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Dr. V. Raghavan
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Thermodynamics and Combustion Engineering Lab
IIT Madras
Phone: 044-22574712
Email: raghavan@iitm.ac.in
T2 − T1
Qx = − kA
L
where k is the thermal conductivity of
the wall’s material (W/mK); A is the
cross sectional area of the wall (m2); L is
the thickness of the wall; T1 and T2 are
the surface temperatures of the wall
k1 A ( T0 − T1 )
Q1 = (T0 − T1 ) = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Qx =
T0 − T3
x1 Rk −1 Rk −1 + Rk − 2 + Rk −3
Q2 =
( T1 − T2 )
;Q =
( T2 − T3 )
3
Rk − 2 Rk −3
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Qx
T0 − T3
Qx =
Rk −1 + Rk − 2 + Rk −3
q = h (Tw − T )
Temperature profile of the thermal
boundary layer
Dr. V. Raghavan, IIT Madras 16
Thermal boundary layer
• Therefore,
T
−k where h = heat transfer coefficient and k is
y wall
h= the thermal conductivity of the fluid
Tw − T
hx = 0.332k Pr 1/3
1 −
x
x
• Non dimensionalising the above equation by multiplying both sides by get
x/k we dimensionless group on left hand side called Nusselt number (Nu):
−1/3
hx x x0 3/ 4
Nu x = ( Re )
1/ 2
Nu x = 0.332 Pr 1/3
1 −
k x
q = UAT
where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient, A is the required surface
area, ∆𝑇 is the average effective temperature difference for the entire heat
exchanger.
dq = U (Th − Tc ) dA
T2 1 1
ln = −UA +
T1 mh ch mc cc
ln
T2
= −U
( Thi − Tho ) + (Tco − Tci )
T1 q
• In terms of differences in end temperatures:
T2 − T1
q = UA q = UAT
ln ( T2 / T1 )
Dr. V. Raghavan, IIT Madras 32
Flow over a single tube
• The widely used relation to calculate the Nusselt number for flow over
cylinders is given as:
Nu D = c Re mD Pr1/3 Re D = u D
• All the properties are evaluated at film temperature (Tf).
• The values of c, m depends on Re and are tabulate as follows:
Re c m
0.4 – 4 0.989 0.33
4 – 40 0.911 0.358
40 – 4000 0.683 0.466
4000 – 40000 0.193 0.618
40000 - 400000 0.027 0.805
Dr. V. Raghavan, IIT Madras 33
Flow across bundle of tubes
• Unlike flow over single tube, here the Reynolds number is calculated as:
Re = umax D
where u max is the maximum fluid velocity occurring at the minimum vacant
area of the tube bank. It is evaluated as:
u ST
In-line tube bank: umax =
ST − D
• For staggered arrangement, a parameter SD is defined such that:
2
ST
SD = S +
2
L
D
Dr. V. Raghavan, IIT Madras 36
Flow across bundle of tubes
• In the above relation, all the properties are evaluated at free stream
temperature except for Prw which is evaluated at the cylinder wall
temperature.
• Further, the heat transfer coefficient is calculated from Nusselt number.
(
−1
( )
1/ 2
1 + exp − NTU 1 + C 2
1/ 2
1 = 2 1 + C + 1+ C 2
)
1 − exp −
NTU 1 + C 2
( )
1/ 2
1 = 1
− 1
1
− C
1 − 1 1 − 1