Exam Electronic Power Conversion 4 February 2000 (selection)

(80) PROBLEM 1
Given is a simple circuit with a generic switch as shown in the figure 1a.

Bundle of exams Electronic Power Conversion (ET4119)

February 2000 – January 2007

Remarks:

In front of every question the maximum rating that can be obtained is indicated.

First solve the problems for your self on draft paper and make a neat version subsequently.

Start each problem on a separate piece of paper.

Always show the formulas that you used to make the calculations.

You can give your answers in Dutch or in English. Fig. 1

It is allowed to use a (self-made) piece of paper (1xA4) with formulas and figures from the
textbook.
The data sheet of the switch specifies the following switching times corresponding to the linear
switching characteristics as shown in the figure.
t ri = 80 ns ;
t fv = 80 ns ;
t rv = 120 ns ;
t fi = 200 ns
Further: V d =300V ;
I 0 = 4A.
(10) 1.1 Sketch the instantaneous switching loss as a function of time
(40) 1.2 Calculate the switching power loss as a function of the switching frequency in a
range 25 - 100 kHz, assuming V d =300V and I 0 = 4A.
(30) 1.3 Calculate and plot the total losses as a function of the switching frequency in a
range 25 - 100 kHz in the switch when the on-state voltage is V on =1.5V at 4A and
the duty ratio of the switch is D = 0.4 (assume t don =t doff ).

Note: Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 4 February 2000

- The answers in this bundle are in short from. A more elaborate answer, showing methods
and applied formulas, is expected from you at the exam. 1.2 E loss,sw = 1/2 I o V d ( t ri +t fv ) + 1/2 I o V d ( t rv +t fi ) =
- Please inform me about (typing) errors in this bundle: s.w.h.dehaan@tudelft.nl = 1/2 4.300(t ri +t fv + t rv +t fi ) = 288 µJ
P loss,sw = f s . E loss,sw = 288 f s µW

1.3 P loss,on = V on . I on t on /T s = V on . I on D = 2,4 W

P loss,tot = 2,4 + 288. 10 -6 f s W

1/46 2/46
 L=2 mH
Exam Electronic Power Conversion 7 April 2000 V d =300V
V 0 =120 V (Desired output voltage)
(190) PROBLEM 1 C is sufficiently large to assume the output voltage to be constant.
Given converter shown Fig. 2, consists of a forward converter that is connected to the grid (15) 2.1 Express the output voltage in V d and vcontrol / vˆtri .
(230V, 50Hz) via a diode rectifier. (15) 2.2 Define the duty ratio D and calculate the required duty ratio to get an output
The following is given: voltage of 120V.
fs = 80 kHz (switching frequency of the forward converter) (30) 2.3 Sketch the v 1 (t) , i L (t) and the source current i d .
L0 = 25 µH (30) 2.4 Indicate in the sketch what switches are conducting at what time.
Ro = 4Ω (30) 2.5 Express the ripple in the output voltage ∆ V 0 in L, C, D and T s .
W 1 :W 2 :W 3 = 230:115:10
Both C 1 en C o are sufficiently large to justify the assumption of u 1 and u o being constant.
The forward converter is lossless and can operate in both continuous and discontinuous (50) PROBLEM 3
conduction mode. (20) 3.1 Define the switch utilisation ratio.
(30) 3.2 Calculate the switch utilisation ratio for a step-up and a step-down converter as a
function of the duty ratio D were inductors and capacitors are sufficiently large to
assume that inductor currents are constant and capacitor voltages are constant.

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 7 April 2000

1.1 U 1 = 230 √2 = 325 V (peak rectification)
1.2 Function of w2: to reset the core and to avoid that the magnetisation energy is
dissipated into the switch at turn off. Function of D2: avoid that an increasing dc-current
will start to flow through w2.
1 1
Fig. 2 1.3 >∆B up = ∆ B down = ; U1 D Ts= U 1 (1 - D) T s
w1 A w2 A
so: 0 < D < 2/3
(10) 1.1 Calculate the voltage u 1 across C 1 . 10
(20) 1.2 Describe the function of winding w 2 and diode D 3 . 1.4 Continuous: U 0 = D ⋅ 325 with 0<D<0.667
(30) 1.3 Calculate the allowable control range of the duty ratio D. 230
(30) 1.4 What values can the output voltage take when the duty ratio is varied over the 10 10
allowable control range. Consider both continuous and discontinuous conduction Discontinuous: D . 325 < U 0 < . 325 with 0<D<0.667
230 230
mode.
So: 0< U o < 14,2
(30) 1.5 Calculate D for an output voltage of 5V.
(30) 1.6 Sketch the course of i 1 , i 2 , i 3 , i L , u ce and u 1 as a function of time. Mark the graph w3
1.5 Continuous conduction mode: U0= D U1
with values. w1
(30) 1.7 Calculate the critical inductance L c as a function of the duty ratio D. w1 U 0 230 5
(30) 1.8 Sketch the current i s through the ac supply and calculate the input power. D= = . = 0.35
w3 U 1 10 325
(120) PROBLEM 2 1.6 See book
Given is a full-bridge dc-dc converter (H-bridge) with RLC-load as shown. For control of the R
switches so called bipolar voltage switching is applied, were the control signals are obtained 1.7 Lc = (1 - D)
2 fs
by comparing a control signal v control with a triangular waveform v tri.
2
U o 25
1.8 P in =P out ; Pout = = = 6.25 W
S1 D1 S3 D3 R0 4
L Io
+ 2.1
vcontrol
+ Vo= Vd
Vd C R Vo vˆtri
_ vcontrol
_
2.2 V 0 = (2 D1 - 1) V d (= Vd )
vˆtri
S2 D2 S4 D4
v control
= 0.4 ; D 1 = 0.7
vtri
The following is given: 2.3 Like Mohan fig 7-28
T s = 1 ms (T s is the period of triangular waveform) 2.4 (D1+D4), (S1+S4), (D2+D3), (S2+S3), (D1+D4), .....,
R=5 Ohm

3/46 4/46
 D (1 - D)
2.5 ∆V 0 = Vd
8 L C f 2s
3.1 See Mohan par. 7.8 and 8.3.4 Exam Electronic Power Conversion (ET 4-119) dd 21 March 2001 (selection)
3.2 See Mohan par. 7.8 and 8.3.4
(60) PROBLEM 1
Exam Electronic Power Conversion 27 January 2001 (selection) For applications such as motors and servo control it is often required to control the motor
current. There are various ways to obtain switching signals for the switches to control the
(120) PROBLEM 1 inverter output current.
The converter shown in Fig. 3 consists of a forward converter that is connected to the grid In Fig. 4a phase leg of a voltage source inverter is shown.
(230V, 50Hz) via a diode rectifier.
The following is given
fs = 80 kHz (switching frequency of the forward converter)
L0 = 25 µH
Ro = 4Ω
W 1 :W 2 :W 3 = 230:115:10
Both C 1 en C o are sufficiently large to justify the assumption of u 1 and u o being constant.
The forward converter is lossless and can operate in both continuous and discontinuous
conduction mode.

Fig. 4
(40) 1.1 Describe a system to control the output current i A of the inverter leg in Fig. 4. Give
a block diagram of the system and sketch the voltage v AN , i A and the on/off signals
for the switches.
(20) 1.2 What parameters in the control system determine the magnitude of the current
ripple and how can a small current ripple be obtained.
Fig. 3
(10) 1.1 Calculate the voltage u 1 across C 1 . (70) PROBLEM 3
(20) 1.2 Describe the function of winding w 2 and diode D 3 . Given is a flyback converter as shown in Fig. 5b. The input voltage V d may vary and the output
(20) 1.3 Calculate the allowable control range of the duty ratio D. voltage V 0 should be kept constant by adapting the duty ratio D.
(20) 1.4 Calculate D for an output voltage of 5V. id i2
(30) 1.5 Sketch the course of i 1 , i 2 , i 3 , i L , u ce and u 1 as a function of time. Mark the graph
with values.
(20) 1.6 Sketch the current i s through the ac supply and calculate the average input power. +
v R
x
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 26 January 2001
1.1 U 1 = 230 2 = 325 V (peak rectification because the capacitor C 1 is large).
+
1.2 Function of w2: to reset the core and to avoid that the magetisation energy is dissipated
vs
into the switch at turn off. Function of D2: avoid that an increasing dc-current will start -
to flow through w2.
1 1 Fig. 5
1.3 >∆B up = ∆ B down = ; U1 D Ts= U 1 (1 - D) T s
w1 A w2 A Given is: Vd = 12 …14 V
so: 0 < D < 2/3 V0= 48 V
N2/N1 = 6
w3
1.5 Continuous conduction mode: U0= D U1 fs = 200 kHz
w1 R0=10 Ohm
w1 U 0 230 5 (10) 3.1 Derive the voltage transfer function V0 / Vd in continuous conduction mode
D= = . = 0.35
w3 U 1 10 325 (incomplete demagnetisation mode) as a function of the duty ratio D and calculate
1.6 See Mohan fig. 10-11 the duty ratio for V d =12V.

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(20) 3.2 Calculate the minimum value of the transformer inductance Lm that is required to Assume all components to be ideal except for the presence of the transformer magnetization
obtain continuous conduction mode for all values of V d in the range 12 …14V. inductance. The winding N 3 serves complete demagnetization of the magnetization inductance
Hint: Be aware that at the boundary of the continuous/discontinuous conduction of the core.
mode the following holds: D id / 2 = I d and I d V d = P. The converter operates in continuous conduction mode for all given supply and load conditions
(5) 3.1 Calculate N2/N1 if the turns ratio is desired to be as small as possible(10)
(20) 3.3 Calculate the maximum voltage across the switch.
3.2 Calculate the minimum value of the output filter inductance L to guarantee
(20) 3.4 Sketch i d , i 2 , v x and v s as a function of time for V d = 12V.
continuous conduction mode for all specified load and supply conditions.
(15) 3.3 Sketch the waveforms of v x , i L , i 2 , i 3 , i d for V d = 43,2V and P load =15W and L=L min
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 21 March 2001
1.1 See book of Mohan par 8.6.3 fig 8-35 or 8-36
(25) PROBLEM 4
1.2 Fig 8-35: the tolerance band
Given is a bi-directional single-phase dc/ac converter that is connected to a grid with voltage
Fig 8-36: the frequency of v tri
e 0 , as shown in Fig. 7.
(Other factors outside the control system: the supply voltage, the back EMF and load
inductance).
N2 D
3.1 V0 = V d ; D= 0.4; (At V d =14 V the duty ratio is D=0.36)
N1 1 − D
3.2 The boundary is reached at the highest input voltage V d =14V with D=0.36
At the boundary of continuous conduction: D id / 2 = I d with I d = P o /V d = 230.4 /14
=16.5 A
Vd Vd 2I 2 ⋅ 16.5
Also: id = DTs or Lm ≥ Ds T3 with id = d = = 91.7 A
Lm i1 D 0.36 Fig. 7
Vd 14 The output voltage v 0 of the inverter, that contains a full-bridge voltage source converter, is
So Lm ≥ D Ts = ⋅ 0.36 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 10 −6 = 0.275 µH obtained by bipolar voltage switching as shown inFig. 8. Only linear modulation is applied (no
i1 91.7 overmodulation).
N 48
3.3 v s = Vd + v x1 = Vd + 1 V0 = 14 + = 22 V
N2 6
3.4 See Mohan fig 10-8

Exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 25 January 2002 (selection)

(30) PROBLEM 3
A forward converter with demagnetisation winding (with N3=N1) as shown in Fig. 6 is to be designed with
the following specifications:
V d = 48V ±10%
V 0 = 5V (regulated)
f s = 100 kHz Fig. 8
P load = 15-50W Given is further: V d = 350V
N1 = N3
e0 = E 0 2 sin ω 1t with E 0 = 230V and ω1 =2π50
Id I2
I3 L = 15 mH
+ The inverter is fed from a photovoltaic array and the objective is to supply power to the grid at unity
vx power factor. In the following questions the ripple that is caused by the switching can be neglected.
-- (5) 4.1 Define the modulation ratio m a and give the relation between V o , m a and V d , where
V o is the rms fundamental of the output voltage.
(10) 4.2 Sketch a phasor diagram with the phasors of e0, v0 and i0 . Calculate the modulation ratio ma
such that 1 kW is supplied to the grid at unity power factor (pf=1) in e0.
(10) 4.3 What is the lowest value of Vd where we can still supply 1 kW to the grid with linear
Fig. 6
sinusoidal modulation?

7/46 8/46
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 25 January 2002 (10) 1.3 Give a formula for Vd and Pd as a function of Id, where Vd is the average of v d
N and P d is the average of the output power p d.
3.1 See problem 10.5 in Mohan’s book. V = V 2 . The highest D will be used at the lowest value
0 d N D
1 (30) PROBLEM 2
of Vd or Vd=43.2V. To guarantee continuous conduction for all load and supply conditions: In a step-down converter, consider all components to be ideal.
N2/N1>0.23.
(Note: when N2/N1=0.23 and Vd=52.8V, the duty ratio can be reduced to 0.408 to obtain 5V)
3.2 For a given L discontinuous mode will first occur at light load (Pload= 15W) and D=0.5, which is
also the maximum allowable value of D.
N
(V d 2 − V0 )
1 N1
At boundary (see eq. 7.5 in Mohan): t on = I load ,min with Iload,min=3A. The ripple
2 L min
increases with ton, but also with Vd, so check both combinations:
Vd=43.2V and D=0.5: Lmin,1=4.17µH
Vd=52.8V and D=0.408 Lmin,2=4.93µH, so use L=4.93µH
The output voltage v 0 ≈ V 0 is held at 5V by controlling the switch duty ratio D.
v
4.1 ma = control ; V0 2 = ma ⋅Vd (15) 2.1 Calculate the minimum inductance L to keep the converter operating in a
vtri continuous
4.2 I 0 = 1000/230 = 4.35A conduction mode under all conditions V d = 10 …40V, P 0 ≥ 5W and f s = 50 kHz .
V L = j ωLI 0 = j 20.5 V (15) 2.2 Calculate the peak-to-peak ripple ∆ V 0 if V d =12.6 V and I 0 =200 mA, where
V 0 =E 0 +j ωLI 0 f s =20 kHz, L=1 mH and C=470 µ F.
V0 = 230 2 + 20.5 2 = 230.9 V
(40) PROBLEM 3
V0 2 230.9 2 In Fig. 10a a single-line diagram of a three-phase grid is shown with a utility source (dashed
ma = = = 0.933 block) and a power electronic load. The power electronic load represents a large industrial
Vd 350
three-phase diode rectifier as shown in Fig. 10b.
V 20.5
ϕ = arctan( L ) = arctan( ) = 5.09 deg (v c leading to e a )
Ea 230
V0 2 230.9 2
4.3 Vd ,min = = = 326.5 V
ma ,max 1

Exam Electronic Power Conversion 20 March 2002

(30) PROBLEM 1
Given is a single-phase rectifier as shown in Fig. 9 with L s =2 mH
The supply voltage v s is sinusoidal with amplitude 230 √ 2 V and frequency 50Hz.
Fig. 10
The utility source (dashed block) is three phase grid with sinusoidal voltage sources v s in
series with inductances L s . The nominal rms value of the phase voltage is V s =230V (per
phase) and its frequency is f s =60 Hz.
The load of the rectifier is represented by a constant DC current source I d .

(10) 3.1 Sketch i a and calculate the harmonics of the input current ia as a function of I d ,
where L s =0. Assume Ls=0 for this question only.
(10) 3.2 Calculate the average rectifier output voltage V d as a function of V s , L s and I d.
For the next questions L s =3mH.
(10) 3.3 Describe qualitatively the effect of L s ≠ 0 instead of L s =0 on the input current
Fig. 9 harmonics. Consider both high-order harmonics and low-order harmonics.
(10) 1.1 Sketch v s , v d and i s as a function of time for I d =10A.
(10) 1.2 Calculate the commutation angle u as a function of I d. According to local regulations of the utility company, the maximum allowable fifth harmonic
voltage at PCC caused by any load should be less than 3% of the nominal voltage (Ls =3 mH).

9/46 10/46
You may assume for this case that the rms value of the fifth harmonic of the rectifier current
is equal to I s5 = 0.15 I d
(10) 3.4 Calculate the maximum allowable value of I d .

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 20 March 2002

1.1 See book fig 5.14 R s =0
1.2 See book eq. 5-30 to 5-32
1.3 See book eq. 5-9, 5-10 and 5-31 to 5-33

2.2 The boundary is first reached at the highest input voltage (lowest D). At Vd=40V: D=0.125.
D (Vd − V0 )
See book fig. 7-6, eq. 7-5, 7-18 and 7-19; L= = 43.75 µH
2 fs I0 Fig. 12 (b) .
D(1 − D )Vd (10) 2.1 Sketch the waveforms of i d , i s , |v S | and v L .
2.2 See book 7-22 to 7-25 ; ∆V0 = = 2.0 mV (10) 2.2 Calculate by approximation the time instants where relevant voltage
8 LCf s2
intersections occur in the sketch.
3.1 See book fig. 5-33, eq. 5-60 to 5-71 (10) 2.3 Calculate the average of current i d . (difficult if θ f is unknown)
3.2 See book eq. 5-86. Note that the phase voltage VS is given and that VLL= √3 VS ; Vd=538-1,8 Id The voltage source V d is replaced by a large capacitor in parallel with a resistor as shown in
3.3 All harmonics are more or less reduced, including the fundamental. Higher harmonics are Fig. 12b. The capacitor is so large that the voltage v d is constant (R load C d >> 10 ms). The value
attenuated more than the lower harmonics, because steep edges on currents are removed . Lower of the load resistor should be chosen such that V d =150V again. Assume R s =0.
harmonics are only slightly affected. (5) 2.4 Calculate the value of R load .
3.4 See book eq. 18-2; 5ωLs ⋅ 0.15 I d < 0.03 Vs or I d < 8.13 A (5) 2.5 To what limit will V d rise if R load is gradually increased.

Exam Electronic Power Conversion 10 January 2003 (35) PROBLEM 3

(25) PROBLEM 1
Consider the resistive switching circuit shown in Fig. 11 with V d =300 V, f s =100kHz and R=75
Ohm. The switch turn-on time is t on =150 ns and the switch turn-off time is t off =300 ns.
Assume linear voltage and current switching characteristics.
For a certain application a dc voltage has to be stepped up from a source voltage V s to a
higher load voltage V 0 . The voltage across the load should be fairly constant. The circuit as
shown in Fig. 13 is available, however the circuit is not complete yet and at least an inductor L
has to be added. The indicated terminals are not necessarily the terminals that have to be
used as input and output.

id

+ +
iA
Source Vs V0 Load

Fig. 11 _ _
(10) 1.1 Sketch the waveforms of v T and i T and the power p T that is dissipated in the
switch as a function of time.
(10) 1.2 Calculate and plot the average switching power loss as a function of frequency in the
frequency range 25 kHz-100 kHz.
(5) 1.3 Calculate the efficiency η of the power transfer from the source Vd to the load R at 100
kHz and a duty ratio D=0.5. Fig. 13
The following is specified:
(40) PROBLEM 2 V s =150V, V 0 =240V, f s =20 kHz and C + =C_= 4700 µ F and P 0 =500W. Inductor L=600 µ H.
The single-phase rectifier circuit as shown in Fig. 12a is connected to a sinusoidal supply (10) 3.1 Show by means of a circuit diagram how the desired conversion can be obtained
voltage with V s =120V at 60 Hz. Further L s =1 mH and V d =150 V. by using the circuit from Fig. 13. Show where the inductor L should be added and
include the connections to source and load. Describe shortly how the circuit is
operated.
(5) 3.2 Express V o in the duty ratio D and V s . Define and calculate the duty ratio D.
(10) 3.3 Calculate the average inductor current. Sketch for L=4 µ H the terminal current i A
the diode current i D+ and the voltage v AN or v A0
(10) 3.4 Can i A have zero crossings? Calculate the minimum value of the inductor that
will assure that i A does not have zero crossings for the given conditions.

11/46 12/46
 id

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 10 January 2003 T+

D+
1.1 Note that the waveforms for the switching of resistive loads are quite different from the waveforms iA +
for clamped inductive loads (Mohan Fig 2-6). With the circuit from the exam vT and iT are always L 0 A vo R
_
related by: VT = Vd − IT R . During turn on: iT=Id t/ton and vT=Vd(1-t/ton) ; pT(t)=vT iT = Vd Id t/ton
+
vs T_
_ D_
(1-t/ton).
Similar during turn off. N

on
PT T_
off

vT 9W
iT iA 3.33 A

id
+

Eon Vo
PT vAN
f
100 kHz 1
⎛ t2 ⎞ Vd I d 3.2 V0 = V s with D=Ton/Ts where Ton is the on-time of T_ and Ts=1/fs ; D=0.375
ton t3 1− D
1.2 Dissipated energy during turn on: ET ,on = ∫ iT vT dt = Vd I d ⎜ 12 − 13 2 ⎟= t on =300*4*1/6*150
⎜ ⎟ 6 DTS
0 ⎝ t on t on ⎠ 3.3 IA=500/150=3.33A ; Id=500/240=2.08A ; R=500/2.08=115 Ohm ; i A, pp = V s = 4.72 A
ns (J) L
Similar for turn off. 3.4 IA can have zero crossings if L is small. In that case T+ conducts during the negative part of IA.
V I The condition for not having zero crossing is similar to the condition for continuous conduction
Average power: PT = d d (ton + toff ) / Ts =200 * (150+300) * 10-9 * fs. DTS DTS
6 mode with up-converters (see Mohan eq. 7-28). Lmin = Vs = V s = 422µH
P P − PT DVd I d − PT 600 − 9 IA 2I A
1.3 η = R = d = = = 0.985 Note that RC>>Ts, so that Vd is indeed constant.
Pd Pd DVd I d 600
2.1 See Mohan Fig 5-16 Exam Electronic Power Conversion 11 June 2003
⎛ Vd ⎞ (20) PROBLEM 1
2.2 θ b = arcsin⎜ ⎟ =1.083 rad ; θ p = π − θ b = 2.057 rad At the terminals of a converter the voltage and current are as shown in Fig. 14.
⎜ 2V ⎟
⎝ s ⎠
ϑf
∫θ (Vd − 2 Vs sin ωt )dωt = 0 Î cosθ f + 0.884 ⋅ θ f = 1.426 Î θf =2.53 rad u

2.3 i d =
1 ωt
∫θ b ( 2 V s sin ωt − Vd ) dωt =
1
(169.7 cos ωt − 150ωt ) ; I d = π1 ∫0π id dωt =2.64A
0 T

ωL s ωL s
2.4 Id=2.64A ; R = Vd/Id=56.8 Ohm
i
2.5 Vd,max=120√2=169.7 V 10 A
δT T+ δ T

3.1 The circuit should be configured such that a boost converter is obtained (Mohan section 7-4 and -10 A
Fig 7-33). T_ and D+ are the active components. Note that the terminal pair {A ,O} cannot be
δT
used as input as the node 0 cannot absorb a DC current. The capacitors C+ , C- are in parallel to
the load as is required in a boost converter. When T_ is ON the current through L increases and Fig. 14
when T_ is OFF the inductor current is ‘pushed’ in the output circuit via D+.
The amplitude of the voltage is 230 √ 2 V.
(5) 1.1 Calculate the power at the terminals.
(5) 1.2 Calculate the rms value of the current i.
(5) 1.3 Define and calculate the power factor PF.
(5) 1.4 Define and calculate the Distortion Power Factor DPF.

(40) PROBLEM 2
Given is a full-bridge dc-dc converter (H-bridge) with dc motor load as shown (Fig. 15). The
motor is modelled by the series connection of R a , L a and e a . For control of the switches so

13/46 14/46
called bipolar voltage switching is applied, where the control signals are obtained by (10) 3.2 Show by means of a circuit diagram how the desired conversion can be obtained
comparing a control signal v control with a triangular waveform v tri . by using the circuit from Fig. 16. Show where the inductor L should be added and
include the connections to source and load. Describe shortly how the circuit is
operated.
(5) 3.3 Express V o in the duty ratio D and V s . Define and calculate the duty ratio D.
(10) 3.4 Calculate the average inductor current. Sketch for L=600 µ H the terminal current
i A , the diode current i D+ and the voltage v AN or v A0
(10) 3.5 Can i A have zero crossings? Calculate the minimum value of the inductor L that
will assure that i A does not have zero crossings for the given conditions.

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 11 June 2003

1T 2 ⋅ 230 2 ⋅ 10
1.1 P= ∫ u i dt = ⋅ cos 2πδ = 2070 cos πδ W
T0 π
Fig. 15 1 T 2
1.2 I rms = ∫ i dt = 10 A
The following is given: T 0
Ts = 1 ms (T s is the period of triangular waveform) P 2 2
Ra = 0.1 Ohm 1.3 PF = = cos 2πδ = 0.9 cos 2πδ
La = 2 mH U rms I rms π
Vd = 300V I 1,rms 10 ⋅ 2 2 π
ea = 120 V 1.4 DPF = = = 0. 9 (Note that for a sinusoidal voltage: PF=DPF. cosϕ)
For the calculation of the current waveform, the resistance R a can be neglected. I rms 10
vcontrol
(5) 2.1 Express the average value of v o in V d and 2.1 V0 = V d
vcontrol / vˆtri . vtri
(5) 2.2 Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vˆtri to maintain an average output current of
2.2 vo (t ) + v R (t ) + v L (t ) − ea (t ) = 0
I 0 =+10A at e a = +120 V.
After averaging: V 0 + I 0 R - e a = 0
(5) 2.3 Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vˆtri to maintain an average output current of
vcontrol vcontrol 121
I 0 = -10A at e a = +120 V. Or: 300 + 10 ⋅ R − 120 = 0 so: = = 0.403 ; (D 1 =0.702)
(15) 2.4 Sketch the v 0 (t) , i 0 (t) and the source current i d for I 0 = +10A at e a = +120 V. vtri vtri 300
(10) 2.5 Indicate in this sketch which switches are conducting at what time. v control 119
2.3 = = 0.397
vtri 300
(40) PROBLEM 3
For a certain application a dc voltage has to be stepped up from a source voltage V s to a
^
higher load voltage V 0 . The voltage across the load should be fairly constant. The circuit as Vtri
vcontrol
shown in Fig. 16 is available, however the circuit is not complete yet and at least an inductor L
t= 0
has to be added. The indicated terminals are not necessarily the terminals that have to be
T s /2
0
t1 t1 t
I 0 =10A
used as input and output.

id
(Vd − e0 ) D1Ts 300 − 120
vo (= vAN -vBN )
∆I 0 = = 0.702 ⋅ 10 −3 = 6
0
Vo Vd La 2 ⋅ 10 −3
_ t
+ + Vd

iA positive peak current: 10 + 63/2 = 41.6 A

Source Vs V0 Load io io
Io
negative peak current: 10 - 63/2 = -21.6 A
0
_ _ t
(T A _ ,TB+ ) (T A + ,TB _ )

(DA _ , D B+ ) (DA+ , D B_ )
Fig. 16
id
The following is specified:
V s =150V, V 0 =240V, f s =20 kHz and C + =C_= 4700 µ F and P 0 =500W. t

Inductor L=600 µ H.
(5) 3.1 What type of converter would you preferably use for this conversion?

15/46 16/46
2.4 Like Mohan fig. 7-29e

3.1 Boost converter (Mohan section 7-4 and Fig 7-33).

3.2 The circuit should be configured such that a boost converter is obtained (Mohan section 7-4 and
Fig 7-33). T_ and D+ are the active components. Note that the terminal pair {A ,O} cannot be Fig. 17 a: double E-core; b: normal BH-loop; c: flat BH-loop.
used as input as the node 0 cannot absorb a DC current. The capacitors C+ , C- are in parallel to For diagrams a and b: B-scale: 0.1 T per division; H-scale: 5 A/m per division
the load as is required in a boost converter. When T_ is ON the current through L increases and
when T_ is OFF the inductor current is ‘pushed’ in the output circuit via D+. The E-cores have the following data:
A c = 1 cm2 Core cross section of central leg
id

T+
D+
l e = 4 cm Equivalent length of magnetic path of field lines
iA + Other relevant material properties (B s , B r , H c ) can be read from the figure.
L 0 A vo
_
R For the forward converter the following is given:
+
vs T_ fs = 75 kHz (switching frequency)
_ D_
Vd = 300 V (supply voltage)
N
(10) 1.1 What type of material (normal loop or flat loop) is most suited for the application
T_
on
and why.
off
What do you choose as the operating range in the loop (more answers are
iA 3.33 A possible)?
(10) 1.2 Calculate the minimum number of turns N 1,min for the selected type of material to
avoid saturation. Read relevant data from Fig. 17. Sketch the flux density B as a
id
+ function of time for D=0.5 and indicate minimum and maximum values.
Vo
(10) 1.3 Estimate the magnetizing inductance L m for N 1 =N 1,min (20% accuracy is sufficient
vAN here).
1.4 Calculate the peak value of the current in the auxiliary winding.
1
3.3 V0 = V s with D=Ton/Ts where Ton is the on-time of T_ and Ts=1/fs ; D=0.375
1− D
3.4 IA=500/150=3.33A ; Id=500/240=2.08A ; R=500/2.08=115 Ohm ; peak-to-peak value of the (40) PROBLEM 3
DTS Given is a single-phase H bridge dc/ac voltage source converter that is connected to a single
current: i A, pp = V s = 4.72 A phase induction motor with counter emf e 0 , as shown in Fig. 18.
L
3.5 IA can have zero crossings if L is small. In that case T+ conducts during the negative part of IA.
The condition for not having zero crossing is similar to the condition for continuous conduction
DTS DTS i1 id
mode with up-converters (see Mohan eq. 7-28). Lmin = Vs = Vs = 422µH
IˆA 2I A
Note that RC>>Ts, so that Vd is indeed constant.
Exam Electronic Power Conversion 9 January 2004 (selection)

(30) PROBLEM 1
For a forward converter a transformer is needed. For the transformer two pairs of so-called E-
Fig. 18
cores with identical shape are available (Fig. 17a), but they are made from different
materials. The basic BH-loop of the respective materials are shown in Fig. 17b and c for the
The output voltage v 0 of the inverter is obtained by bipolar voltage switching similar to Fig. 19.
case of maximum excitation of the material. Only a part of the BH-loop will be used. Both the
To obtain a low distortion linear modulation is applied (no overmodulation; m a <1).
primary, the secondary and the auxiliary demagnetising winding of the forward converter are
wound around the central leg. The turns ratio between primary and demagnetisation winding
is 1.

17/46 18/46
 µN 2 Ac
1.3 Lm = (this follows from eq. 3-60 and 3-80) where µ is obtained from the BH-loop: µ =
le
0.025 ⋅ 672 ⋅ 10−4
B/H ≈ 0.5/20=0.025; Lm = = 280 mH
0.04
1.4 Because N1=N3, the peak value of the current in the auxiliary winding is equal to the peak value of
the magnetising current.
300 ⋅ 0.5
DTs
1
iˆ m =
Lc ∫ V dt = 75 ⋅ 10
0
d 3
⋅ 280 ⋅ 10−3
= 7.1 mA

Another way:
Hˆ l 12.5 ⋅ 0.04
Hˆ l = N iˆ m or iˆ m = = = 7.4mA
N 67
Fig. 19 (actual switching frequency is much higher than shown here)
3.1 See Mohan fig. 8-18 b and c. Because the circuit is linear, the fundamental and ripple component
Given is further:
can be treated separately: v1 = v01 + v ripple and i1 = i01 + iripple . The (sinusoidal) fundamental
V d = 350V (DC link voltage)
ω1 (fundamental frequency of v o and e 0 ) component follows from the phasor equation: V 01 = E 0 + V L1 = E0 + jω LI 01 . The ripple follows
ω 1,nom =2 π 60 rad/s (nominal value of ω1 )
t
V 01,nom =230 V (nominal rms value of fundamental of v 0 ) 1
L ∫0
e0 (counter emf which is sinusoidal) from: i0,ripple (t ) = v0,ripple (ς )dς .
L = 30 mH (inductance of machine)
f s =7.5 kHz (frequency of triangular carrier v tri ) The largest ripple occurs during the zero crossing of v01(t) (see fig 8-19b). Then the amplitude of
C d =1 mF (capacitance of input filter) the ripple voltage is Vd/2 and the duration of the pulse is Ts/2. The maximum amplitude of the
At nominal speed and nominal voltage the input power of the loaded drive is 1 kW at cos current equals:
φ 1 =0.8 Vd / 2 350 / 2
∆i0 = = = 0.38 A
(10) 3.1 Sketch equivalent circuit models to calculate the fundamental component of the current i0 2 f s ⋅ Ls 2 ⋅ 7.5 ⋅103 ⋅ 30 ⋅10−3
and the ripple component of the current i0. Calculate an upper limit for the peak-to-peak
current ripple in io that is caused by the switching. 3.2 P0 = V0 I 0 cos φ1 or I0=5.43 A . (so ωLs I0=61.4V). Note that φ is the angle between Vo and
(10) 3.2 Calculate the rms value of the fundamental of i0 when the machine runs at rated speed and Io. The phasor diagram is like fig 8-18d.
rated power. Sketch a phasor diagram with the phasors of e0, v0 and i0.
(5) 3.3 Define the modulation ratio m a and give the relation between V o1 , m a and V d , where
V o1 is the rms value of the fundamental of the output voltage. Calculate the
modulation ratio m a such that the machine runs at nominal speed and nominal
voltage. Vo1
(10) 3.4 Sketch the instantaneous power p0(t) that is transmitted by the fundamental current i0 and VL1
φ
voltage v0
Eo1
(Note: 2 sin ω t ⋅ sin(ω t − φ ) = cos φ − cos(2ω t − φ ) ) Io1
(5) 3.5 Calculate the low-frequency (<1 kHz) peak-to-peak voltage ripple ∆Vd , assuming that the
current i1 is constant. vcontrol
3.3 ma = ; V0 2 = ma ⋅Vd or ma =0.929.
vtri
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 9 January 2004
1.1 For a given core the ideal loop would be very steep with a large difference between Bs and Br. On 3.4 p0 (t ) = 2 V0 sin ω1t ⋅ 2 I 0 sin(ω1t − φ ) = V0 I 0 cos φ − V0 I 0 cos( 2ω1t − φ ) .
one hand a steep loop results in a small magnetising current resulting in less losses, although in
3.5 For low frequencies: pd (t ) = p0 (t ) with pd (t ) = Vd ⋅ id (See Mohan fig 8-13) so
general the losses caused by the magnetising current is small in comparison to the transformed load
current (N1/N2 i2). On the other hand the number of turns depends on the available flux swing. For VI VI
a forward converter the flux swing is Bs-Br because of the unipolar excitation. The answer is that the
id (t ) = 0 0 cos φ − 0 0 cos(2ω1t − φ ) = 2.85 − 3.57 cos(ω1t − 36.9 0 )
Vd Vd
flat core is preferred because of the much larger flux swing, resulting is less turns and less losses.
Select Bmax=+0.4 to have some margin to saturation. Br=+0.1 Amplitude of (sinusoidal) low frequency (120 Hz) current ripple:
DTs
VI 230 ⋅ 5.43 iˆripple 3.57
0.5 ⋅ 300 iˆripple = 0 0 = = 3.57 A ; Î Vˆd ,ripple = = = 4.73V ;
∫ v dt
DVd
1.2 ∆B N 1 Ac = or N 1 = = = 67
1
f s Ac ( Bs − Br ) 75 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 10 −4 (0.4 − 0.1) Vd 350 2ω1C d 2 ⋅ 120π ⋅ 10 −3
0
Peak-to-peak value: ∆V = 2Vˆ d = 9.46V
d ,ripple

19/46 20/46
Exam Electronic Power Conversion 9 June 2004 Vs

(40) PROBLEM 1 t
A forward converter with demagnetisation winding as shown in Fig. 20 is to be designed with the
following specifications:
o o
60 60
Vd = 150V and 300V
o o
120 120
V0 =5V (regulated)
fs = 100 kHz
Pload = 200W
L = 2 µF Fig. 21a Fig. b
C0=1000 µF
The converter should be able to operate at both input voltages. (10) 2.1 Sketch v L , i d and i s as a function of time.
The converter should operate in continuous conduction mode for all operational conditions. (5) 2.2 Calculate the peak value if i d .
The winding N 3 serves complete demagnetization of the magnetization inductance of the core. (5) 2.3 Calculate the average current I d and the average output power P d .
The converter should be designed to operate with a maximum duty ratio Dmax of 0.7. (10) 2.4 What is the range of V d for discontinuous conduction of i s .
Assume all components to be ideal except for the presence of the magnetising inductance of the
transformer.
(30) PROBLEM 3
Id I2
I3
Given is a bi-directional single-phase dc/ac converter that is connected to a grid with voltage e0, as
+
vx shown in Fig. 22.
--
grid

Fig. 20
(10) 1.1 Calculate the winding ratio N3/N1 such that Dmax < 0.7
(5) 1.2 Calculate N2/N1 if this turns ratio is desired to be as small as possible.
(10) 1.3 Sketch vx , iL and vL for Vd=150V. Indicate values in the sketch of vx and iL.
(5) 1.4 Calculate the maximum voltage that is applied to the switch for any of the
operational conditions. Fig. 22
(10) 1.5 Calculate the peak-to-peak value of the ripple in the output voltage for Vd=300V The output voltage v 0 of the inverter, that contains a full-bridge voltage source converter, is
obtained by bipolar voltage switching as shown in Fig. 31. Only linear modulation is applied
(30) PROBLEM 2 (no overmodulation).
Given is a single-phase rectifier, as shown in Fig. 21a, that is connected to a block shaped
supply voltage v s (Fig. 21b) and a constant load voltage V d :
Given is:
V d =240V
V s =300V (amplitude of v s as shown in Fig. 21b)
f s = 50Hz (frequency of v s )
L s =2 mH

Fig. 23 (Note: actual switching frequency is much higher than shown here)
Given is further: V d = 350V

21/46 22/46
 e0 = E 0 2 sin ω 1t with E 0 = 230V and ω1 =2 π50
3.1 See Mohan fig 8-18 b and c.
L = 15 mH
f s = 7.5 kHz (frequency of triangular carrier v tri )
vcontrol
3.2 ma = ; V0 2 = ma ⋅Vd
The inverter is fed from a photovoltaic array and the objective is to supply power to the grid at unity vtri
power factor. In the following questions the ripple that is caused by the switching can be neglected. 3.3 I 0 = 1000/230 = 4.35A
(5) 3.1 Sketch equivalent circuit models to calculate the fundamental component of the current i0 V L = j ωLI 0 = j 20.5 V
and the ripple component of the current i0. V 0 =E 0 +j ωLI 0
(5) 3.2 Define the modulation ratio ma and give the relation between Vo, ma and Vd, where Vo is the
rms fundamental of the output voltage. V0 = 230 2 + 20.5 2 = 230.9 V
(10) 3.3 Calculate the modulation ratio ma such that 1 kW is supplied to the grid at unity power
V0 2 230.9 2
factor (pf=1) in e0. Sketch the associated phasor diagram with the phasors of e0, v0 and i0. ma = = = 0.933
(5) 3.4 What is the lowest value of Vd where we can still supply 1 kW to the grid with linear Vd 350
sinusoidal modulation? V 20.5
(5) 3.5 Calculate an upper limit for the peak-to-peak current ripple in io that is caused by the ϕ = arctan( L ) = arctan( ) = 5.09 deg (v c leading to e a )
switching. Ea 230
V0 2 230.9 2
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 9 June 2004 3.4 Vd ,min = = = 326.5 V
ma ,max 1
Vd V N3 1 − D t
1.1 upflux=downflux DTs = d (1 − D )Ts so
so = = 0.43 1
L ∫0
N1 N3 N1 D 3.5 The ripple follows from: i0,ripple (t ) = v0,ripple (ς )d ς .
N N Vo 5 The largest ripple occurs during the zero crossing of v 01 (t) (see fig 8-19b). Then the
1.2 V0 = 2 DVd with Dmax=0.7 for Vd=150V; 2 > = = 0.0476
N1 N1 Vd ,min Dmax 150 ⋅ 0.7 amplitude of the ripple voltage is V d /2 and the duration of the pulse is T s /2:
Ts / 2
Note: if you combine Dmax with Vdmax, (leading to N2/N1=0.0238) than the converter cannot be 1 Vd / 2 350 / 2
operated at 150V. ∆i0 =
Ls ∫ V dt = 2 f
d
s ⋅ Ls
=
2 ⋅ 7.5 ⋅103 ⋅15 ⋅10−3
= 0.78 A
1.3 See Mohan. 0

N1
1.4 Vsw = Vd + Vd = 300 ⋅ (1 + 1 0.43) = 998V
N3 Exam Electronic Power Conversion 21 January 2005
∆Q 1 1 ∆iL Ts (1 − D )Ts V0
1.5 V pp = = with ∆iL = (20) PROBLEM 1
C C2 2 2 L Given is a switch-mode DC-power supply, where the output voltage v o should be regulated
V pp 1 Ts2 (1 − D ) 10−10 ⋅ (1 − 0.35) close to its nominal value. For that purpose a negative-feedback control system is used to
= = = 0.0041 ; Vpp = 20 mV reduce the effect of variations in the input voltage v d and the load.
V0 8 LC 8 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 10−6 ⋅ 10−3

Vs
(5) 1.1 Sketch a block diagram of the system, and describe shortly the function of the
blocks. Indicate all relevant variables in the diagram.
t (10) 1.2 Describe shortly the steps that are needed to obtain the small-signal transfer
function v0 ( s ) of the system. Here v 0 is the output voltage and d is the duty
d ( s)
id
ratio. Note that you are not expected to calculate the transfer function.
(5) 1.3 Obtain an averaged state-space description of an up-converter (result of step 2).
is

(40) PROBLEM 2
Given is a flyback converter as shown in Fig. 24b. The load resistance R 0 may vary and the
1 6,67 ms
output voltage V 0 should be kept constant by adapting the duty ratio D. The converter may
2.2 I peak =
Ls ∫0
(Vs − Vd ) dt = 200 A
operate both in continuous and discontinuous conduction mode.

1 T 2 ⋅ 150o ⋅ 200 / 2 1 T 1
Id = ∫ id dt = Pd = ∫ Vd id dt = Vd ∫0 id dt = 20 kW
T
2.3 = 83.33 A;
T 0 360 o T 0 T
2.4 ∆id,up=∆id,down ; id should be zero again before t=Ts/2 so (V0 − Vd ) ⋅ 6.67ms < Vd ⋅ 3.33ms or
Vd > 200 V

23/46 24/46
 id i2 ac motor

+
v R
x
+
vT
-

Fig. 24 Flyback converter

The following is given: Fig. 25

fs = 100 kHz (switching frequency)
R0 = 0.5 ..100 Ohm (range of load resistance)
L m2 = 2 µ H (magnetizing inductance, seen from secondary side)
Vd = 300V (supply voltage)
V0 = 5V (required output voltage)
C0 = 100 µ F (output filter capacitor)
N 1 /N 2 = 80 (turns ratio)
(10) 2.1 Derive the voltage transfer function V0 / Vd in continuous conduction mode
(incomplete demagnetisation mode) as a function of the duty ratio D and other
relevant circuit parameters.
(10) 2.2 What is the range of the load current I 0 for continuous conduction mode (V 0 =5V)?
(Hint: Consider the course of the current i 2 at the boundary of continuous
conduction mode and calculate iˆ2 ).
(5) 2.3 Calculate the required duty ratio D 1 when I 0 = 10A (so R 0 =0.5 Ohm). (V 0 =5V).
(5) 2.4 Calculate the required duty ratio D 2 when I 0 = 0.5 A . (V 0 =5V).
Fig. 26 (Note: the actual switching frequency is much higher than shown here)
(Hint: P0 = f s ⋅ 12 Lm 2 iˆ22 and P0 = f s ⋅ 12 Lm1iˆ12 )
(10) 2.5 Sketch i d , i 2 , v x and v T as a function of time for R 0 =0.5 Ohm and indicate relevant
values.
Given is further:
V d = 350V (DC link voltage)
(40) PROBLEM 2 ω1 (fundamental frequency of the motor voltage v o and of the counter emf e 0 )
Given is a full-bridge dc-ac converter (H-bridge) with a single phase ac motor as shown (Fig. ω 1,nom =2 π 60 rad/s (nominal value of the fundamental frequency of the motor)
25). The motor is modelled by the series connection of an inductance L a and the counter emf V 01,nom =230 V (nominal rms value of fundamental of v 0 )
e a . For control of the switches so-called bipolar voltage switching is applied, where the e0 (counter emf which is sinusoidal)
ON/OFF signals for the switches are obtained by comparing a sinusoidal control signal v control L = 30 mH (inductance of motor)
with a triangular waveform v tri (Fig. 26). f s =7.5 kHz (frequency of triangular carrier v tri )
Linear modulation is applied to obtain a low distortion (no overmodulation; ma <1). At nominal speed and nominal voltage the input power of the loaded drive is 1 kW at cos
φ 1 =0.8

(5) 3.1 Sketch the equivalent circuit models to calculate the fundamental component of the current
i0 and the ripple component of the current i0.
(5) 3.2 During what part of the output voltage does the maximum current ripple occur? Calculate an
upper limit for the peak-to-peak current ripple in i0 that is caused by the switching.
(5) 3.3 Calculate the rms value of the fundamental of i0 when the machine runs at rated speed and
rated power.
(10) 3.4 Define the modulation ratio m a and give the relation between V o1 , m a and V d , where
V o1 is the rms value of the fundamental of the output voltage. Calculate the

25/46 26/46
 modulation ratio m a such that the machine runs at nominal speed and nominal 2.2 At the boundary of continuous and discontinuous conduction mode the answer from 2.1
voltage. V0
(5) 3.5 Sketch the instantaneous power p0(t) that is transmitted by the fundamental current i0 and is valid, so D = = 0.57
N1
voltage v0 Vd + V0
(Note: 2 sin ω t ⋅ sin(ω t − φ ) = cos φ − cos(2ω t − φ ) ) N2
(5) 3.6 Calculate the low-frequency (<1 kHz) peak-to-peak voltage ripple ∆Vd , assuming that the Note that at the boundary the current i 2 is a triangle that just becomes zero at t=T s .
current i1 is constant. V0
From ∆ i 2 when the switch is off : iˆ2,boundary = (1 − D )Ts = 10.75 A
(5) 3.7 What will change in the answers to problems 3.1 to 3.6 if unipolar switching is used instead Lm 2
of bipolar switching?
iˆ
From course of i 2 at the boundary it follows: I 0, Boundary = (1 − D ) 2 = 2.31 A
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 21 January 2005 2
1.1 See Mohan section 10-5. So the region for continuous conduction mode is I 0 >2.31A ( or R 0 <2.16 Ohm)
2.3 The load current is larger than 2.31 A, so we have continuous conduction mode, so
D 1 =0.57
2.4 The load current is smaller than 2.31A , so we have discontinuous conduction
2 P0 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 0.5 iˆ
mode P0 = f s ⋅ 1
Lm 2 iˆ22 or iˆ2 = = = 5 A and iˆ1 = 2 = 0.0625 A
105 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 10−6
2
f s Lm 2 80
or similar drawing.
V iˆ L 0.0625 ⋅ 12.8m
The block on the right side is the power stage with inputs duty ratio d and supply voltage V d. Also iˆ1 = d D2Ts or D2 = 1 m1 = = 0.266 with
The PWM block converts the control signal v c to the signal d.
Lm1 Vd Ts 300 ⋅ 10µ
2
The left block is the control block that compares the measured output voltage with some ⎛N ⎞
reference and generates the control signal v c . Lm1 = ⎜ 1 ⎟ Lm 2 = 802 ⋅ 2 µ H = 12.8mH
1.2 See Mohan section 10-5-1 ⎝ N2 ⎠
Step 1 Obtain state-space equations for subsequent subcycles Note: it is more straightforward to calculate iˆ1 directly from P0 = f s ⋅ 12 Lm1iˆ1 .
2
Step 2: Averaging; Obtain average description of the circuit by averaging the time-
weighted state matrices: 2.5
Step 3: Linearization; separate the variables in steady state components and small
perturburations
Step 4 Laplace transformation to s-domain
1.3 State variables are i L and v C Duration of i 2 :
di ⎫ ⎡ diL ⎤ iˆ2 Lm 2 5 ⋅ 2µ
L L = Vd ⎪ Di 2 = = = 0.2
dt ⎪ or
⎢ dt ⎥ ⎡0 0 ⎤
⎡ iL ⎤
⎡1⎤
for 0 < t < DT s V0Ts 5 ⋅ 10µ
⎬ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ 1 ⎥ i ⎢ ⎥ + ⎢ L ⎥ Vd
dvC
=−
vc ⎪ ⎢ dvc ⎥ ⎢0 − RC ⎥ ⎣ vc ⎦ ⎢ 0 ⎥
C
⎢⎣ dt ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
dt R ⎪⎭

diL ⎫
L = −vc + Vd ⎪ ⎡ diL ⎤ ⎡
−
1 ⎤
⎡1⎤
dt ⎪ or ⎢ dt ⎥ ⎢ 0 L ⎥ ⎡ iL ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ for DT s < t < T s
⎬ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥i + L Vd
dvC vc ⎪ ⎢ dvc ⎥ ⎢ 1 1 ⎥ ⎢⎣vc ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
C = iL − − ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
dt R ⎪⎭ ⎢⎣ dt ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ C RC ⎥⎦

Averaged: 3.1 See Mohan fig 8-18 b and c.

3.2 The largest ripple occurs during the zero crossing of v 01 (t) (see fig 8-19b). Then the
⎡ diL ⎤ ⎡ (1 − D) ⎤
⎢ dt ⎥ ⎢ 0 − ⎡1⎤ amplitude of the ripple voltage is V d and the duration of the pulse is T s /2:
L ⎥ ⎡ iL ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥i + L Vd
1 ⎥ ⎢⎣vc ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
Ts / 2
⎢ dvc ⎥ ⎢ (1 − D )
1 Vd 350
⎣⎢ dt ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ C
−
RC ⎦⎥
⎣⎢ 0 ⎦⎥ ∆i0 =
Ls ∫ V dt = 2 f
0
d
s ⋅ Ls
=
2 ⋅ 7.5 ⋅ 103 ⋅ 30 ⋅ 10−3
= 0.78 A

P 1000
V0 N1 D 3.3 P = V01 I 0 cos ϕ or I 0 = = = 5.43 A
2.1 Continuous conduction mode: = V01 cos ϕ 230 ⋅ 0.8
Vd N 2 1 − D

27/46 28/46
 vˆcontrol V01 2 230 2 I 0 = 6A.
3.4 ma = ; V01 2 = ma ⋅ Vd or ma = = = 0.93
vˆtri Vd 350 (5) 1.1 Sketch the instantaneous switching loss as a function of time.
3.5 p(t ) = v0 (t ) ⋅ i0 (t ) = V0 2 sin ω t ⋅ I 0 2 sin(ω t − φ ) = V0 I 0 cos φ − V0 I 0 cos(2ω t − φ )
(10) 1.2 Calculate the switching power loss as a function of the switching frequency in a
= 230 ⋅ 5.43 ⋅ 0.8 − 230 ⋅ 5.43cos(2ω t − φ ) range 25 - 100 kHz, assuming V d =500V and I 0 = 6A.
= 1000 − 1250 cos(2ω t − φ ) (5) 1.3 Calculate and plot the total losses as a function of the switching frequency in a
range 25 - 100 kHz in the switch when the on-state voltage is V on =1.5V at 6A and
with φ = arccos 0.8 = 37
0
the duty ratio of the switch is D = 0.6 (assume t d(on) =t d(off) ).
The waveform is a sinus with double frequency and average value 1000W, top value
2250V, bottom value –250V and lagging φ /2 behind the voltage. (20) PROBLEM 2
3.6 For low frequencies: pd (t ) = p0 (t ) with pd (t ) = Vd ⋅ id (See Mohan fig 8-13) so At the terminals of a converter the voltage and current are as shown in Fig. 28.
V0 I 0 VI
id ( t ) = cos φ − 0 0 cos(2ω1t − φ ) = 2.85 − 3.57 cos(ω1t − 36.9 0 ) u

Vd Vd 0 T

Amplitude of (sinusoidal) low frequency (120 Hz) current ripple:

VI 230 ⋅ 5.43 iˆripple
3.57 i

iˆripple = 0 0 = = 3.57 A ; Î Vˆd ,ripple = = = 4.73V ;

10 A
δT T+ δ T

Vd 350 2ω1C d 2 ⋅ 120π ⋅ 10 −3 -10 A

Peak-to-peak value: ∆V = 2Vˆ

d = 9.46V
d ,ripple
δT

3.7 Only the answer to 3.2 will change. The ripple will at least be halved because of the Fig. 28
doubled hf-frequency in v 0 . The amplitude of the voltage is 230 √ 2 V.
(5) 2.1 Calculate the power at the terminals.
Exam Electronic Power Conversion 15 June 2005 (5) 2.2 Calculate the rms value of the current i.
(5) 2.3 Define and calculate the power factor PF.
(20) PROBLEM 1 (5) 2.4 Define and calculate the Distortion Power Factor DPF.
Given is a simple circuit with a generic switch as shown in the figure a
(30) PROBLEM 3
Given is a single-phase rectifier that is connected to a supply voltage vs and a battery as
shown in Fig. 29a. The battery is represented by a DC load voltage V d . The voltage v s has a
block-like shape (Fig. 29b) that is produced by some HF inverter (not shown). The rectifier is
intended to charge the battery. Depending on the charging state of the battery the voltage V d
may vary.
Given is:
V d,nom =240V (nominal voltage of V d )
V s =300V (amplitude of v s as shown in Fig. 29b)
T s =30 µ s (period of voltage v s )
f s = 1/T s =33.3 kHz (frequency of v s )
L s =20 µ H

Fig. 27
The data sheet of the switch specifies the following switching times corresponding to the linear
switching characteristics as shown in the figure.
t ri = 80 ns ;
t fv = 80 ns ;
t rv = 120 ns ; Fig. 29a Fig. b
t fi = 200 ns (10) 3.1 Sketch v L and is as a function of time and indicate relevant values for V d =V d,nom .
Further: V d =500V ;

29/46 30/46
(5) 3.2 Calculate the peak value of is, the average current Id and the average output P 2 2
power P d for V d =V d,nom . 2.3 PF = = cos 2πδ = 0.9 cos 2πδ
(10) 3.3 What is the range of V d for discontinuous conduction of i d in a steady state.
U rms I rms π
(5) 3.4 What will happen if V d is decreased below the lower limit of this range? I1,rms 10 ⋅ 2 2 π
2.4 DPF = = = 0. 9 (Note that for a sinusoidal voltage: PF=DPF. cosϕ)
I rms 10
(30) PROBLEM 4
Given is a full-bridge dc-dc converter (H-bridge) with dc motor load as shown (Fig. 30). The 3.1
motor is modelled by the series connection of R a , L a and e a . For control of the switches so
called bipolar voltage switching is applied, where the control signals are obtained by
comparing a control signal v control with a triangular waveform v tri .

1 10 µ s V − Vd (300 − 240)
3.2 iˆs = ∫ vL dt = s Ton = 10 µ s = 30 A
L 0 Lm 20 µ s
Vs − Vd
T 2 follows from vL ,av = 0 → (Vs − Vd )10 µ s = Vd T2 → T2 = 10 µ s = 2.5µ s
Vd
Fig. 30
1 Ts / 2 iˆ ⋅ (10µ s + T2 ) 30 ⋅ 12.5
Ts 2 ∫0
The following is given:
I d ,av = id dt = ' s = = 12.5 A
2 ⋅ Ts 2 2 ⋅ 15
Ts = 1 ms (T s is the period of triangular waveform)
Ra = 0.1 Ohm Because V d is constant we can write: Pd = Vd ⋅ I d ,av = 240 ⋅ 12.5 = 3000W
La = 2 mH 3.3 The time T 2 will increase when V d decreases, because in steady state the average
Vd = 300V inductor voltage is zero: vL ,av = 0 → (Vs − Vd ) ⋅ Ton − Vd ⋅ T2 = 0 or
ea = 120 V
For the calculation of the current waveform, the resistance R a can be neglected. Ton
Vd = Vs
(5) 4.1 Express the average value of v o in V d and vcontrol / vˆtri . T2 + Ton
(5) 4.2 Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vˆtri to maintain an average output current of The boundary for continuous conduction is reached when T 2 =5ms
I 0 =+10A at e a = +120 V. Ton 10 µ s
(5) 4.3 Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vˆtri to maintain an average output current of Vd = Vs = 300 = 200V . Range: V d >200V. Note : for V d >300V there
T2 + Ton 10 µ s + 5µ s
I 0 = -10A at e a = +120 V.
is no current flowing at all.
(15) 4.4 Sketch the v 0 (t) , i 0 (t) and the source current i d for I 0 = +10A at e a = +120 V.

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 15 June 2005

vcontrol
4.1 V0 = Vd
1.1 See book of Mohan, vˆtri
1.2 E loss,sw = 1/2 I o V d ( t ri +t fv ) + 1/2 I o V d ( t rv +t fi ) = 4.2 v o (t ) + v R (t ) + v L (t ) − ea (t ) = 0
= 1/2 . I o V d (t ri +t fv + t rv +t fi ) = 1/2 . 6 . 500 . (480ns) = 720 µJ
P loss,sw = f s . E loss,sw = 720 f s µW After averaging: V 0 + I 0 R - e a = 0
v control v control 121
1.3 P loss,on = V on . I on t on /T s = V on . I on D =1.5 . 6 . 0.6 = 5.4 W
Or: 300 + 10 ⋅ R − 120 = 0 so: = = 0.403 ; (D 1 =0.702)
vtri vtri 300
P loss,tot = 5.4 + 720. 10 -6 f s W
2 ⋅ 230 2 ⋅ 10 v control 119
P=
1T
⋅ cos 2πδ = 2070 cos πδ 4.3 = = 0.397
2.1 ∫ u i dt = W vtri 300
T0 π
1 T 2
2.2 I rms = ∫ i dt = 10 A
T 0

31/46 32/46
 ^
(5) 1.2 Calculate the minimum number of turns N 1,min for the selected type of material to
avoid saturation. Read relevant data from Fig. 31. Sketch the flux density B as a
Vtri
vcontrol

0
t= 0 T s /2 I 0 =10A function of time for D=0.5 and indicate minimum and maximum values.
t1 t1 t
(Vd − e0 ) D1Ts 300 − 120 (10) 1.3 Estimate the magnetizing inductance L m for N 1 =N 1,min (20% accuracy is sufficient
∆I 0 = = 0.702 ⋅ 10 −3 = 63 here).
vo (= vAN -vBN ) La 2 ⋅ 10 −3 (5) 1.4 Calculate the peak value of the current in the auxiliary winding.
Vo Vd
0
t
positive peak current: 10 + 63/2 = 41.6 A
_
Vd
(40) PROBLEM 2
Io negative peak current: 10 - 63/2 = -21.6 A Given is a forward converter as shown in Fig. 32
io io

0 Id I3 I2
t
(T A _ ,TB+ ) (T A + ,TB _ )
+
(DA _ ,D B+ ) (DA+ , D B_ ) vx
id -- +
v sw
t
--
4.4 Like Mohan fig. 7-29e

Exam Electronic Power Conversion 20 January 2006 Fig. 32

(30) PROBLEM 1 Given is:
For a forward converter a transformer is needed. For the transformer two pairs of so-called E- V d = 300 V (nominal input voltage, however the actual voltage is variable)
cores with identical shape are available (Fig. 31a), but they are made from different V0 = 6 V (nominal output voltage)
materials. The basic BH-loop of the respective materials are shown in Fig. 31b and c for the f s = 100 kHz (switching frequency)
case of maximum excitation of the material. Only a part of the BH-loop will be used. Both the N 1 :N 3 = 1 (turns ratio)
primary, the secondary and the auxiliary demagnetising winding of the forward converter are L m = 15 mH (magnetising inductance of transformer, seen from primary side)
wound around the central leg. The turns ratio between primary and demagnetisation winding L 0 = 50 µ H (output filter inductance)
is 1. The winding N 3 serves complete demagnetisation of the core.
(5) 2.1 When D = 0.4 and V d =300V, calculate the turns ratio N 1 :N 2 to get V 0 =6V
(5) 2.2 Assume N 1 :N 2 has the value that is calculated in 2.1. What is the lowest input
voltage allowed if V 0 is to be kept equal to 6 V?
In the following, D = 0.4, V d =300V, V 0 =6V and I 0 =10A.
(5) 2.3 Calculate the voltage over the transistor during the T off .
(5) 2.4 Calculate the maximum values v sw , i L and the magnetising current of the
transformer i m .
(5) 2.5 Calculate I 0 for the boundary of discontinuous conduction mode.
(15) 2.6 Sketch v d , v sw , i L , i d , i 3 and i m .

(30) PROBLEM 3
Given is a single-phase rectifier that is connected to a supply voltage vs and a battery as
shown in Fig. 33a. The battery is represented by a DC voltage V d . The voltage v s has a block-
Fig. 31 a: double E-core; b: normal BH-loop; c: flat BH-loop. like shape as shown in Fig. 33b and that is produced by some HF inverter (not shown). The
For diagrams a and b: B-scale: 0.1 T per division; H-scale: 5 A/m per division circuit is intended to charge the battery. Depending on the state-of-charge of the battery the
voltage V d may vary.
The E-cores have the following data:
A c = 1 cm2 (Core cross section of central leg) Given is:
l e = 4 cm (Equivalent length of magnetic path of field lines) V d,nom =240V (nominal battery voltage)
Other relevant material properties (B s , B r , H c ) can be read from the figure. V s =300V (amplitude of v s as shown in(Fig. 33b)
For the forward converter the following is given: T s =30 µ s (period of voltage v s )
fs = 75 kHz (switching frequency) f s = 1/T s =33.3 kHz (frequency of v s )
Vd = 300 V (supply voltage) L s =20 µ H

(10) 1.1 What type of material (normal loop or flat loop) is most suited for the application
and why.
Sketch a typical loop that applies in normal operation of the forward converter.

33/46 34/46
 DTsVd 0.4 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 10−6 ⋅ 300
2.4 V T,max =600V; iˆ' m = = = 80mA
Lm 15 ⋅ 10−3
(1 − D )TsV0 0.6 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 10−6 ⋅ 6 0.72
iˆm = I 0 + = 10 + = 10 + = 10.36 A
2 L0 2 ⋅ 50 ⋅ 10−6 2
(1 − D)TsV0 ∆I L
2.5 ∆I L , pp = = 0.72 A . Load current on the boundary: I 0, B = = 0.36 A
L0 2

2.6 3.1
Fig. 33a Fig. b
(10) 3.1 Sketch v L and i s as a function of time and indicate relevant values for
V d =V d,nom .
(10) 3.2 Calculate the peak value of i s , the average current I d and the average output power
P d for V d =V d,nom .
(10) 3.3 What is the range of V d for discontinuous conduction of i d in a steady state.

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 20 January 2006

1.1 For a given core the ideal loop would be very steep with a large difference between Bs and Br. On
one hand a steep loop results in a small magnetising current resulting in less losses, although in
general the losses caused by the magnetising current is small in comparison to the transformed load
current (N1/N2 i2). On the other hand the number of turns depends on the available flux swing. For a
forward converter the flux swing is Bs-Br because of the unipolar excitation. The answer is that the
flat core is preferred because of the much larger flux swing, resulting is less turns and less losses.
Select Bmax=+0.4 to have some margin to saturation. Br=+0.1
DTs
0.5 ⋅ 300
∫ v dt
DVd
1.2 ∆B N 1 Ac = or N 1 = = = 67
V −V (300 − 240)
1
f s Ac ( Bs − Br ) 75 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 10 −4 (0.4 − 0.1) 1 10 µ s
0
3.2 iˆs = ∫ vL dt = s d Ton = 10 µ s = 30 A
µN Ac 2 L 0 Lm 20 µ H
1.3 Lm = (this follows from eq. 3-60 and 3-80) where µ (=µ0µr) is obtained from the BH-
le Vs − Vd
T 2 follows from vL ,av = 0 → (Vs − Vd )10 µ s = Vd T2 → T2 = 10 µ s = 2.5µ s
loop: Vd
0.025 ⋅ 67 2 ⋅ 10−4 1 iˆ' s ⋅ (10µ s + T2 ) 30 ⋅ 12.5
Lm = = 280 mH
Ts / 2

2∫
µ = B/H ≈ 0.5/20=0.025; I d ,av = id dt = = = 12.5 A
0.04 Ts 0 2 ⋅ Ts 2 2 ⋅ 15
1.4 Because N1=N3, the peak value of the current in the auxiliary winding is equal to the peak value of
the magnetising current. Because V d is constant we can write: Pd = Vd ⋅ I d ,av = 240 ⋅ 12.5 = 3000W

1
DTs
300 ⋅ 0.5 3.3 The time T 2 will incease when V d decreases, because in steady state the average
iˆ m =
Lc ∫ V dt = 75 ⋅ 10
0
d 3
⋅ 280 ⋅ 10−3
= 7.1 mA inductor voltage is zero: vL ,av = 0 → (Vs − Vd ) ⋅ Ton − Vd ⋅ T2 = 0 or

Another way: Ton

Vd = Vs
Hˆ l 12.5 ⋅ 0.04 T2 + Ton
Hˆ l = N iˆ m or iˆ m = = = 7.4mA The boundary for continuous conduction is reached when T 2 =5ms
N 67
N N1 DVd 0.4 ⋅ 300 Ts
2.1 V0 = D 2 Vd → = = = 20 2 10 µ s
N1 N2 V0 6 Vd = Vs = 300 = 200V . Range for discontinuous conduction:
Ts
+ Ton 10 µ s + 5µ s
V N1 6 ⋅ 20 2
2.2 Vd ,min = 0 = = 240V . (Note:N 1 :N 3 =1 Î D max =0.5) V d >200V. Note: for V d >300V there is no current flowing at all.
Dmax N 2 0.5
3.4 When V d <200V the current is continuous. At instants k.T s /2 the current will not be
N reduced to zero yet. Just after these instants the current is opposed by the voltage
2.3 vsw = Vd + 1 Vd = 300 + 300 = 600V |V d +V s | until the current has a zero crossing, after which it is opposed by |V s -V d |.
N3

35/46 36/46

Exam ‘Electronic Power Conversion’ 21 June 2006
(20) PROBLEM 1
Consider the resistive switching circuit shown in Fig. 35 with V d =300 V, f s =100kHz and R=75
Ohm. The switch turn-on time is t on =150 ns and the switch turn-off time is t off =300 ns.
Assume linear voltage and current switching characteristics.
For a certain application a dc voltage has to be stepped up from a source voltage Vs to a higher load
voltage V0. The voltage across the load should be fairly constant. The half-bridge circuit as shown in Fig.
36 is available, however the circuit is not complete yet and at least an inductor L has to be added. On the
other hand some other components in the circuit are superfluous . The indicated terminals are not
necessarily the terminals that have to be used as input and output.
id

+ +
iA
Source Vs V0 Load

_ _

Fig. 34
Fig. 36
(5) 1.1 Sketch the waveforms of v T and i T and the power p T that is dissipated in the switch
as a function of time. The following is specified:
(10) 1.2 Calculate and plot the average switching power loss as a function of frequency in V s =150V, V 0 =240V, f s =20 kHz and C + =C_= 4700 µ F and P 0 =500W.
the frequency range 25 kHz-100 kHz. Inductor L=600 µ H.
(5) 1.3 Calculate the efficiency η of the power transfer from the source V d to the load R at (5) 3.1 What type of converter would you preferably use for this conversion?
100 kHz and a duty ratio D=0.5. (10) 3.2 Show by means of a circuit diagram how the desired conversion can be obtained by
using the circuit from Fig. 36. Show where the inductor L should be added and
(40) PROBLEM 2 include the connections to source and load. Describe shortly how the circuit is
Given is a forward converter as shown in Fig. 35 operated.
(5) 3.3 Express V o in the duty ratio D and V s . Define and calculate the duty ratio D.
Id I3 I2 (10) 3.4 Calculate the average inductor current. Sketch for L=600µ H the terminal current i A
+ , the diode current i D+ and the voltage v AN or v A0 .
vx (10) 3.5 Can i A have zero crossings? Calculate the minimum value of the inductor that
--
guarantees that, for the given conditions, the inductor current is always positive.
+
v sw
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 21 June 2006
--
1.4 Note that the waveforms for the switching of resistive loads are quite different from the waveforms
for clamped inductive loads (Mohan Fig 2-6). With the circuit from the exam vT and iT are always
related by: vT = Vd − iT R vT
Fig. 35 During turn on: iT=Id t/ton and vT=Vd(1-t/ton) ; pT(t)=vT iT = Vd Id t/ton (1-t/ton).
Given is: Similar during turn off.
V d = 300 V (nominal input voltage, however the actual voltage is variable)
V0 = 6 V (nominal output voltage) PT
f s = 100 kHz (switching frequency) vT 9W
N 1 :N 3 = 1 (turns ratio) iT
L m = 15 mH (magnetising inductance of transformer, seen from primary side)
L = 50 µ H (output filter inductance)
The winding N 3 serves complete demagnetisation of the core.
(5) 2.1 When D = 0.4 and V d =300V, calculate the turns ratio N 1 :N 2 to get V 0 =6V Eon
PT
(5) 2.2 Assume N 1 :N 2 has the value that is calculated in 2.1. What is the lowest input f
voltage allowed if V 0 is to be kept equal to 6 V? 100 kHz
In the following, D = 0.4, V d =300V, V 0 =6V and I 0 =10A. ton
(5) 2.3 Calculate the voltage over the transistor during the T off .
ton
⎛ t2 t3 ⎞ VI
(5) 2.4 Calculate the maximum values v sw , i L and i m .
1.5 Dissipated energy during turn on: ET ,on =
∫0 iT vT dt = Vd I d ⎜⎝ 12 ton − 13 ton2 ⎟⎠ = d6 d ton =300*4*1/6*150
(5) 2.5 Calculate I 0 for the boundary of discontinuous conduction mode. 0

(15) 2.6 Sketch v x , v sw , i L , i 1 , i 3 and i m . ns (J)

Similar for turn off.
(40) PROBLEM 3 Vd I d (ton + toff )
Average power: PT = =200 . (150+300) . 10-9 . fs.
6 Ts

37/46 38/46
 PR Pd − PT DVd I d − PT 600 − 9 Note that RC>>Ts, so that Vd is indeed constant during a switching period.
η= = = = = 0.985
Pd Pd DVd I d 600
N2 N1 DVd 0.4 ⋅ 300 Combined exam ET3165-D1 and ET4119 ; 19 January 2007
2.1 V0 = D Vd → = = = 20
N1 N2 V0 6 (20) PROBLEM 1
Given is a simple circuit with a generic switch as shown in Fig. 37.
V N1 6 ⋅ 20
2.2 Vd ,min = 0 = = 240V . (Note:N 1 :N 3 =1 Î D max =0.5)
Dmax N 2 0.5
N
2.3 vsw = Vd + 1 Vd = 300 + 300 = 600V
N3
DTsVd 0.4 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 10−6 ⋅ 300
2.4 V T,max =600V; iˆ' m = = = 80mA
Lm 15 ⋅ 10−3
(1 − D )TsV0 0.6 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 10−6 ⋅ 6 0.72
iˆm = I 0 + = 10 + = 10 + = 10.36 A
2 L0 2 ⋅ 50 ⋅ 10−6 2
(1 − D)TsV0 ∆I L
2.5 ∆I L , pp = = 0.72 A . Load current on the boundary: I 0, B = = 0.36 A
L0 2
3.1 Boost converter (Mohan section 7-4 and Fig 7-33).
3.2 The circuit should be configured such that a boost converter is obtained (Mohan section 7-4 and
Fig 7-33). T_ and D+ are the active components. Note that the terminal pair {A ,O} cannot be
Fig. 37
used as input as the node 0 cannot absorb a DC current. The capacitors C+ , C- are in parallel to
the load as is required in a boost converter. When T_ is ON the current through L increases and
when T_ is OFF the inductor current is ‘pushed’ in the output circuit via D+. The data sheet of the switch specifies the following switching times corresponding to the linear
id switching characteristics as shown in the figure.
T+ t ri = 80 ns ;
t fv = 80 ns ;
D+
iA +
L 0 A vo R t rv = 120 ns ;
_
+
vs
t fi = 200 ns
T_
_ D_ Further: V d =500V ;
I 0 = 6A.
(5) 1.1 Sketch the instantaneous switching loss as a function of time.
N

on (10) 1.2 Calculate the switching power loss as a function of the switching frequency in a
T_
off range 25 - 100 kHz, assuming V d =500V and I 0 = 6A.
iA
(5) 1.3 Calculate and plot the total losses as a function of the switching frequency in a
3.33 A
range 25 - 100 kHz in the switch when the on-state voltage is V on =1.5V at 6A and
the duty ratio of the switch is D = 0.6 (assume t d(on) =t d(off) ).
id
+
(40) PROBLEM 2
vAN
Vo
Given is a single-phase rectifier that is connected to a supply voltage vs and a battery as
shown in Fig. 38a. The battery is represented by a DC load voltage Vd. The voltage vs has a
1 block-like shape (Fig. 38b) that is produced by some HF inverter (not shown). The rectifier is
3.3 V0 = Vs with D=Ton/Ts where Ton is the on-time of T_ and Ts=1/fs ; D=0.375 intended to charge the battery. Depending on the charging state of the battery the voltage V d
1− D
may vary.
3.4 IA=500/150=3.33A ; Id=500/240=2.08A ; R=500/2.08=115 Ohm ; peak-to-peak value of the
Given is: V d,nom =240V (nominal voltage of V d )
DTS V s =300V (amplitude of vs as shown in Fig. 38b)
current: ∆i A, pp = Vs a 2 + b 2 = 4.72 A
L T s =30 µ s (period of voltage vs)
3.5 IA can have zero crossings if L is small. In that case T+ conducts during the negative part of IA. f s = 1/T s =33.3 kHz (frequency of vs)
The condition for not having zero crossing is similar to the condition for continuous conduction L s =20 µ H
DTS DTS 0.375 ⋅ 50 ⋅10−6
mode with up-converters (see Mohan eq. 7-28). Lmin = Vs = Vs = 150 =
ˆI
A
2I A 2 ⋅ 3.33
422µH

39/46 40/46
 Summary of answers to exam ET3165-D1 and ET4119 dd 17 Jan 2007
1.1 See book of Mohan,
1.2 E loss,sw = 1/2 I o V d ( t ri +t fv ) + 1/2 I o V d ( t rv +t fi ) =
= 1/2 . I o V d (t ri +t fv + t rv +t fi ) = 1/2 . 6 . 500 . (480ns) = 720 µJ
P loss,sw = f s . E loss,sw = 720 f s µW

1.3 P loss,on = V on . I on t on /T s = V on . I on D =1.5 . 6 . 0.6 = 5.4 W

P loss,tot = 5.4 + 720. 10 -6 f s W

2.1

Fig. 38a Fig. b

(10) 2.1 Sketch v L and i s as a function of time and indicate relevant values for V d =V d,nom .
(10) 2.2 Calculate the peak value of is , the average current I d and the average output power
P d for V d =V d,nom .
(10) 2.3 What is the range of V d for discontinuous conduction of i d in a steady state.
(10) 2.4 What will happen if V d is decreased below the lower limit of this range?

(40) PROBLEM 3
Given is a full-bridge dc-dc converter (H-bridge) with dc motor load as shown (Fig. 39). The
motor is modelled by the series connection of R a , L a and e a . For control of the switches so 1 10 µ s V −V (300 − 240)
called bipolar voltage switching is applied, where the control signals are obtained by 2.2 iˆs = ∫ vL dt = s d Ton = 10 µ s = 30 A
comparing a control signal v control with a triangular waveform v tri . L 0 Lm 20 µ H
Vs − Vd
T 2 follows from vL ,av = 0 → (Vs − Vd )10 µ s = Vd T2 → T2 = 10 µ s = 2.5µ s
Vd
1 Ts / 2 iˆ ⋅ (10µ s + T2 ) 30 ⋅ 12.5
Ts 2 ∫0
I d ,av = id dt = ' s = = 12.5 A
2 ⋅ Ts 2 2 ⋅ 15
Because V d is constant we can write: Pd = Vd ⋅ I d ,av = 240 ⋅ 12.5 = 3000W
2.3 The time T 2 will incease when V d decreases, because in steady state the average
inductor voltage is zero: vL ,av = 0 → (Vs − Vd ) ⋅ Ton − Vd ⋅ T2 = 0 or
Ton
Vd = Vs
T2 + Ton
The boundary for continuous conduction is reached when T 2 =5ms
Fig. 39 Ts
The following is given: 2 10 µ s
Vd = Vs = 300 = 200V . Range for discontinuous conduction:
Ts = 1 ms (T s is the period of triangular waveform)
Ts
+ Ton 10 µ s + 5µ s
2
Ra = 0.1 Ohm
V d >200V. Note: for V d >300V there is no current flowing at all.
La = 2 mH
2.4 When V d <200V the current is continuous. At instants k.T s /2 the current will not be
Vd = 300V
reduced to zero yet. Just after these instants the current is opposed by the voltage
ea = 120 V
|V d +V s | until the current has a zero crossing, after which it is opposed by |V s -V d |.
For the calculation of the current waveform, the resistance R a can be neglected.
(10) 3.1 Express the average value of v o in V d and vcontrol / vˆtri .
vcontrol
(10) 3.2 Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vˆtri to maintain an average output current of 3.1 V0 = Vd
vˆtri
I 0 =+10A at e a = +120 V.
(5) 3.3 Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vˆtri to maintain an average output current of 3.2 v o (t ) + v R (t ) + v L (t ) − ea (t ) = 0
I 0 = -10A at e a = +120 V. After averaging: V 0 + I 0 R - e a = 0
(15) 3.4 Sketch the v 0 (t), i 0 (t) and the supply current i d (t) for I 0 = +10A at e a = +120 V.

41/46 42/46
 v control v control 121
Or: 300 + 10 ⋅ R − 120 = 0 so: = = 0.403 ; (D 1 =0.702)
vtri vtri 300
v control 119
3.3 = = 0.397
vtri 300
^
Vtri
vcon trol

t= 0 T s /2
I 0 =10A
0
t1 t1 t (Vd − e0 ) D1Ts 300 − 120 Fig. 41
∆I 0 = = 0.702 ⋅ 10 −3 = 63
La 2 ⋅ 10 −3 Given is:
vo ( = vA N -vB N ) V d = 200…350 V (input voltage range)
Vo Vd V0 = 5 V (nominal output voltage)
0 positive peak current: 10 + 63/2 = 41.6 A
_
Vd t
f s = 125 kHz (switching frequency)
negative peak current: 10 - 63/2 = -21.6 A
N 1 :N 3 = 2:1 (turns ratio)
Io
io io L m = 15 mH (magnetising inductance of transformer, seen from primary side)
0 L = 10 µ H (output filter inductance)
t
( T A _ ,TB + ) ( T A + ,T B _ ) P 0 = 20...300 W (output power range @5V)
Both the supply voltage and the load power P 0 may vary between the indicated values.
( DA _ , D B + ) ( DA + , D B _ )
The winding N 3 serves complete demagnetisation of the core. Note the unusual winding ratio
id N 1 :N 3 .
(5) 2.1 Calculate the turns ratio N 1 :N 2 to get V 0 =5V at a nominal input voltage V d =325V
t
and D=0.4
(5) 2.2 D should be varied to maintain a constant output voltage at variable input voltage.
3.4 Like Mohan fig. 7-29e
What is the maximum allowable value of D to guarantee complete demagnetisation
of the transformer?
Exam ET4119 and ET3165-D1 on 20 June 2007
(10) 2.3 What is the lowest allowable input voltage V d to avoid transformer saturation?
Check whether the control range of D corresponds to the input voltage range.
(20) PROBLEM 1
In the following, D = 0.4, V d =325V, V 0 =5V and I 0 =50A.
Consider the resistive switching circuit shown in Fig. 11 with V d =300 V, f s =100kHz and R=75
(5) 2.4 Calculate the maximum values v sw , i L and i m .
Ohm. The switch turn-on time is t on =150 ns and the switch turn-off time is t off =300 ns.
(5) 2.5 Calculate I 0 for the boundary of discontinuous conduction mode. Check this results
Assume linear voltage and current switching characteristics.
with the given minimum load current.
(10) 2.6 Sketch v 1 , v sw , i L , i 1 , i 3 and i m .

(40) PROBLEM 3
In Fig. 10a a single-line diagram a power system with power electronic load is shown. The
utility power source (dashed block) is represented by a sinusoidal voltage sources vs in series
with an inductance L s in each phase. The nominal rms value of the phase-to-neutral voltage is
V s =230V and its fundamental frequency is f s =60 Hz.
The power electronic load is a large industrial three-phase diode rectifier as shown in Fig. 10b.
The load of the rectifier is represented by a constant DC current source I d .
Fig. 40

(10) 1.1 Sketch the waveforms of v T and i T and the power p T that is dissipated in the switch
as a function of time.
(5) 1.2 Calculate and plot the average switching power loss as a function of frequency in
the frequency range 25 kHz-100 kHz.
(5) 1.3 Calculate the efficiency η of the power transfer from the source V d to the load R at
100 kHz and a duty ratio D=0.5.

(40) PROBLEM 2
Given is a forward converter as shown in Fig. 32

Fig. 42

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(10) 3.1 Calculate the average rectifier output voltage V d as a function of V s , L s and I d . DTsVd 0.4 ⋅ 8 ⋅10−6 ⋅ 325
(10) 3.2 Sketch i a and v d and calculate the harmonics of the input current i a as a function of iˆ' m = = = 69.3mA
I d for L s =0. Lm 15 ⋅10−3
(10) 3.3 Describe qualitatively the effect of L s ≠ 0 instead of L s =0 on the input current (1 − D)TsV0 0.6 ⋅ 8 ⋅10−6 ⋅ 5 2.4
harmonics. Consider both high-order harmonics and low-order harmonics. Give a iˆL = I 0 + = 50 + = 50 + = 51.2 A
qualitative sketch of i a and v d 2 L0 2 ⋅10 ⋅10−6 2
According to local regulations of the utility company, the maximum allowable fifth harmonic (1 − D)TsV0 ∆I L
voltage at PCC caused by any load should be less than 3% of the nominal voltage. 2.5 ∆I L , pp = = 2.4 A . Load current on the boundary: I 0, B = = 1.2 A
L0 2
(10) 3.4 Calculate the maximum allowable value of I d when L s =3 mH. You may assume for
this case that the rms value of the fifth harmonic of the rectifier current is equal to Because the minimum load current (2A) is smaller then I0,B , the converter operates in continues
I a5 = 0.15 I d conduction mode.
2.6 Sketch: see Mohan fig. 10-11
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 20 June 2007 3 2 3 3
1.1 Note that the waveforms for the switching of resistive loads are quite different from the waveforms 3.1 See text book eq. 5-68 and 5-86. Vd = VLL − ω Ls I d = 1.35VLL − ω Ls I d , where the
for clamped inductive loads (Mohan Fig 2-6). With the circuit from the exam vT and iT are always
π π π
related by: vT = Vd − iT R . During turn on: iT=Id t/ton and vT=Vd(1-t/ton) ; phase voltage VS is given by VLL=√3 VS ; Vd =
3 6
Vs −
3
ω Ls I d = 535 − 1.8I d
t t π π
Power as a function of time: pT (t ) = vT iT = Vd ⋅ (1 − ) I d ; Similar during turn off. 3.2 See text book fig. 5-32 partly.
ton ton
I
2 I = a1 for h = 5, 7,11,13,....
Rms of fundamental: I a1 = I d ; Harmonics: ah h
PT 3
vT
9W = 0 else
iT
3.3 All harmonics are more or less reduced, including the fundamental. Higher harmonics are
attenuated more than the lower harmonics, because the impedance of Ls increases with frequency.
Lower harmonics are only slightly affected.
3.4 Requirement from utility: Vs 5 < 0.03Vs (textbook, eq 18-2)
Eon
with Vs 5 = 5ω Ls I a 5 = 5ω Ls ⋅ 0.15 I d → 5ωLs ⋅ 0.15 I d < 0.03 Vs or I d < 8.13 A
PT
f
100 kHz
ton
ton
⎛ 1 t2 1 t3 ⎞ Vd I d
1.2 Dissipated energy during turn on: ET ,on =
∫ i v dt = V I
0
T T d d ⎜2 −3 2 ⎟ =
⎝ ont t on ⎠ 0 6
ton = 300 . 4 . 1/6 .

150 .10-9 = 30 µJ
Similar for turn off.
Vd I d
Average power: PT = (ton + toff ) / Ts = 200 * (150+300) * 10-9 * fs = 90.10-6 fs (W)
6
PR Pd − PT DVd I d − PT 600 − 9
η= = = = = 0.985
Pd Pd DVd I d 600
N2 N1 DVd 0.4 ⋅ 325
2.1 V0 = D Vd → = = = 26
N1 N2 V0 5
2.2 For steady state operation the transformer should completely be demagnetised in each
cycle or the average voltage across each winding should be zero. For w 3 this means:
N3
DmaxVd = (1 − Dmax )Vd → Dmax = 0.667
N1
2.3 The highest value of D is needed at the lowest input voltage.
N2 N1 V0 26 ⋅ 5
V0 = D Vd → Vd ,min = = = 195V . Because the lowest specified
N1 N 2 Dmax 0.667
input voltage is 200V, the range of D is large enough to handle the input voltage range.
N1
2.3 vsw = Vd + Vd = 325 + 2 ⋅ 325 = 975V !
N3

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