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MODELS
Presented By
AYUSHI GAGNEJA
M.E Scholar
Electronics & Communication
Engineering
NITTTR-CHANDIGARH
Introduction to Radio
Wave Propagation
• The mobile radio channel places
fundamental limitations on the
performance of wireless communication
systems.
• Radio channels are extremely random
and do not offer easy analysis.
• Modeling radio channel is important
for:
– Determining the coverage area of a
transmitter
– Finding modulation and coding
schemes to improve the channel
quality
Radio Propagation Models
• Transmission path between sender and
receiver could be
– Line-of-Sight (LOS)
– Obstructed by buildings, mountains and
foliage
• Even speed of motion effects the
fading characteristics of the channel
BASIC DIVISION OF
PROPAGATION MODELS
• Different models have been developed to
meet the needs of realizing the propagation
behavior in different conditions.
• Types of models for radio propagation
include:
– Models for Outdoor Applications
– Models for Indoor Applications
Outdoor Propagation Model
• Radio transmission in mobile
communication takes place over irregular
terrain
• There are different propagation models
available to predict the signal strength,
Pr(d), by estimating the path loss at a
particular sector.
• Irregular terrain such as simple
curved earth profile, highly
mountainous or trees, building etc.
• Models used are based on systematic
interpretation of measurement data
obtained in the service area.
• They may vary in complexity and
accuracy.
TYPES OF MODELS
- Longely Rice
- Durkins Model
- Okumura Model
- Hata Model
- Wideband PCS Microcell
- PCS Extension to Hata Model
- Walfisch – Bertoni Model
Okumura Model
It is wholly based on measured data,
no analytical explanation
• among the simplest
• best in terms of path loss accuracy in
cluttered mobile environment
Okumura developed a set of curves in
urban areas with quasi-smooth terrain
• It is one of the most widely used
models for signal prediction in urban
areas.
• Applicable for the frequencies in the
range 150MHz to 1920MHz
• Distances of 1km to 100km
• Antenna heights from 30m to 1000m.
• Okumura developed a set of curves
giving the medium attenuation
relative to free space (Amu), with base
station effective antenna height (hte)
of 200m and a mobile antenna
height (hre) of 3m
• Curves are developed using vertical
omnidirectional antennas at both
base and mobile.
Estimating path loss
1. Determine free space loss, Amu(f,d),
between points of interest
2. Add Amu(f,d) and correction factors
to account for terrain
L50(dB)= LF + Amu(f,d) – G(hte) – G(hre) – GAREA
Amu(f,d) (dB)
frequencies
d(km)
40
40
Also G(hte)varies 30
30 20
at rate of 10
20 5
20dB/decade and 2
1
G(hre)varies at a 10
rate of
10dB/decade 70 100 200 300 500 700 1000 2000 f
3000 (M
G(hte) = 10m < hte < 1000m
G(hre) = hre ≤ 3m
Parame Comment
ter
L50 50th % value (median) propagation path
loss (urban)
fc frequency from 150MHz-1.5GHz
hte, hre Base Station and Mobile antenna height
α (hre) correction factor for hre , affected by
coverage area
d Tx-Rx separation
For small to medium sized city,
mobile antenna correction
factor is given by:
150
145 20km
140
135 10km
130
125 5km
120
20 60 100 140 180
hte (m)
HATA Model
• Mostly used in Radio frequency
• Predicting the behavior of cellular
communication in built up areas
• Applicable to transmission inside cities
• Suited for point to point and broadcast
communication.
INDOOR
PROPAGATION
MODEL
• With the advent of Personal
Communication Systems (PCS), we
need to characterize radio propagation
inside the buildings.
• Indoor radio channels are different
because
– The distances covered are much
smaller
– The variability of the environment is
much greater
• Smaller Tx-Rx separation distances than
outdoors
• Higher environmental variability for much
small Tx-Rx separation, conditions vary
from:
• Doors/windows open or not
• The mounting place of antenna: desk,
ceiling, etc.
• The level of floors
• Propagation inside the building is strongly influenced by
various features like
– layout of the building
– construction materials
– building type
– where the antenna mounted, …etc.
• Indoor radio propagation is dominated by 3 mechanisms
– Reflection
– Diffraction
– Scattering
• In general, indoor channels may be
classified either as Line of Sight, LOS or
Obstructed Sight, OBS with varying
degree of clutter
• The losses between floors of a building are
determined by the external dimensions and
materials of the building, as well as the
type of construction used to create the
floors and the external surroundings.
Building types
• Residential homes in suburban areas
• Residential homes in urban areas
• Traditional office buildings with fixed walls
(hard partitions)
• Open plan buildings with movable wall
panels (soft partitions)
• Factory buildings
• Grocery or Retail stores
• Sport arenas
Some Key Models
- Partition Losses – Same Floor
- Partition Losses – Different Floor
- Log-distance path loss model
- Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model
- Attenuation Factor Model
Partition Losses – Same Floor
• Buildings have a wide variety of
partitions and obstacles which form the
internal and external structure.
• There are mainly 2 types of partitions:
– hard partitions: immovable, part of building
– soft partitions: movable, lower than the
ceiling
• Partitions vary widely in their
physical and electrical properties.
• Path Loss depends upon the type of
partition
Average signal loss measurements for radio
paths obstructed by common building material
Partition Losses – Different Floor
Losses between floors of the building
are determined by
•External building dimensions
•Type of construction used to create the
floor
•External surroundings
•Number of windows
•Presence of tinting on windows
Total Floor Attenuation Factor and
Standard Deviation for 3 Buildings
Average Floor Attenuation Factor in dB
for 4 different floors in 2 office buildings
Log-distance Path Loss model
Indoor path loss obeys the distance power law
given by equation:
G(hre) = = = 10.46 dB