading Page
The data entered in this page describe the loading condition of a cable. The Transient Load Profile data is
used for transient temperature calculation. The Operating Load or the first current value in the Transient
Load Profile list are used, depending on the selection in the Cable Derating Study Case, as the initial or
steady-state load current in the transient temperature calculation, steady-state temperature calculation, and
cable sizing.
The Load Factor is used in all types of cable derating calculations to represent cyclic load conditions.
The Projection Multiplication Factor is used to modify cable loading in the transient temperature
calculation, steady-state temperature calculation, and cable sizing, if the corresponding option is checked
in the Cable Derating Study Case.
The Sheath/Armor Current is specified as a percentage of the load current. It represents the situation
where the sheath/armor is intentionally utilized to carry part of the load current. In all other situations,
sheath/armor current should be set to zero.
Ampacity Page
The Application Multiplication Factor is used to modify cable loading in the transient temperature
calculation, steady-state temperature calculation, and cable sizing, if the corresponding option is checked
in the Cable Derating Study Case.
External Heat Source Data

The external heat source data required for cable derating calculations include the location of the external
heat source, its outside diameter, and its temperature.
Study Case
Prior to performing any type of cable derating calculations, a Cable Derating Study Case must be
selected. The study case contains information necessary to carry out the calculation.

Underground Raceway Systems Output Reports
27.11 Output Reports

A text report is generated after performing a cable derating calculation. Printed on the top of each page of
the output report is the general information about the project, the study cases, and the version of
PowerStation, etc.
The first page of the report contains information about the underground raceway system, including the
number of raceways and external heat sources in the system. If there are external heat sources in the
underground system, this information is printed on the second page. It is followed by raceway and cable
information.
Input data and calculation results for raceways and cables are grouped together according to raceways,
namely, the conduits/locations and cable information, as well as the related calculation. Results will be
printed together with the information of the raceway in which the conduits/locations and cables are
located. This section of the output report is formatted according to the type of calculation being
performed.
Steady-State Temperature Calculation

This section of the output report starts with raceway information, followed by conduit/location
information. It then presents information for cables, including cable parameters, calculated cable
insulation thermal resistance, dielectric losses, etc. As the cable conductor temperature is the main result
from the steady-state temperature calculation, these values are presented in the final portion of this
section. Note that conductors that belong to the same cable and are located in the same conduit/location
have the same temperature; therefore, the temperature for only one conductor is printed.
CABLE AMPACITY DERATING

=======================
Project: Example PowerStation 4.0.0C Page: 1
Location: Lake Forest, California Date: 10-12-2000
Contract: OTI-12345678 SN: 85OTI30125
Engineer: Operation Technology, Inc. Study Case: CD File: EXAMPLE
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
This info is printed on top of every output report, 1st remark line. (120 characters)
=================================================================================================================================
ETAP PowerStation
_________________
Cable Derating Analysis

_______________________
Cable Steady State Temperature Calculation
UGS System Number of EHS Number of Raceway

____________ _____________ _________________
UGS1 1 1
Ambient Conductor Soil Earth

Temp (°C) Temp (°C) Type RHO
_________ _________ _____________ ______
35.00 90.00 Clay Wet 90.00
Multiplication Factor: Global Projection MF = 100 %

Initial/Steady State Amp: Operating Load
Output File: C:\ETAPS30\PowerStn\Example\TranTemp.cdr

External Heat Source Information
________________________________
Horiz. Vertical
Distance Distance OD Temp.
No. ID (in) (in) (in) (°C)
___ ____________ ________ ________ _____ ______
1 Steam Pipe 75.40 35.90 6.00 80.00
Raceway Information
___________________
Horiz. Vertical Fill Number Number

Raceway Distance Distance Height Width ______________________ of of
ID (in) (in) (in) (in) Type RHO Conduit Cable
____________ ________ ________ ______ ______ _____________ ______ _______ ______
RW1 19.20 30.00 20.40 43.50 Light Aggreg. 90.00 9 8
Conduit/Location Information
____________________________
Horiz. Vertical Duct

Distance Distance Size Thick Fill
No. ID (in) (in) Type (in) (in) (%)
___ ____________ ________ ________ _____________ _____ _____ _____
1 Cond1 6.55 6.55 PVC__40 5.56 0.258 30.04

2 Cond2 14.05 6.55 PVC__40 5.56 0.258 18.49
3 Cond3 29.05 14.15 PVC__40 5.56 0.258 20.32
4 Cond4 6.55 14.05 PVC__40 5.56 0.258 13.36
5 Cond5 14.00 14.00 PVC__40 6.62 0.280 23.03
6 Cond6 21.50 14.00 PVC__40 6.62 0.280 12.66
7 Cond7 29.00 6.50 PVC__40 2.87 0.203 28.37
8 Cond8 21.50 6.50 PVC__40 2.87 0.203 28.37
9 Cond9 36.50 6.50 PVC__40 2.87 0.203 28.37
Cable Information
_________________
No. Cab Insul Sheath

of per Volt Cable Load Cond Insul Thick Shield Sheath Thick
No. ID Size Cond Phs kV I Factor Type Type (mil) Status Type (mil)
___ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ ______ ______ _____ ________ _____ ______ ______ ______
1 Cable8 500 1 1 15 234.00 100.00 CU RUBBER 2 295.0 Y None 0.00

2 Cable6 3/0 1 1 15 156.00 100.00 CU RUBBER 2 295.0 Y None 0.00
3 Cable2 4/0 3 1 5 203.09 100.00 CU RUBBER 190.0 Y None 0.00
5 Cable1 4/0 1 1 15 94.00 100.00 AL RUBBER 2 295.0 Y None 0.00
Jacket Cable Insul Insul Dielec Cable Cond

Jacket Thick O.D. DC Res. Ther.R Layer Losses Temp Losses
No. ID Type (mil) (in) (uOhm/ft) (Ohm/ft) kV (W/ft) Yc Ys (°C) (W/ft)
___ ____________ ______ ______ _____ _________ ________ _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
1 Cable8 None 0.00 1.60 21.63 1.735 8.66 0.107 0.018 0.000 79.37 4.37
2 Cable6 None 0.00 1.25 64.23 2.585 8.66 0.072 0.002 0.000 90.71 5.89 *
3 Cable2 None 0.00 2.28 50.98 0.603 2.40 0.008 0.007 0.021 101.65 8.22 *
4 Cable5 None 0.00 1.07 50.98 1.724 2.89 0.012 0.003 0.000 72.65 1.10
5 Cable1 None 0.00 1.31 83.50 2.385 8.66 0.078 0.001 0.000 82.55 2.72
6 Cable3 None 0.00 1.05 162.67 3.514 8.66 0.053 0.000 0.000 81.93 1.31
7 Cable4 None 0.00 1.25 30.77 1.410 2.89 0.015 0.008 0.000 76.93 0.41
8 Cable9 None 0.00 1.31 50.98 2.385 8.66 0.078 0.003 0.000 77.87 1.92
Cable Temperature
_________________
Conduit No. of No. of Cable

Cable Location Conductors Engergized Temp
No. ID ID per Cable Cond/Cable (°C)
___ ____________________ ____________ __________ __________ ______
1 Cable8-1A Cond1 1 1 79.37

2 Cable8-1B Cond1 1 1 79.37
3 Cable8-1C Cond1 1 1 79.37
4 Cable6-1A Cond2 1 1 90.71 *
5 Cable6-1B Cond2 1 1 90.71 *
6 Cable6-1C Cond2 1 1 90.71 *
7 Cable2 Cond3 3 3 101.65 *
8 Cable5-1C Cond4 1 1 72.65
9 Cable5-1B Cond4 1 1 72.65
10 Cable5-1A Cond4 1 1 72.65
11 Cable1-1A Cond5 1 1 82.55
12 Cable1-1B Cond5 1 1 82.55
13 Cable1-1C Cond5 1 1 82.55
*Indicates cables with conductor temperature exceeding its limit.

Ampacity Calculation
The ampacity calculation results are reported in the same format as the steady-state temperature
calculation, the only difference being that the cable current value reported is the cable maximum
allowable load instead of the actual cable load current.
Cable Sizing Calculation

The cable sizing calculation results are reported in the same format as the steady-state temperature
calculation, the only difference being that the cable size reported is the smallest cable size that can carry
the specified load current without violating the cable temperature limit.
Transient Temperature Calculation

The results of the transient temperature calculation are represented in both text and plot formats. The text
report has the same format as the report generated by the steady-state temperature calculation. As the
cable temperature varies with time, the temperature values reported in the text report is the highest
temperature value during the simulation period.
The temperature plots can be viewed by clicking on the View Cable Temperature Plots button on the
Cable Derating Toolbar. The Printing and Plotting Chapter describes features that will be helpful in
viewing the plot.

Underground Raceway Systems Plots
27.12 Plots
Click on the Plot icon to open the Cable Selection dialog box, which contains all the cables in the raceway
system. Clicking on a cable will select the cable for plotting its temperature. If a cable is already selected,
clicking on it again will deselect that cable. Clicking the OK button will open the Plot View, which will
display the transient temperature for the selected cables.
The Cable Selection dialog box displays the cable ID along with the conduit/location ID in which the
cables are located and the raceway ID. Note that you can have more than one raceway in a U/G system,
and the same cable can be placed in more than one raceway.
Temperatures for up to sixteen cables can be displayed in one plot. If more than sixteen cables are
selected, the temperature for the first sixteen cables will be displayed in the plot. The Cable Transient
Temperature plot indicates temperatures of selected cables as functions of time. You can change the size
and font of the text (labels) by double-clicking on the labels. You can also change the type and color of
plots (curves) by double-clicking on them. For more details, refer to Printing and Plotting.
Plots, which are generated as a result of transient temperature calculations, can be printed by any printer
supported by your Windows platform. To print a plot, display the plot view, make formatting
modifications, if required, and select the Print command from the File menu. You may have several plot
views displayed on your screen; however, only one plot can be active at any time. The printed plot size is
currently set to the size of the paper on which it is being printed.
Modifying Plot Parameters

Plot parameters such as plot line type, axis, legend, and text can be modified directly from the plot view.
For example, to modify plot line type, double-click on the plot line and change the line type from the Plot
Parameter Editor. For more details see the chapter on Printing and Plotting.

Underground Raceway Systems Tutorial
27.13 Underground Systems Tutorial

This tutorial provides a brief overview of the operation of the Underground Raceway System (UGS).
Once you finish this tutorial, you will be familiar with some the key features and capabilities of the
program and the various options available for performing cable derating analysis.
Cable derating analysis is an important part of power system design and analysis. For designing a new
system, it determines the proper size of cables to carry the specified loads. For analysis of an existing
system, it examines cable temperatures and determines their ampacities.
Starting the PowerStation Program and Opening the Example Project
Start the ETAP PowerStation program by double-clicking on the icon.
PowerStation organizes your work on a project basis. Each project provides all the necessary tools and
support for modeling and analyzing an electrical power system. A project consists of an electrical system
that requires a unique set of electrical components and interconnections. In PowerStation, each project
provides a set of users, user access controls, and a separate database in which its elements and
connectivity data are stored.
Follow these simple steps to open the EXAMPLE project file.
Enter your User Name in the Logon Editor and select the Project Editor option in the Select
Access Level Editor.

The Example project includes a one-line diagram of an electrical system. Notice the UGS1 view located
behind the Study View. Click on the UGS1 view to bring it to the front and maximize it.
27.13.1 Cross Section Diagrams and Editors

PowerStation provides a fully graphical Underground (U/G) Raceway System. Each PowerStation
project supports a unique U/G raceway system with multiple views of the U/G system. Each view is
conceptually a cross-section of the desired raceways and heat sources that are in the same vicinity.

Notice the toolbars on the top and the right-hand side of the U/G raceway cross-section view.

Editors
Double-click on the raceway RW1 and view the Raceway Editor. This editor includes Raceway,
Location, and Cable information. Flip through the pages and familiarize yourself with the Raceway
Editor. Note that the Help button is available on each page of all editors.
Click on OK and close the editor.

Double-click on the underground system and view Underground System Editor. This editor
provides details regarding the overall layout of underground raceways, which includes global
properties such as soil type and temperature.


Double-click on the External Heat Source. External heat sources can be placed in underground
raceway systems to simulate steam pipes or other sources of heat in the vicinity of raceways.
27.13.2 Menu Bars and Toolbars

Power Station Menu Bar
The PowerStation Menu Bar contains a comprehensive collection of menu options.
This menu bar is displayed when a UGS view is active. The PowerStation menu bar contains a list of
menu options which, when an option is selected, activates a drop-down list of commands. Some of the
menu options also activate an additional list of menus (an arrow pointing to the right denotes an
additional menu). For example, select Project, Settings, and Data Type.
Project Toolbar
The Project Toolbar contains icons that allow you to perform shortcuts of many commonly used functions
in PowerStation.

Mode Toolbar
Underground raceway system has two modes of operation, Edit, and U/G Cable Raceway.
Edit Mode
Edit mode allows you to create a cross-section view of your underground raceway system.
Click on the Edit mode of the UGS Mode Toolbar.
To add elements to the UGS view you click on the

elements on the Edit toolbar and add it to the UGS view.
Lets start by adding a New Duct Bank Raceway to the
UGS View. Then add two New Conduits to the raceway.
Resize a conduit as follows:
• Click once on one of the conduits so it is selected.

• Then move your cursor to one corner of the selection
box. A double-end arrow appears.
• Left-click, hold, and drag the cursor.
• Release the cursor when the desired conduit size is
reached.
Note that you can also resize a conduit from its editor.


Next click on the New Cable icon on the Edit Toolbar and add a cable to the conduit. Then double-
click on the cable cross-section and select a cable from the library.
• Select different cable sizes and notice how the cross-section size of the cable changes
accordingly.
• Click on one conductor and notice the cable phase annotation.
• Select a conductor and drag it to the second conduit.
Study Mode
Cable Derating Study mode enables you to create and modify study cases, perform system analysis, and
view output reports and plots.
Click on the U/G Cable Raceway icon on the Mode Toolbar to go to the Cable Derating Study
Mode. Cable Derating Study Toolbar and Cable Derating Study Case Toolbar are available in the
Study mode of operation.
Cable Derating Study Toolbar

When a study mode is active (selected), the Study Toolbar for the selected study is displayed on the right
side of the screen.
By clicking on the buttons on the Study Toolbar, you can run studies, view output reports, view plots, and
change display options.
Cable Derating Study Case Toolbar and Editor

When program is in Study mode, the Study Case toolbar appears on the top toolbar. This toolbar contains
Cable Derating Study Case, output report name, and viewer.

Click on the Edit Study Case icon on the Study Case toolbar.
The Cable Derating Study Case Editor contains solution control variables, cable loading parameters,
and options for output reports. PowerStation allows you to create and save unlimited numbers of study
cases. Cable derating calculations are conducted and reported in accordance with the settings you have
specified in the study case editor. Note that you can have an unlimited number of study cases and can
easily switch between the study cases without the trouble of resetting the study case options each time.
This feature is designed to organize your study efforts and save you time.

27.13.3 Exercise
Lets do an exercise to get the feel of how the program works. You have learned how to add elements to
the UGS view earlier in this tutorial. In this exercise you can run a study and study the calculation results.
Steps
1. Go to the Project View and open UGS2 view. This is a working example and you can perform all
Cable Derating Analyses for learning purposes.
This example consists of one Raceway (RW2), six conduits, and six routed cables. There is a steam pipe
in the close vicinity of this raceway.
2. Activate UGS2 view by clicking once on the view. Study toolbar appears on the right-hand side.
3. Run Steady-State Temperature analysis by clicking on its icon.

4. View the output report for the calculated results.
5. Perform other calculation methods and view the output report.

Cable Temperature
_________________
Conduit Cable Calculated
Cable Location Temp Results
No. ID ID (°C)
___ ____________________ ____________ ______
1 Cable10 Loc1 54.84
2 Cable2 Loc2 70.41
3 Cable4-1A Loc3 66.08
Temperature
Warning

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Chapter 27 - Underground Raceway Systems

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Underground Raceway Systems

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-1 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

This chapter contains the following sections:

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-2 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

27.1 Underground Raceway Systems GUI

27.1.1 Create a New UGS Presentation

Creating A UGS Presentation

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-3 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Change ID (Name) of a UGS Presentation

Right-Click On UGS1, to View, Save, Rename, or Purge UGS1

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-4 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

27.1.2 Edit Toolbar

Add Existing Heat Sources Add New Heat Sources

Add Existing Cables Add New Cables

UGS Edit Toolbar

Existing External Heat Source

New External Heat Source

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-5 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Existing Duct Bank Raceway

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-6 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

New Duct Bank Raceway

Existing Direct Buried Raceway

New Direct Buried Raceway

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-7 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

27.2 Study Toolbar

Steady-State Cable Temperature Calculation

Cable Ampacity Calculation, Uniform-Ampacity

Cable Ampacity Calculation, Uniform-Temperature

Transient Cable Temperature Calculation

View Output Report

Cable Temperature Plots

Halt Current Calculation

Get On-Line Data

Get Archived Data

Steady-State Cable Temperature Calculation

Uniform-Ampacity Cable Ampacity Calculation

Uniform-Temperature Cable Ampacity Calculation

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-8 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Transient Cable Temperature Calculation

View Output Report

Cable Transient Temperature Plot

Get On-Line Data

Get Archived Data

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-9 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

27.3 Study Case Editor

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-10 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-11 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Use Individual Projection MF

Transient Temperature Study

Output Step Size

Currents from Ampacity Calculation

Size from Cable Sizing Calculation

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-12 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

27.4 Display Options for UGS

27.4.1 Cable Derating Result Display Options

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-13 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

27.4.2 U/G Raceway Display Options

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-14 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

27.4.3 Default Display Options - UGS

Underground Raceway System Annotations

Operation Technology, Inc. 27-15 ETAP PowerStation 4.0