John Locke – said that human mind at birth is nothing but a - Family becomes an important venue for social
blank state, or tabula rosa. engagement and political socialization.
- The family itself as an institution is also defined Human Mind – acquires info about the outside world through by the changes that society undergoes. senses, and this info molds and defines person’s awareness - It continues to be a primary network for the and view of the outside world. transmissions of values, attitudes and behaviors. - Exerts great influence on religious affiliation and Socialization – lifelong process of social interaction through belief. w/c people acquire identities and all necessary skills for - Gender roles and values are also heavily survival in society. influenced by the family; how family members value certain gender identities and roles - Members of an existing group through the adoption influences the indiv. Outlook on gender and of values and behavior sexuality. - Enables a person to gradually become self-aware and Schools knowledgeable human being, and learn the ways, values, rules, culture of his society. - Have a critical and active role in socialization, as - Political Socialization – a process which enables the their various academic and social activities mold development of citizens function effectively within a students’ beliefs, values and attitudes. particular political system. - Schools teaches important values like - Internalization – the process of accepting the social competitiveness, cooperation, conformity, norms, attitudes, roles and values transmitted by innovation, punctuality, orderliness and respect people. for authority. - Society – seen as the primary factor responsible for - There are public, private, technical-vocational how individuals learn to think and behave. and alternative schools. Most schools offers - Interpretevist Views- see socialization as an standard traditional education, while some interactive process between individuals and other schools implement a progressive or members of society. The independence of individuals constructivist education that put emphasis on the and their capacity to define their own personal views skills of the students. and ideas. - Schools provide information that highlight and - Comprehensive View- combining the perspectives reinforce the shared identities that unite members of functionalism and interpretevism and incorporate of a nation. them in the analysis of aspect of life. - WILLIAM WENTWORTH = proposed a Peer Groups synthesized view of socialization which considers how factors such as free will, human autonomy, and - Also reinforce acceptable behaviors introduced social structures and process influence socialization. by family and school, allow a certain degree of independence from family and certain figures of 3 Significant Aspect of Socialization : authority and also a means for socialization and involvement in social and political issues. - Social Context – circumstances of society and - Refer to the people who share the same interests consists of its culture, language, and the social or characteristics such as age and social structures that define social class, ethnicity and background. gender. Also includes social and historical events, - Are formed by informal, spontaneous, and mechanisms of power and control and etc.. voluntary means. There are certain organized - Content and Process groups since they allow indiv who share similar Content refers to ideas, beliefs, behavior, and other backgrounds and interest to come together. information that are passed by members of society to - Become active agents of political socialization, the individual. Process refers to the methods of targeting not only the youth but also adults. interaction that enables the content to be given to the - Democratic States – encourages organizations person undergoing socialization. to foster camaraderie and a sense of unity and - Results – outcomes of socialization, are evident purpose. when indiv. Begin to practice the behaviors, attitudes, and values that society considers necessary for them Mass Media to function effectively as its members. - Forms of communication such as books, Self- Identity – significant result of socialization, refers magazines, newspapers, other print materials, to the establishment of a unique sense of identity and an radio, television, and movies. awareness of how it relates to their society and the world. - Powerful agent of socialization w/c is widely used by many institutions and organizations Enculturation – describe the process of being socialized - Mass media functions as a socializing agent in into a specific culture. the ff ways: a. It is a source of information regarding - Individuals learn cultural symbols, norms, values, events in society. and language by observing and interacting with b. It presents various viewpoints regarding friends, family and the rest of society. events and developments within society. - It is a process that helps indiv. Become functional c. It provides entertainment by showcasing members of society. other people’s experience. - The relationship between mass media and AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION AND politics is very complex, and scholars have ENCULTURATION varies views regarding how mass media The Family influences and shapes people’s attitudes and behaviors. - Primary agent of socialization of an individual - Pluralist Model upon birth and up to childhood. Portrays media as an ideological marketplace that enhances debate and electoral choice. - Market Model Conformity, Deviance and Social Control Suggests that media reflects the views of the general public, and that media presents what they Conformity think the people want. - Dominant-Ideology and Elite-Values Models - Refers to the process of altering one’s behavior Put emphasis on the influence of bias in the to adapt to more socially-accepted means and activities of media institutions. goals within a society, culture or group. - Dominant-Ideology Model - Social psychology considers conformity as a Traces this bias to links between media and the product of pressure exerted by the group on the political and social elite. individual Seen in instances when prominent business or 3 Types of Conformity by Herbert Kelman political figures own, control, or exert influence - Compliance over certain media outlets. Refers to the outward conformity to - Elite-Values Model social pressure but privately Recognizes media bias as a product of the disagreeing with it. personal views of media professionals such as Often motivated by the desire to journalists, broadcasters and editors. gain rewards or avoid punishment. Least enduring type of conformity Religion and State - Identification Refers to the indiv adopting a - Both religion and state are considered as the certain behavior because it enables ultimate sources of authority, making the church him o her to have a satisfying rel. and government important agents of with the members of group socialization. Adopts the opinions and values of - Religion- exerts a great influence on the views of the group a person, legitimizes accepted social practices, And may strive to emulate an provides stability to society, and can even be authority figure-usually a parent or source of social change leader-that he or she respects or - Catholic Church in the Phil.- taken a prominent admires role in bringing about social and political change - Internalization or Acceptance in the country. Involves both public compliance and - Democratic States- separation of church and internal acceptance of the norms and state is guaranteed. standards imposed by the group. - Nondemocratic States – the government often Most permanent and deeply-rooted restricts church activities and persecutes its response to social influence. members. Motivated by the desire to be right, - Laws- are defined and influenced by the values with the authority figure of influence and attitudes of citizens, and citizen’s work being deemed trustworthy, credible together to enforce laws and other regulations in and of good judgment. society. Acceptance – eventually results to the integration of the group’s set of Major Social and Historical Events beliefs and behavior into the indiv. owns framework - The changes and developments brought about by historical events often cause transformations in Deviance the values, attitudes and views that define societies. - Defined as behavior that elicits a strong negative - Western Societies have been greatly affected by reaction from others in a particular group or major historical events such as the Great setting. Depression, the Holocaust in Europe, the two - It involves actions that violate commonly held World Wars, the civil rights movement in the norms of a group or society. United States and the Vietnam War. - Biological and psychological theories – - Generations of Filipinos have been affected by consider deviance as being influenced by various historical events like the Second World biological factors such as genetics, but these War; the Martial Law period, and the First views have been largely discredited People Power in 1986. - Structural-Functionalist Framework - The views and attitudes of Filipinos who have Consider crime and deviance as the result of lived through these events were greatly defined structural tensions and lack of morel regulation by the changes these events introduced. within society. - Historical Events – tend to affect individuals and Emile Durkheim-uses the term anomie to refer societies differently. Variations in the a condition where social control becomes interpretation of historical events often lead to ineffective due to the loss of shared values and substantial variations in socialization within a sense of purpose in society. society-one segment of the population may grow Gives way to either the breakdown of traditional up to appreciate a more positive version of life or a period of social change historical event, while another will have - Structural Strain Theory different, more negative account of the event. Argues that the tensions and strains between - This disparity tends to give rise to complications socially-approved goals and an individual’s that threaten the unity and stability within a ability to meet them will lead to deviance. society. - Subcultural View - Multicultural or multiethnic nations – this Emergence of deviant behavior prevalent within process is not often successful and there will be certain groups in society or subcultures. some groups that will not be successfully This perspective originated form sociological integrated. studies of gangs and youth culture - Symbolic-Interactionist View Human Rights – are legal, social, and ethical principles that Considers deviance as a socially constructed consider the human person as deserving of liberties and phenomenon influenced largely by interpersonal protections by virtue of his or her human dignity. rel. between members of society. - Labeling Theory Human rights are considered to have the ff char.: Believes that there is actually no deviance in the society; deviance only emerges when society They are universal because they belong to all human begins labeling certain actions as “deviant” or beings regardless of race, religion, gender, and other “undesirable”. characteristics. Labeling comes into play when society deems They are fundamental since they cannot be taken behaviors of a certain group away from any human being. This views also believes that deviant behavior They are indivisible as various rights are interrelated emerges and is reinforced by interacting with and given equal importance. people who display deviance. They are absolute since they cannot be qualified and - Conflict Perspective are considered basic necessities for living a genuine Analyzes deviance in the framework of life. competing interests bet social groups and the maintenance of power among the elites. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) This view considers concept of deviance as a reflection of society’s inequalities as those who - Instrument that upholds the recognition of are less powerful in society or minorities are human rights more likely to be considered as deviants or - Drafted by Unite Nations Commission on criminals. Human Rights in 1948. - Control Theories - Was one of the major results of the end of the Consider deviance as emerging because of Second World War. inadequate social controls. If society is unable to maintain control and order, it encourages members to engage in deviant behavior. - Broken Windows Theory Suggest a direct rel between social disorder and deviance, and the maintaining even an appearance of order is sufficient to discourage deviance.
Social Control and Sanctions
Social Control
- Is defined as any systematic means and practices
used to maintain norms, rules, and laws; regulate conflict; and discourage deviant behavior.
Sanctions
- Are the most common means of social control,
and are often employed to address conflicts and violations of social norms. - Sanctions can be Formal or Informal.
Formal Sanctions
- Are those provided by laws and regulations in
society.
Informal Sanctions
- Most commonly imposed by smaller societies,
communities of groups. - There are no set laws or regulations that define the nature of these sanctions. - Ostracism and social stigma are the most common forms of informal sanction. - An ostracized indiv. Is forcibly isolated from the rest of society for a certain time. - A stigmatized person still remains within the society but is subject to isolation and rejection by other members of society. - Gossip it is an informal means of monitoring and censuring the behavior of certain individuals.
Human Dignity and Human Rights
Human Dignity – refers to the idea that a person has the
innate right to be values, respected, and treated well