yoursmahboob.wordpress.com haranee Wat for general y competitions (~N J c as P S a oot aramMouns . we Scanned by CamScanneryoursmahboob. wordpress.com | | | Deitested to my damper » Created by Animesh downloaded from yoursmahboob Scanned by CamScanneryoursmahboob.wordpress.com Preface There are‘only @ few books on Advance Maths available in the market to deal with the requirements of the students of competitive exam but with the questions solved in traditional manner. Those books fail to give that cutting edge to the aspirants that help them give a tough fight to their competitors and most of them are even full of errors. Ialways felt that in thé field of Government Jobs, the competition ends up finding who gets the best guidance and not who is the best. When it comes to solving maximum number . of questions in minimum amount of time, the conceptual short tricks play the ‘ most important role. Although in Advance Maths, concepts are paramount but conceptual short tricks have been developed by me to save time, the most precious thing in the world of competition. In my endeavour, Ritu Khatri, Bs Rahul Choudhary , Pawan Yadav and Anas Wasim worked dedicately and tirelessly and without their help this book wouldn't have seen the light of day. . JSinczrely thank all my students too who encouraged me to write this book. Their constructive feedback and suggestions are most welcome which have always remained and will remain my guiding light. I will be highly obliged if you message/ mail me your feedback or suggestion on paramount. no1@gmail.com i Rakesh Yadav April 15, 2014 Created by Animesh downloaded from yoursmahboob Scanned by CamScanneryoursmahboob.wordpress.com Contents Chapter - 01 Indices and Surds 1 - 35 Chapter - 02 Linear equation in two variables 36 - 41 Chapter- 03 Graphic representation of straight lines 42 - 58 Chapter.-04 Co-ordinate geometry 59 - 77 Chapter-05 Polynomials 78 - 86 Chapter-06 Mensuration: I (Area and Perimeter (2D) 87 - 115 Chapter -07 Mensuration- II (Area and Volume‘(3D) 116 - 149 Chapter-08 Algebric Identities - 150 - 184 Chapter-09 Line . 185 - 198 Chapter- 10 Triangles 199.- 212 Chapter-11 Quadrilaterals 213 - 242 Chapter-12 Centre of Triangles : 243 - 262 Chapter - 13 Triangles, Congruence and Similarity 263 - 280 Chapter - 14 Circles, Chords and Tangents 281 - 330 Chapter-15 Trigonometric ratios 331,- 360 Chapter - 16 Trigonometric Identities 361 - 394 Chapter-17 Maximum and Minimum value of ‘Trigonometric functions 395 - 403 Chapter-18 Trigonometry, Circular Measurement of Angles 404 - 413 Chapter- 19 Height & Distance 414. 448 Created by Animesh downloaded from yoursmahboob__..-- Scanned by CamScannerINDICES AND SURDS yoursmahboob.wordpress.com Before we proceed to exponents (In- dices) and surds, it is proper to learn about Real numbers. Number System Natural Numbers : These are the numbers (1, 2, 3, ....etc) that are used for counting. In other words, all positive integers are natural numbers. The least natural number is 1 but there is no largest natural number. The set of natural number is denoted byN. Thus, N= 1, 2, 3,....-4 Whole Numbers : The set of numbers that includes all natural numbers and the number zero are called whole numbers. The set of whole numbers is denoted byW. Thus, W = (0, 1, 2, 3, sss} Note : Whole numbers are also called as “Non-negative Integers”. Integers : All the natural numbers, zero, (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) ‘and the the negatives of natural numbers are called integers. I= -3, -2,-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...4} Set of negative integers = {-1, -2, -3, sane} Set of non-negative integers = {0, 1, Set of non-positive integers = {0, 1, Note: ‘0’ is definately a non-negative integer as well as a non-positive integer. ia Rational numbers : The numbers which can be expressed in the form of 2, where p and qare integers and q q#0 are called rational numbers and their set is denoted by Q. 12 3 6 eg 45’ 7” 6 (as 6-2 ete are rational numbers. The set of rational numbers encloses the set of integers and fractions. Representation of Rational Numbers as Decimals : The decimal form of a rational number is either terminating or non-terminating. 21 17 . 77425, aa > terminating (or finite) decimal. u =53, a 03 _> Non-terminating (or Recurring) decimal. Note: If the denominator of a rational number has no prime factors other than 2 or 5, then and only then it is expressible as a terminating decimal. Irrational numbers ; The numbers which when expressed in decimal form are neither terminating nor repeating decimals are called “ Irrational numbers”. 8. ¥2,¥3,V50,V7, # ete Created by Animesh Atrance MGW fOSEY TrOnTyoursmahboob— 2] Scanned by CamScanneryoursmahboob.wordpress.com ' 22 Note: The exact value of 7 is not >> as is rational while 7 is irrational. 2 is the approximate value of x. Similarly 3.14 is not an exact value of 7. O Real numbers : All rational and irrational numbers together form the set of real numbers, denoted by R Thus, every natural number, every whole number, every integer, every rational number and every irrational number is a real number. Note : The sum (or difference) of a rational and an irrational number is irrational. eg. (++5)6-5)(2-v} +0 etc. are all irrational. The product of a rational and an irrational number is irrational, €.8.43» 25 ete. are all irrational. O Even and Odd numbers : Integers divisible by 2 are called even numbers, while those which are not divisible by 2 are known as odd integers. Thus, ......, 6, -4,-2, 0, 2, 4, 6, ......ete. are even integers. And °5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5, ....ete @) (ii) are odd integers. Prime numbers : A number greater than 1 is called a prime number, if it has exactly two factors, namely 1 and itself. Scanned by CamScanner 2 2,3, 5, 7, 11, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, a 23, 47, 53, 59, 61, etc. 4, 2 is the only even number which ig prime. : (0 Composite numbers : Composite numbers are the numbers greater than 1 which are not prime. e.g. 4, 6,9, 14, 15, etc. Note: 1 is neither prime nor composite, There are 25 prime numbers between numbers 1 & 100. Test for Prime Numbers : Let xbea given number and let k be an > integer very near to Vx s.t. kovx, If x is not divisible by any prime number less than k, then xis prime, otherwise, it is not prime. E.g.: Check whether 571 is prime or not ? clearly, 24 > 571 So, we divide 571 by each prime number less than 24 which are 2, 3, 5,7,9, 11, 17. 19, and 23. we find that 571 is not divisible by any of them. So, 571 is a prime number. Co-Prime Numbers : Two numbers are co-prime, if their H.C.F (Highest common factor) is 1. E.g. (2, 3), (3, 13), (5, 7) etc are co-prime numbers. Q Perfect Numbers : If the sum of divisors of a number excluding N itself is equal to N, then Nis calleda perfect number. +6, 28, 496, 8128 etc, For 6, divisors are i, 2 and 3. 6:14+24+3=6 28:14+24+44+7414=28 Note: The sum of the reciprocals of the divisors of a perfect number including that of its own is always equal to 2. oO Ey by Animesh OMY Gul SMa Ooe Concept is Paramount 4yoursmahboob.wordpress.com E.g. For 6, divisors are 1, 2 and ortant terms : 6434241 129 1, Identity element of Addition : 0° 6 6 (zero) is called identity element of 9 Simplification : In simplification an addition as Addition of ‘O’ in any expression, we must remove the number does not affect that number. brackets strictly in the order (), {}, [] e.g. x+0=x(xeQ) and then we must apply the g, Identity element of Multiplication operations : - : ‘1’ is called identity element of Of, Divison, Multiplication, Addition multiplication as multiplication of and S for Subtraction. “/’in any number does not affect that Remember : - ‘BODMAS’ where B number. stands for bracket, O for of ; D for eg xxl=x division; M for multiplication, A for 3 Inverse Element of Addition/ addition and S for Substraction Negative element of Addition/ strictly in this order. Additive Inverse : Note : ‘Of means multiplication. The number is called “Additive O Division Algorithm : - 7 inverse” of a certain number, when Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient)’ + it is added to the certain number and Remainder ; It becomes 0” (zero). 2. Moduls'or Absolute value : Peeea=one teero} ‘The absolute value of a real number ae Here (-x) is Additive’ inverse of x. X is denoted by the symbol |x| and (jj) (9) + (-9) is Additive inverse of 9 is defined as - 4. Inverse Element of Multiplica- ‘x, if x>0 tion/Reciprocal| Element/ Ixl=}-x, if x<0 . Multiplicative Inverse: 0, if x=0 ‘The number is called “Multiplicative inverse” of a certain number, when the product of number and multiplicative inverse .is]: [5] =5, |-5] =-(5)= In multiplication and division, when both the numbers carry similar sign, we get positive sign in the result, otherwise we get negative sign in the result i.e! . (#)x (4) = (xO) 1 Here, = is multiplicative inverse of ‘e O Indices and Surds : - > Let n be a positive integer and'a be a realnumber, then : = + a" axaxax (afactors) « xa, a® is called “n® power of a” or ‘a raised to the power n” Created by Animesh Advance Meh VINGer eee te " Scanned by CamScanneryoursmahboob.wordpress.com i dn is where, a is called the base an called index or exponent of the power a. E.g. 3? = square of 3, 3° = cube of 3 etc. O - Laws of Indices : 1. a®x a®=a™*where az0 and (m, njel 2 ama" xa? mnt Poon a™" if mon at —_ if n>m 1 ifm=n 4. (ars a™ = (ary 5. gM = gman times (gmy™ 6. (abj=arb a 7 (2 (3) «n _[a", when n is even ee Ge) -[ ®, when n is odd Remark : These rules are also true when n is negative or fraction. 10. a1 = al/ax> = (a1!) p is positive integer, q 0 =alixa lax O Ifthe index of a power is unit ( ie.1) then the value of the power is equal to its base, i.e. al=a,0!=0 @ = a®=a" >m=nwhenaz0,1 @ a™=b™ >a=b @ Surd : Ifa is rational and n is a SF be0 e me positive integer and ginny ig irrational, then Yq is calleda ‘surg of order n” or “n"* root of a” For the surd Y, 0 is called the surd-index or the order of the surd and ‘a’ is called the radicand. The synbol ‘,{" ‘is called the surd sign or radical. E.g. 5 is a surd of order 2 or square root of 5 ¥6 is a surd of order 3 or cube root of 6. Ve+J5 isnota surdas 64)5 is not a rational number. Note: Every surd is an irrational number but every irrational number is not a surd. ~ Inthe surd a/b , aand b are called factors of the surd. () A surd which has unity as its rational factor (i.e. a = 1) is called “pure surd”. + 3, /2, V3 etc. (ii) A surd which has a rational factor other than unity, the other irratio- nal, is called “mixed surd”. e.g. 35, 247, SUT > If ¥@ is a surd it implies : () a isa rational number. (ii) Yq is an irrational number. > Quadratic surd : A surd of order 2 (Le. /@) is called a quadratic surd. Eg: ¥2 = 2 is a quadratic surd but V4 = 4'is not a quadratic surd because./4 = 2 is a rational number. Created by Animesh” is not a surd. _ 2 —gowntoadiext ttemr-yeussiaalaQQoe, paramount Scanned by CamScanneryoursmahboob.wordpress.com + Cubic Surd : A surd of order 3(.e. Yq) is calléd a cubic surd. E.g: ¥ is a cubic surd butYg7 is not a surd becausé 27-3 number. > Quartic or Biquadratic surd : A surd of order 4 (ie, 4a) is called a quartic is a rational surd. E.g.: 5 isa quartic surd but {gj is not a quartic surd. Note : Each surd can be represented on the number line. Important Formulae Based on Surds : @ ta=a i) Yabava.ve wo $E wi € (iy Wa-"Va = Wa Way" =@yr"=(0")"" Ya" i) JaxJa=a (vil) Jaxvb=Jab and ka x."/b =kIVa.Yb =kL™Va™b" (viii) /o?5 = avd (x) (a+vb) =a+b+2Vab @) (a=vbP=a+b-2Vab (xi) Wa+vb)xWa-Vb) = a-and b are positive rational numbers. Asurd is in its simplest form if: . (i) “There is no factor which has n® power of a rational number, under the radical sign whose index is n, ‘Advance -Maths- Grededda a-b,where (ii) ‘There is no fracrtion under the radical signi, and- (iii) The index of the surd is the smallest possible. E.g. The surd 43,54 is notin its diimptest form since the number under the radical sign has factor 5* s.t. its index is equal to the order of the surd, Its simplest form : . fxs" 43.45" =(¥3)(6)=5. (5) Similar or like Surds : Surds hav- ing same irrational factors are called “similar or like surd” . E.g.: 33, 7V3, 24, 48 etc.are similar surds O Unlike Surds : Surds having no-common irrational factors are called “unlike surds”. 3N3,.5V3, 6/7, etc, are unlike surds. +: Comparison of Surds : (i) Iftwo surds are of the same order, then the one whose radicand is larger, is the larger of the two. Eg: Vi9>¥5, V7>V5, ¥9>V7 etc. (ii) Iftwo surds are of distinct order, we change them into the surds of the same order. This order’ is the L.C.M. of the orders of the given surds. E.g. Which. is larger /2 or ¥3 ? Sol. Given surds are of order 2 &.3 respectively whose L.C.M. is 6. Convert each into a surd of order 6, as shown below : 13 , AB =2N2 2923 9916-03)" = (95-98 3 a3" 233°? 2532/6 =) =99 dase LeSn - downloaded from varamahboob Scanned by CamScanneryoursmahboob.wordpress.com Clearly; §9>48, so, ¥3>v2 > Rationalisation of Surds : If the product of two surds is rational, then each of them is called the (R.F.) rationalising factor of the other. SVT x7 = SV 7x7 25x7=35. V7 is arationalising factor of 547° > Rationalising factor (R.F.) of the surd is tb Ya is ha. > RF.ofthesurd Ja 1vb is Ja zvb- Be, (G8) (A) =(08)' -(a)' 23-221 2\5-V3)isa RF.of ¥3+v2 , Note: The R.F. of a given surd is not unique. Some Useful Results : Gf yayxt Vet Ve tnnnoo andx=n(n-+1) then y= (n+ 1) Ege y=Viee2ioenw we have x= 12 = 3x4 =n(n+1) oys4 ; (i) if yodx-vx- © and x = n(ntl)-. | then y=n Eig) y=V12-vl2-i2: we have, x= 12 = 3x4 = nint1) “yas. : > -Square-root of an Irrational num- ber: As we know that, (a+b)?= (a?+b?)+2ab sMeif= 3 safe, (tab) Gab) downloaded fro 1542V6 =54202¥3 «a =V2&b=5 (2ab) ka thas 1 546-245) 2a=V5426 =a Examples? () 7243 =V7—2xaxgy " Ly ab & at+b?=2?+ 3? =7 =(2—V3) =(2-¥3) (ii) s—svt for making it 2ab 3V7)x2 __[10-2x3xV7 2 2 Re ; Note :- In these type of questions there is maximum possibility of having answer '2', For eg. Q5,9m & 10 (you can observe it} Useful Result ’ : 4Jab If x=. ———= OR Ee x42Va , x42Vb : x-2Ja x—2yb 2 (i) sits 2900 : J “Tare ta | x+Vb x-Va xb? e+ —___Crreated by Animesh TTY Ctitsirahtseale:s paramount Scanned by CamScanneree” yoursmahboob. eres com Exercise oo 8. 90 +/i2 is equal to: 1. 245 +4V5-3V5 is equal to: (@) 32 0) 25 +23 fa) 6v5. ©) a5 (c) 5v2 @ 240 ws @ 5 3 gloom ep . The value of 7° is : 2. if x= Vi1+ ¥8+V289, then xis equal S ce to: (a) 4 © 8 fa) 4 (0) 2 () 20 @ 16 © 2 @ 8 86x50 3, 2% is equal to : : 10. Qyga_ gn xg? is equal to: 1 () 8 ot f@ 5 fo) 19 © i6 (c) 25 (@) 95 (9 16 @ ; 11. The value of x in FE PL BP =F is: 4. If ¥x=12.3/123, the value‘of xis : 5 fa) 0.1 (bo) 1 @ 3 fe) 1 (©) 10 (@ 0.01 7 1 5. The value of © 3 @2 CE () 3+2V8 @3 . () 40 (@) 33 6. The value of (32)°"°x (32) is: * 13. ‘The least’prime number is : 1 f@)_0 1 (a) 2 o>. () 2 @ 3 1 14, Which of the following is a correct @ + @ 3 statement : (a) Sum of two irrational numbers is always irrational. ey" (2) (0) Sum of rational and an irratio- 81 7 7. The value of 9 216 nal number is always rational. : () ‘Square of an irrational number f@) “ (0) er is always rational. (@ Sum of two rational numbers cin 16087 - never be an integer. a) (@ None of these advance mati mee PY Animesh ____ ry seanee ™ownloaded trom yoursmahboob e Scanned by CamScanner15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. yoursmahboob.wordpress.com Ifnisa natural number, then Jn is: always a natural number always a rational umber always an irrational number Sometimes a natural number and sometimes an irrational number. 2a3y/5 (25) eat: fa) ) () @ | bo) Rl fa) @ 5 @ 2 Which is largest amongst ¥4,98,andJ2 ? @ © (@) can't be determined 0) 35 Tevaive oct (a) 2 © 3 © 9 @ ll FAS FB) ate. 47-45 W745 is equal to: (@) 247-35 ) 27 43V5 () 12 @2 217+48+J256 =? (a) 14 16 () 144 @ 1s~ ¥1.21-J.01 is equal to : (a) 0.99 1 ©) Vi2 @ 82 22. 24. 26. If (0.04% 0.4% = 04% 0.04%, they Oe zi (a) 0.016 () 0.16 @ 1 @) 16 7081 x.484 _ : ¥-0064x6.25~* @) 9 () 0.9 © 99 {d) 0.99 : 3 The value of 755g is: 1 3 @ io © i @ 1 (@) 10 . Which one is smallest ? 43,92, and ¥4- fa) V3 0) ¥ © 2 @ V2 If JI5 =3.88, then /5/3 is: (@) 1.68 () 1.59 {c) 1.43 (@) 1.29 (21° a a =(21)", then value of xis: (@) 8.83 (b) 1.54 (©) 9.32 @ 189 ~ ¥0.00121 16 . 5 fa) 16> we () 15> iW None of these Created by Animesh Scanned by CamScanneryoursmahboob.wordpress.com =f} 29. If J3" = 81, thenn=? 37. Lyon terms fa) 2 4 5) () 6 @s le) } 30. The value of ¥JG,o00061 is : (a) 0.02 (b) 0.2 () 20 z (@)_ None of these @ @ ) 3 a Here - (©) gn Hey 38. eee then the value (4) 3?%en f@) 3 o) 5 (7 @9 of 6xwill be 32, Kgrara > 2 fo! a . @ | OG 3) () 13 @) 6 1 1 39, Ifa¥?= 11, then the value of a? - 331 @ 5 @ 5 awill be: . (a) 1331331 () 1331000 33. If {2x-7 -3=0, the value of xis : () 1334331 (@) 1330030 (a) 8 (b) 250 () 120 (@) 125 34, The value of expression fz, fu 1 40. If yu x3 and x + y = 10, the py (b+e-a) ¢_ )(c+a-b) gy (a+b-c) value of xy will be : El i} i: sae in a ia () 16 @9 fa) xe @1 41, 273-27 - 271is the same as : (o) xno (@) x (a) 28 (b) 2” 1 \ () 27 (@) 2” 35. a ee Tx 49, Vx yy =,/xy is true only when = (a)x>0,y>0 1+ xo 4 xlo) (b) x>O and y<0 fa) 0 oy (co) x0 i @ (@) All of these 14 43. If f1S625= 125, find 36. xy a lta®¥ 14a? V156.25+-/1,5625-V0.01562E: (a) 0 (1 (a) 13.625 (b) 13.6 1 aeys () 12.5 (@) 2.375 az (@) a**v*e Advance HON AT OAKES Iron! YO Scanned by CamScanner Created by Animesh 7 ursmanboono