2. a device that reads magnetic cards?

_Magnetic card reader __

3. a device that plots graphs? Graf ploter
4. a device that prints using a laser as the light source? _Laser printer
5. a unit that holds magnetic disks? _Magnetic disk holder _
6. a device that prints using a jet of ink? __Ink-jet printer _
Turn into the passive 7. the rate of transmission of data? _Data transmition rate
• CEPT formed a study group in 1982.
8. a package for making presentations using multimedia? _Multimedia presentation maker _
• This group studied and developed a pan-European system.
9. a program which processes data in batches? Batches processing data program _
• They marketed the digital phone in 1991.
10. the process for the conversion of disks for computers? Converting disk process
• Before this date, incompatibility had limited the development of networks.
• Today, a user can receive or send data.
• You may use SMS to send private or collective messages. Link these pairs of sentences that explain the process of heating system to show the
• The system does not require a modem betweeen the user and GS network. relationship depending on time sequence:
• Soon, cell-phones will provide new services; 1. The system is switched on. Cold water passes through a heat exchanger in the boiler.
• These new services will attract more subscribers. 2. The water passes through the heat exchanger. The water becomes hotter and hotter. The water reaches the pre-set level.
1.The study group was formed by CEPT in 1982. 3. The water temperature reaches the pre-set level. A thermostat causes the gas control valve to shut off.
2.The pan-European system was studied and developed by this group. 4. The water is pumped to a diverted valve. The water goes to the hot water cylinder or the radiators.
3.The digital phone was marketed in 1991. 5. Hot water passes through the inside of the hot water storage cylinder in a coil arrangement. Heat is transferred to the surrounding water.
4.Before this date,the development of networks had been limited by incompatibility. 6. The hot water flows through the radiators. The hot water loses heat.
5.Today,data can be received or sent by the user. 7. The water passes through the radiators. The water returns to the boiler.
6.SMS may be used to send private or collective messages.
7.The modem between the user and GS network is not required by the system. 1.When the system is switched on,cold water passes through a heat exchanger in the boiler.
8.Soon,new services will be provided by cell-phones. 2.While the water passes through the heat exchanger,it becomes hotter and hotter until it reaches the pre-set level.
9.The more subscribers woll be attracted by these new services. 3.When the water temperature reaches the pre-set level ,a thermostat causes the gas control valve to shut off.
4.After the water is pumped to a diverted valve,it goes to the hot water cylinder or the radiators.
Put these sentences into passive voice: 5.When hot water passes through the inside of the hot water storage cylinder in a coil arrangement,
The company ships computers into many foreign countries. Computers are shiped into many foreign countries by the company . heat is transferred to the surrounding water.
They are preparing the entrance exam. _The entrance exam is being prepared . _ 6.When the hot water flows through the radiators,the hot water loses heat.
The delivery man delivered the package yesterday. __The package was delivered by the delivery man yesterday ._ 7.After the water passes through the radiators,the water returns to the boiler.
The producer was making an announcement. __An announcement was being prepared. _
Our representative will pick up the equipment. _The equipment will be picked up by our representative. _ Make sentences from the following notes:
Someone has made the arrangements for us. __The arrangements were made for us. _ 1. tensile force/ applied/ metal wire/ length/ increase If tencile force is applied,metal wire length increase.
You can use the computer. The computer can be used . .____ 2. rectangular metal block/ heated/ volume / increase When rectangular metal block is heated,volume increases.
3. north pole/ magnet/ brought/ near/ south pole/ another magnet/ poles/ attract / each other
Rewrite the following sentences into the passive voice: When north pole of one magnet is brought near the south pole of another magnet,poles attracts each other.
1. You have sent us the wrong items. _ The wrong items have been sent to us again. ________ 4. end of/ copper bar/ heated/ heat/ travel/ along bar If the end of cooper bar is heated,heat travels along bar.
2. You should have delivered this consignment last week. ___ This consignment have been delivered last week.____ 5. electric current/ passed/ along/ conductor/ conductor/ become/ hot
3. Someone broke two of the VDUs during transportation. Two of the VDUs were broken . . When electric current is passed along conductor,conductor becomes hot..
4. Someone sent the order by sea mail instead of air mail. _ The order was sent by sea mail instead of air mail.________
5. Please let me know when you think you can sort this matter out. __ Please let me know when you think this matter can be sorted out. Making comparisons:
6. You should send the documents by registered post. _ The document have been sent by registered posted. (da li by ili with) 1. Here, the term ‘processor’is the same as (the same) the CPU.
7. A faulty connection caused the problems with the hard disk. 2. Laptops are equally powerful (the same) as microcomputers.
The problems with the hard disk have been caused by a faulty connection. (sat sa could) 3. Some companies use both disks and conventional filling systems for storing data.
8. You omitted the manuals from the order. _ The manuals were omitted from the order . . 4. A computer virus is like a virus in human body.
9. You delivered the printers over three weeks late. _ The printers were delivered over three weeks late . 5. Many word-processing programs are similar in that they share certain common functions.
10. We will not pay the invoice until this problem is rectified. _ The invoice will not be paid until this problem is rectified . 6. A mainframe is more powerful and more (expensive) then a microcomputer.
7. Learning to use a computer is less difficult then learning to program.
Put the following sentences into the passive voice: 8. A fax board costs less then a fax machine.
1. You insert the paper into printer with a smoother side facing up. Paper is inserted into the printer with a smoother side facing up. 9. Unlike factory-sealed software, pirated versions may contain viruses.
2. The managing director from the head office in Halifax briefed the staff about company reorganization. 10. Desktop publishing is the same as electronic publishing.
The staff was briefed about company reorganization by the managing director. 11. You can save money with a network because you will need much less printers.
3. The new company secretary has made a very serious error. A very seriuos error has been made by the new company secretary. 12. This is the most (popular) package on the market today.
4. We are going to update all the office equipment early next year. All the office equipment is going to be updated early next year . 13. BASIC is probably the less (difficult) programming language to learn.
5. The local inhabitants on a remote island in the Pacific make this jewellery. 14. The best programs are those adapted specifically to your own needs.
This jewelery is made by the local inhabitants on a remote island in the Pacific.
6.The college authorities awarded every student a certificate on completion of the course. Put the verbs into the correct tense.
Every student was awarded by the college authorities. 1. Bill has been worked (work) for the company for the last 25 years.
7. Someone has attended to the matter. The matter has benn attended. 2. He graduated (graduate) in business studies and took (take) a job in London.
8. A computer marks the exam papers. The exam papers are marked by a computer. 3. He was trained (train) as a systems analyst while he was working (work) in London.
9.They say the company is on the verge of bancruptcy. It is said that the company is on the verge of bancruptcy. 4. Now he looks after (look after) all the systems used by the Technical Services Division.
5. At the moment he is developing (develop) a system for handling repairs.
Turn the following sentences into the passive voice: 6. When something goes (go) wrong in a pub, a service engineer is sent (send) to fix it.
1. I'll defrost the freezer next week. _The freezer will be defrosted_next week . 7. Details of every repair are downloaded (download) to the company's mainframe each night.
2. They are doing nothing about it. ___Nothing about it are being done . 8. No changes can be made (make) until the system is tested (test).
3. You must develop this film as soon as possible. _This film must be developed as soon as possible . 9. Bill thinks that communications will get (get) faster and faster in the future.
4. He is fixing his car. ___His car is being fixed . 10. He thinks that a paper-free office will not happen (not happen).
5. They are just serving lunch. ___The lunch is just being served .
6. They can't speak Italian during the conference. Italian can't be spoken during the conference . Recast with compound nouns (and adjectives)
7. If there were time, we would finish the job. _The job will be finished if there were time . a) They have developed software that gives you an exploded view of the product [1 compound word]
8. We are introducing a new process of teaching. _A new process of teaching is being introduced . an exploded product view software._____
9. They make the best watches in the world in Switzerland. _The best watches in the world are made in Switzerland . b) They have developed software that analyses finite elements (use ‘analysis’) [1 compound word]
10. We should do something about this. _Something about this should be done . c) They have developed tools that give information about a product and these tools are mow ready for
the Web [1 compound word] Web ready product information tools._____
Describe the operation of the new speed trap by converting each of these statements d) Traditional networks of distributirs are threastened by direct sales through the Internet [2 compound word]
into passive voice. Add information on the agent where you think it is necessary. Traditional distributors networks are threatened by direct Internet sales.
1. The first unit records the time each vehicle passes.
2. It identifies each vehicle by its number plates using OCR software. Link each pair of sentences to indicate contrast.
3. It relays the information to the second unit. 1. Dot matrix printers are noisy. Laser printers are quiet.
4. The second unit also records the time each vehicle passes. 2. Floppy disks store small amounts of data. Hard disks store large amounts of data.
5. The microprocessor calculates the time taken to travel between the units. 3. Handheld computers fit into your pocket. Supercomputers occupy a whole room.
6. It relays the registration numbers of speeding vehicles to police headquarters. 4. High-level languages are easy to understand. Machine code is very difficult to understand.
7. A computer matches each vehicle with the database. 5. Basic is simple language. C++ is complex.
Each vehicle passed is recorded by the first unit and then indentified by it’s number plates using OCR software. 6. Modern computers are powerful and relatively cheap. Older computers were less powerful and quite expensive.
The collected information is then relayed and recorded by the second unit.The time taken to travel between these 7. An analyst analyses problems and finds solution. A programmer turns these solutions into computer programs.
two units is then calculated by a microprocessor and if nessesary relayed along with the rest information directly 8. A graphic package produces images and designs. A word processor produces texts.
to police headquarters where it is matched with the vehicle database.
1.Dot matrix printers are noisly,whereas laser printers are quiet.
Describe the operation of the new speed trap by converting each of these statements into 2.Floppty discs store small amounts of data,while hard discs store the large ones.
3.Unlike handheld computers,which fit into your pocket,supercomputers occupy a whole room.
passive voice. Add information on the agent where you think it is necessary. 4.Unlike high-level languages,machine code is very difficult to understand.
1. The first unit records the time each vehicle passes.
5.Basic is simple language,whereas C++ is complex.
2. It identifies each vehicle by its number plates using OCR software.
6.Modern computers are powerful and relatively cheap,while older ones were less powerful and quite expensive.
3. It relays the information to the second unit.
4. The second unit aslo records the time each vehicle passes.
5. The microprocessor calculates the time taken to travel between the units. Make appropriate if clauses of the given parts:
6. It relays the registration numbers of speeding vehicles to police headquarters. 1. a liquid is heated-it changes to a gas
7. A computer matches each vehicle with the database. 2. a gas is cooled-it changes to a liquid
1.The time , when the each vehicle passes,is recordedby the first unit 3. a current passes through a wire-it sets up a magnetic field around the wire
2.Each vehicle is indentified by its number plates using OCR software. 4. a force is applied to a body-there is an equal and opposite reaction
3.The information is relaied to the second unit 5. a wire cut/s a magnetic field-it is transmitted equally throughout the fluid
4.The time,when each vehicle passes, is also recorded to the second unit. 6. a electric current/passed/along/conductor/conductor/become hot
5.The time taken to travel between the units is calculated by the microprocessor. 1.If a liquid is heated ,it changes to a gas.
6.The registration nubers of speeding vehicles are relaied to policeheadquarters. 2.If a gas is cooled it changes to a liquid.
7.Each vehicles is matched with the database by the computer 3.If a current passes through a wire, it will set up a magnetic field around the wire.
Turn into passive: 4.If a force is applied to a body,there is an equal and opposite reaction.
If two forces act on body, each force exerts an influence on it. Each separate effect produces a total effect 5.If a wire cut/s a magnetic field,it would/will be transmitted equally throughout the fluid.
which we can represent as a vector: we call this vector the'resultant'. Thus we can draw a parallelogram, in 6.If a electric current is passed to along conductor,conductor becomes hot.
which the diagonal represents the resultant of the two forces. If we add E to the system, it produces
equilibrium, so that we say E is the equilibrant. Fill in the gaps with the correct prefix:
If body is acted by two forces,an influence on it is exered by each force .A total effect is produced 1. Most people prefer a colour screen to a mono chrome screen.
by each separate effect and represented as a vector:this vector is called the 'resultant'.A parallelogram 2. Sub script is a character or symbol written below and to the right of a number or a letter, often used in science.
in which the resultant of the two forces is represented by diagonal can be drawn .If E is added to the 3. A mega byte equals approximately one million bytes.
system,equilibrium is produced so that E is said to be the equilibrant. 4. Once you finish this program, you will have to test it and de bug it to remove all the mistakes.
5. The introduction of semi conductor technology revolutionized the computer industry.
Identify each of these electronic components: 6. If a computer system has two or more central processors which are under common control, it is called a multi processor system.
1. It's used to change AC voltages from small to large or from large to small. __transformator__ 7. The dec imal system is a number system with a base of 10.
2. It's used for measuring very small currents. _ammeter (mili-ampermeter)___ 8. When user and the computer are in active communication on graphics system, we refer to this as inter active graphics.
3. It's used to check the logic levels in the pins of ICS. _logic probe_
4. It's used as part of a burglar alarm to detect movement. _movment sensor_ Link the following pairs of sentences. Omit unnecessary words and make any other changes required:
5. It's used for the transmission of RG signals. _aerial (anntena)_ 1. Automatic doors are used in places such as airports, supermarkets, and hospitals. Traditional doors would be a nuisance in these places.
6. It's used for protecting circuits from a surge in voltage. _fuse__ 2. Automatic doors are fitted with a microwave sensor. The sensor detects movement.
7. It's used to master down different recordings to make a master tape. _mixing desk 3. The doors are switched on. A microwave transmitter sends out a microwave beam.
8. It's used to find buried metal. _metal detector 4. The beam is in a semicircular pattern. The doors open when you approach from any angle.
5. The microwaves are reflected back to the sensor. The reflected microwaves are analyzed by a microprocessor.
Write short simple explanations of the following items: 6. A person or object moves towards the doors. The waves are reflected back to the sensor at a different frequency.
1. an input device _a device for data input 7. The microprocessor detects this change. The microprocessor instructs the motor to open the doors.
2. an optical character reader _a device which has optics for reading characters_ 8. The doors are fitted with a time-delay mechanism. The doors remain open for about four seconds before closing again.
3. a graphic stylus _graf ploter - a stylus for drawing graphics_ 9. A person remains standing in the doorway. A safety beam prevents the doors from closing.
4. a document sorter _a program for sorting documents _ 1.Automatic doors are used in places such as airports, supermarkets, and hospitals instead of traditional doors which would be a nuisance
5. a fibre optics transmission system _a system for transmitting data via fibre optics in these places.
6. a sequence control register _a register for controlinga sequence_ 2. Automatic doors are fitted with a microwave sensor, which detects movement.
7. a liquid crystal display _a display made of liquid crystal 3.When the doors are switched on, a microwave transmitter sends out a microwave beam.
8. network configuration information _Information about network configuration_ 4.The beam is in a semicircular pattern, so the doors are open when you approach from any angle.
9. a desktop management manager _a program that arranges the content of the deskto 5.The microwaves are reflected back to the sensor, and analyzed by a microprocessor.
10. a multimedia editing software package A software package for editing multimedia content 6.When a person or object moves towards the doors, the waves are reflected back to the sensor at a different frequency.
7.When detecting this change, the microprocessor instructs the motor to open the doors.
8.The doors are fitted with a time-delay mechanism in order to remaind open for about four seconds before closing again.
9.While a person remains standing in the doorway,a safety beam prevents the doors from closing.

Link these pairs of sentences .Use short ways when this is possible.
1.The switch is closed. Current flows through the primary of the transformer.
Compound nouns. What name is given to: 1.When the switch is closed,current flows through the primary of the transrormer.
1. a unit which gives a visual display of information on a screen? _Visual display unit __ 2.The radar signal strikes the plane. The radar signal is reflected.
2.On striking the plane,the radar signal is reflected. 3. The text is spellchecked.
3.A cell discharges quickly. A cell may become hot. 4. Line drawings are made using a graphic package.
3.When a cell discharges quickly,it becomes hot. 5. Photographs are scanned in with a scanner.
4.The TV receives signals from the remote control. The TV follows your instructions. 6. The first draft is completed.
4.When TV receives signals from remote control,it follows your instructions. 7. The first draft is transferred to a page-makeup program.
5.The radar receiver receives the reflected signal. The signal is compared with the transmitted signal. 8. Text and graphics are adjusted on screen.
5.When the radar receiver receives the reflected signal,the signal is compared with the transmitted signal. 9. They all fit together well.
10. The finished document is printed on a laser printer.
Connect these pairs of sentences to indicate a cause and effect relationship:
1. Computers with MIDI interface boards can be connected to MIDI instruments. This allows the music being played to be stored by the Firstly ,text is typed in using a word processor .After that ,it is edited and spellchecked.Then ,line drawings are made using a graphic
computer and displayed on the monitor. package.In next step, photographs are scanned in with a scanner.When a first draft is completed it is transfered to a page-makeup
Computers with MIDI interface boards can be connected to MIDI instruments which allows the music being played to be stored program.After that,text and graphics are adjusted on screen and they all fit together well.Finally the finished document is printed on a laser
by the computer and displayed on the monitor. printer.
2. Each side of a DVD can have two layers. This gives an enormous storage capacity.
Each side of a DVD can have two layers, which gives an enormous storage capacity. Complete each sentence using the correct prepostition:
3. MP3 removes sounds we can't hear. This produces much smaller files. 1. The CPU is a large chip of the computer.
MP3 removes sounds we can't hear,so much smaller files are produced. 2. Data always flow from the CPU to the address bus.
4. You can download single tracks. You can create your own compilation. 3. The CPU can be divided into three parts.
You can download single tracks helping you in creation your own compilation. 4. Peripherals are devices of the computer but linked out it.
5. Each MP3 file has a tag. This permits extra information to be stored on the performer and other track details. 5. The signal moves across the VDU screen from one side to the other.
Each MP3 file has a tag which permits extra information to be stored on the performer and other track details. 6. Data flows to the CPU and memory.
6. MP3 players contain several devices. These allow you to control the way the music sounds. 7. The CPU puts the address into the address bus.
MP3 players contain several devices that allow you to control the way the music sounds. 8. The CPU can fetch data from memory to the data bus.
7. You can download a skin program. This enables you to change the appearance of your player.
You can download a skin program, which enables you to change the appearance of your player. The computer designer is being interviewed. Make questions to match his answers .
8. You can legally download some music. This allows you to sample a new group before buying their CD.
1. What did you design ? Worked on a CD of my designs.
You can legally download some music which allows you to sample a new group before buying their CD.
2. How many years have you worked on them ? About a third.
3. What heppend with them ? I destroyed them.
Complete these definitions with the correct participle of the verb given in brackets. 4. How did you distroy them ? I’ve scanned them.
1. A gateway is an interface (enable) enabling dissimilar networks to communicate. 5. How you have organized them ? I’ve organised them into themes.
2. A bridge is a hardware and software combination (use) used to connect the same type of networks. 6. Have you added a sound track ? Yes, I’ve added a sound track.
3. A backbone is a network transmission path (handle) handling major data traffic. 7. How long have you worked on that ? It’s taken me about a week.
4. A router is a special computer (direct) directing messages when several networks are linked. 8. When did you start ? I started about ten years ago.
5. A network is a number of computers and peripherals (link) linked together. 9. What have you do before that ? Before I had a computer, I had to use slides.
6. A LAN is a network (connect) connecting computers over a small distance such as within a company. 10. Have you ever sold one of your CDs ? Yes, I’ve sold a few.
7. A server is a powerful computer (store) storing many programs (share) shared by all the clients in the network.
8. A client is a network computer (use) _used for accessing a service on a server. Join the following groups of sentences to make longer sentences. You may make whatever changes you think
9. A thin client is a simple computer (comprise) comprising a processor and memory, display, keyboard, mouse and hard drives only.
necessary. Then connect them into a paragraph.
10. A hub is an electronic device (connect) connecting all the data cabling in a network.
1. The temperature sensor measures the water temperature.
The temperature sensor is a type of thermometer.
Fill in the sentences with appropriate verbs:
2. The temperature sensor fits inside the washer drum.
1. Computers _process data.
The temperature sensor signals the water temperature to the control unit.
2. You can _record _ sound on tape or disc.
3. The control unit compares the water temperature with the temperature.
3. A bridge circuit is used to _rectify _ alternating current to produce direct current.
The temperature is needed for the programme being used.
4. All metals, some non-metals such as carbon, _conduct __ electricity.
4. The water temperature is low.
5. To prevent radio interference, you must _supress /remove_ any sources of interference such as car ignition systems.
The control unit will switch on the heater.
6. Power transistors _dissipate _heat. Therefore they must be mounted on a heatsink.
5. The temperature sensor continues to check the temperature.
7. The electron gun in a CRT _emits _ a stream of electrons.
The temperature sensor keeps the control unit informed.
8. When recording a CD, sound is __sampled __ 44100 times every second.
6. The correct temperature is reached.
The control unit switches off the heater.
Choose the appropriate form of the word to fit the meaning of the sentence : The control unit moves on to the next stage of the programme.
Correct
The temperature sensor is a type of thermometar ,because it measures the water temperature.It fits inside the washer drum and signals the
1. If an error occurs, it is important to take __corrective__ action immediately.
2. The ‘spell check’ facility checks the __correctness___ of your spelling. water temperature to the control unit.Then tne control unit compares the water temperature with the temperature which is needed for the
3. The data was entered __correctly___, so the result must be accurate. programme being used.When the water temperature is low the control unit will switch on the heater .After that the temperature sensor
Detect continues to check the temperature and keeps the control unit informed .Finally,when the correct temperature is reached ,the control unit
1. There were _detectable___ traces of radiation in the water sample. switches off the heater and it moves on to the next stage of the programme.
2. The analyst could not __detect __ any errors in the system.
3. She tried to escape detective by disguising herself. Make sentences from these notes:
Sense 1. block of ice/heated/above 0ºC/melt
1. An infra-red __sensor___ detects the presence of intruders in the building. 2. north pole/magnet/brought near/south pole/another magnet/poles/attract/each other
2. The probe is _sensitive ___ to heat and light. 3. end of copper bar/heated/heat/travel/along/bar
3. The new system caused a _sensation _ when it was launched last month. 4. electric current/passed/along/conductor/conductor/become/hot
Generate 1.If a block of ice is heated above 0ºC ,it melts.
1. Exercises can be quickly __generated ___ using this program. 2.When the north pole of a magnet is brought near south pole of another magnet ,poles attract each other .
2. Our company is working on a new _generation__ of software products. 3.When the end of copper bar is heated ,heat travels along bar .
3. This development is sure to __generate__ great interest. 4.When the electric current is passed along conductor,conductor becames hot.

Complete the sentences below with an appropriate word from the list with it’s correct prefix:
1.The guarantee does not cover damage resulting from incompetent use.
2.The parcel was not delivered on time and this caused me great inconvenience .
3.As a direct result of the directors mismanagement the company went bankrupt.
4.Because the memo was unclear it was open to misinterpretation .
5.Tom was criticized for his incorrect handling of the problem.
6.I noticed a misprint when I was readind through the article.
7.They had the misfortune to be hit by a serve storm.
8.The manager is away for an indefinite period.
9.He had’t been driving very long so the accident was largely due to his inexperience.
10.The workers went on strike because one of their colleagues was being mistreated .
Fill in the gaps with the correct prefix:
1.Floppy disks are in expensive and re useable.
2.If a printer mal functions,you should check the inter face cable.
3.The multi plexor was not working because someone had dis connected it by mistake.
4. Im proper installation of the anti glare shield will make it impossible to read what is on the screen.
5.After you transfer text using the ‘cut and paste’ feature,you may have to re format the text you have in serted.
6.You can max imize your chances of finding a job if you are bi lingular or even multi lingular.
Put the verbs in the dialogue into the correct tense:
A: What have you been doing today? B: I have been working on my project. I have been searching the Web for sites on digital cameras.
A: Have you found any good ones? B: I have found several company sites – Sony, Canon,… but I want one which compares all the
models. A: Which search engine you have you used ? B: Dogpile mostly. Have you ever used it? A: Yes, I have tried it but I have had
more luck with Askjeeves. Why don’t you try it? B: I had enough for one night. I spent hours on that project.
A: I haven’t started on mine yet. B: Yeh? I bet you will do it all.
Write each of the following sentences as one (avoid BUT and AND):
1. The dry Leclanche cell is extremely useful. It's compact and portable. Consequence: it's the most commonly used.
The dry Leclanche cell which is most commonly used, is extremely usful because it’s compact and portable.
2. This type of cell has an e.m.f. of 1.5V. It quickly falls to 1.4V and remains constant. It is the type we use everyday.
This type of cell which we usu every day has e.m.f. of 1.5V. which quickly falls to 1.4V and remains constant.
3. A carbon rod is surrounded by paste. The carbon rod acts as the positive element. The paste contains carbon powder and manganese
dioxyde.
A carbon rod which is surrounded by paste acts as the positive element while the past contains carbon powder and manganese dioxyde. 4.
This substance is a depolarizer. A depolarizer prevents hydrogen from being formed. Consequence: it avoids reduction in potential
difference.
A depolarizer substrance which prevents hydrogen from being formed avoids reduction in in potential difference.
5. The container of the cell is made of zinc. It acts as a negative electrode.
The container of the cell, which acts as a negative electrode is made of zinc.
6. The electrolyte is between the zinc case and the carbon/ manganese mixture. This electrolyte is a paste.
The electrolyte, which is a paste, is between the zinc case and the carbon/ manganese mixture.
7. The electrolyte is not a liquid. The cell is said to be dry.
The cell is said to bre dry because the electrolyte is niot a liquid.
8. The electrolyte is composed of ammonium chloride. It also contains zinc chloride.
The electrolyte which contains zincchloride is also composed of ammonium chloride.
9. The top of the cell is carefully sealed. This prevents the paste from drying.
The top of the cell is carefully sealed for preventing the paste from drying.
Fill in the gap with an allowing or preventing verb. Also, put each verb in the correct form .
1. A graphic equalizer _allows __ the user to adjust the amplification of different frequency ranges.
2. A fuse _prevents_ a sudden rise in current from damaging equipment.
3. A mixing desk _allows _ the sound engineer to improve the quality of the sound record.
4. A heatsink _prevents__ output transistors from overheating.
5. A surge suppressor prevents large current fluctuations from damaging computers.
6. Special effects like reverb _allow__ the engineer to alter the sound of the recording.
7. Different inputs on the music centre ___allow__ the user to play CDs, cassettes, and MDs.
8. A safety tab _prevents__ the user from erasing the tape by accident.
Complete the sentences below with an appropriate word from the list with its correct prefix :
1. The guarantee does not cover damage resulting from incorrect use.
2. The parcel was not delivered on time and this caused me great inconvenience.
3. As a direct result of the director’s mismanagement the company went bankrupt.
4. Because the memo was unclear it was open to misinterpretation.
5. Tom was criticized for his incompetent handling of the problem.
6. I noticed a misprint when I was reading through the article.
7. They had the misfortune to be hit by a severe storm.
8. The manager is away for an indefinite period.
9. He hadn’t been driving very long so the accident was largely due to his inexperience.
10. The workers went on strike because one of their colleagues was being mistreated .
Write a brief description of a radar system. Your description should answer the following questions (if you don’t know
exact answers make them general). You should divide the answers into three appropriate paragraphs.
1. What does the radar system consist of?
2. What are the components of the transmitter?
3. What does the receiver consist of?
4. Where is the signal generated?
5. What happens to it after?
6. If a target is hit, what happens to the reflected signal?
7. How does the receiver process the signal?
8. What happens to both signals finally?
I - 1,2,3: Radar is a telecommunication device used for locating the object and measuring its speed. Its consists of a transmitter and a
receiver. The components of the transmitter are: a signal generator, amplifier and emiting anntena. The receiver consists of a receiving
anntena,a amplifier and detector.
II - 4,5,6: The signal is generated in signal detector, amplified and emited in the air. If a target is hit, the signal is reflected and sent to the
receiving anntena.
III - 7,8: When the signal is received with receiving anntena, it is amplified and processed by the receiver. The original and reflected
signals arecompared. The results of comparation is used for calculating the speed and location of the targets.
Link these sentences with suitable time words to make a description of the development of computers.
1. Electronic computers were developed. They were mechanical calculators similar in some way to computer.
2. World War 2 started. The first electromechanical computer was developed to decipher codes.
3. The war ended. Bell laboratories developed the transistor.
4. But it took more then ten years. Transistors replaced valves in computers.
5. Integrated circuits were introduced in the mid-1960s. Developments happened quickly.
6. The first microcomputers came on to the market in the mid-1970s. Desktop computing became a reality.

Describing a process. Make a concise description of the process of receiving a fax. Use these prompts: 1. Before electronic computer were developed, there were mechanical calculators similar in some way to computer.
1. Analogue tones converted back to digital. 2. When the World War 2 started, the first electromechanical computer was developed to decipher codes.
2. Digital information converted to binary signals. 3. After the war ended, Bell laboratories developed the transistor.
3. Binary signals sent to thermal head on the printer. 4. It took more then ten years before the transistors replaced valves in computers.
4. Heater elements turned on or off according to the signal. 5. After integrated circuits were introduced in the mid-1960s, developments happened quickly.
5. Images printed on to heat-sensitive paper. 6. When the first microcomputers came to the market in the mid-1970s, desktop computing became a reality
Firstly ,analoge tones converted back to digital.After that, digital information converted to binary signals which sent to thermal head on the
printer.In next step ,heater elements turned off according to the signal.Finally images printed on to the heat-sensitive paper.

Express the notion required between brackets:

1. More and more engineers use the Internet (aim)___as (if) _ they want to obtain product information 2. More and more engineers use the
Internet ( cause) __because__ it is an easy way to get product information. 3. More and more engineers use the Internet ( consequence)
__since__ companies are developing their websites, 4. More and more engineers use the Internet for technical support; ( add a new idea)
for example they use it to share ideas via forums. 5. More and more engineers use the Internet; ( opposition) __but___ it is still difficult to
deal with complicated custom solutions. 6. An engineer won’t return to a site ( restriction) _unless_ if it is not regularly updated. 7. Many
firms provide downloadable files : (introduce examples) _for example Southco, AMP, Parker Compurnotor, Turck, and Fasco.

Translate into Serbian:

Phosphor screen
Study these steps in the production of a desktop-published student magazine and link them using time words. You The X and Y deflections of the electron beam cause the signal being measured to be displayed in the form of a wave, with the magnitude of
should also connect it into a paragraph as short as possible, yet convey all the information . the signal being given on the vertical axis and the time variation on the horizontal axis. A piece of transparent plastic known as graticule is
1. Text is typed in using a word processor. attached to the front of the screen. This has a grid of horizontal and vertical lines marked on it and allows accurate measurements of the
2. The text is edited.
signal to be made. A large build-up of negative charge could be caused by the electron beam hitting the phosphor screen. To help prevent armature which creates magnetic field around the armature ,and rotor turns around it’s axle.After this ,commutator changes the current
this, the inside of the CRT, between the deflection system and the screen, is coated with a carbon compound known as Aquadag. This is directon and the whole process repeats. DC motor is widely used in everyday machines (like washing machines,mixers)and in industry.
attached to the high voltage anode to provide an escape path for the excess electrons
Fosforni ekran Study this circuit, which provides a means of monitoring pressure in a system. Changes in pressure trigger a warning.
Skretanje X i Y elektronskog zraka omogucava da se signal koji se meri moze prikazati u obliku talasa, sa velicinom na vertikalnoj osi i To help of the circuit, put these steps in the correci sequence to from a cause and effect chain. Then link the steps to
vremenskim razmacima na horizontalnoj osi. Parce providne plastike poznate kao GRATICULE pricvrsceno je na prednjoj strani ekrana. make a description of the chain.
To je mreza horizontalnih i vertikalnih linija obelezanih na njemu i omogucavajuci tacno merenje proizvedenog signala. Velika
nagomilavanja negativnog naelektrisanja mogu biti izazvana udarom elektronskog mlaza u fosfor ekrana. Kao pomoc u prevenciji,
unutrasnjost CRT-a, izmadju skretnog sistema i ekrana, je prekrivena jedinjenjem ugljenika poznatog kao AQUADAG. Ovo je prikljuceno
na visokonaponske anode da omoguci izlazni put za visak elektrona.
III Translate the following excerpt:
Spam In general spam can be defined as any unsolicited e-mail, usually in the form of advertising for a product or service. Spam wastes an
enormous amount of people’s time. Even though you may think an e-mail is spam, you often have to read the first sentence to be sure
before deleting it. If you get dozens a day, the time wasted rapidly mounts up. Unfortunately, there seem to be enough people falling for the
offers to make sending spam worthwhile. In addition to lost time, spam also uses up considerable bandwidth on the Internet. Despite bans,
because the Internet is public, it’s almost impossible to prevent spam. There are organisations which try to fight spam using various
techniques, and filters are available which recognize some spam algorithmically, for example, by the subject line or sender. But spammers
know all the tricks and are often ahead of the game.
Spam
Spam se moze definisati kao nezeljeni e-mail,obicno u obliku reklame za produkt ili uslugu .spam oduzima dosta vremena .Iako pomislis
da je e-mail spam ,moras procitati prvu recenicu da bi se uverio u to pre brisanja.Ako dobijes veliki broj poruka dnevno ,vreme za brisanje
brzo raste.Nazalost,izgleda da postoji puno ljudi koji misle da je vredno slati spam poruke.Pored toga sto se gubi vreme ,spam poruke
takodje znacajno suzavaju propusni opseg na internetu.Uprkos zabranama ,s obzirom da je internet javni,skoro je nemoguce spreciti
spam.Postoje organizacije koje pokusavaju da se bore sa spam-om koristeci razne tehnologije i dostupne filtre koji algoritamski prepoznaju
neke spam-ove,na primer po nazivu ili posiljiocu.Ali spameri znaju sve trikove i uvek su korak ispred.

II Translate the following text:

Types of Infection
When you listen to the news, you hear about many different forms of electronic infection. The most common are:
• Viruses - A virus is a small piece of software that piggybacks on real programs. For example, a virus might attach itself to a
program such as a spreadsheet program. Each time the spreadsheet program runs, the virus runs, too, and it has the
chance to reproduce (by attaching to other programs) or wreak havoc
• E-mail viruses - An e-mail virus moves around in e-mail messages, and usually replicates itself by automatically mailing itself
to dozens of people in the victim's e-mail address book.
• Worms - A worm is a small piece of software that uses computer networks and security holes to replicate itself. A copy of the
worm scans the network for another machine that has a specific security hole. It copies itself to the new machine using
the security hole, and then starts replicating from there, as well.
a)The diaphragm is pushed out. 2
• Trojan horses - A Trojan horse is simply a computer program. The program claims to do one thing (it may claim to be a game)
b)The oscillator output frequency changes. 5
but instead does damage when you run it (it may erase your hard disk). Trojan horses have no way to replicate
c)The pressure increases. 1
automatically.
d)The ferrite core rises. 3
e)The frequency of the tuned circuit changes. 6
Tipovi infekcija
f)The inductance of L1 alters. 4
Svakodnevno na vestima slusaste o mnogim razlicitim oblicima elektronske ‘zaraze’.Najpoznatiji su :
g)There is an audible warning. 7
-Virusi- virus je mali program ‘prikopcan’na glavne programe.Na primer ,virus moze da se zakaci na program za obradu podataka.Kad god
se program za obradu podataka pokrene,virus se takodje pokrece i postoji sansa za umnozavanje (kacenjem za drugi program )ili izazivanje
haosa .
Describe the following diagram as fully as possible. Take care of the text organisation.
-E-mail virusi –e-mail virusi se prenose putem e-mail poruka ,obicno tako sto sami sebe salju na adrese ljudi koji se nalaze u imeniku
zrtve .
-Crvici-crvic je mali program koji koristi kompijutersku mrezu I sigurnosne rupe da bi se sirio.Kopija crvica pretrazuje mrezu trazeci
drugu masinu koja poseduje specificnu sigurnosnu rupu.On kopira sebe na drugu masinu koristeci sigurnosnu rupu ,a zatim zapocinje
umnozavanje sa te masine na isti nacin.
-Trojanci-trojanac je prosto program.On je na izgled napravljen da radi jednu stvar(npr .igrica)ali izaziva stetu kada ga pokrenete(moze
obrisati hard disk).Trojanac ne moze sam sebe da umnozava.

Translate this excerpt ob the functioning of electric motor:

The attraction and repulsion between the poles of the armature magnet and the poles of the field magnet make the armature turn. As a
result, its north pole is close to the south pole of the field magnet. Then the current is reversed so north pole of the armature magnet
becomes the south pole. Once again, the attraction and repulsion between it and the field magnet make it run. The armature continues
turning as long as the direction of the current, and therefore its magnetic poles, keeps being reversed.

Privlacenje i odbijanje polova pokretnog i stalnog magneta uzrokuje okretanje pokretnog magneta. Kao rezultat toga, njegov severni pol se
nalazi blizu juznog pola stalnog magneta. Zatim se menja smer struje tako da severni pol pokretnog magneta postaje juzni. Ponovno
privlacenje i odbijanje izmedju njega i stalnog magneta cine da se okrece sve dok se smer struje a samim tim i njegovi magnetni polovi
smenjuju.
Translate these simple questions into English:
1.Koliko je visok taj predmet? How high is that object?
2.Koliko je on sirok? How wide is it?
3.Koliko je dugacak? How long is it?
4.Koliko je tezak? How weight is it?
5.Koliko kosta? How much does it cost?
Trenslate into Serbian following terms:
1.soft-mek/an
2.ductile-rastegljiv
3.malleable-kovljiv
4.tough-zilav,izdrzljiv
5.scratch-resistant-otproran na grebanje
6.conductive and malleable-provodan i kovljiv
The LDR form a potential divider with the variable resistir RV1. When lights falls on the LDR, its resistance decreases. This causes the
7.durable and hard- trajan i cvrst
base voltage of the transistor and the bias current to increase. The transistor switches on and there is a rapid rise in the collector current
8.stiff and brittle-tvrd (nesavitljiv) i krt (lomljiv)
until the transistor goes into saturation. The increased current causes the relat to operate and switch on the output circuit. The sensitivity of
9.ductile and corrosion-resistant- rastegljiv i otporan na koroziju
the input can be adjusted using RV1.
10.heat-resistant and chemical-resistant- otporan na temperature i hemikalije
In a similar way, the relay is de-energized when the light source is removed from the LDR. A large back EMF, which would destroy the
Inside an Electric Motor
transistor, could be generated across the relay. To prevent, a diode is connected in reverse bias across the relay.
Look at the overall plan of a simple two-pole DC electric motor and describe its parts and functioning. A simple motor has six parts, as
shown in the diagram below:
Study this graph, which compares the sales of LP’s, cassettes, CD’s and singles over the same seven-year period. Write
ten sentences to describe sales. Make comparison/contrasts of sales of different products for these products.

-In the early 80’s, LP’s and singles dominated the music market.
-After the 1984 sales of cassettes started to increase rapidly, while sales of singles started to decrease slowly.
-Sale of LP’s was pretty much constant until 1988, while CD’s started slowly to take over the market.
• Armature or rotor -In 1988 sales of cassettes reached the number of 80 millions, but during the 1989 that number decreased to number of 70 millions.
• Commutator -Compact disk sales almost triple from ’87 to ’90, while LP’ s sales stroke it’s lowest level in entire decade in 1990, approximately 20
• Brushes millions.
• Axle -Singles remained on the market in the late 80’s and their sales were smaller ,around 60 millions, in comparision to early 80’s.
• Field magnet
• DC power supply of some sort

Parts of an electric motor What is a block diagram?Explane and give an example.Illustrate it with a concrete drawing.
An electic motor is a device which creates a turning motion using electromagnetic field.It consist of six parts:armature or rotor
,commutator,brushes ,axle,field magnet and DC power supply.The basic part is a armature or rotor which is a pice of iron placed between
north and south pole of a field magnet.When battery is attached ,brushes and commutator enable the current to flow throught the coils of
 2. We should be able to compute our profit for next year fairly accurately with the new program.
3. A password is a mechanism for identifying the computer-user and allowing access.
4. Many electronic students go on to work as engineers.
5. Today’s computers are technologically far superior to those used a few years ago.
6. I could tell from all the computers on the board that a maths lesson was in progress.
7. The computer is the greatest technological invention of the twentieth century.
8. The clipboard’s pattern recognition software immediately identifies the letters and numbers written by the stylus.

Complete each sentence with generate, induce, detect.

1. The magnetic field induces an electric current in the metal object.
2. A microphone may be used to detect sound.
3. The oscillator generates pulses at a fixed frequency of 32768 Hz.
4. The magnetic field induces a voltage in the search coil.
5. Noise is also generated by the low-frequency mains supply.
6. Motion sensors may use microwave energy to detect movement within their range.
7. Electrical pulses are first generated at a frequency in the upper audio range by the audio oscillator.
A block diagram is a figure which shows the structure of an electronic device or system. It is composed of common basic units known as 8. The first stage is sensing device that changes its resistance when it detects a particular form of energy.
building block. It shows the function of each of these unith and the path of the signal between them. Figure shows the block diagram of
Complete each gap wiyh the appropriate form of a verb from the list. Back up become enter find keep up learn
radio receiver. It consist of a tuner, RF amplifier, a detector, an AF amplifier and loudspeakers. After the signal is received by the aerial, the
Link receive select send use
required frequency is selected by the tunner and the signal is amplified. The detector demodulutes the signal and separates wanted AF 1.Keeping up with the last news on your favourite team is easy on the Web.
signal from RF carrier. Finally the AF signal is amplified and led to the loudspeakers. 2.One of the most useful features of the Internet is receiving and sending email.
3.The grandfather,father son method is one way of backing up your documents.
Simple radio diagrams 4.Fibre-optic cable can be used for linking computers in a network.
The picture above are showen two types of diagrams:block diagram and circuit diagram. First of them is a block diagram of simple radio.it 5.Search engines are ways of finding information on the Web.
consist of function units.Functionaly units are connected cascadly.Simple radio consist of aerial,tuner,detector,AF amplifier,volume 6. Using a keyboard is the commonest way of entering data into a computer.
control,power amplifier and speakers. Second picture is circuit diagram.In circuit diagram we can see electronic components of simple 7. Sending audio and video attachments is possible with email.
radio. First stage ,tuned circuit, consist of a 470 microhenries inductor which is connected in parallel with a variable capacitor.The values 8. Becoming a programmer means learning a number of programming languages.
9.The White Pages are for finding email address.
can be varied between 5-65 picofaradas.The second stage, detector consist of 220 kilohms resistor which is connected in parallel with a
10.Selecting an option in a menu is easy with a mouse.
100 picofaradas capacitor.Third stage ,AF amplifier,consist of operational amplifer and two resistors ,R2 and R3 ,which values are 1
kilohm and 47 kiloohms.Fourth stage ,volume control,consist of 5 kilohm potentiometer in series with 10 microfaradas electrolytic IV Match the two halves of the sentences below,adding a suitable conjunction from the ones given:
capacitor C3.Fifth stage ,power amplifier ,consist of operational amplifier and two transistors.Sixth stage is speaker. Although as despite even if so that whereas
a)People will always want to use books
b)Endoscopic surgery is a radical development
c)The Internet offers children a huge store of information
d)Hotels catering for the business sector are forced to introduce new facilities
e)Teleworking seems to offer a more attractive lifestyle
f)There is little evidence to suggest that people shop at only one supermarket

1.the fact that pornography could also be assassed is of great concern.

2.their having a loyality card.
3.it allows operations to be carried out by remote control.
4.in reality,many people miss the social contact of an office.
5.their clients don’t choose to get elsewhere.
6.the technology to replace them is eventually perfected.
a)People will always want to use books despite the technology to replace them is eventually perfected.
b)Endoscopic surgery is a radical development whereas it allows operations to be carried out by remote control.
c)The Internet offers children a huge store of information even if the fact that pornography could also be assassed is of great concern.
d)Hotels catering for the business sector are forced to introduce new facilities as their having a loyality card.
e)Teleworking seems to offer a more attractive lifestyle although in reality,many people miss the social contact of an office.
f)There is little evidence to suggest that people shop at only one supermarket so that their clients don’t choose to get elsewhere.

Shorten this text by reducing the relative clauses where possible:

The lines which connect telephones within a building are the simplest type of transmission line,which consists of parallel wires.Those
which link telephones to a local exchange may be twisted pairs,although these are being replaced.Coaxial cable,which is formed from a
copper core which is surrounded by a copper braid,is used to carry a large number of signals over long distances.The cables which provide
connections between telephone exchanges are often coaxial.Waveguides,which are made of copper,are used to carry microwave signals
between dish aerials and receivers.They are suitable for frequencies which are between 1GHz and 300 GHz.Optical fibres,which are made
from very pure silica fibre,are the form of transmission line which is most often used these days.
The lines connecting telephones within a building are the simplest type of transmission line consisting of parallel wires.Those linking
telephones to a local exchange may be twisted pairs,although these are being replaced.Coaxial cable formed from a copper core surrounded
by copper braid,is used to carry a large number of signals over long distances.The cables providing connections between telephone
exchanges are often coaxial.Waveguides made of copper are used to carry microwave signals between dish aerials and receivers.They are
suitable for frequencies between 1GHz and 300GHz.Optical fibres made from very pure silica fibre,are the form of transmission line used
most often these days.

These two paragraphs contain similar information. Write one paragraph combining the information from them to
give a short but complete description of the VR visual system.
A virtual reality system consists of a helmet with a colour display in front of each eye, and wide-angle lenses to cover the entire field of
view and give a stereoscopic effect. The helmet contains sensors, rather like electronic compasses, to record where it is pointing. A
computer calculates what the wearer should be seeing in that direction and displays it on the screen.
The helmet has a pair of liquid-crystal displays with wide-angle lenses giving a stereoscopic image, and a set of magnetic sensors to tell
the computer what the helmet is looking at as it moves.
A virtual reality sistems consist of a helmet with a liquid-crystal display in front of each eye, and wide-angle to cover the entire field of
view and give a stereoscopic image. The helmet contains a set of magnetic sensors, rather like electronic compasses, to tell the computer
what thw helmet is looking at as it moves.

Add this extra information to the following text about plastics.

1. Plastics can be moulded into plates, car components, and medical aids.
2. Thermoplastics soften when heated again and again.
3. Thermosetting plastics set hard and do not alter if heated again.
4. ABS is used for safety helmets.
5. Nylon is self-lubricating.
6. Nylon is used for motorized drives in cameras.
7. Acrylic is a clear thermoplastic.
8. Acrylic is used for aircraft canopies and double gazing.
9. Polyester resin is used for boat and car bodies.
10. Polyester resin is hard and has good chemical and heat resistance.

Plastics are synthetic materials. They can be softened and moulded into useful articles. They have many applications in engineering. There
are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. ABS is a thermoplastic which is tough and durable. Because it has high
impact strength, it has applications where sudden loads may occur.
Nylon is a hard, tough thermoplastic. It is used where silent, low-friction operation is required.
Acrylic can be formed in several ways. It is hard, durable, and has many uses.
Polyester resin is a thermosetting plastic used for castings. It has a number of useful properties.
Plastics are synthetic materials. They can be softened and moulded into useful articles such as plates,car components and medical aids.
They have many applications in engineering. There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics,that soften when heated again and again,and
thermosetting plastics which set hard and do not alter if heated again.ABS,which is used for safety helmets,is a thermoplastic which is
tough and durable.Because it has high impact strength,it has applications where sudden loads may occur.Nylon,which is self-lubricating,is
a hard,tough thermoplastic.It is used where silent,low-friction operation is required,for example-for motorized drives in cameras.Acrylic is
a clear thermoplastic whichn can formed in several ways.It is hard,durable and has many uses,for example-for aircraft canopies and double
gazing.Polyester resin is a thermosetting plastic used for castings such as boat and car bodies.It has a number of useful properties:it is hard
and has good chemical and heat resistance.

Study these statements which illustrate how MIDI operates. Then link each set of sentences into one complex sentence
to form a continuous paragraph. You may add, omit and change words.
1 Most modern music is mixed. This uses computers.
2 Musicians record their music into a computer system. This system is called a Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI).
3 MIDI was developed as a standard interface. MIDI is for linking music synthesizers and instruments together.
4 Computers can be connected to MIDI instruments. These computers are fitted with MIDI interface boards. This allows the music to be
stored on computer.
5 The music can be displayed as a musical score. The music can be edited. This uses all the features of a mixing desk.
6 The music can also be printed out from the computer. The music is being played.
7 MIDI doesn’t transmit any sound. It transmits simple binary information.
8 The information is called a MIDI message. The message encodes sound as 8-bit bytes of digital information.
9 The most common messages consist of instructions. These instructions tell the receiving instrument to play a note for a specific duration
of time.
10 The instructions also contain details of how loud to play that note. The instructions contain a number. The number indicates which
instrument to play. Number 67 is a violin.
Most modern music mixed by the computers .Musicians record their music into computer system whic is called a Musical Instrument
Digital Interface (MIDI) .MIDI was developed as a standard interface for linking music synthesizers and instruments together.Computers
can be connected to MIDI interface and they are for alloeing the music to be stored on computer.The music can be displayed as a musical
score and can be edited by using all the features of a mixing desk.The music can also be printed out from th ecomputer being played ,but
MIDI doesn’t transmit any sound because it transmits simple binary information.This information is called MIDI message which encodes
sound as 8-bit bytes of digital information.Messages consist of instructioons which tell the receiving instrument to play a note for a specific
duration of time.This instructions also contain details of how loud to play that note and contain a number which indicates which instrument
to play ,for example,number 67 is a violin

Some staff changes have taken place at a small UK engineering company. Complete the dialogue between a company
employee and a friend who used to work there.
Choose the correct word to complete each sentence. You may have to change the words. John: Are things different now?
- electron, technology, identify, computer Sara: Yes, what has happened is that the Sales and Marketing Department has been turned
1. A computer solves problems electronically. (turn) into three separate divisions - there is now an International Division, a UK
Division, and a new office that has just been set up(just/set up) in the US.
John: Is Peter still in charge?
Sara: No, they made (make) him Senior Director, so he doesn't have much to
do with the department now. Laura has been promoted (promote) to Sales Director, so
they all report directly to her. Ben and Katie have been put (put) in charge of the
International Division and the UK Division.
John: Is Ken still there or did they send (they/send) him to the US?
Sara: No, he is still there - but he doesn't get on with Laura, basically, so he has been demoted
(demote) to UK Sales Assistant, and now he works for Katie. Obviously, he's not
very happy about it and he doesn't think that the company treats (treat) him
fairly. I don't expect he'll stay long.
Complete the information about the business activities of the Finnish com Nokia, using the verbs in the boxes. See the
example.
Originally a paper-making business, the Finnish company Nokia is now one of world's largest mobile telecommunications companies.
There are three main divisions — Nokia networks, Nokia Mobile Phones and Nokia Ventures Organization.
NOKIA Mobile phones
allow manufacture meet provide
This division designs and 1 manufactures mobile phones for over 130 countries now. Its very wide product range 2 meets the
different needs of different customers; the simplest phones 3 allow customers to make voice calls, but others 4 provide
video capability, Internet access and other advanced features.
NOKIA Networks
grow not/function offer work
Of course, phones 5don’t function without a network, and this division 6offers systems and infrastructure networks of all kinds.
Nokia 7 works closely with telecom operators and Internet service providers so that they can serve their customers better. The
networks are modular, so they can start small and then develop as the customer base.
NOKIA Ventures Organization
help invest look not/seem
The Ventures Organization 9looks .. at new business areas and opportunities for the future - even if there 10doesn’t seem . to be a
natural connection with the rest of the company. The organization also 11 invests in new technology businesses and the US-based
Innovent team 12 helps inventors and entrepreneurs to develop their ideas.
Complete this passage using the verbs in brackets in appropriate tenses:
Add a moderate quantity of salt to a beaker of water and stir the mixture vigorously until all the salt has been dissolved (dissolve).
Continue to add salt, still stirring the solution, until no more can be dissolved (dissolve) and a deposit of salt will be observed(observe) in
the bottom of the beaker. Heat the solution gently. It will be noticed (notice) that the excess salt begins to dissolve. Continue heating gently
until all the salt begins to dissolve. Consider what is demonstrated (demonstrate) by this procedure. Now transfer the solution to an
evaporating dish and heat it more strongly until it boils (boil). After a while it will be observed (observe) that the liquid level is reduced
(reduce) as the water evaporates (evaporate), but at the same time salt will begin (begin) to appear in solid form. Consider what causes
(cause) salt to appear as the water evaporates (evaporate). Continue to boil the solution until all the water has evaporated (evaporate).
Choose the correct tense:
When I (go) went to Paris last spring for a job interview,I (not be) hadn’t been there for five years.I (arrive) arrived the evening before the
interview,and (spend) spent a happy hour walking round thinking about the good times I (have) had there as a student.
As I was strolling by the Seine,I suddenly (see) saw a familiar face-it was Nora,the woman I (share) had been sharing a flat with when I
was a student,and whose address I (lose) had lost after leaving Paris.I could tell she (not see) didn’t see ,so I (call) called her name and she
(look up) looked up .
Complete the following paragraph with a most suitable transition word:
A microwave is a form of energy that travels in high frequency waves. Although we can not see microwaves, we can easily observe how
they affect objects. For instance microwave penetrate food in microwave ovens.Then, the food is cooked. Microwaves are used in both
radar and telecommunications too. Also (therefore), microwaves are a part of our everyday life.
Here is a paragraph on operating a record-player. Re-write it so as to make the sentences a set of instructions:
A record is placed on the turntable and the motor is started. The pick up head is then lifted and moved towards the edge of the record. The
head is positioned above the beginning of the record and then lowered carefully onto the record. When the pickup has traveled to the centre
of the record, the head is lifted and returned to its original position. The turntable is then stopped and the record removed.
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form in this description of how smart cards work:
Smart cards prevent unauthorised users from accessing (access) systems and permit authorized users to have (have) access to a wide range
of facilities. Some computers have smart cards readers allowing (allow) you to buy (buy) things on the Web easily and safely with digital
cash. A smart card can also send data to a reader via an antenna coiled (coil) inside the card. When the card comes within range, the
reader’s radio signal creates (create) a slight current in the antenna causing (cause) the card to broadcast (broadcast) information to the
reader which allows (allow) the user, for example, to withdraw (withdraw) money from an ATM or to get (get) access to a system.
Fill in the missing verbs:
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,many easy ways of calculating were devised Logarithm tables,calculus,and the basis for
modern side rule were invented during this period.It was not until the early 1800s that the first calculating machine appeared and,not too
long after,Charles Babbage designed a machine which became the basis for building today’s computers.A hundred years later ,the first
analog computer was built but yhe first digital computer was not complited until 1944.Since then,computers have gone through four
generations:digital computers using vaccumtubes in 1950’s,transistors in the early 1960’s,integrated circuits in the mid-60s,and a single
chip in the 1970s.In the 1980s,we saw computers become smaller,faster and cheaper.Earlier this decade,computers / became portable,from
laptops to palmtops.At the rate computer technology is growing now,we can expect further dramatic developments before the end of the
century.
Complete the gaps in this summary of the text on operating systems using linking words and phrases:
The user is aware of the effects of different applications programs _but _ operating systems are invisible to most users. They lie between
applications programs, __such as __ wordprocessing, and the hardware. The supervisor program is the most important. It remains in
memory, __therefore _ it is referred to as resident. Others are called non-resident _because _ they are loaded into memory only when
needed. Operating systems manage the computer’s resources, _such as _ the CPU. _In addition _, they establish a user interface, and
execute and provide services for applications software. _Although _ input and output operations are invoked by applications programs,
they are carried out by the operating system.
Complete the following text with appropriate words:
Electronic metal detectors use the principle of electromagnetic induction. This means that, if on object is placed in a changing magnetic
field, an electrical voltage is created in _that _ object. In a metal detector, an electrical current is passed through a coil of wire, called the
search coil, _to _ create a magnetic field. _An _ alternating current (AC) generator converts the direct current (DC) from the battery into
the AC needed to drive the coil. _As AC regularly reverses direction, it produces the necessary ever-changing magnetic field.
Currents are generated in a metal object _which _ comes within the magnetic field by a process known as induction. When a current is
induced in a metal object (for example, a buried coin), _this _ in turn produces its own magnetic fields. _These _ magnetic fields are
capable of inducing a small amount of electricity in the detector’s search coil itself.
The simplest kind of metal detector is the pulse induction type. A powerful current is passed from the battery through the search coil and
_then _ switched off. The pulse of magnetism causes currents to flow in any target objects below the ground. But , unlike the current in the
search coil, the current in the object can not be switched off; it _has _ to die away naturally. As it fades, the current in the object reactivates
the search coil. This voltage is _than __ amplified to indicate with a sound or a flashing light that an object has been found.
Complete this summary of how to make a recording, by putting each of the verbs in brackets in the correct form.
Each instrument is recorded (record) using a microphone. The sound is fed (feed) to a mixing desk. The recording level is
controlled (control) and the EQ has been adjusted (adjust) by the sound engineer. The output is recorded (record) on a multitrack. The
sounds from the multitrack are mastered (master) back through the mixer. The tape is remixed (remix) until the musicians are happy with
the sound. Special effectrs can be added (add) on the mixing desk. The remixed tape is mastered down (master down) to produce a master
tape. This can be used (use) to produce copies in many formats
01. The operating system
The operating system is a set of programs between application software and hardware. It is also called “hidden software” because the user
is not aware of its details. The operating system consists of a supervisor program stored in memory and nonresident programs. The main
functions of the operating system are: managing the computer resources (CPU, memory, printers…), establishing user interface and
executing application software. Unix, Linux and Windows are the most important examples of the operating systems.
02. The Internet
The Internet is a computer system which allows people in different parts of the world to exchange information. The computers which are
connected via modems and telephone wires use special software called TCP/IP protocol. This program routes information packets from one
machine to another using Internet addresses which consist of numbers that identify sub-networks and nodes to which the machines are
attached. The basic Internet services are e-mail, newsgroup and customer support, but some internet providers offer free web space for
personal websites.
03. E-mail protocol
E-mail protocol is a set of programs which controls the transmission of e-mail messages. The most important are SMTP and POP protocols.
SMTP is usually used to transfer information between two servers and the process is initiated by the sending server. On the other hand,
POP is used to get messages from a server and that process is initiated by receiver. Also, messages are stored in a mailbox and can be
downloaded from different machines. IMAP is similar to POP, but allows you to download only the messages you want to read.
04. WAP
Wap is wireless application protocol which allows user to access information from the internet on a mobile phone. The most important
services are online news, financial services, sport scores and entertainment, such as gambling and games. The main problem with this
technology is the fact that wap phone can not deal with every websites; it can only read pages written in wml language.
05. The broadband communications
The broadband communications are techniques which allow the users to increase the speed of sending and receiving data. The most
important are ISDN, wireless system (such as satellite and cellular), cable communications and DSL and ADSL. ISDN services are carried
over phone network, but special adapters in user’s machine are required. Cable communications use copper coaxial or fibre infrastructure.
DSL uses digital signals which are transmitted over standard network. Finally, ADSL provides higher download speeds using asymmetric
bandwidth.
06. The electric motor
The electric motor is a device which produces a turning movement in order to drive different machines. It consists of a piece of iron with
loops of wire round it; called an armature, and a stationary magnet, called a field magnet. When electricity flows around the wire, the iron
becomes an electromagnet. The interaction between the poles of the armature and field magnet make the armature turn. Then, the current
reverse the direction, and the whole process repeats. In order to reverse the direction of the current, the wire is connected to communicator
via small carbon blocks called brushes. As the armature turns, first one half of the commutator touches the brushes and then the other, so
the direction of the current keeps being reversed.
07. The portable generator
The portable generator is a small, movable device which produces electricity to power machines far from the main source of supply. It uses
the principle of turning the movement of the piston into electrical energy. The generator consists of two main parts: an engine, which
creates a motion, and an alternator, which converts motion into electricity. When engine is switched on, the spark causes an explosion
which pushes a piston down. As it rises again, the fumes are forced out through exhaust valve. This cycle repeats many times per second
and makes the crankshaft rotate at great speed. The crankshaft is attached to the alternator which uses the process of electromagnetic
induction the convert rotation into electricity. This device can produce enough energy to power not only lights, television, domestic
apparatus, but hospitals and factories as well.
08. CAD
CAD stands for “computer aided design”. This is software which simplify the process of designing new devices and systems. The main
advantages of CAD over traditional approaches, such as drawing and modeling, are: the user can see three dimensions immediately, the
designer can avoid using paper and pencil and, finally the process is much faster, cheaper and easer.
09. The engineering jobs
The engineering is a flexible activity which provides many job opportunities. The basic jobs for professional engineers are: design
engineer, installation engineer and production engineer. Designing means creating new product or improvement the old one by finding new
applications and materials. The aim is to make cheaper, stronger or lighter product. Installation engineers deal with installing equipment in
user’s company or home. Finally, production engineer takes care of efficiency, safely and correctness of the production.
10. The fax
The fax is machine which allows the user to sent document via telephone network. When document is fed into the fax machine, it is led to
the fluorescent tube. Reflected light is passed to the microprocessor which creates digital signal. At the receiving machine, digital signal is
converted back into original image. The fax technology allows the transmission of text, graphics and photographic images.
11. The robotics
The robotics is a science of designing and building machines which can automatically perform some activities, called robots. The basic
parts of a robot are: microprocessor with appropriate interface which controls its functions, power supply and manipulator which allows
robot to move in all three dimensions. According to the flexibility, manipulators can be rectilinear, cylindrical, spherical or
anthropomorphic. Robots are used for jobs that are especially difficult for humans. For example, melding parts of automobiles or moving
heavy components. On the other land, they can be used in dangerous situations, like spray painting. Finally, they are very important in
research projects, especially in biology. According to their similarity to humans robots can be classified into: automation, flexible machine,
humanoid and finally cyborg which has some physiological similarities to humans.
12. Data transmission
Data transmission comprises different techniques for sending and receiving information, such as speech, pictures or music. Data
transmission is essentially the same thing as digital communications, and implies physical transmission of a message as a digital bit stream,
represented as an electro-magnetic signal, over a physical point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such
channels are copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication channels, and storage media. Data transmission is a subset of the field of
data communications, which also includes computer networking or computer communication applications and networking protocols, for
example routing and switching.
Types of data transmission
-Serial transmission bits are sent over a single wire individually. Whilst only one bit is sent at a time, high transfer rates are possible. This
can be used over longer distances as a check digit or Parity bit can be sent along it easily.
-Parallel transmission Multiple wires are used which can transmit multiple bits simultaneously, which allows for higher data transfer rates
than can achieved than with Serial transmission. This method is used internally within the computer, for example the internal buses, and
sometimes externally for such things as printers.
13. The materials used in engineering
According to their conductivity the materials used in engineering can be classified into isolators, semiconductors and conductors. Typical
conductors are metals, such as aluminium and copper. They are both ductile and corrosion-resistant, but aluminum is much lighter and
softer then copper. Some alloys, like brass and steel, can be good conductors, too. Brass consists of copper and Zink and can be used for
electrical conductors. Steel is made of iron and carbon and not only that it has a high strength, and low cost but it is ductile and tough as
well. On the other hand, isolators are usually different kinds of plastics, for example thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. Typical
plastic materials in electronic components are ABS which is very light and durable, and epoxy resin which has good chemical resistance
and therefore can be used in printed circuits and microchips. Finally, semiconductors widely used in electronic devices, such as transistors
and diodes, are silicon and germanium.
14. What is engineering
Engineering is a practical activity which deals with the design, manufacture and improvement of tools, machines, components and other
equipment. The basic areas of interests engineering are: transport, food processing, medical engineering, building services, energy and
power, etc. it comprises mechanical, civil, electrical and electronic engineering. Electrical engineering deals with generation and
distribution of energy, electrical installations and so one. On the other hand, electronic engineering is concerned with developing
components and equipment for communication systems, computers, … Finally, some practical areas, such as food processing or medical
engineering, belong partly to mechanical and partly to electrical engineering.
15. Mechanism
Mechanism is a machine or a part of machine which helps the user to do some basic activity. Typical examples of mechanisms are those in
electrical lights, door locks or cars. Also, they can be used in industry, such as car factories. All mechanisms use some kind of motion.
There are for kinds of motion. Rotary means that a device goes round and round, for example wheels or rollers. Oscillating means that
something swings backwards and forwards, like pendulum. Linear means that mechanism moves in line, like a paper trimmer.
Reciprocating means that something goes up and down, for example a piston in combustion. Some mechanisms can convert one kind of
motion into another one. For example, reciprocating motion of piston is converted into rotary of a crankshaft in an electrical motor.
16. Sound recording
The process begins in the studio, where each instrument is recording by a microphone. The sound is then fed to the mixing desk where the
sound engineer controls the level of the recorded signal. After that, the signal is recorded on the multitrack and remix again. Finally, special
effects are added to the recording and master tape is produced.
17. Remote control
Remote control is a way of managing some activity from distance. The remote control unit is device which allows the user to control a
picture contrast, color, brightness, to change the channel or adjust the sound without touching the TV set. It consists of keys and digital
electronic circuits. After the key is pressed, signal is sent to the microchip which switches on the LED diode. The LED flashes on and of
and creates optical signals which are sent to the special receiver on the TV set.
18. The alarm system
The alarm system is a set of electronic devices which warns the user when a burglar tries to enter the house. It consists of a sensor, an
electronic switch and the indicator. A sensor detects some form of energy and triggers the switch. When switch is on, the indicator creates a
warning signal, which can be either light or sound. Typical detection devices in alarm systems are magnetic switches on the doors, break
detectors in glass of the windows, pressure mats under the carpet and motion sensors, which use infra-red or microwave energy to detect
some movement.
19. Radio waves
Radio waves are special forms of energy which allow the transmission of information without wires. According to their frequency and
propagation, they can be classified into ground waves, sky waves and space waves. The ground waves have low frequency and they travel
along the surface of the earth. Their rage is limited by the absorption of energy by the ground. Sky waves have typical frequency of
30MHz. This wave is reflected by the ionosphere and returned to the earth. After being reflected from the ground, it is sent back to the
ionosphere and the process repeats. These waves depend on the time of the day and the season. Finally, sky waves are VHF, UHF and
microwaves. They are use in telecommunication, for link and satellite connections. The only problem is that a line of sight is required.
20. The radio
The radio is an electronic device which receives the radio signal and a converts it to the audio signal. It consists of a tuner, a RF amplifier, a
detector, an AF amplifier and loudspeakers. After the signal is received by the aerial, the required frequency is selected by the tuner and the
signal is amplified. The detector demodulates the RF signal and separates wanted AF signal from RF carrier. Finally, the AF signal is
amplified and fed to the loudspeakers.
21. Metal detector
A metal detector is an electronic device which uses the principle of EM induction for finding the hidden objects. First, AC current is
applied to the search coil and the EM field is created around it. When metal object, like a coin, is placed in this field a current is induced in
the coin. This creates a field around the coin which causes a voltage in a search coil of the metal detector. Finally, this voltage is converted
in to the sound or light to indicate that a metal object is found.
22. The music centre
The music centre is a device which reproduces and records sounds and music. It consists of different audio devices, such as a CD player, a
radio and a cassette deck. All devices share a command amplifier, speaker system and control buttons. This system allows the user to deal
with music recorded in different formats and on different mediums.
23. A drum machine
A drum machine is a device which stores digitally recorded sound. It consists of a read-only memory, called ROM, and control buttons.
The user can created his own songs and rhythms by pressing the button which corresponds to particular sound stored in ROM. How hard
the user presses the buttons determents how loud the sound will be.
24. Sampling
Sampling is one stage in the process of analogue-to-digital conversion, known as ADC. The magnitude of an analogue signal is taken at
successive intervals of time. The higher the frequency of the analogue signal, the more often it must be sampled. After this, the sampled
magnitudes are rounded to the nearest value which can be coded. Each rounded sample is represented with few bits. The number of bits
depends of the wanted accuracy of the ADC conversion.
25. Audio recording system
The first audio recording system was gramophone. It was analogue and the quality of the recorded sound was very poor. Today, the audio
systems are digital. Typical example is a compact disc system which uses a laser beam to write and read marks on the surface of the disc.
The audio signal is represented by the length of these marks and the distance between them. CDs offer almost perfect quality of sound and
the total recording capacity is more than 70 mins.
which relays it to the wanted mobile user. Also, mobile phones can offer a number of other important functions, such as sms messages, a
clock, an alarm, a calculator, etc.
ILI:
The mobile phone (also called a wireless phone or cellular phone) is a short-range, portable electronic device used for mobile voice or data
communication over a network of specialized base stations known as cell sites. In addition to the standard voice function of a telephone,
current mobile phones may support many additional services, and accessories, such as SMS for text messaging, email, packet switching for
access to the Internet, gaming, bluetooth, infrared, camera with video recorder and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video.
42. Radar
Radar is a telecommunication device used for locating the object and measuring its speed. It consists of a transmitting antenna, a receiving
antenna and electronic circuits for signal processing. The transmitting antenna emits electrical signals at radio frequencies. This signal is
reflected from the target (for example an airplane or a car), and sent back to the receiving antenna. The time interval between the moment
when signal was emitted and the moment when reflected signal was received is used for calculating the location of the target and its speed.
Radars systems were invented by the US army, but today they are widely used in everyday life.

26. A graph 43. 3D object - cub described in terms of its dimensions

A graph is a picture which shows the relationship between measured signal and some other signal, time or frequency. This is an easy-to-
understand, visual way of giving information and therefore it is very important in science. A typical example is a graph which shows how
the level of the output signal depends on time. This graph consists of a vertical axis which represents the values of measured signal, a
horizontal axis which represents the time and lines and curves which show how the signal alters in time.

27. Test and repair instruments

The test and repair instruments are electronic devices used for measuring different electrical quantities in order to check the function of the
devices under test. There are some typical test and repair instruments. Multimeter is used for measuring a number of different quantities,
like voltage, current or resistance. Logic probe is used for checking the level of the signal on the input/output pins of a logic circuit.
Oscilloscope monitors the time-altering signals, while function generator creates sine or pulse test signals. All these instruments are used to
test the function of the circuit or to repair it in the case of malfunction.

28. The oscilloscope
The oscilloscope is an electronic instrument for monitoring the time-altering signals. The main part of the oscilloscope is a cathode ray
tube. It consists of three parts. The electron gun emits electrons which are then focused into narrow electron beam. The deflection system
moves it horizontally or vertically. Finally, the screen with phosphor coating is used for representing the picture. Also, the oscilloscope has
a number of buttons for picture control.
29. High definition television
High definition television is a new generation of television sets. They are larger than standard models, but picture and sound quality is
excellent. The picture has more lines and pixels than on standard screens and therefore detail and color reproduction is very good. Finally,
it gives much better sense of reality since it offers more loudspeakers than standard TV sets in order to give 3-dimensional effect. The only
disadvantages are high cost and new transmission methods. Also, different countries have different HDTV standards which will be problem
in a future.
ILI:
High-definition television (HDTV) is a digital television broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems
(SDTV) . HDTV is digitally broadcast because digital television (DTV) requires less bandwidth if sufficient video compression is used. To
display a superior picture, high definition televisions require a High Definition (HD) signal.
30. Microcomputer system
Microcomputer system is a set of devices which can be programmed to do some basic activities. It consists of the CPU, memories, I/O
devices and the buses. The CPU is a microprocessor which controls the whole system and performs all arithmetical and logical operation.
Memories store data and programs. Finally, I/O units control the process of receiving input data and representing the output data. All these
devices are connected together via set of connectors called buses. The microcomputer systems are widely used in homes as personal
computers.
31. The forces in engineering
There are four important forces in engineering: weight, elasticity, buoyancy, and friction.
The buoyancy is the force which acts upwards on all objects placed in water. Its magnitude depends on the volume of the object.
The weight is the gravity force which acts downwards on all objects on the earth. Its magnitude depends on the mass of the object. When
these two forces are equal, the object in water is in equilibrium.
The elasticity is a force which occurs in deformable object, like a spring. It always has an opposite direction to the force which causes the
deformation. This can be used for measuring the weight of the object.
The friction is the force which occurs between the surface of the object in motion and the ground. Friction in machines is usually
destructive and wasteful, since it can cause overheating. Therefore materials must be highly polished or lubricated. Also rollers can be
used, since rolling causes less friction than sliding. On the other hand, friction can be a help in some circumstances, for example to prevent
an object from sliding down the slope.
What forces in engineering do you know of? Define them and give examples.
-Electromagnetic force is the result of both electrical and magnetic field that one present in and around devices using current or voltage. It
is present around wires, switches, cables in the house, transformators and high voltage facilities.
-Nuclear force connects atoms and subatom parts into stable system. Nuclear force provides the biggest energy used for nuclear bombs,
weapons and nuclear stations.
-Graviti force acts as a result of activity field around all space bodies. It keeps objects and people attached to the earth so it must be
calculated in projecting and launchinf airplanes and satelites.
32. Component values
Component values are basic characteristics of components used in electronic circuits. These values are usually market on the component
body. In order to solve the problem of marking such small components, the values are usually coded with color bands. For example, the
resistor is coded with four bands. The first three are used to show the resistance and the fourth is used for tolerance. The same approach is
used for marking the capacitor. On the other hand, diodes are marked with alphanumerical code, which means that both letters and numbers
are used to show the material, tolerance, application, etc.
33. Preferred values
Preferred values are actual values of the resistance which are produced by the manufactures. If wanted value is not on the list of preferred
values, it can still be found, since all preferred values have some tolerance. In this way, the components are much cheaper and the whole
range of resistance is covered without overlapping.
34. Batteries
Batteries are sources of electricity for electronic devices. They can be primary or secondary. Typical example of a primary battery is a
zinc-carbon cell, used in torches. It consists of a negative zinc electrode, a positive electrode and solution around them known as
electrolyte. On the other hand, a secondary battery can be recharged and, therefore, used many times ever. Typical example is NiCad
battery in mobile phone.
35. A battery charger
A battery charger is a device which recharges secondary battery to its original voltage. In this way, the same battery can be used many
times over. It consists of a transformer which steps down the AC voltage, a rectifier which converts AC to DC voltage, a smoothing circuit
which removes the fluctuations from DC voltage, and stabilizing circuit which gives a constant current output. During this process, the
current is always driven through the battery in the opposite direction to its normal output current.
The picture shows a convex, solid 3-dimensionall object called a cube. It consists of six squares, which means that its height, width and
length are all equal. There are twelve sides, eight corners and four diagonals in the cube. Its volume, V, and area, P, can be calculated using
these expressions:
V= a 3 (V equals a to the power of 3)
P=6 a 2 (P equals 6 times a to the power of 2) where a is its basic longitudinal dimension. Finally, all diagonals in this object are equal and
they can be calculated from: 3aD= (D equals a times square root from 3)
44. 3-D object in classroom – the blackboard
The blackboard is a solid wooden black placed on the wall of every classroom. Its length is approximately five meters, its height is about
two meters, but the width is only few centimeters. The front side of the blackboard is flat, smooth and green. The edges are covered with
thin narrow metal ribbons. This hard, strong and heavy object is used by teachers and students for writing and drawing.
45. 3-D object in classroom – the chair
The chair is used for sitting. It consists of two wooden parts, one for sitting and one as a support for the user’s back, and four metal legs.
Wooden parts are solid, brown and slightly curved. They are both rectangular, but the part for sitting is bigger then the back of the chair.
The legs are hollow rectangular grey metal plates. The chair in this classroom can not be move, since the legs are nailed for the floor.
46. History of telecommunication
The first telecommunication system was designed in the middle of the 19 th century. It was Morse’s telephone system which used wires in
order to sent coded messages over long distance. The next step was Bell’s invention of telephone which allowed speech to be transmitted
using wires. Finally, the invention of television in 1930s closed the era of classical telecommunication picture-could be easily transmitted.
The new stage of the history of telecommunication starts with the introduction of the digital systems. They allow computer data to be
combined with phone signals and to be transmitted via phone network. The introduction of pulse-code modulation (PCM), modems and
optical fibers opened the era of information technology where telephone facilities can be combined with computer networks in order to
increase the quality of available services.
The next important step was introduction of satellites. Although their development started during the World War II, the first commercial
satellite was not launched until 1970s.
The development of mobile telephone systems in 1980s started the “global communication” period – a call can be made from almost any
point at almost any moment.
The future of telecommunication will probably be digital high-quality systems which integrate different services in one network making
them cheaper and more interesting for different users.
47. Virtual reality
Virtual reality (VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment, be it a real or imagined one.
Virtual Reality is often used to describe a wide variety of applications, commonly associated with its immersive, highly visual, 3D
environments. Most current virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through
special or stereoscopic displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or
headphones.
48. Explain friction and give examples
Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of two surfaces in contact or a surface in contact with a fluid. It is not a fundamental force,
as it is derived from electromagnetic forces between atoms and electrons, and so cannot be calculated from first principles, but instead must
be found empirically. When contacting surfaces move relative to each other, the friction between the two objects converts kinetic energy
into thermal energy, or heat. For example, air on an aircraft or water in a pipe.
49. Virtual reality
Virtual reality (VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment, be it a real or imagined one.
Virtual Reality is often used to describe a wide variety of applications, commonly associated with its immersive, highly visual, 3D
environments. Most current virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through
special or stereoscopic displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or
headphones.
50. Computer graphics
Computer graphics are graphics created with computers, and more general the representation and manipulation of pictorial data by a
computer. The term computer graphics includes almost everything on computers that is not text or sound. Now almost every computer can
do some graphics, and people have even come to expect to control their computer through icons and pictures rather than just by typing. We
have 3D and 2D grapgics. 3D computer graphics in contrast to 2D computer graphics are graphics that use a three-dimensional
representation of geometric data. Today 3D is used in many disciplines mostly in designing and computer animation.
51. Multimedia
Multimedia is media that utilizes a combination of different content forms. In general, multimedia includes a combination of text, audio,
still images, animation, video, and interactivity content forms. Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by
information content processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, also describes electronic media devices used to store
and experience multimedia content. So, multimedia may be broadly divided into linear and non-linear categories. Linear active content
progresses without any navigation control for the viewer such as a cinema presentation. Non-linear content offers user interactivity to
control progress as used with a computer game.

36. Electronic in the home

The first electronic devices for everyday use in the home were radio, TV players, record players and tape recorders. At the beginning, they
were expensive and big. The invention of microchips and integrated circuits made them cheaper, smaller and portable. Today, household
items use microprocessors and digital electronic circuits. At the moment, everyday life can not be imagined without automatic washing
machines, dishwashers, central heating, microwave ovens, water-heaters, electronic cookers, telephones with answer phone facilities, etc.
Also, there are new entertainment devices, like CD and DVD players.

37. In the future

In the future, multimedia entertainment systems are likely to become even more common in the house. They will allow users to receive and
reproduce different kinds of entertainment program using only one device. On the other hands, household items, like washing machines
and cookers, will become “smart”- they will be so automatised that they will be able to do house work all by themselves or by computer-
controlled robots. Finally, remote control will probably become even more important. This will allow users to control the household items
from distance, for example from the office.

38. An amplifier
An amplifier is an electronic device which is used to increase the magnitude of the input signal without changing its frequency or wave
form. There are two types of amplifiers: a pre-amplifiers and power amplifiers. The most important characteristics of amplifiers are signal-
to-noise ratio, which is used to measure the quality of the amplifier, and its bandwidth, which determines the frequency range of the
amplifier.

39. A block diagram and a circuit diagram

A block diagram is a figure which shows the structure of an electronic device or system. It is composed of common basic units known as
building blocks. It shows the function of each of these units and the path of the signal between them. This is used in a system approach to
electronics, where the function is more important then the structure of a device. On the other hand, a circuit diagram shows the values and
the connections between the components inside these basic units. It consists of standard electronic symbols for electronic components, such
as resistors, capacitors, diodes or transistors. Both block and circuit diagrams are used to show how an electronic device works.

40. Transmission line

Transmission line is a medium for transmission of information, such as voice data or radio signals, over long distance. The most important
types are: parallel wires, coaxial cables, waveguides and optical fibres. Parallel wires are made of two parallel insulated copper wires in the
same jacket. They are used for small distance, because of interference. Coax is a copper wire surrounded by copper jacket which are
insulated from each other. Therefore the interference is reduced and it is used at high frequencies. Waveguides are rectangular copper ducts
made for microwave frequencies. The best medium is optical cable. It consists of a silicon fibre covered with glass jacket and plastic
protection. It is used in telecommunications for transmission of high frequency signals with no interference.

41. Cell phone

Cell phone is a light, small, portable radio transceiver. It receives and transmits telephone signal inside the network area. This area is
divided into a number of cells and each of them has a base station (BS). Seven cells form a cluster which has a main switching center
(MSC). Mobile unit does not communicate directly with another one. The call is sent to the BS, which transmits it to the other BS or MSC