Handbook of Conveyor & Elevator Belting SYEAR GooD iy‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Seaton Tie age 1 INTRODUCTION MW 2 ‘SOME FUNDAMENTALS OF ELT DESIGN, au 1 Inirousion . 1M Defnions mM IML Coefficient of Friston se 1 1 Tension Relationships . 22 Cental Tension 23 VI creep 2 YVIE_Torque and Horsepower Formulas... . 2 VII K Vales a5 IX Face Pesue - 2$ X- The Goodyear Belt Fesing Formals as XI Tenon Ratings 26 3 CONVEYOR BELT CONSTRUCTION a 1 Blasters cite - 3 A Introduction eh uM 1 Natural Rubber I © Motor . a D.Buiyland Chiroberyt a B.Eityene Propylene... a Chemis 32 6 chiowoprene 2 HL Hypalon 32 1 Urethane 22 J. Fionoeastomers 3 H Reinforcements = 32 Ao Piles 2 B.Yarnsand Weses 2 © Carns Fabrics, HL The Aurea Bat 1 A. Caicis Construction B.WeakEEE se esceesaee : Covers 1D, Design and Manutactaring Limitations F Meldot eli a0Seeton Tie Pone 4 ‘CONVEYOR BELT DESIGN AND SELECTION CoNSID- ERATIONS a 1 Base Desig Considerations at 8. Tenson 4 2. Minin Py 42 Maxima Ply saree a De mpact oes 43 E Flex Lite a F. Covers 43 G. other Considerations a HProcedve for Soleting Balt a ‘Ay ‘Gaol cesvvsisneasssucnasianay a B.Data Tabulation 4s Width and Speod Selection “4 D. Typical Conveyor Bel Selection “7 s ‘CAPACITY OF HELT CONVEYORS sa 1 CroseSectanal Are of Loud and Tonge Capacity ‘Normal Maeva sa M Cross-Sectional Arc of Loud and Tonnage Capacity Slumping Mates (Dey, ree Fling, or Very Wel) 53 ML Cros-Sestiona Are of Loud and Tonnage Capity : Wood Chip Convey 53 IV Flat and Picking Conveyors 53 VY Rateof Loading 53 VE Sie of Lamps 33 VIL Capaciis for Special Conan 7 AL Package Conveyors 33 B. Lop Hanating Bets 37 Pally sited Bel " 59 VU bel Speed ss DX Weights of Materia so “ POWER REQUIREMENTS AND ELT TENSION et TE ConeyorPawee sso. ot Balt Tension and Htasepower Dus to Feetion «1 A. Prcton Factor (C)and Length Fastor (ly) «-- 1 B. Factor and Belt Weight 63 (©. Proper Valas of Length (L) om Hiline Bes 63 1. Component of Balt Friction oa F.Enmply Conteyor Friction Force 64 F. Lind Friction Fore rm G. Fully Sted Comeyons 6uM vi vit vit x xt xi ite Balt Tension and Horsepower for Hlevating or Lower Lond AL Fore or Power Dis to Gade» B. Additional Fores or Power for Tippee Ertcive Tension, Blt Horsepower, Dine Lawes. ‘A. fective Het Tension aad Bel Horsepower Drive Loss Not Transmitted by Bel Effect of Belt Speed A. OnPower B. On Tension . Suck Side Tension -. ‘Tension Due to Weight of lt on Slope Maxinun Blt Tension (Arithmetic Method) Computer Analysis Conveyor elt Tensions Grapvial or Temi Deagracn Method for Detocsning Bal Tension Dstbution ‘Acceleration and Baking Fores A. General voce B. Method of Ckeultion (C._ifet on Belt Tensions Tension Digan Mead * 1D. Bifecion Belt Tension — Autti Ansys of Forees ~ Rules Governing Algebraic Signsof All Conveyor Bat Forces F, —Bifeat af ding Extemal Braking or Accelerating Fores to Gravatonal Foases : G. Examples of Torsion Diggs for Accelerating and Braking Forces : CConeyor Costing A Genel BL Method ofCueubtion sos... C. Example of Cossting Clenation BELT CARCASS SELECTION Cres Selection, Maxis Opratng Tension Bais Caress Limitations, Minin or Maxi Ply Bass Limitations on Working Tension i A. Gore... Fatigue of Duc an CSHeteh ese Vulnerability to Accidental Damage BE. Splce Limitations... F.Detevorton of Reifarcement G. Paley Beading Forces HL Lateral Matdisteibution of Tension 65 6s os 66 66 66 on 67 67 67 6 63 ots 620 6m ou 626 oat oat oe nm 1 a 1a 7a 1a 73 1 6 1%‘Section Title BELT QUALITY ~ COVER GAUGES, HEAT AND OIL, PRODLEMS 1 GonealParpore Bets A. Quality Levee 1B. Carcass Quay ©. comeyorCover a D. Paley Cover B, Cover Gauges for AlLGum Steel Cable Beis Speco Pnpose Hse AL Genel 3. Hot Materials and High Temperature Belts ©. Beaing Materials ‘TIE DRIVE, PULLEYS, AND MOTORS 1 latrodsction 1 Duve Types A. Single Pulley Drive B.Ailjgcont Two Pulley Deve .— Miselaeins Drives Palys A. Paley Dsmeers B Paley Crown .—-Face Width of Piles WW Paley Lapses * A. Goneral B. Grooved Lagsing YY ThePower Unt AL Gener DL Squire Cae Motors Wound Rotor (tp Rit 1D. Flectvical, Fluid ri Contiigl Couplings E.rogesive Movements of Belt Du TAKEUP 1 Purpose of Takeap Ml Typesof Takeup - IL Moweneat Required of Takeup AL Mant Takeup B.Auomatie Takeup Armour of Bet Sreteh : 1 tnt Postion of Tae VEffect of Takoup Location VE Elfct on Counterweight of Reversing Blt Diction or Reversing Strevs st Drie VI Recomended Minna Tension Pog sa sa 82 as 85 86 86 86 88Seaton Tite Pace Vu Amount of Pakeup Tension Required 107 DX Meshanial Precautions at Takeup 107 11 CONVEYOR LOADING, IDLERS, AND AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT sent na 1 Leading nt AL Feeders M4 B. Chutes - us C.Skir ara - ns D. Loading Conveyor at Loading Points 6 B, termediate Loading . 6 FF. Loading Point Impact 16 ML Teajectry of Material Dschaged Over Conveyor Head Pile coe ters AA. Diameter oF Tr Rolls B. Canying ides... Rem Mlets oe ceceesseeceeeeee D. ler Spacing E.Gradustedteler Spacing . IV SalAigning Methods A. Geena B. Aligning Problems in Reversing Conmeyors nas ©. Spacing of Se Aligning ers nas Guiting Deveson lt ea nas Cleaning Devices hae A Genel : uae Bo Seapets coeecscsees 126 Brushes 7 nae D. Location of Cleaners 26 E, Cloning Paley Side of ote nae F. Twkted pat naa Yt covering the Conveyor nas YI Continous Weighing nas VIL Mapnetie Seperation 12s 1X Braking a Resting Devices 2s AL Brakes (Table 11-6) ce 25 3B. Ani Rollback Devices (able 1146) 1136 Restraint of Decne Comeyore nar 12 OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS rar 1 Maximo. Ange of icline i Vertical Curves na AL Genel ess... coe B. Concave Vertis Curves secs cccssseos 123 © Convex Vertial Curves : 128‘Secton Tie ML Transitions A. Gener 1 Recommended Terminal Pulley Leaton C— Minimas Recommended Trasition Distaness D, Trantion er Arrangement IV Twisted Melt Considerations AS Genet 3B. Twist Length Caleuations Bete Spin Twist Aten . General Twist Consents and Recommendations INSTALLATION, FASTENING, VULCANIZING, TRAIN: ING, REPAIRING, TROUBLE CORRECTIONS, 1 Determination of Bele Leng 1M Habing the Roll 9 Hong inns A. Genel 1B Paling the Bat on the Conveyor ML Tensions the Rot we AD Gene... 1B. Average Empty Running Tension : (C._Avtrage Loaded Running Tension and Required Splicing Tension zi 'D, Measuring Splicing Tension .Tensioning Pylon Beli WV Pasting Bots Bndless. A. Typosof Fasteners B. Blleet of Fastener Bok Tighe - Fastener Limitations Y-Voeaized splices 5 AL General : B. Types ot splices . © Length of Slices D. Bek Splicing Equipment E. Limitations On Us af Valenized Spies F. Suongih of Vuleanzed Solies VE Conveyor Belt Regi VI Tsing te Bat AL General esos B. Factors Affecting Training o lt ©. Sequenee of Training Operation 5. .e+000 VIN Conveyor Bolt Troubles ~ Cases and Corestons SAFETY DEVICES [General : Peroni! Protection Devices AL Emergency Stop Switches Page a0 20 wat ia ia m4 ia ia ra nas mh i i Bt a Be 132 1s Bs Bs bs ne 86 Bs bbs be Be 9 139 139 110 Bat au i irs Ba Las a6 Ma it ta latSection 1s Warn Hows Bait Crossover Ste ae Paley Guar PaintingPuley or Ker Heads Walkways Protection Beneath Comreyors Ligitiog : ‘Teaning in Convyor Opettion and Procadures ‘ML elt and Equipment Devices . Limit Switches Rip Protection Slip Protection Sequones Proteton Overspeed Protection Clute Piogging and Ful Bin Protection DOvecran on Stopping Ovedoud Protection . Tukeup Frotecion Emergency Stopping Restaining Stopped Belts ‘Transfer Point Monitor . rreczorrosee PACKAGE CONVEYING 1 Deserption and Uses . 1 Balt With, Speed, sad Capacity As PAM vevcressteverececscreeuriee Bel Spo Beh Capacity cite IDL Package Conveyor Data Tabulation. IV Bel Tension ana Horsepower Unit Load Futon (i). Friction Factors fective Tension (Fe) Maximum Tension (Ty, and Bot Horsepower By) E, Symbol Identiteation F. Beleand Rol Weights Vo Ply Seeeton ees seesseessssecveseeese Vi Paley Sves VIE Wer Spacing ss ese. seen VINE Type of Bel Surfer Required AL Paley Site B. Carving Side 1X Fasteners and Spies X Live Rell Conveyors A 8 c », ‘TABLE OF conreNTs Page Mt Ma es 2 M3 Ma Ma wa a us us us us Me 4a 4a Is is 133 153 15a) 53 153 156 Ise 134 156 156 1s6 156 1s 1s isa 137 is Is0 1.410TABLE OF CONTENTS Setion| Tine Page 16 GRAINCONVEYORS AND ELEVATORS. 161 1 Grain Conveyor Blt te A. Genet it B. Balt Spesis 162 Corying tes and Capacies 162 D. ler Spacing 162 B. Anges of tnclie 163 F.Chitesand Transfers 163 G.Rals or Grain Conveyon Service 163 1. Belt Tension and Horsepower Caleulations let 10 Grain Elvator Betis 16s A. Typeeof Elston 16s Becket Spacing 6s ©. Rate Speeds 16s D. Goodyear Theory of entrap Discharge - 16s Palys . 6s F. Buckets for Grin Handling 63 G. Light Materials Elevating 169 H.Bleator and Bucket Capacities - 16:0 Componente of Maxam Belt Tension 1610 J. Maximum Tension, Ty, (Pounds) 16t0 XK. _Eifectve Tension and Horsepower ret - Lele Casas Requitements tet IM. betes for Grain Elevator Service tet IN. Bele Width and Bucket Length tt (©. Double Row oF Buckels se... let P. Bucket nd Belt Punching Isis (QHlevator Bolt estalltion and Splicing... eis 17 INDUSTRIAL BELT ELEVATORS in 1 Genoa si ee in 1 TypesofFletors Wn 1M Loading ihe Elevator a TV Speed and Ekvator Dichargs m Yo ckete va AL Sirsa tapes a 1 Bucket Weights and Theovereal Volunee ma ©. Bicket Spaciags in VI Ebest and Buskst Capicities V4 A. Volume of Material in fsch Bucket, V (Cubic Inches) in B. Weight of Natecial i Each Bucket, w Pounds). 14 C._Blevator Capacity inTons por Hou in YUL Belt Tension and Power Calculations 175 A. Components of Maximum ele Tension 175 1B. Maximum Teason, Ty, (Pounds) .. nsSection Tie ane ‘VIL at Carcass Requiemens us |A. Minimum Pi for Belt Tension. +s BMinirnin Pies for Bol Holding ms (©. Maximum Pes for Palle Dismetert os 1X els Comers and Reenkere ns Xnete Widths Ws XL Heed and Boot Pulleys . . 09 XM Takeup ps XL Bele Punching 2 W410 XIV Bele Bo Holiing Abily m0 XV Elevator Balt inaallstion snd Sing a0 AL Genent IMO B, Insulation - a Splicing 1740 D. Attaching Buckets ra APPENDIX . al Index usecron | wrrooucrion 1 tisory 1 capacity uM ML Adeption Ground Promie rey 1 Koad Bed Y-Least Degradation o tert w VE Eneiromental Consderations 12 {VIE Mini of Labor 1 ‘VII ight Wepht of Conveyor Suucture +8 1X Muluple Gathering ad Dschorge Point Capbities Is X_— Mobatty and Extenabiity bs XE Lest Power Requirement bs XIU Verse Power Sapply bs XII Conta 1 XIV. Bally Wrong of Fase 1 XW Satay 1s XVI Al:veather Capabitles i XVI Purpose of Handbook lsSECTION 1 INTRODUCTION L wstony Tracsporing bulk matedals by conneyor helis dates back Yo approximately 1795; most of thes ely fe stallions Handled gia ove relatively short distances, ‘The fit sonveyor belt systems wore wey prinitve and consisted of lee, eaves, or tuabber bt traveling over alata toughed wooden bed. This typ of stem wae ota unqualified soso ft JM powie incentive fon engineais to comsker coaveyors ak 3 raph, economia fn safe eetiod of moving Lege wees of bulk a. ter from one loeation tana During the 1920, the Colonial Book insatlation of the H.C. Frick Company showed what belt conveyore could doin lontince habling, The inealltion wa Underground and handled ran of in coal over so Tio mules The corseyor helt consid of mile ples of cot dick and waturl rubber covers Wh ‘wore the only asteriss used to manicure eling that time. Although outmoded by today’s standards this mate hazing system way elated i prafrence to ral haulage, which has proved ta be a proper choice, During Work War Il, nator components became 50 scarce thal the ruber sndusey was foes to crete synthetic materials to rplae them. Today. Goodyear produce blling wha lost ends st of panes ind fabs to meet the design quienes of any con ‘eying situation. Posuble uss of conveyor bling have Twoadened considerably since the Frick imtllation, “The basic adkantges af comeyors one ther anean of teapot (ach rac, ships ad ela rae sea) fox bal halage ae uierous The etlowing pce phe indicate why today’s lt conyers ave Become tne primary method oe bok maori! handing Hcapaciry ‘Conneyor belts hve no equal in capacity arog compe ing tragport anes. At a belt speod of 650 fet per minute, a oOsnchede conveyor bl deers nove than 100 tons per minute of mera weighing 109 pouds per cube foot Moder Coneevor Stems Ca Exteed Many aesUL, ADAPTION To GROUND PROFILE Conveyors can flloe ordinary natal srse-county sera by irae of their aby transi sately steep pres (op to and including 18 depos depend Jing on the mater Hotz ated). Wilh the dele rent of bighsension sites fabrics anor stel cable ‘eiforlag members, one Might can extend fae several miles Ww. ROAD BED A tlt conveyor system: operates on is own “bed” of iors, thus gulag 4 minimum of atention. Reps cr replacement 1 both fast and eas), and the cost of V. LEAST DEGRADATION OF MATERIAL “The smooth rie of long center rll conveyor elt sy tome prodases Ile degiadation f the meter Being comeyed Eighr Foot Wide Goouenr Conveyor el Helps Make Tis CoatLoadine Fav the Largest and Pasest ine Nation Vi. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ectclly power conveyor belt ystems are quet fan smporant Teale i prdcuiag right ays ann ompiying with ts Occupational Safety and Heath Act lations) Hele ster can he covered to help ensure lean ay. They even canbe bri ot of sgh For gus functional and aesthetic reasons. VIL Miniuut OF LABOR ‘One man per nile of ine # more than adequate fy 3 propery designed bel conveyor msten. Contrast this ‘mith the nnber of deers a tsk cperation Bate ing el tage. Vill, LIGHT WEIGHT OF CONVEYOR STRUCTURE Love eight of loud aud conseyor stuctue po liner foot allows tuple stew desin for big alleys, sirens, highways, oF other snr obstacles. Likes 1 comeyor structure on a hllide qe His excaxa tion and does ot invite lazads fromm darth oe tsk ices Neca the sruture compact, i rogues sini of covering for protection.1X, MULTIPLE GATHERING AUD DISCHARGE POINT CAPABILITIES These copulives ae portan! i milag oe eens Alon, where 180 oF more digeag openthons can feed twa central loading point. AU tbe discharge er tera en ho aapersed in eral dictions from the nai ine. Or rater can be dscarge along any prt fF any line by 1 tipper. Penny or eaterpl mounted feits can he sting i & INOLderee ac 40 Fallow a digging sows or can be wid on the dhinge a for stoking. X. MOBILITY AND EXTENSIBILITY Modern mdlar conveyor ies can be ested shox. ted, oe alosated with nian of bor nd thn. XL. LOWEST POWER REQUIREMENT Conveyors rite the Least pow per ton of any means of aus. Decline comers, depending, on desce ot Slop, often generate power tat ean be fed ask 0 the Tin for other wes, XIl. VERSATILE POWER SUPPLY Bal conveys, which generally are powered by oleic tnotor, can adapt to hatever el or power sowce that isin retest supply (tah a coal, hydtoekecti, nut fs, tse, ad sd. xill, CONTROL Propetly designed conveyor systems have contol 1e ced to patton proportions ard can be sel onto By snteocking lt switches. Goodyear Pyion® end Steel Cable Bets Combine 10 Beonomicaly ‘Strip Oserburden from Fuare Mine Site @reademurk, The Goodyear Tie & Rubbes Company, Akson, Ohi.VERSATILE USES OF GOODYEAR CONVEYOR BELTS Wedre-rip® Rough Top Betting for ‘Haning AU Types of Pckaaes Gitide® — Tough, Long-Wearing Conveyor ‘Being for Under Mining “Applseons br Al Ete GOopsYEARPermalon® Being for AN Food Processing latutries Gaston Bul Sel Coble ting to Newer Tough High Torton Apiteatins Super Thermertbe® geting for Pransporting Hot Meters Up 10 400 Deg GOoDSYEARXIV, EARLY WARNING OF FAILURE Generally, belts signal ther fue from wear many roms advance. With proper sifey devices and salegurds, accidental damage can be mininized and sontuined XV. SAFETY Bulk material eanspent by comvayar belting 6 ier ely ifr than olher methods, pstsalaty in coal mines there sfety records Stow very aeorble te sults wth ele stems wea all hale XVI. ALLWEATHER CAPABILITIES Fr imal cost belt conveys cu be protected fram fui, snow, atl other inclement weather that ould a verily affect aor tick haulage XVILPURPOSE OF HANDBOOK ‘The primacy’ purpose of the Gonder “Handbook of CComeyor at Elvstor Boling” to provide both ds signers and ases with reference manual that allows them to select the optimum bslting secifetions for ay given set of conditions. Detaled dicusions are prseated om the Fundamental formulas and thelr eationsips in determining belt tesslons, The sharoterbes of the various types oft Inforements (cotton, ry, ayoanyon, aon, poy ster, and soe cable) a the ebsomers (rar ‘yates rudders) used with these renorceents ae Alscused. Consideration of thes thee elements (belt tensions, reinforcements, and else), slong wilt other design considerations, cea in the optima lting speciation forthe service intended, Information not always readily aalblechewhere sso hasbeen protided on subjects dctly asoeinted with the belt Whe this handbook provides eo intorms tion on these subject and kn se cute esabides de Si site fowelements her than the Bl, eis and book fe not tended af doign manual for any pat byond the bale aul ww vu Ws x “ SECTION 2 SOME FUNDAMENTALS OF BELT DESIGN Invvoduction Definitions Coatcen of Peston Teoon Relationships Conia Tension Creep Torque snd Howspocer Formulas K Values Face Presse The Goodyear et Flexing Formula Tension Ratings‘SECTION 2 ‘SOME FUNDAMENTALS OF BELT DESIGN 1. INTRODUCTION Many enpisers and conveyor bolt users ula with tho theory and fundamental oftranstision belting, An alysis of the genera poste of conveyer Dlt ding Felatve to ansmision balling provides foundstion for the desig of belt conveyors and bel elevators, In both omeyor and tuarsnisson beling, bet is even by Tetion between the belt and dave pulley or pula Certain other design slenents ako are much the same whether power being ansnited or miter tan ported. The silat Berwoon the 10 cies ean be ob- Served in the following discussion of the fundamentals Of felt design a relted spocifiely to belt conveyors ta bet elevators 1 DeFITIONS “Tension in bela fore acting along the length of the halt ad ending to elongate it Bel tesin smeared In pounds. When the tenon is efered 1 se vit of trowesetional ata, i is known 8 unit tension and rmsasured I, oF converted to, pounds per ply nck (PED tr pounds er le wih (pi. “Torque sth tTectveness of fore to procera bout an ais ad hus involves te sizeof the force and itsmoment sem Torque ithe product of 3 fxce or tee son} and the length of the ar though which tacts “eehically th units for torque are pourdinches (bin) and pound feet (lb. but common usage enploys the fame names 8 for energy and work uit (nchpounds and fot pounds) and depends on the content for laity. ergy and worse cosy related and ate expesed ia the sme wails, Work i the prduet af a forse and the stance through which iets, Energy isthe capa for performing work. The unite axe the nck-poord (tb) tnd the foot pound (Te). The energy of a moving body In foot pounds is ven: Pay bere eight in pounds, 1 = velocity in feat pr seco, 1 = aceseration de to gravity (32.2 Fee) Power isthe ste of doing work or tansniting ence. The mechanial power wat, horsepower (hp) is said to Ive exisnated from the rate of work that trong draft Ise could pefoum but i ascurtely defined st 33,000, fill of work per minute. coresponding eecve power unit i the Kilowatt (ku). One herespower esas 10.146 ky, or aproximately 3/8. ower expended for a period of tne proxies work, gv ing vse 0 the term, or Uns, horepowershour andl rato, IM COEFFICIENT OF FAICTION sain Fg 2.1, Bay of wight 0) et on hor ont line sie and fos () pale ote fe enough oe he by tobe te oa fag, ther ofp 0 th cote of es fon (bron these Th rd, ey ernst, cots of toni the ai tanec fo orm force ton psu io oxen Hgue 21 Coefficient of Preionseevion 2 WW, TENSION RELATIONSHIPS Consider rope ot be, waging overs pley tha reasts rotation. Tensions Ty and Ty ae ‘used by lange and sal weights, espectely Common experience teaches tat, if the coofien of xt be- twoen belt and pulley is lyge enough, » consierble Aiferene in tenson is possble ip sacha sytem, Exe perlence abo tls us that, when the ae of contact reduced (as in Figo 23 with fsely wrning il), Tp must be lege to Keep the bot from slipping. The ‘ese! flare a2 the tenons, the soetisient of fetta, andthe angle ar are of sorta. 1 in Figure2.2 023, the unbalanced tension (4 —T) is lange enough 10 overcome the rstance, the pulley Pere 22 2a il tun, but the scion i ited by the length of the belt tian easy step to Figure 24, whee « joined ce nds bel is plied vo 90 pulleys. A taming moment torque applied at shaft causes a torque at sat O>. ‘Thus, the son desribed in Figure 22 i aplcabe continously ina system ke Figure 2-4, ths Ulsan ‘he fundamental sion reltens in bet dein To fnd the relation of, soon of ftom (anit the are of contact (a) I adams ele 40 Figuce 2, ‘hich represen very sll lament ofthe belt of Fig Uues 22, 23, of 24. The tenon inthe elt at bs T tnd tits (1+ AT) due vo Fetion, The element “b sutends the very small angle a, The fores ate more Pree 24 Powe 25slerly represented in Figure 246, which shows that the force Fy between ths postion of the bet andthe ply isan byt F, 2 on 42 gow ats). 2) AT # FF (th Blt being at the pint of sipping). (23) sin 28 ra ater ‘Teking Links as Aa sppeoehes 200, ii fen, ope, Srty foun fox, a % oT f fa eae ts Tyre and e) es os uations 24,25, and 26 ae valid only under the con: ditions for which doy were dived (1) the elt i he point of sipping and (2) cenifual tension i not i Clued in oF Ty (eso Equation 2-12), Note that ure 2 Porce Between Belt and Paley Jn Equations 24, 2S, and 26, the feted tern the fato of tensions herefore, he only weuierent fr the ‘eysionunits’s lat thay bo he same for both Tan Tp Figure 2-7 ilsentes the manner in whieh the rao of roions can be Bll up wi iavesing ae of conta, The Hanger ares, of course, require multiple deving pulleys. The veri sal gts the amber of pounds of tightsde tenon ponable foreach pourd of slckstde tension foe f= 0.35, 4 | Figure 2.7 Are of Contact vers Teion Ratios V, CENTRIFUGAL TENSION 1 the usal conveyor and slerator installation, conte fuga tension isa neil fctor because the speed te relatively sow Forth ocasional ase where thi enon sould be considera, abn discus is eluded “The centifaa force, F, (1b), acing on a Rody weigh: ing “¥" pounds, mong 0" eet per secgd in cued pathoFdiusR feet(whereg= 32. else"), igiven by: en 1, stead of vepresentig the welt oF the body," ous par f00toflergth, the centiga fore fir the femont in Figure 251 gen by wv? aa we Rao a es)‘The centrifugal fee acting on te eloments of al talanced by centrifugal tension (,) nthe belt. From a selationship salar to Figure 26, Fe = msn 8 es) rom Equations 2-7 and 24, wv? ald sin Bal “aking inte as Aa approaches er, e109) ew Note that “w" for calculating, isin pounds pe foot of Tength of bel of the tame crosseetona dimensions 35 those sed fr Ty, Tz Tq, Ty aid Ty Ts he tee sions are expressed it pound’ per py inh, must be ‘ven ia pounds per py inch por foot of lena ‘Where i is understood, negli, Equation 211 ie cmon write: ath ap In this book, whete speeds ate known to be relatively low, Equation 2-12 i use, Vi. CREEP Balt crep exists whenever 2 belt pases around ploy tn there aiference betwen the entering nd leaving. ‘enon Cider» portion o lsat of belt appreacl ing a diving pulley. I the tensions high with erence 10 the orgie, the ba element wil tavel atthe sme speed as the pulley face through Some part ofthe ase of Contact. Thigh the rind of the ate of contact, this potion of bolt wl be under progressively lest tn sion own to the slackaide enson a the exit pot Daring the sackelag proces, he belt clement shortens (Gecotes from elongation) ind conseguendy moves slower than the pulley fae, This relative wotion cee. the loads nseased, the atc in whieh cxeep acess (the “ue of creep") anereases. Ifthe load i sficieatly i creased, the anc of creep may hecome as lige asthe ae of eontet, n whi ease the bel wil be tthe pot ot Sipping The were, af coms, so prenide more sac: se tein, Whether the belts being deiven by pulley ori it diving pulley, the ae of ere alway starts for the ext point and progiesies toward te eo poit asthe Feo increases ‘Consider the ati in the ety ofthe devo ofa con veyor or elevtor belt. IF Eis the dynamic modulus of ‘dastity ofthe bolt anv cd v5 ae the entry and ext elo, respectively, Percent = yp creep 7 ty Since Tis smal compare with E, Povent eo soot AS approximaty), (210) Consider the belt velocity as it approaches the die paley at base, The bel slows down bythe aniount of Cxeep pecceniage where it lave the dive pulley. Tho covery ofthis velocity ss is spread ver the enti con: ‘eyor or elevator ina manner depeniing ox te easion eye, While the crop percentage ts stl srl enough to d0 neglected without appreciable error, came siiicant Incas such as walghtometr calculations ‘Il TORQUE AND HORSEPOWER FORMULAS 1m the fotowing equations: ip = horsepowe ' = belt sped in et por nut, "T, *effetvetnsom in pounds, and spo = revolutions per minute Ths, 4s ; "S006 © hp = torque in in tb x a 16) hp = toque iaitab x ery 3350,3,000 4p Tonge nin = 219 " - ew Toqweinnid 20H aya) “Torque in n-tb at driv pulley shaft = Torque inn. om speed de of roior = pully diameter ininehes Tx ? * Seereamaton e2y VIL K VALUES [As wed in Section 9, K the ato of dacs tension ‘o etestive tension Cor the applicable conditions of ae of ‘ontiet and coficent of fcion, Kis used in the de texination of the slakaie tesion required oe ding vith a ven effective tenon and specified operating ‘condltion of type of takeup, pulley trace (cetient Fiction), and ae of conte. ‘Takeup provisions are included by using a tower oot ‘est of Tiston for manda takeup. Inthis¥ay, ae serve of tension x proved initially to eliminate too Se ‘quent adjustment of the maa akeup mechani, (Felipe) and =net-0, ratio of tensions values foo Equation 222 forthe ore sonny ‘ed acs of contact and for oth man! and automate takoups ce Hite ia Section 9. Kray aed fom Ejuntion 222 for dual oe wrdem dries are ascuate ‘uly when thee is « proper istbation of power bs tween the primary and secondary dives. Seton 9 con- luna « complete discussion of this prowides 4 meats of determining for sich cvs reales of the powet dstibaton. IX. FAGE PRESSURE ‘nln, hea duty installations, ts advisable co chek the face posure to make sure that sae mits eeded, The analysis follows Figures 25 and 26 s ea here = face pressure in pounds per gut ac, + ras in och, and "T= pound of tension per inc wid rine face proses in conveyor het aplisations re rutly if ever encountered because piles are normally lame enough for other reasons to be well thin safe limite from a presuce standpoint. The problem from xtreme presi wovld hein the form of peeling al ing avy” of ploy cover ess at ve pulleys there theealke woul be se ep. Hiphtension steal able bolts ate usually the oy pace whee face pressure becomes factor i pulley selection. Sea eable ple dimeters in Section 9 Knit fae pes tres toa mixin of 140 pi X. THE GOODYEAR BELT FLEXING FORMULA ‘The ret of extensive testing n the Goodyear abort tories and subsequent coafiaation under fei con fons ace expressed in the following Goodyear belt Osx sng formals. Flea service “Fixing erie, |where 1 st of known conor, x desited conditions, > pulley diameter, 1 Jongh of bl, S = belt peed 1 = numberof ples or belt thickness, end Nightside tension, “This formula was developed many yecs ag and was of gest value in working with Mat, cotton, teanamision els in enny one at thet time. With the materials and 26 ‘constructions of today’s Bel, its value seni din ished especialy in conveyor belting whee Mexing sx vice erly w case for eomcarn, However, the formula does provide a mans of evaluating the relative severity ofthe varios factors on any given drive where problems right exist XL. TENSION RATINGS ‘The assgnent of fake version ratings for vaous ‘kinds and sizes of bells under various operating circum Stanses fects what hasbeen leaned from experience and will provide we stsfaction. Actual, there i 20 Aisin Uni within which stsutony results pnevai and just beyond which ls certain fre. esis popes ‘ough a wide range of conditions so that dections are based tovorne extent on economies. Tonson rain alas spre to various belt constructions aad operating con Ans are given in Seton 7.secon 3 CONVEYOR BELT coNsrRUCTION N Reloorcenents IML The Asembled Wel 8 36SECTION 3 CONVEYOR BELT CONSTRUCTION 1 eLastomens A svoduetion The contemporary’ robber chemist enjoys a broad pee trum of bas rubbers an compouiig stra ith whic tot beter ane lenge sting uber prods ‘Wheres inthe past mwa eubber played the major roe inthe constuction of conveyer bis, now shares the ead with many very vor obstomers In the last few evades, manmade rubbers have some Jnto use tha oer advaniges in esnoines ad prop ‘eres Tho ever wadening application of comseyoe bes fs demanded and expinded the skill of the rubber chemist and development engines. May of dese nes materials sequie unisisl methods im compounding ‘rogessing, ahd auerbling of conveyor bets with the et ret Delng more satsfictory pct. The ew ‘matrils enable the conveyor belt manufictuer to as cep opecating conditions imvolingswelng oi, cvro five materals, and hot Toads knowing that gad seve «a be provided The following paraeapls describe brily some Features of the mote poli elatomers wsed in conveyor belts Table 3A summarizes thew estoners and thei typ cal properis B Naar Rubber The ter “natural ber vfs tothe rubber ters reduced by the cougulstion of a plant or tee latex. OF the many, many sales, the Hever aes séveve the grestest comical se Natral rubber and syntetispostapeen, Net, can be compounded to provide good tense stength and longation ove a wide range of hardness, They pr ade exelent charters of eiinsy and lana Were dese characteristics are ampovtant, atl and Southetc "natura rubber sah be expat to give the Dest reals a compared to other lato, Natura rubber has excellent ustemeatue eine Io adtion, scan be Toemated to prose god abe sion and cuter restance, which ie doskable peop ‘tls fn many’ comeyor Belt nstallton, ©. Plolex Plollex, SUR, fs made by the copolymiation of ay rene el butane a falls the elassisaton of on vedstant synthetic rubber, Good abrasion veisance, Tow temperature Desi, and lw waar aaonpion ae charctric of thi rab Siyronbutadine rubbers canbe poymeried by ete 3 hot or cold prov, Th "wold rubber” gre exhibits improved abrasion esitance and has stained extensive ws i lig. 1. Butyl and Chlorahuryt Butyl ruber is x copolymer of obutylenessoprene and attained inkl popularity boca of Tow rats of 3s Peston. Good resistance to weahesng, bea, nd ‘hemisal attack expanded ts application to many prod- ‘ots Ie exlubis some resitance to vegetable ole but i classed aba nonal-entant elastomer Chlorobuty! i the product of chlornting buy uber, Which rests in any advantages. This chen mai fatiot enhances the feat resstance of the elses, Widens compounding owndaries, snd nyproves prs sing Both buiyt and chlorobuiyl have been used for con yor belts 1 ailze their este o hea a chem ‘alata E.Ethylan Proper Eylene propane dione mancer, EPDM, i rece razed Tor is tet resistance to weathering nd oroneattack. EPDM can be compounded fr exeoptional Heat Tesstace as well a feitance to corosbe materiale. Good shasion characterities are obtainable through proper fonnltion of this elastoras. The properties tiered by EPDM make stan attractive bulding ra: {eval for comeyor tells handling chemicals and hot natn, F,Chemigun ‘The Chemigum rubbers, butileneerylontie copoly: res, ave deskned {0 provide a high degre of ore sistance. These elistomers ao san be compounded for 00d nitural ond heat aping chasctevses and abr Sion restance. They ae speoty polymers and are wed ‘where thee properties ae advantageous fr speci gone ‘eyo bell stalations. 5. Chloroprne There Me many Iypes of ehloroprene rubber, bo own as neoprene, that provide 3. whle range of ropes for product design. All sper prodace vi anizates with some testunee 19 ols fats and groses CChiowprene has zone and sunchecing resitance 48 well 38 good abrasion restance. Resistnce to fae Propagation, cut growth, moderate heat, and msny isms 15 chaaeteritie of the chlooptene eulcant ‘ar, which makes the elastomer useful for spectalzed nme belting, He Hypaton!™ pain, clovoulfonated polyetiylene, i « median fatesstit payer. In ation, Hyputon proves ood restnce (0 moderate heat, many chemicals, and ‘weathering. Lightly colored compounds Having good pity properties maintsn their color ané durability Mtr long outdoor expose. ypalon doesnot support combustion. I offers ood dynamic propery aad Stave to absasion, Urethane Urothane 9 ther rematkable clstomner with une vuually hgh plysical properties. The wrethunes ate ‘wale in oun liquid nd eillable form. The lil bethanes can be cst er sprayed whereas the ellble type is procesed in the ame mane a natural rubber, Wc exceptions tat and abrasion resistance, coupled pegiered teadenane of E. 1. DuBoat de Nemours co, he, with ite oil estan, makes it wef for belts sect, {impact ad eperating i an oi enviroment 4 luorosasomers The Huoroelstomer family i noted for resistance 19 ‘mineral it an mos soeents ot high tempers. ‘The fhvroelastomer belt cover offers a law coo lent of frison and an eeslen nowstisking aise for handling Gcky materi. These qualies make i ttactive forthe unas belt ital. REINFORCEMENTS AL Flees A ealeyy of syne or mansnade ‘fibers is now heoily sed in conveyor belts where cotton once was predominant. Vastly increased steagth requtements, the desie 10 obtaly equivalent stengh at Tower cast tnd the need for special materials for certain applica. tions all hive led to these developments, Table 3 lists caraeeristes of some of ie more common teas used to make up today’s conveyor aad eertor bit cares fabrics Tene fabri ee the most some monly ase aneris in the cacanes of conveyor ind letaor bel, B.Yarnsand Weaves cr) Fibers sf made int yarns. which in tn are woven into the ble fabrics ae of warp yaa (rang lengths) a fille yarn ronning tanivese)) Sone ofthe owe ‘Soranon fori wesro ate as follows. 2 Phin eave ‘Most elt cease fais ae formed with apain Weve hat 6, the warp and yas alternately ross each father ae lsat in Figure 31 ‘Se the warp yams ave the temion or loadastying members the fabrics are designed with the domiant $ength in this direction, Ths eam be aecompished by wing a greater number of ends pe inc athe warp: by tein lates, seomaer yrs inthe warps or, some ances a combination of bol af these fico, 3, Fling Rib Weave This weave i smi to the plain weave exseph i has louble warp yams and single fle yarns (Figure 2-2)‘CONVEYOR ELT constRUCTION ‘TABLE 3.A ~ FLASTOMER CHARACTERISTICS. Pity ag | ata gue ere seo-Eonjpod evaeratare eroperiies, igh elaststy and goed Soon tomatic Hydrocarbon. ypaton Ce ee Or stm ra a i . five piote ‘reo Goo clagatcn“scktcn sock aonorr™ TTAULE 3.0 — BELTING FIBER CHARACTERISTICS heise, | amen coavsctensne | cation | thtamalen [mishentc]stest_| clase | rotenter | enacey dye homer | homns aa [as Be Teipattiy meee | were Pane [ae fo ro 7 Heer, foe? gee |v fier Jems frominr fo 33Figure 31 - Pain Weare igare 3.2 Filing Rib Wee Pigue 33 Woven Cond Figure 345 Leno Were4. Woven Cord This cod ie shown in Figue 3.3 and consists mainly of vearp yarns eld in postion by widely pace ery Be Fi yoans. There ino crimp (wavnes in the yarn in cord Tabis asin the pain 'weate 50 tha etch rst ‘be contaled only by the atte of the fiber sed ad the amount of st inthe yarn 5. Siaight Warp Weave In this west, the tension bestag warp yaets ae een tally straight with ite or einp, Fi yee are lid above and below the wasps aid the wap and the fils wold togetier wit binder wap yams ae Figure 4) 5 Soli Weave This weave consis of multiple lyers of waxp an A Sor Te iopcer th bist warp yen Pap 3) 7. Lan Weave “his weave isan open rush weave commonly se wih tweaker abs Ge Figuee 0), ©. Cares Fabrics 1. Cotton Bucks Sil in surpsewly heney usage ave the 287, 3202 Sé.cu, and 42.07 alsotion docks, a covered by ASTM ‘esifnation 181-42. These aris, wish have bees wed im elt oe several sade, ind herpes use in iowriemsion (RMA tnsion ratings MP-3S co MPO), lity sevice. They ate sue na lan weave, a seat i Fgute 31 2 Cotton tiylon Ducks (Goodyaar HONF Seve) The warp yatns of these fibick ae made with cotton that, ia sme eases. enforce wih nylon, while the filet yams are nile wth nylon or combinations of cotton and nylon. The fabrics ae nocally ma i ‘hin weave Ike cotton. Wilh the ayn in te fillng the transverse sent much greater than that of the cotton duck and wl often ese exsecd the Initia ‘al st2ngth. Seve fabric weights are provided to cose low though medium wersion ranges (RMA tension a ings MP.3S to MP0), andthe nylon provides csstanse to aubstanlyhesvieesersice than the cotton ducks 3. Rayon Dueks (Goodyear Hand XH Rayon) ‘The 1ayon fabri alo are male up In pln weave, ‘They provide high tone strength ia warp and filing widhenuch ess weight and thickness than coton sbi ‘A rayon fabric with tesign rating at MTD wll hav 3 ‘eit and gauge sna w cotton bie ate a about MP. Rayon fabri are stable for sderately benyy service and at edinn eosion ranges (P99 0 M70), as 4, Rayon-Nylon Ducks (Goodyear HDRN Series ‘The rayomaslon fais ake made a plain weave with sn allzayon warp and an allnyon ling covering tension ‘anges trom MPD through MP-240. The high suength (oF these fasics in both wa and filing make them able for very heavy duty suvio and the highest tension ‘atin signed to textioinforced bots. vin Fabrics Now thatthe highstetehcharcteistics of nylon can be controll, fabrics of this meter ae being exten sively uid i conseyor and levator belting thas good resistance to mosite plus excelent abuse and impact resistance, making it sitable forall types of servic, Goodyear nylon fabrics ae made with the Eig i weave shou i Figure 32 8. Polyestor Fabrics Polveser has many of the same quae as aon with ever better molsuve resistance and has replaced yon And other hers in any applications. 1. hs Fabrics (Glas fbr ighsnodulus, hight nate ite yeatest se has been i heatesstant bells where other Duels nay cha or mst mat be wed with ae be tause of is suneptiiity to mechani dase (inp, Trapped mater et) 1B Asbestos Fais Fbves of abeston ae nol used as tensioncarayng mem hers of a belt caraisbt are oscsinaly placed between the carcassand the coer ofa heu-sistant Blt tard penetration of incandescent amps, Cord Fabrics ord fabrics fr els ae sit then sade ois They usally are made of yon, plo or polyester and provide strength only in the longitudinal ection of th Ye, Lateral stu and sss in the belt are ob: tanod with added pis of conventional belt fabric. Fgute 37 sows a typical cord tlt construction. Figure 37 = Tue Cond Type Comevor Bett10, Suet Cable As illusrated in Figuses 344 and 39, stetcablezsin Fonced els are mae with or with 4 teasers re inforement of fabric pis. These bels can be mode 10 ree tensile strength requizeseots fx beyond those ret by ibe bes. They also can be mae within the stiength anges of fri Belts bt in consractions tat ae more tougiabe. Stel cables ranging fom 1/8. to 1/2, dlamater ean be woe, depenbing on tense equements and they canbe ganized or bras plate. Figure 38 Ane SteeLCable Comevor Bel bare tascts BiB Flee 3:9 - Fabre Remforced Ste Cable Comerer tt 11, Breaker Fobies Leno weve bsker uly are side in iter cotton oF nylon. They serve to inpeave eovertcateas ade son ad esis cover stripping ox gous Tey aso ted 10 provie some cushioniag agit fmpael—especilly nylon breakers, mhich have greater sient Another type beaker widely wae i aon cord fabric usnally failover the cates with cori uming tans rely across the belt 10 provide protection gai [on tudinal impact breaks, These also ane used in pairs ‘shore they ae lid on opposing 4edep angles far ated pact protection, IM, THE ASSEMBLED BELT A Gateae onstueions 1. Mulply Type The mot common cates sonst in yor] me the wulicply type, bic ie rmde up of wo oe more ples of wen lt fri previo impregnated mith fe elsorer, iv mont cise, 4 thm oat of estore tls loraied between any to plies of this ype of belt Fie 3-10 atates a folded ede carcass with ruber overs top aad bottom aswell as aound the ede. In This mao, tho ater ples ate folded atound the cut ges of the fact ples, andthe eeslig logical Sean of the outer plics are lest to avoid the bend line eaued by the roughing ier Figune 3:11 austates the tae elge or at edge emciss ‘onsevtion where al ples ao et to wth and no ae lad around the edge. In some eases, a breaker is Incladed wth the covers, whi may be cid around th edges 10 improve edge cover adhesion Figae 3:12 shows a cutedge oF raw-ede construction ee the het wine 19 adr wiih afer has en cured. Such beling soften supplied for stack in Jong, wide vols hat an be sabseguenty et int sorte mower dividual belts a equ Fiqe 310 - Rubber Covered, Foldodkige avers Convenor Bett igre 3:10 - RobberCoverel, Rew-bige Garces Comvescr elt Pigwe 212 ews or Catsidge Convey Belt2 Sol Coble ‘Stel cable belts ae supplied in two diferent constr tions, each of which uses uniplane layer of galvanized ‘or brssplated sel cables a the tension member, These tlt ean be but with great tong tt seni in Sexi. and ey ae away ee of set or hen ‘ge, Fabric belts of simi strength. would be impracti fal becuse they would be too thik and si ether to teough or ben around noc size ples Figue 3.8 iustates the sll gum type stat cabo bet which a its ame imps, costs only of rab at sel cable. cetin eit ofthe cove hike of those alts is calculated as “creas” esther than wear cover With proper design and cove selection, the all: um bel issuable for mest stel-able belt applsatons, Incing some wih considerable pact oa. Figure 3.9 shows the fabricreinfoncd steal sable con struction, which inludes two or more ples of fave and bresker for the mot demanding lod ipa ser ‘vce. Tho fare pis cary no belt tension Bat athe, ne designed wide gronttanivrs avengh {0 absorb Impact Cores and ae in that dteton. 3. Cord Carcass Fabric This coustucion wes a tie cord fabri that has good acteristics of sengih versus wauge fut lacks later Seong and sitive. For tht reason, belt ck ples te aed to the end ply anerbiy to inproe rei ance to loding knpuet abd the later staility oF the tei ‘These dick pes are calculated into the strength of the bet 2s cod lies an are counted upon fad carrying pls Figure 37 i typ ofthis comstraction 4 Single Py Caras Single or mono-pyblts are made wit «sg ply of fbcie wally of the types shown se Figures 34 and 25, The woven fie impregnated with an elastomer tnd then covered with appropiate covers, Breaker te not normaly required with this (ype of ele 8. Breakers “The various types of breaker Saris are described above, When used, the breaker is plased between th top ever and carcass because It shee tat the bet requires pro- tection from comer sipping, giving, so loading in ‘act cuts. If ot sneuded inthe cover sige, the puo- esd breaker als slighly are than 1/32 in to the belt thickest a conveyor ostr constuction Brekers are frequently brought around the eges of the ‘teas to ely prevent sipping and ouging of the ede rubber. Also, in very sever service a hey pulley cover vith breaker i often recommended for added impact ‘oltstion and t0 minimize pley cover damage. Cov Covers protect the ats ofthe bl rom lad abrasion and any other local conditions that conte to belt ‘eieroration, Ina few ete, hese condiions ay be 20 ‘moderate that no peotetion and no belt cover ae fe qed. Tn ates, abrasion and cutting may beso severe that top covets a heavy ab I/2in. or more ar equle. In ay ease, the prupote of cover election i provide enough cover to protest the areas othe practical iit earn Ie ‘The pulley side cover is generally lighter in gg than the conveyor side because ofthe ference in wear re sistance needed, Some belts, owes, have the same ‘pug: of cover on each sid. Users sometimes tn the bolt over when one side has bevomse wor, Ingenta is better (o avid inverting the belt because inversion alter deep wear on the top sie presents an ineaular surface to the pulley, which rests in poor lateral di- tabudon of tron 1. Design end Manufacturing Limitations 1. With versus Thickness There is specific tio of width Yo thickness that is always good design. Seletion ofthe cures tlt aso in Section: 4,7, and 8. However, it an be stated hee that the load to be nansported governs the width ofthe bell The length andr hit of decline governs the ‘rca characterise, Obviously, it not desiable 10 Juve 2 nareow heavy belt nora wide thin oe. IF the teasion requirement fs nt the design criterion, thea the bt ay ned investigation ona minimum ply basis to support the loud or, in any cate, tram a maximum ply fHandpoin co peri toying. Section Teves the bin tntlons onthe proportion of width and thickness ‘With ste ble constecton, there move Neitty of sign in thatthe temnon member is uniplnar. Prop Isler sabty can be indeperdety ul stn the et sithaced uber hicks nthe ca fan algun bet fc with able pls on the fabric tenxeod bel, 2. Longth of Single all Conveyor belt rll fngs ate amie Lgely by the ability ofthe mansfaturer the shipper, the vier to hand the finished rol, Figure 313 shows graphically theo dieters for various bolt lengths and thicknesses,2 * 2 Figure 313 - Unerated Bel Rol Diametert a8Note thatthe maximum manufacturing diameter is 168 in. snd the probable vcanee of actual bat thickness from calculated thickness is plus oe minis $ percent Information on the ticknest of the various Goodyear belts is ion inne append. ‘The maximum allowable wright for one 10 of bet 25 hi, plant) or 50 tons (Mueyvl, Oho, roll wolhts and diameter increase, it comes more and more important to eek fr possible Finiations that might Be excounteed iter shipping heals at the jobsite ‘oth the weigh and diameter maxim somtims wed tobe frther modified for ceriin wid anon type of To at must be procesesthrgh eats epment ‘that as less tha the abone maximus expli, 1s sometimes necessary to determine the length of & roll of belt, especially 4 the fel, where it cant be casly seroled and measured. Figure 314 provides 2 reas of caleuitng the length, Figure 414 « Number of Feet in Rot of dete 39 CONVEYOR BELT consrnucriON 3 Tolerance RIVA Standard With Toleranees ‘The standard tolerances on width of finished belt os geod upon by the Rubber Manufitare’s Asocation se presented in Tren (1) snd), blow (1) Molded Eg Gets Standard bel svt Gi) Tolerance plas orion.) Maximum vain, ‘nell of belt Gin) 1024 ua ua 26:36 sis x8 aon Tite as. sa 2 la 0 sis sf 72.78 3M ua ae ie je oo a 1 96 1516 1516 102 ' 1 18 16 i 11s 10 136 2) cure dge Boling With oleae: one-half that shown abore for molded edge bling Maxinum vation sone rll of belt same a shown bow for molded edge bel, Wi poi atention, closer talerances can be met Sch resiements should be dacuied with the Goodyent presale 4b. Longth Tolerance ‘Length tolerance for belts that ate isl ends atthe factory i pls a mins 12 percent. For oll ot balun, no lng olerances ae spate but itis accepted by Goodyear that, where a rll of specie Tenth i udeed, no ris leransefpermisibs, Only in cases where approximate rll engi for stock pur poses azeotdred lly mis tolerance below nom ‘al length be taken, 6 Thickness Teerance ‘No thickness tolerances ane proved for conteya bet lng since thickness vations for belt o Belo «given ‘cansruction are nan of no consequence. I fewspevalled uss of comeyor belting, ifort of thik ss ron ll o bla within asin lt of np tance. In suh casa, agresment on scape tole misery Molded seis The nornal conveyor bel sof rectangular eos section and during vulanization is formed by. what amounts 10 2 temporary mold of ectangule section. This mold i nade Up of pres platens on top and bottom and ele fnone of proper this ut east ed, For any section ‘ter than smooth and rectangular i snot peat to assembe temporary mold in his way. Fr seh spac Slaps it hecomes necessary to prepare metal, ubbes Fabel mos that are placed in the poss ad form the tut to there shape or surtace pater, The fol Ing common mad belis are made by sel mets 2 Raed Edge Type These ells gonerlly run Mat and af slow epeed They canry mater with high igaid content or they ay amy gaatne that put om the eli igi Fen, ab lowed to soliiy onthe belt, and cemoyed sn sets Metal molds are required for tach dein. 3 Wide Strip Some conveyors havea Vskapel ge sep vlcanized to the pullay ovoe The strip i ed for gsiing whexe the belt is ansvesely out of eels inert ype of 310 tein machinery oF fr othr seasons not subject to traning by normal methods. Metal molds are required For each design Raised ib Design This design i used so merete the permibe angle of insin. The shape of the desig varesalthoogk the chev rom type is cmnmonly aed. It i espcally devabe on ‘raters having high water content where slipping of the Lad boy on the belt might aterwse oer, Gold eedging and set geavel plans sometimes eequte such bli Asingle stand desig frond! fom 3 meta mold ice Figure 18), 5. Rough Top Designs Various design of cough sulace belting, primi for Imnling packages on inclines, are molded. While these belts ace of ectanguar ection, the rough acisecamnot be molded, practkally, divest from the press platens Molds are laced in the pres or forming the one bet snface. Tse mols ae uevally rer or fable OF @ combination of the two and can be re to produce ‘unTaces sulting fabuc weskes of vanious dete of roughess as wea ily coutgatd be eroped suTies. These dein are ptured in Section 15 8 Goodyear Wedge Grip Design Thisdiamond shaped btype soug-op design is node ins continuous curing proves (rotocure) where the de ‘ign is machined into te enter curing dam, Ti design is also pictured in Section 15, Figure 315 Ribbed Top Comeyorsecnon 4 CONVEYOR BELT DESIGN AND [SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 1 ase Dosen Consents ut Moco fr Sols Belt os‘SECTION 4 CONVEYOR BELT DESIGN AND SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS: |. GASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ‘Proper design ofa conveyor belt ovaves many things— cael cosideration of engjnecing equtemens, thor ‘ugh and uptodate knowledge of ruber compounding fn fabric design, moder and efficent production Ines, complete understanding of the servicing and omic requirements of the marke ple, and tained race to bring ll of thes requirements together Toe the opt commendation, Goodyear guided by the proven premise that for etch conveyor application there h an appropriate belt com Stroction that wil give the wer the most service pet lle f investment. Therefore, wen making reece mandation ll ofthe company’s effort focused tough the consderatioms mentioned above bent toward rivng a ut specification best suited forthe jo. The following i a brief dicasion of bisic conveyor tet design consideration, each of which covered deta Insubsequen sections ofthis handbook. A. Tension A conveyer bali smply amount an end eas fot tesnsporting material fiom set A to an end point B (ce Figure Figure 41 - Conveyor Bett 4 ‘To perfor the work of moving material from A to the belt requies power that is supplied by a motor tur ing io pulley. The motor torque tests nto 2 Tangential force, caled effective tension, at the deve ple surface. Tiss he pull or wesionrequed of the ‘st to move the material from A to Band isthe som of he flowing: 4 Tension 10 overcome fton ofthe belt and con ‘eyo components that contact the ble b Temion to overeomefieton ofthe load 5 Terson trate oF lower the load though ob sion changes ‘The tative contfbution ofeach of thes Yo total oe: tie tension yates widely depending on eomeyor inline a the lad onthe bl: 1. Am empty belt evel or itlined) hasan effective tension constng aly of enpiy Cetion (ems) ‘odd vel sl wil have fost tension con Stig of expey plus lad fictions (tems a +b) {A loaded inclined bel wil hae effective tension ‘omsting ofall thre oad elements (tems 1 +5 3) Asliht incline with a light oud wil be meth friction (lems + 5) who step, bea loaded belt may be 90 percent or more incline lead te. son (Iter e) with te Balance ition, Mem ew be plus when materials being elevated and nis when mates being Lowered. In the design ofa coneeyor belt cata it is necessary to Aefermin the nuxinm epson to which it wl be sb- Jeoted while performing the maximum amount of ex- pred work Refer to Section 6 fora complete discussion of better sion as well as the necsary mathematical foumlas ad ther detatous and vueMinimum Ply Tensile strength i not th only cousiderstion necesary inthe din of a snveyer belt cateas, Consider Figures 42nd, Most comeyar belts opeate over troupe iter. The touphing angle of ues ers lay Wy from 20 4045 eg Obvious tangle affect he bet by ere ‘ng aie slong which the bet constantly Hexed The teats the aout angle tho grater the xing ection, ‘When te ets uly loaded he portion of the load (X) cell over the ler angle owes the belt to ex 40 4 Soret rats. The hesvse te load the sil the radius through wih the belt must lex Prgre 43 ter Touhng Ante (45 Dee Consideration mast be given to desing the bet with suficent transverse riglty and lx Iie so hat fora joven ile angle ad Load weigh, premarute lt sre fw! not osc. Ts is done by desing the lt with Salient tasserae sities 12 “budge” the ile angle tina satistctory rads, In Figure 4-4, the belt design is satsactony’ in tha i lees brige the angle property ander flout Figs 445, the weight oF do load as forced the Bel py lta the angle and premature flare ean ocur, Other factors (such a bel ap, dle design, an placement) at sso et promote thi ype fare are discussed in subsequent sections Pechaps just ss inportan the belt in Figure 4S will Wipe excess grease Irom the ile beuings, Grease will Aetevorte stand robber compounis and a ase premature belt file, The propery designed belt in Figure bridges this area so that ease wl nok noe mally reach the bel Fire 44 Bek Design Unaffected by Loed Weight Figure 45 el Design Affcted by Lal Weight ‘This design consideration Is wefewed to as MINIMUM PLY DESIGN or, tv otter words the sinimm namber Cf pls to support the lea propesty over the idle june tio ange. Actually in many caes where w bet has beat ssgnd forthe minimum rumer of ples or oa sup ort also wal have enough caress tense sength (0 ‘nee the tension reuierents. ‘Therefore, the experienced belt designer often will be able to judge whok sven proper auimum ply des Will be more than adequate fr the tensin requiement, ‘hereby eliminating te neces for tension elation. Stotion 7 provides additions det on minimum de- ‘along sith minimum ply table for Goodyear belt Goodyear has found that conveyors upto SOD gt (Cll pulley to hea pulley) sm with 25 for ls le ‘on chgewslly are minimum pl appleatons © Haima Phy igees 46 and 47 Aistrate that the bet must be de sipod to be sutiintly Hebe wansinsely to Wough prope. The empty conteyor belt must make sufficient contact wich the center rll of the der or wil Wot ack prop fy. tn Figure 46, the bel too stiff to contact the enter oll and, therefore, wll wander (rom side to side sh the posit oF easing considerable damage 19 the belt edges. In Fie 47, saficient contact ade tw tee te bell properly los te idles.[CONVEYOR BELT DESIGN AND SELECTION CONEIDE RATIONS eo} Je Figure 4:5 Sniff Bet, fmmroper Proweting ~~ 3 ICI Flue 47-Fleable Het, Proper Trough When designing the Yet caress fom a tension stant point, where mote than sini ly srequled x chock rust be made to see that MAXIMUM PLY DESIGN is rot exceded ‘See Section 7 for manimuply tbls covering Goodyene belt constructions, 2. Impact Another carcass deson consideration is imp. 1 may be thatthe tension tequrement fr particle helt ‘0 small tbat a minim ply desi inated. Hows ver he loningarrangerent or material Belng handled may be of such 2 nate that minima ply etcse woul! fail quickly through pare physical destruction Tharetore, the belt esgnar must ake thee requirements into consideration an, if weaned, incense the ca as strong beyond that equed sng to meet to son and fad soppoct equietens. That, thecarcae sms he “beefed up" through the we of special fabrics, leaker an constructions se bl il aespt soe sal impoct Impact conserations are detald in Setion 11 & Rubber quality, pulley diameter, halt speed an ont an! roughing Flexural Inuenceeaeae flee ie, Bal ‘isl, as ditned hy the resem of the cones, ‘orm results im an adoquate estes flex le. How fever, there ate occasional applicatiens lasoliaa short, Iighapeed belts and onl pulleys whore somites comes prudent to upgrade belt guality above tht ve qed by the coven Io enare a resonable crc ex We, F Fix Lite Coves ‘Once the carcass design sete upon tention should te ieee to guaky an gue of the covers. The opt: 43 rum design would meun thatthe covers would wen out in nce wesc atthe same ne a the crea. Tie ‘hvoretical “total bl” fal aftr long sad wietal er vee wil seldom be achieved, but the designer should seek tht goa Since the carcass ofa conreyor elt wl al ery rpiy fue the covers have worn away, 3 ery sal prema for upgrading quality adding cove gust may be well sepa in tems of eal lt fe, Tables and gestions fare provide 38 guidelines for the designer, bat exped ence judgment in this 0 the hey. The final deco fon cover gmuge and quay saat bo cempesed By the Aevgners knowledge of the application, or sinib ap pleations, a5 well ass cxpeience and knowledge of fle facto sich se tock sie and avaabity, Complere cover seston described in Section 8 8, Other Considerations The majosty of comevors are telatey simple in de- Sig and low in tenon to thatthe foregoing ers axe all hat romally need Yo be considered tm makings bt ‘election. However, a comreyors besome Jog, more complex. of higher in tension, i often becomes nes ‘ary fo vestigate one orm of he followin: 1 Acceleation and biog problems sad tensions (Gsctioas 6 and 12), 2 Coasting time and distance (Section 6) 3. Vestal are tensions and ri Section 12) 4. Trough to Mat tcmition distances (Section 12) 5, Toit eg (Section 12) 6, Twopulley drive problems (Section 9) 1. Takeup locations nd prblens Section 10) 8, Multiple gale cormeyor profiles (Section 6) 9, Graduated idler spacings (Seetion 11) Avention sso is dawn o spec ble problems sus a fckage snd food belt (Section 18) and pain conveyors (Section 1) u a PROCEDURE FOR SELECTING BELT General To make a recommendation fra particu instalation, the designer bas cetsn data avalabl tobi, Fora pro jected instalation, the peak hourly tonnage mp Sze, material density. an proposed profile are known or es timated. For 2 replacement tll, nt only ae hese date known, but alo the designers ble co lake adiantage of the knowledge gained Fem an examination a the belt to be replaced and to determine weakness of the olddesign Full advantage should be taken of the ater ten sn purcular for determination of the proper carcis and cover for the replacoment bolt. With this informa ton, by following a Hogial sequence, the corcect belt fr the job ean be selected. In gener, the selection se quence i follows “Tabulateconteyor dat and (when tequized) select, appropriate wid and pee. ‘Check for maxi bl ein [Th 4. Experience often indicates no check is neces: sary, that bot can be wleeted on 8 mini Ply buss. Proceod to Step + An securatecuculaton of Ty 10 be ved in all eases whee tension i factor in belt sle tin se Section 6) List bolls by fabri type and numberof ples that satisfy maximum tension requirements See Table 74 for tension igs Minimum maximum plies Sle those belts from Step 5 hat ako sitisty minimax pie quirements (See Tables 78 though 7D) Palleys-Sesctthove bots fom Step that slo satay existing ply diameters (10 Table S.C). Caress selection From the Step ist, the Final selection eepencs upon costs, past experience, past bole histories, an impact. ‘Quay selecton—Erahate conditions of het, of, arason, ad eating; then sleet the appropriate brit quality (6 Section 8), Cover gauge seletion-See Table 8A fora guide to ali cover pgs, Breaker slection-See Section 8 for 3 guide tothe swe of betes, A tabulation of al aval data ie the obvious it top of conveyor belt selection, A sugested fern for ase in Collecting all availble information shown in Figure 48, This may vary widely from the projected conveyor (ee the only information ean be an approximation Of the Kind and quantity of materi to be conveyed) to the estalshed onveyor (where sll or most of the lived date ate saat). Data tion In the accumulation of dit for exiting conveyors, the portance of the previous belt history is emphasized. ‘eoetical and practical design considerations permit rece resolutions of some aspects f the job of design Inga replacerent belt. Other aspects dopend heuily on complete knowledge of what has happened to ths pre- 44 ‘vous bello belts. This information i bioltely indie rensable In making the best posible recommendation fora eplcerent conveyor bell, This cannot be sessed novel Previous belt History is particu mportant in deter ‘ning eats design foresee to impact and bse, a well x establishing cover quality and gauge. ln apple ations that invoke hea, oll and chemicals, preous belt history nay be the only immediate sourse of fats ‘on whigh to make desi judgment ‘Again, sony spplleation whore a replacement belt to be rsonunended, itis lacumbent the dene 10 bain complete PREVIOUS DELT HISTORY. Arup sted fon for use in maintaining a story of al belts ‘on ny sven conveyor Isshow in Figue 49. Ie angortan that kath of the conveyor profile be ‘ompleted. The flowing ust be leat by herizonta fod vertical denon Font the tal alley drive (each pally i tandem), begining and end ef yeti coves, ‘ertcal curve ra, tkeup, change in belt elevation, eight, and extent of movernnt of nipprs if applicable (Gee Figate 410), Use of burprins,peoiles, ote ea abl, is acommended, . Wid and Speed Season For any partial problem of morement of lk mt tells by belt conveyor, itis possible to recommend more thn one comblnution of elt width and speed Lump size permitting, increasing the bel seed permits 2 decease i Halt width Tor any specie hourly tone rage. Conversely, am increase in bel width allows a do reas in ele peed. Inger st can be stated that the lt should be kept x marrow a poble(depending on ump size) and vin as fst 3¢ possible, within scepted limits, to transport the roqused tonnage. [i so in portant that she Toading chute desig be consent with ntlipated belt spoed, belt widths and lump ses ‘The general procedare for selecting belt wither speed ‘sas follows 1. Lis mate ype an se (special, 2, Listmatera weight in pounds per cubic Foot (ses sed or se Section 8), 3, Lis pak capcly of Blt ts per hous Ges fed, See Table SK and lst maximum yecommended seed for materi to be conveyed See Table SA and tit the minimum tecommended belt width Fr mated (Lamp size oe eoneyedCONVEYOR UELT DESIGN AND SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS CONVEYOR BELT ANALYSIS SHEET (51 a ee igure 48 Daa Tabulation Forigure 49 - Bett Record Forne 46‘CONVEYOR SELT DESIGN AND SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS igure 410- Conveyor Profle inn Reig Be To Sel Horne Regd TENET 6, Using the capacity tables of Seaton Sethe widths, bel speeds, and ler anles tht wil handle the jo. ‘The elt speeds in ubuston of this type wil fe spently ees than the nen penal pee for the material to be sonveyed, In Sexton 6 it shown that am incease im ele peed ta gen loading rate will rede belt enson so that may Be appropriate fo ‘stgate the possible savings in bet cost. However, the Tolloning factor often need to” be considered in thie sep 1. AF the belecomstrvtion i already controlled by minimum ply design fo oad sport (Section 7), the reduced tension wil offer ao savings ia bet While the higher speed wil seduce Belt tension, ‘ny savings in belt cos vl be purty offset by the fee thatthe Higher speed ats given looding fate also sels in higher power Zequement This wil bea cumlotive expense over the ie of he comeyor as well st higher initia) expense for larger deve component Increased belt speeds ata iven loading at also wil reduce the volumetric load on the Beli the seidth of the load wil be reduced with the result that cover war wll be less uniform. Also, the decreased tame eye wil lacoase te rate of (he cover ne D. Typical Conveyor Belt Selection ‘To ihstrate the general process of selecting the proper ceomveyor bet, at line conveyor with a head de> suhore tron bas aloud boon elculated by procedures shown in Section 6s assumed. 1. Conveyor Data ‘The primary item of data needed to proced withthe se slcton are idth-30 i Maxinun tension, Ty = $340 Ib = 178 piv Palloys-24 in. bead, 20. tall and sau Ieee a5 dep Material: gypaun sook80 pe, Approximately 50 pete fines with Lumps 0 FO in 1 4 a 5 Method of joining fasinece Aswan al reourements hive been met for normal Fane ating (Table 7-4) 2, Comets Sletion ‘The proper carcass mut sai all ofthe Following sqirements: 1, Maximum tension 2, Minimum plies for lad suppoxt, 3: Maximum ple for empty bel trging 4, Paley sizes 5. Impl or other operating oquitements [AC tis point eduction of to avalable fies tons ts posible spy by general kuowledge of the ‘operating condition (ith experince, the designer often tl beable to nara his tess choses Lo one o 10 ”1 hls pin). this supple problem, the seleetion can be naowed withthe folowing eliminations: 1. Al cocion san be eliinted because of lueme impact ase of 10 ans Cotton-nylon (HDNF) wil abso the distortion and high heal lee stress oF his ype abave mush beter than ‘cotta, yet at nerve in cost Rayursyon (HDRN) can be eliminated baceuse the aplication ass relatively low teasion reuir= ‘mentwell below the range nonally eonieres fa HORN. ‘This keowedge of the tension and abuse seitnt re quizerents of the apliction seduces fabric choies to HDF, all yon, and Pilon Table 4A shows possble HDNF, rayon, and Pylon ct sss base on the requierens of tension, msn plies, maximum pis and pulley diameters. ‘The following creas lininatons now cen be made: 1. 28 HDNF is eliinated basa th minim ply ‘equrement for temion exceeds the msxiunply ation, 2. 32 HON is eliminated because the pues ar 100 ‘all 13. Fourply 48 HDNE and fiveply XI rayon ean be limitated as being obiouly more costly than foucply 42 HDNF and shvepy H rayon, eps they ‘That leaves the following pose creas constrctons, from which theultimate election wll depend upon ah things as costs customer prefereace, stock aval, tnd previous belt history. Aad from thee fstors, the following bel all can be considered suitable 1. Fey 26 BDNF 2. Fourply 42 HDNE 3: Bre ply H rayon 4. Pylon 2100 Cover Soetion Ste Table & for guidance in making cover gauge and quay sleton, The following date ae vecured, sje 2, 21600) Timeeyele= 2 = 26006 5 min Material gypsum sock-ery abrase, hump size = nin With these data, ver to Table 8A, wi tended 40 be used only’ a guide; ts proper ut involve cael appraisal avaiable erie actors an condi Tn other words, te funtion ofthe cover 8 to protest the eaeass. Therefore al knosledge ofthis ands applications must be applied to cover selection TABLE 4.A ~ CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS ae Sn Ui ie Savoor* | ougingt “aaea | eepcere Sawes} 2; 2) 4 a = maon| «| se : a oe ‘mer grstar than ne gia ply segues of ead and cokies 4sTop Cowe Style B= 1/410 3188 Stacker — 3/1610 5/16, ‘Te presouce of 10in, lumps suggest severe cover ct ting and gouging fro loading inact, With no Furr specie knowledge ofthe loa point design, the une of| Sucker (RMA Grade 1) quality must be considered for ats supeior eat and gouge restnce, However, I fur ‘her investigation revels that the loading chute and shit Dourds ae wel designed, fines ae loaded on the bale fs, the vertical drop of Imps i hk! to mia ram, anda loading pont i eguipped with inset Wer, then Sie B (RMA Grade II) covers wold pro vide adequate protection. At this point, kabuledge of any previous belt specifications and performance also ‘would be of pout wi in making a guality ection, Without complete knowledge f previous Belts and com veyordetas wth which to make competent rec rnendation, the lt degner can only make eeu ‘dons and in mos cases, us proceed on the basis of suing the wosst, be Paley Cover 16 to 332 in If previous belt history inelaes flare de 10 piley ‘cover wear, use the heavier gauge Lacking bel ison. se of Heir gauges also ndated By exesave ine ‘ei plage substandard maintenance, end bly pitted sis. 49 ‘The L0dn, lumps dictate that a breaker stip should be ined in the top cover for maximum rote to souping and cover stripping. “ No other unusual conditions, such as oll or eat, that woul afect cover quality considerations ae indicated fnahe da, 4 Combining al developed infonnasion yk: Final Bot Section cu Covers Pyeply 36MDNF ] SyieB-/4t0 ) ain. | Top cover Fourply 42 HDNF onlay Freplyttayon | siackeraytsio | beaker® Pylon 2100, S716, 1/16 wo 382 in pulley comer “The final slestion then would be mde Based on pre viously mentioned operating ouliions as wall as com Sidecatons of cox, customer preference, stock aval ability, and previons tlt history. No breaker ested with lyonw w vu SECTION 5 CAPACITY OF BELT CONVEYORS ross Sectional Ares of Loud and Tonnage Capacity Noval Matrbss . st CrossSectansl Area of Load an Tonnage Capacity Slumping Matrals (Dry, Fuee Flossing, or Very Wei) sa ‘ros Seconal Ate of Load snd Tonnaze Capacity Wool Chip Conveyors : 3 Fla and Pisking Conveyors sa Rate of Loading . sa Sle of Laps os Capaates fo Spt Conditions st Bt Speed 38 Weights of Materia, soSECTION 5 CAPACITY OF BELT CONVEYORS |. CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF LonD AND TONNAGE CAPACITY-NORMAL MATERIALS ‘The yolumatie capeity ofa touphed conveyor bet i kwrmiaed by the exoutsetenal area of the load that fan be pled onto the belt without excesine spillage ‘thera the loading point or subsequently doe to the ‘all undulations of the Belt in pusing over Ker. “his ecosssectinal aes i alested by the sore analy. 4 of the mate, smstre conten, snd the ape of the parties, all of Which niente slope at which the aon stan, Since iis wuslly impractical to etatiste these Facto specially enough to pred har effet on the crass ‘ectona acen ofthe lod, capacity tables ate made su Aceatly consecutive that sy ordinary combination of the above conalions en be asceted, Tonnoge capacities shown in Table SA for normal blk mated on threezall,equabength icles ize based on a ‘ustazcional lod asa such a tha indicated in Figs $1. This, of course, doesnot presume that lood shapes ine alvays as depicted ere, a they wil ary wit fle nt materials, dampess, lump size, et. The load shape i infuoneedintly by the lowing chute and set boards. The design ofthese pars i to some degree com tell by what igexpacted Yo luppento the ape ofthe lead after It leaves the skicbosrdcotinenent. How ever, tonne expats dered fom this tes section be Figure 5-1 -2ypeat Load Cos Section of Normal Bulk Matera on Tee gua Lenn Kol st hse been found ataiable with most bulk sate and, ith favorable combinations of material ee and Inolatre content, Ling fates up 10 20 peceat ino ‘est of thee vs canbe achieved Cros section ond tess derived rom the Figure SI conigoaton ste shown in Table $0, To obisn capacities india by this method, some nor ral prsention ace equied Frceflowing dy materials oF shupping wet mis ‘ures mast be easidered a petal jobs ap ‘sbesaredoterninod by methods ven tet 2. Lump size iitatins tabulated herein must be ob rece Skit ford losaion atthe fang point mast be propely designed to give the most advantageous ‘nal oad ap, ‘The belt mut be tained toner ths loading poi cally ‘The idler spacing nist be sulubly slated co bet toronto rerze be ag. Ths A tu, wil limit toad! sting and. posible splay 1 The delivering chute smut te pitched (hy aif geesry) 10 deiner material with a velocity in the dvcton of tlt tra cos that of the bf. This wil reduce turbulence and hasten the sting othe los, Wid lumps nar the init om ize, it may be neces sary to place lamp defectors on the skit oats 0 move inward any surface humps Ing near the edges the load spprenchs th nd oF tho skits ‘The bel capuety dhs determined must be con: sidered! pias peak, not average, Lequitements‘TABLE S.A — NORMAL BULK MATERIAL CAPACITY" OF TROUGHED CONVEYOR BELTS: epee aps sa‘TABLE 5.B — CROSSSECTIONAL LOAD AREAS ‘OF MOST BULK SATERIALS" CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF LOAD AWD TON: NAGE CAPACITY — SLUMPING MATERIALS (ORY, FAEE FLOWING, OR VERY WET) Motors that obviously wil ot stan a the ales a suuied for the pevoussleaatons rst be handled S Tesir rate 10 avoid splige, Such mater ce grt, “ky send, coment, xe! conctet, and sir mixtaes, Gat eapacitioate discussed in Section 16, Othe a ‘ng atrial capacities are sven in Tables S Cand -D for vats equablength and long center ales a in fated. These expxiis ae based on tho assumption that (he belt i londed to within two Inches ofthe eae re andes of width with snchage angle of five depres, (Cosssttional ond aed ere shown it Table SE, Ill, CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF LOAD AND TON- NAGE CAPACITY-WOOD cHiP CONVEYORS The we of conveyor belts to handle wood chips in the paper industry has found wide aeseptane, These som ‘eyors may Have more volumet expat tha the nt mal fulk conveyor becnise of the Uightess of the mae tera and the ft tha the Bele canbe Toaded lover to the ee. ‘The crossestiona areas of Table ar the bas or the capacities of Table SG, The eroesetional ae a sume that the els Touded within two inches ofthe dg, resales of belt width, an that the materi ie 2 “araharge ange of 30 deg on the sl. IV, FLAT AND PICKING COKVEYORS Fat conveyors ate used only to tied degre for ba Inatdls due tothe lass of eapcty wen a Da, Hoe ‘er sme matelals can be rere by plows frame Url at any point along its run His & fay common actce 10 asept rede cacy th exehange fo his Simple distbution system in such materia handling pettions a Tonadiy sand or wood chip distin For Mat bel ti wus! to base eapsity on cron sectional ares one thi of the 2D:eg, eqilol roughed lt nes, capaety tables presen in thse tion can be usd For flat elt y ‘aking ofall the labeled vale fr blk mater. This ghee» capity ‘lighly les than the theoreti ug a 25-dog sarge angle and an edge distance (D) = O0SSW #09 in, but the eror i usted bythe obvicusy greater tendency for edge silage when the load setts a5 it moves oer the ier. Picking conveyors have 20-de long center zl ile to woride wide shallow lds for picking, sorting inspec. ing and Teederapplctions. Table SH¥ shows capacities for picking conveyers. V. RATE OF LOADING ‘The preceding methods of calulatng bel espace vale that isintended tbe a pak ate and not an seer: age fora shift an hour, or een a few minutes. Even ten feed 10 the belt contolled by a feeder as shouldbe, its not ordinary safe to assume that the Feeder can be set fora ate asved at by diving ily tonnage 10 be handed by hours worked. With the bes of scheduling in mining operations, pen tonnage Is teen found toe 25 peso above te aly aera ad follen much greater An estimate of production delays that might result a isle or lightly loaded tne forthe belt must be wade To ative ata peak rate ness to aunpensito for sul days VI. SIZE OF LUMPS The width of belt roquled for 8 mater coating Jane lumps i induct a oo ways bythe iz of the Jumps. Fis, the rosssetonal sea of the aa Is 16. iced esau the Toad inialy must be kept «pester Aistanes fom the ede of the belt. Second, the shotesection 5 ‘TADLE 5-C— SLUMING MATERIAL CAPACITY OF TROUGHED CONVEYOR [BELTS (EQUAL ROLL IDLERS)" sto | E ioTABLE 5:D ~ SLUMPING MATERIAL CAPACITY OF TROUGHED ‘CONVEYOR BELTS (35-DEG AND 45.DEG LO a scumeiy = ter * (45) (FR) = 98 (oR) = (SES) » CSS) TABLE SE — CROSS-SECTIONAL LOAD AREAS (OF SOST SLUMPING MATERIALS PaeTEL : | | AE RS | RS Riese ag shane oe Sa ss‘TAIL 54 —€ROSSSECTIONAL AREA OF WOOD. CHIP LOADS ON VARIOUS IDLERS. lsat tin) tater te a [of « |e fale] « Orie cough rolls) - my Base tens se | 20 | as ee | as Ire Inches. Surcharge angle = JO dag) ge distance (BP = 2 in ‘TABLE 5.6 - CAPACITY” OF TROUGHED CONVEYORS CARRYING WOOD CHIP Tana 20-dex equal olla 2 | os fo) @ om) azo [ast ssategequirole | oa [ay | sa az | an | ia | ar ssctop coat rons | 28) a | at ge | tae | 150 | tne fran rg ro) | As-teg Le rol, woo je | oe |e) ae it rou foe) | L “tm tone per Nour (200083 tn) 34100 fp. Wood ER Kol = 18 eE ODE Tone apacy ater spe, manny byte eoeie speed ant TABLE SH 20.06 PICKING IDLER CAPactTiES* vruam [Trot ol length i) | Trova ol length fn) He se | ne [as a % e a | ve | ee “2 wos | oun an | as a two | am ws | un a [ant sa “Lntons per hour (2000-Lb tonab for 100 pe snateriale at 109 fpm belt "Soden surchazee, 2-0. eee diatancesd skit boars must be wide enough 10 pasa prob ‘ble combination of laps, which ue cum et he min ‘um bet width, independent of capacky esuienents Ie happens occasionally that vhe bel with reuied Due ump sie Is preter than tat reqlied for sap sity. This conditian can only be aided by exasing or by sealping of lige Tunis helo delivering asi to the belt, ‘Tuble $4 shows roatonsip of belt wid to lupe that shook be inane TADLES1_MAXDIUM RECOMMEND! SIZE FOR VARIOUS ELT WLDTIS bus SS [onsen | steed a rede] | Vil, CAPACITIES FOR SPECIAL CONDITIONS A. Package Conveyers Belt comeyors Hunn lane packages, cas, o sacks that fee othe tlt singly oer no probes capacity Akieriraion, The belt must be wide enough for the Janes package anil nus un fst encug 1 take pale sags away atthe peak rate at wbich they wl be fed, ‘There ate, of conte, lnits on sped For package con eyo sometimes st by the nate of de ei ad sometimes by tho tate at which the packages can be taken avay flow the dichage end Bal coneyorstaaling packages of miscellaneous see an shape que aa anal of the ie dition of the packages and an estinate nf probable combiaatons of package sis that might sks up typi ces tio From such a cross section, belt wth ad sped ne etal, In redoing typ rot section, ‘it mst be known whether packages ct be ple or ist kept single Lier for inspection or reno Se Se tin 15 for more detall on package conyers, B Log Hanaing Bots Logs ave handled on belt conveyors, book trowghed and ‘at, in pulp wood lengths and i short saw sticks, Here agains ness to analyze the eof te pies (0 estimate a typical erossectiona fad. Ustlly the wood wil He on thes Ralls a single aye, At yore Points the Toad may occupy: racially the Tl bet ‘th wth several sal fogs de bse, we totes 2 single log il consi he load, The cacy given in Table $s based on percent othe belt width and 75 pecon af the length being covered wih wood aver ‘ging 6 n,n digveer Thi sa deny of loading aly obtained none et cane exeaoled by 38 percent lung pero of pe lin. In calculating cosion su power, conde can be crverted 10 tons by ng 4500 Th pr coud of pp wood. Then tph = couds per hour X 2.25, The her of sks pet ‘oid wil be betwee 90 and 135, TALLE $3 LOG HANDLING BELT caPserty™ ©. Fully Skirted Bats With most materials, ket honda he fale ff comeyor esl i coer abasion and gouging and for this reason are seldom used or ordinary eoneying, uaposes. They ate sod on some steply inclined Beli Faling humps mutes that tend to rollback and te ble In this case, they ae st jus lf and above bet edge and ae not tnended to inceuse Belt eapacty. Therefore, the normal cacy tables should be weed for ssh eomeyors, Ful lngth shits ao ate used on belt conveyors we x feeders In this ease, the erossactiona ace of lad ean be inteased considerably Beyonl noc capacity nce epi of loa can be maintained Fr the full with be tween sie board, ond skit hoards san be st closet han aoe to she el edge Speeds fr Feder bs de ead on the abrasivenes of the materi! but nelly a ‘not exec 100 fpm for uonabrasive materials and 6 fp for abrir,‘Tae depth of the loa should ot exceed approxaatly 40 pest of the with tetwecn kr tard, With skit Isr spared 80 percent ofthe Balt dh ad depth fof lead at 40 parent of the skirt board separation, the capacity #anea by tT bere T= tons per hou (2000 th ton) M_= sole im pounds por eube foot, W = belt width in inches, and S = belt speed a fet por mina. “The general capacity formule for any width and depth of ead ie sas 7 800 where [A= cromestotional lon area in squat ines With sich hey loudings a this pein, the ile spac ingand bel tenon mast be ivextantd 1 kee ble de Asction sd idler Toadioge within aeceptable lite and rninize sg nd epg. vil, BELT SPEED Select of popes belt sped influenced by capacity required, by thereauting bt tension and pow equine tment and by Hitations inthe nature of the mater eng handled, Such limitations might be degradation of file interkals,windage hss of light oF powdery ‘ater, lp impact on carrying les, et. As far as capacity i concerned, it is desible to sleet belt sped that wl reat ne fl bt, This produces ‘eter pattern of cover wear. However i is sometimes ‘ecesy 1 compromise i tis respect in favor of ik tension. This is done Dy Inceesing speed, which reduces ‘osatctionl lea! (withthe feed eld constant} ant Thereby reduoes tension permitting a leer bel, The sain neously aodseving ial cost made this fay often fet the Toss cover wear resulting froma Tess ha Tally ode bel Spec lv hasan ofoct on power tequrenent,ptcw: Inyo felts with ite no nelie, Wil tonnage ete old conta, power requrarnent anes dawn as speed is Aecreaued, Tie became the power Ko operate the bal and other moving machinery varie diectly with speed thle the power to move the Ue loud remains constant dog. the rate of loading I Fixed. The degre to ‘hich speed ators power requirement depends onthe ‘ato of payload to goss lad The ger the percentage TABLE SK — TYPICAL MAXIMUM BELT SPEEDS [FEET PER MINUTE)* Bek | Geain or other Ru of mine Hard ores and ‘pat | residing Stier. | cont and enn’ | atone pimany crashed | 400 300 300, a “ 300 00 ae 1% 500 40 250 “ ta 200 oo we 0 708 oe # 1900 200 on @ toa 700 0 “these apeode are Intended ax guides to general pracice and are not absolute, ‘Very abrasive materials. ss(of payload the ess effet speed wil have on power te salem. inthe fay eommon eas of level bet with elt ofload om the bl equa othe weight of al tee ‘avin pats, a 10 pote charge in speed would have 4 5 percent effect on power. Online bei the effet woud be ls. Tile SK indicates the bounds of common practic ia comeyor belt speed, Where space tnons and capacity require i the bt spesis in Table 3K have been exceeded by amc as 25 percent ot mote in smn caes, However, tinder ord ‘uy eteumstances it better to provi abel of ST ‘sient width to permit tabulated peed resonimendations to be observed. There hasbeen some tendency 10 limit tlt speed when handling eae mates avo break ge at the dischaige. However, navi ers drops hve been shawn to sometimes have w greater effet than belt speed so it maybe Cute to handleap a conveying woblem with extemly To bls peed (250 fn I) Tor his remon ane Tuble 54. covets special cases of Belt conveying not ‘onered by the blk tei peed Table Se. 1X. WEIGHTS DF HIATERIALS “The wit eight oF weight por cubic ft of many m= tesla i subject to considerable variaton, The se of Inner, whether iis wet or dey, and-in the ease of sa TARLE S:L, TYPICAL MAXIMUM BELT SPEEDS — MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT. atin, eneuilaned pe | foot ‘minerals-the natural fonmtions account fo ti vac tion Hence, whenever possible, the weight per cubic fot, forthe size and Kind of materi io, sould ‘i aeciately determine, Sold or compact weights, whi ae avilable fr inst maar cannot be sed i the determination of the pacity ‘of tlt comteyots seid elevator that fade woken or lose mats, ‘Te wigs per ubie foot sven in Table .M ar based ‘rater being vokon and looe at inthe ie more frequently encountered jn industial serce. Except Ivhe otherwise noted, the sights ave piven fy dy ater‘TABLE 5.1 — WEIGHTS, VARIOUS BULK MATERIALS¥ vit nv xi secon © POWER REQUIREMENTS AND BELT TENSION Conmeyor Power Bel Teoson ai Horsepower Due vo Fuiction Bel Tension and Horsepower for Elevating of Loserng Loud Eifestve Tension, Belt Horsepower, Drive Loses. test of Bele Speed Slack Sid Tessin 4 2 ‘Tension Due to Weight of Delt on Slope Maximum: Bel: Tension (Arimete Method) (Conaputer Anlyis of Conveyor Belt Tension. shia or Tersion Diagary Method for Deermining elt Teaslon Disbution ‘Acceleration and Braking Forces A. General 1. Method of Caleulaion : Efecto Belt Tensions — Tension Disgram Method D. Effect on Belt Tension ~ Arithmetic Analyst of Forces , Rules Governing Algae Sins oF All Conveyor Bal Fores Fr. Eifet of Adding Estemal Biakog Accelerating Forces to Grasitational Forces Example of Tension Disgiams for Accelerating dni Braking Foros Comeyer Cousing on 68 6a 615 620 62 onSECTION 6 POWER REQUIREMENTS AND BELT TENSION 1. CONVEYOR PoweR ‘The power to operate the conveyor is made Up of ficial retanse movin ofthe various pt, stork af elevating or lomering the lou, and mechanical Tomes ofthe diving esters, BELT TENSION AND HORSEPOWER OUE TO FRICTION ‘A. Friction Fartor (0) and Lenth Factor (L,] Frictional loads ate due to weigh of the belt, wight ff the moving parts of the ile and pally, drag of skit boos and scraper, and drag caused” by any ‘minute msignment of pulleys or lr 1 ation, the weight oF the aerial on te bt tnd the lateral fein of sha nutri x esis an reshapes passing over the lr oll Increase the freon ofthe syster. The calcubtion of thet rieional Forces depends upon an ausiption of 4 compuste fection factor. The othe actor (ssh as bk weight ad ae weight) lend theneves to accurate alten The accuracy of this assumption, therefore, detesines the accuracy ofthe resis abled fn he detection of roads, Mos ietional foscecoraponents vary dsl withthe length of tho comeyor. However, tba ae = Te com ponents that afeindependent of bat lent nd teteixe fn be added in asx constant, The tension und power fonmulas in ths handbook aie equ corect tes forall cenectosenter danse, Iased om staat data from existing conveyor nits mei lo devel the ‘Goodyear fon From Figure 6:1, canbe son hat the pow, by the Goodyear formu, i proportional to (11) instead oF being propanol to Ly hee Lis taken as the Pojction on the hovizantal of the centertoceatat Aisanice Gee Pat C bei The Ly ficior 1s uid a 8 means of Metading the consant frictional losis, which ate independent of Tok length and ave coamonly spoken of 38 tenis! faction, Figure 1 shows thit the Goodyear formula tes her lus for short contr conveyors and kwet talues tor long center comveyors than does siuple Proportion between power ant lent pF igure 64- Retuionship of Caeyor Length (0 Power Requberens ‘The composite fein ator wan determining Fistion fence is designed by C, The actors wed in conuntion wih a covtespoadiaa L factor as inated in Table A. The ale of C depends upon the type of ides, Stacie, and rinenance, Italo depen 0 prope telutionship between aller spac am bell tenon as Arians iting intemal icon nthe food. Tie relation i cued Sesto (1a theC factors tabulated presume its proper use. Wi tlts tha requze retain wen Toaded (Ua i tata regenerative), 3 Jower friction Factor i shown to pce any deiion fron the estimated tion fact i the conservative dvetion (he direction that would india fer bs tension and lange power requrere‘TABLE 6-A ~ FRICTION FACTOR (C) AND LENGTH FACTOR (Lg) FOR CONVEYOR TENSION FORMULAS Cans ever eae | neta Por conveyors with permanent oF 0,022 200 other wollvaligned structures and Sith normal maintenance Por temporary, portable, or poorly | 0.03 150 aligned conveyors, leo for con veyors in axtetine cold sreather that are either subject to frequent slope and starts or are opersting for extended periods at =40 dex F or below For conveyors requiring restvaint | 0,012 415 of the belt when Toad % ‘The C and L, factors have proven to be satisfactory for the great majority of conveyor belt tension and horsepower calculations, Howovor, when long, relatively level, oavily Loaded conveyors are encountered whore power requirements are large and made up primarily of frSetion, i $2 recommended that Goodyear (Akron) be consulted for additional engineering aesistance in eolecting these ‘TABLE 6B AVERAGE VALUES OF @ AND Q FOR PLY-TYPE BELTS (LOVFT) wiau | “heerial to wmabralarer | meceatoes Winey | Bayon svieiooiwenc | "Woibene a a a A ua 7 2 B fos) we alos wt) on w | 3 2 we) so no 4 0 5 w | 6 2 «|S “| 6 nt 2 ao | 6 » 7 er) a x | 7 a | 8 xe | on s alo a | on so | “ ar «| 8 |» ee 4“ | M so | ae n | 2 ” wo | elon ss | a | us | 20 6 4 ws | 32 135, ele | |e [om fs | osDecine conveyors or éecine portions of multiple grade conveyors that are maisally rgeneaive should be vestigated both as repeneratie and as though the reqied power (dati, by chicking with both 0.01 friction and 0.022 of 003 35 appleable). The most severe rests should be use in ord to provide a mare ‘conserve res, (0 Factor and Belt Weight General ‘The Q fistor represents the weight ofthe moving pas of he eorveyor sytem and is comprised of the belt ‘weight (B) pas the weights ofthe moving pass ofthe ills [is expreed tsa weight per fot of entero center distance of the conveyor 2 Band Values ‘Table 6B gles average values of both B and Q for various widths of conveyors with pby-ype beling These values should not be wed with ea cable belting, since bot Band Q geactlly will up ml highe. Is recommended that alelaing a more accurate Q valve In all cases be considered, especialy inthe following 1, Lavel conveyors where horsepower and bel tension ‘ate die primary 0 ition, ‘Wage bets where estimates values of @ and Beam ‘ary widely from asta values, any case whoteaetusl welt of «selected elt varies more than 20 pevent from average Belt Weigh atove change Q acordingly and recalculate Conveyors wth tel a belts 4. Calelation of @ Values can be caeuated for any combination of belt and idles a fellow Pounds pr Fats ‘bel weight in pounds per fot (see appends) ‘woeht of rotating part of creying and Tun ders, sespectiey, ia pouads actual weghts ace unsviabe, se append) 63 yyy * spacing of caring and rotund, respec: tively n fet c, Bats Proper Velue of Length (L) on tnctn For toslin belts Lis the horizontal projection of the canartooenter disse as measured long the contour the comeyor For empty soveyexs, the amount of Balt and eauipneat to be moved i deteined sighly tore accuaely by the length slong the contour ofthe come. For # loaded belt, the additonal load ction force Aleteonined by the horizontal projection of the cent dicnce, to Figure 6-2, 1 2000 7 ek eapaety in tons per how, ater per hour im pounds, a (8 bel travel per bour i fe. Then: rater on euch foot of belt in pounds x gig =v nil nina pon ~ component at right angles to Dl, St eure 2 Load Weight Componentsseeriow 6 The laters the pat ofthe load supported by ches, Sine 1001758 i weigh of materia per foo! ofl, the Toad ction ofan iene conveyor & the sage us the loud tition ofa evel conveyor having the same length as the horizontal peojetion af the hcline conveyor. When Ls sed in clelating the cry belt tion, the reat enpy fein wil be Yower than ata However, the soll ctor all be es in taken as Feng long the comtour wen oe fetion i cae, Consequently, this compromise deliaition of Lis jth fed. Further on atin helt ction way 6 xa compared ih ielne load tenxon; nee, ero tr hve sig conpromie Ltt Therelore, for commence, Goodyear secnnmends the Dorota length for both the ep belt calclation aad for adh fiction powor du 10 the toad, The Tovaonal projection for L does not Aner very > ‘anal enor forthe avenge computation. The main stor 6 im a belt Inlined to the maxims amet {approxinately 23 dug) or the full Ing, i which ‘se the Feng slong the bet fe 8.7 percent ler than {he horizontal projection of the length. In the asad ‘ase, the dference consderiby le, Te 7 percent Ateveaee ents only Ini the empty fection esate tnd isa much sr pecoatage on otal effect tendon, D, Components of Bet Fito Comeyor eel Meton 8 mage uP OF the following |. The fiction forse for the eniply conveyor of Tenge L, 2 The adltonsl force to convey the loud on the level for adintance L, Tes wo Hens ae compated separately and ace fn enced by the type of equipment ad che instalaion {in other words, by composite fiston factor C, which Is always an etna The power to elevate the fad or the power generated ‘n lowering te loud, is independent of the chs of xuipnen! or the insaltion and is sabjet to exaet redetermination, In the following derivations, the loses inthe driving secon are not tncded. The fomulas give the Aamoubt of power of foe that nist be provided 0 the Trl at ks ting ples actos se a (C= freton factor (sce Table 6 (0 > weight ofthe moving puns of the eauipent fn pounds per foot of cemtero-cener di 1 = cemortoventerdsanse in fet or horizontal Pofection of thi dstanse foe saline or Aesine bets 1, * length constant (see Table GAY: and S = beth speed in fet per sine Empty Conveyor Friction Force ‘The empry conveyor Histon force can be elated as CQUL+ 1) = tot Sriction force for empty omveyoe ponds and cad ttys. oxsepower for emp conveyer 3000 = pie) Jn temion callin wally nacesary to dete nine that potion ofthe tal ep stom osc ‘whe retin side ae setines that accusing on the omseying side Those fores ave calculated as follow: F, LosdFretion Fores Ld frtion fore can be alte’ a folios: ) = fltion foe in ST puis somveying materia canny carta) ss) * ‘eal jon the level ‘There ae oeasoval installations white the loa iscom ‘eyed between act boards over the ete length Com the oad 10 the discharge pois: (02) (©) (L) ON = feetion fee in pounds due e aerial again aint the skit boards.where 4 toad depel in fet L iy conveyor length in fet natal deny in pours per euble Fo, on 0.2 = constant made up of worse tate "pose ange and coeiient of fiton To obvain horsepower, snlily” this expression by S/3,000, il, BELT TENSION AWD HORSEPOWER FOR ELE VATING OR LOWERING LOAD A. Fowe or Power Ou» to Grade Use T, Leand 8 asin the provis derivations. Let It he the et ‘hae Hv elevation in feet aA the angle otwoen belt and borvantal in degies, bn Figure 62 then GAG. © amount of belt in fot tmder ladon ialine smouat of material in pounds pe foot of eit wor, MOT ys totatmiteriain pounds om nine 100TH 100-1 Tsina* A= SS component along incline (this it fence a abe or fe the load) jooT os BL = nonepower torte 990 aad or horsepower seneated in lowering “38 * F000 In this fort, the tension eto nine ae it inveraly proportional to tet sped (Ua the arate the sped the less te tension when tons pe hour const), The power required fr elevating tho kad is spends ot tespeedandisa ntion of tons pe hour an elevation. [A belt in which there are Both icine and deine sectlons must be investigated under all sigficant son tons of lading, That power ot tenons shold be cakelted fr the empty bets the ena load belt fin inclu only loaded: and for decines ony loaded using the appropriate fiton fat or eh ese, Under 6s ertain conditions, the belt may genetsto power sad under others may” require power. The moter and the Ball, tareFre, mus be ska forthe worst evn of eadiag apt exis 1B. Aditional Fore or Power for Trigpts ‘The ordinary conveyor wnlly dischrges over the head pulley. However, tay be necesry wo disharpe the Joad at some pin etore reaches the hed pulley. sich is the cae, common practice tose eppe. ‘rippers canbe iter fixed or morabl, Bot types can be aranged to licharge to ether side of the Balto: deetly back onto the bolt. Basealy, ies a mater of elevating the load from the noc conteyos level ard passing It over atrpper pully ico the discharge che The belt then continaes on to the head pilley of the conveyor, Dovable ippers are wsed for stockpiling and can fed sively to the stockpile or bin or sole bets thst faery the loud away’ fom che main belt on ether or both skles.Trippers can be moved by hal, by the poner o the corey Dl, or they can BE mote den, ‘The al two g7ee can be manually concoled oF ‘be anranged to move aitomstily to dstete te oad ely between the tipper ops The tension ofthe el at the tipper usally ithe max Inthe sytem due tothe elevation ofthe loud The levi in # noel pps approximately 5106, ‘depending on the bok with, Ossslonlly, ppc for ‘ockpiling have elerted material ax mich ae 50 fe Ie mote exact tpper dimension information i xeuived ‘suipnent manufactur” catalogs wil provice he Since ‘stesso a ce capper usually hgh 3s tnpostant that alley dameters be adequate sed ia sceoedaace wi recomended practi [AC the tepper, thee ae evo requeents for power fone to elevate te lad and the other forthe fktion of the tipper itself and the yower fo move it when the tedppor moved By the conveyor bel the elation in the tioper has not been inched in the net change 'n olvation forthe comeyor, the power requirement should be calculated in the same inter st for the Tneine load and shuld beaded w dhe over fr ting ign calulated Frlction ip the ripper ise or for movement of the tipper is stall sed for belt power caeulaion can be regkvted. A snovible tipper, for example, will have the maximum power requenent when the. tipper is 1s close a possible to the head pulley. Since his iota constant posi forthe trppet and oceurs oly period fly, the trppe ction ean be ast by the tectionsECTION 6 a power due 10 that portion of the belt Being ery butwean the eppor and the hei pile. Movable wlppers are commonly opened at speeds varying from 251060 fp, albhoug this sped ean be change by appropite changes inthe tipper gearing. ‘As the tepper is moned opposite the direction of belt travel, the speed of the Belt relative to the tpper comes the sum of the bet speed and thy tipper speed. Consequently, the rate of dishing though the tripper chute increased proportionately any balls or other conveyors taking the tipper discharge must have ‘apacly for ths incensed IV, EFFECTIVE TENSION, BELT HORSEPOWER, DRIVE Losses ‘A. Efoctve Bot Tanson and Bot Horsepaner 1m any belt drive, wheter it tananision, conveyer, for elevator, thee exits a dierence of tension fa the bell on the two sides of the deve pulley. The lager tension sealed ight sie epson (7, and the snr is called slack side tension (T). Without slack side feasion to prevent sipping, the elt esmnot be dven “The difference between the tight sde and sack side tension is known as the effecine setwon (Ty) since this tension actly does the work; Ii the Slgehrake su of the forces jst considered: ACOA LY HCL HL) MEE « MOTH cot), 100" ~c(et,) (+ AO)» 107 ‘To ths sum would be aided the Gietion bewween Imaterial and st board the belt skit over ie ci Tenth The lst quantity (100 TH $)isaded fhe dicharge at 8 higher clewation than the lading pont but ducted if che dscrg slower than the loading oi. In some eases, the dicharge is 30 much lowe tat T, bncomss # misus quantity, which indicates that the force gonewted by the material seeking wer eel weatet than the Cova fits ous. In such ee, some Imcans of absorbing the power generated must be o> ide, or de belt spec wll bene excess whenever the belt is lnded. Customealy, this power absorbed sletill as described in Seetion 9, "Theale horsspemar at the drive ley cn be culated st follows Sty et hosepower = 55 ‘The effctive tension alto cam be calculated fiom wat rmetr over readings of aca instalations. n thse, motor and drive les must be deducted fom the cette! input to the moter, hus easing ch powes thsorved by the bel Subsitting thi tier valu in the above equations with the proper value ofS proves the effestve tension. Drive and motor loses must be aed the eletcial output ofthe motor Generator) to obtin the belt horsepower where declne bels require restraint B. Drive Losses Not Transmitted by Set In (he caleuatons of belt tensions in tis Randbook, foaly the power requied 3¢ the driving pulley i con Sided. The Titian loses of the ternal alleys Already have been included in he cleuations by the Ly feoton Kalo ke posable to estinate tein ply fection lose indice ‘Medios of coxnesting dhe motor andthe dng ples fare numerous. Speed en be reduced through Wve OF tals, eng, gers, enloed gear reduction nia, oF some combination of there. In genera, the following values can be used in determining the Hoses ia suc power tris (ke Table GC). Losses incured in couplings, ase to conte aesern tion between motor and reducers, vary routhly frm 3 percent to parent. These couplings ate lect or fs type. The se aod characteristics te dete in Section 9. TABLE 6. ~ AVERAGE LOSSES, VARIOUS TYPES ‘OF CONVEYOR DRIVE REDUCTIONS rs oe Type reduction a‘Thus, to determine the seal movor ss, necessary to dd to the cacuaied bel honepower the loses caused by the reducers and the coupling, For example, AT there are twe reductions using open gears there Is 2 5 perce less of inpat far each eduction, These loses snus be applied to the belt horsepower to obtain motor horsepower. v A EFFECT OF BELT SPEED ‘On Pawer He speed does not aft the power equired fr ela Ing oF loweung the teil. The power requced 10 corwey the material on the leva (ead frit) is as Independent of sped. Haweer the power reqused far the empty eonveyorisitetly proportional to he see Since this power general i relatively small, the overall effet on the total power snot peal. For example, nt Iypical conveyer, changing the speed fre 200 16 500 fpm iresed the power tequkement by oly 7.5 pe ce, The bee wath and fons por hour femainod xed Bn Tension Whet the speeds instssed, the empty bolt friction tension is na fected, The tension de to oa ftom tun nctine loads ivesely proportional o the change ‘in belt speed. Using the same conveyor i A) where Hanging he speed ia 300 50D fp incensed ower 7S percent, the etectie tension wea reduced 55,5 percent. Thi means that «Blt of Tower pls ean be ‘wed along wih smal puileys, which is hased on te Prowioe chat sist live wil uaa to suppor te food and tha the inceese in speed does no adversely iMfet the material to be cared. For the use, thotefore necesary 10 oquate the saving in elt sed fupment, + onotine saving, aalut an increas ft ower cost (4 cumulative expense) and aguas eft of Azsrased tine gee. Tp some eats, borer, dus 49 ‘maximom tension Hastatons, an erase i bolt sp may permit the wie of singh conveyor stmt there a twilight sytem would otherwise be ruined Vi. SLACK SIDE TENSION aully, the slick side tensor sabia by 2 counter: eight or by a srew-type takes, The former Is prefer thls since maintains constant tenn autora zl cin bo seta the lowes amount a which the en veyer can be dkiven, Thie type mints a constant tensonanderal conions of lind, stating nl tech Section 20 gles a more complete dicusion of both ‘yp of takoup. POWER REQUIREMENTS AND BELT TENSION ‘Tho amount of the shiek side tension moeesany Aetesnined by aulpying the eetive tension by the ‘tive factor (K). Vas of depend upon the as af ontaet between Welt and drive pully (x pulley) type fof takeu, and whother dive pulleys ae bare ot ged. Proper values of Kare given in Tables eA and 9B in Section 9, Calculation of the slack side tension by ths method does notin self necessaily en the probe of sack Side detersination, Certain bei, sich as lowering Conveyor wth a fal dee, might segue mae ck side tersom than thal previously eseulted to prove the mii tension) specitied Table 1s fn Section 1M Isc is the eat, the cleuied sk side tension must be ieteused by am amount nevesary to prove ‘he minum tension (T,} at the low tension point of the sytem. The methods of Part VII (determing maximum tension) show when this i necessary. Com ‘eyo analyzed by the tension dagran method sete twaphiealy the locaton of nam tension (T,) ‘Vil. TENSION DUE TO WEIGHT OF BELT OW SLOPE With al inctinecommeyons, the weight of the belt onthe slope causes tension atthe pa the slope. This ension Combe expresed 36 BH, where the welt ofthe Belt in pounds per eal foot and His the ne change In slevation i fet. The formula it derived a the sme Imanser a that for the incline land terion, Figine 63 Tension Due to Welgi of Bel Slope tn Fue 63 stg = te oF bat on tine at x lly = tot weg oft on nie “7