Sei sulla pagina 1di 45

ENVIRONMENTALLY

SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT 1
GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING

Prof Sami Kara


s.kara@unsw.edu.au
Other lecturers/demonstrators:
Dr Shiva Abdoli
s.abdoli@unsw.edu.au
Week 5 Learning Outcomes
• Why costing is necessary?
• What is Life Cycle Costing (LCC)?
• How to carry out a simplified LCC
• What is Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA)?
• Eco-efficiency

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


This Week
• Why ecodesign?

• What is ecodesign/ Design for Environment (DFE)?

• Who uses ecodesign and to whom can ecodesign


communicate?

• Where and when should ecodesign be applied?

• How to implement ecodesign part 1

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


LCE Frameworks and Tools

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Why Eco-design?
1. Eco-Design is a preventive approach, as it is situated before the
decision making.
The design phase is the best life-cycle phase to decrease the environmental impacts. There
are no choices that could have greater impact on the environmental characteristics of the
products than the choices of the designers.

VALUE (as a product or service) Environmental


CUSTOMER
impacts

EcoDesign Materials Process Usage End of Life

Reuse, Recycling, Remanufacturing & Disposal

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Why Eco-design?
2. Environmental requirements from various stakeholders

COMPANY ECONOMIC
IMAGE BENEFITS

REGULATION STANDARD
REQUIREMENT REQUIREMENT

CUSTOMER COMMUNITY
REQUIREMENT REQUIREMENT
Environmental impacts

EcoDesign Materials Process Usage End of Life

Reuse, Recycling, Remanufacturing & Disposal


Life cycle stages of a product

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Why Eco-design?
3. Effective environmental impact reduction
- up to 80%

Prevention instead of end-of-pipe


solutions

4. Enhance innovation
• New design, material etc..
Rebitzer, G., Ekvall, T., Frischknecht, R., Hunkeler, D., Norris, G.,
Rydberg, T., Schmidt, W. P., Suh, S., Weidema, B. P. and
Pennington, D. W., "Part 1: Framework, Goal and Scope Definition,
Inventory Analysis, and Applications," Environmental International,
vol. 30, pp. 701-720, 2004.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Why Eco-design?
5. Cost effectiveness
- Up to 80%

6. Promote competitiveness
- Low production cost

The moral?
Make early decisions wisely.
Make wise decisions early.
[ http://idlab.dal.ca/Products/Courses/EmbeddedSystemsDesign/mod_01/es1-6c.htm ]

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design / Design For Environment Definition

An approach that considers environmental


parameters simultaneously with other Customers’ Costs
classical design parameters (customers’ requirements management
requirements, costs, and technical
feasibility) during the design of the product
or service.

DfE practices are meant to develop Technical


products and processes which are more feasibility
environmentally compatible while
maintaining (and in some cases even Environment
exceeding) price, performance and quality
standards.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design
• Many different fields of research concerning Eco-design exist, addressing:

•LCA, SLCA  evaluate environmental impacts


•LCC  evaluate life Cycle costs
Design for x:
- Reuse
- Recycling
- Disassembly
- Remanufacturing
- Different materials
- Different processes
etc.

[Jaco Huisman, 2003, The QWERTY/EE Concept Quantifying Recyclability and Eco-Efficiency for End-of-Life Treatment of Consumer Electronic Products. PhD Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands]

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Key Elements & Considerations
Material stage: Optimization of :
• Use less material, resources • production techniques
(dematerialisation)
• distribution system
• Selection of low-impact
materials • functionality and service life

Manufacturing process stage: • initial lifetime

• Reduction of energy use


• Produce less pollution and End-of life stage:
waste • Reduce the environmental
Usage stage: impact of disposal

• Reduction of use phase • end-of-life system


impacts • make re-use and recycling
easier

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Key Elements & Considerations
In addition, designers are encouraged to produce products which will:

• Lead to shared product use (e.g. Car clubs or rental services),

• Integrate product functions (e.g. Combined scanner, printer, copier, fax), and

• Optimise functions (e.g. Better design to reduce over packaging)

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Tools for Implementation
Organizational/Management Marketing and Communications
• Environmental Management Systems – Corporate Environmental Reporting
• Stakeholder Engagement – Eco-Labelling
• Corporate Environmental Reporting – Stakeholder Engagement
• Life-Cycle Management
Production & Distribution
Product Design & Development – Eco-Efficiency Analysis
• Design for Environment – Industrial Ecology
• Eco-Efficiency Analysis – Pollution Prevention
• Life-Cycle Assessment – Life-Cycle Costing
• Environmental Risk Assessment
• Integrated Product Policy (IPP)
Facilities Management/Project
Development
Suppliers/Purchasing – Green Building Design
• Environmental Supply Chain – Environmental Impact Assessment
Management – Environmental Management Systems
• Green Procurement – Stakeholder Engagement
[Source: World Business Council for Sustainable Development]

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Who should be Involved?
From a company perspective: Designers and engineers

• They would adopt Eco-design to ensure that an entire product/ service life cycle
satisfy the four main objectives (customer requirements, cost, quality and
environment).

• This can be achieved by making wise decisions such as: envisaging every possible
EoL strategies, such as design a fully recyclable (around 95%) product 
requirement to manage the recycling at the End of Life of the products, by suppliers.

• Outsourcing of polluting activity to some region of the world where regulations are
less demanding could also be avoided.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Who should be Involved?
• From a client perspective: Green consumers

− Green consumers mean big business, an estimated $500 billion (2008).

− But only a small segment of green consumers, known as behavioural greens, are
likely to spend the extra cash on environmentally-friendly products and services.

− Almost every opinion poll found that:

• Consumers are concerned about climate change (e.g. rising seas and droughts)
• 80-90% of these consumers are concerned about the environmental and social impacts of the
products they buy [Bonini, 2008].
• But, only 30% of consumers are actually buying green products such as carpets made from
recycled fibre and energy-saving computers.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Who should be Involved?
Ranking of consumer purchasing decision:

1. Price
2. Quality
3. Ease of use
4. Availability
5. Eco-friendliness Green consumers

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Who should be Involved?
1. Behavioral Greens: Consumers who think and act green. They have negative attitudes
towards products that pollute the environment and incorporate green practices on a
regular basis.

2. Think Greens: Consumers who think like green consumers but don't always necessarily
act green.

3. Potential Greens: Consumers who don't behave or think along environmentally conscious
lines but remain on the fence about key green issues.

4. True Browns: Consumers who are not environmentally conscious and may actually have
negative attitudes towards media with a heavy environmental focus.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Who should be Involved?
• To sell more green products, businesses need to remove five barriers
between consumers’ intentions and actions.

Barrier Solution
Lack of awareness of eco-friendly goods Educate consumers
Negative perceptions of green products Build better products
Distrust of green claims Be honest
Higher prices Offer more
Low availability Bring the products to the people

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Who should be Involved?
• Consumers want to act green, but they expect businesses to lead the way

•Businesses should educate consumers about the benefits of green products and
create green products that meet consumers’ needs.

• For example: Most of the time customers own the product until the end of the
usage phase and most products are incinerated or landfilled.

•Manufacturers (OEMs), local authorities and independents can educate


customers to be more sensitive to the product’s take-back as the quality of the
recovered product is essential in order to make it possible to remanufacture the
product.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: How to Convey the Message
•A broad range of activities ranging from business-to-business transfer
of product-specific environmental information, to Eco-labeling in retail
marketing.

•The overall goal of Eco-labeling is to:


• encourage the demand for, and supply of, products and services that are
environmentally preferable through the provision of verifiable, accurate and non-
deceptive information on environmental aspects of products and services.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: How to Convey the Message
• Three types of environmental labelling exist: Eco-labels, Self
declarations and Eco-profiles.

Australian eco-label

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: How to Convey the Message
1. Eco-labels or environmental label are official certifications. To
obtain it, multi-criteria analyses for the whole product life cycle are
required. Then, the Eco-label can be applied on the product. LCA is
often used to assess the cradle-to-grave of the product

• Only a limited set of products carry labels, because the different


countries have to define the criteria in order to take them into
account and the level to satisfy for each criteria (Global Eco-
labelling Network Certification)

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: How to Convey the Message

2. Self declarations are informative environmental self-declaration


claims. These are the responsibility of the producer/manufacturer.

• They are not controlled and can be very misleading for consumers
who are not aware of the official eco labels.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: How to Convey the Message

3. Eco-profiles or environmental declaration quantified environmental


data of a product, under pre-set categories of parameters which are
set by a qualified third party and based on Life Cycle Assessment,
and verified by that or another qualified third party.

•The firms can than chose to show how they have improved several
criteria while comparing two solutions. The problem here is that
sometimes impact transfers occur are not presented.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: How to Convey the Message
•When to apply eco-labelling?
• When communicating the environmental performance of the product
or service that is of value to customers or other important stakeholders

• The choice of which type of label to use should be informed by an


understanding of your customer/stakeholder information needs

• Receiving or creating the label may involve a considerable amount of


data collection

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: How to Convey the Message
• Australian‘s Eco-label is given as an example:

• The Australian Environmental Labelling Association Inc. manages the Australian


Eco-label Program, an independent organisation recognised as the Australian
member of an international network of eco-labelling schemes. The organisation is
a non-profit organisation with management representation from Australian
industry, environmental organisations, scientific and technical professionals and a
wide spectrum of stakeholders.

• The program is self-declared to ISO 14020 - Third Party Environmental


Declaration and Labelling Programs. The program currently has some 60
products certified under this framework.

• http://www.geca.org.au/publications/INDUSTRY%20%20PROPOSAL.pdf

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Where and when to apply?
Classical design approaches
• Numerous design methods exist and have been referenced by
several authors.

• The Systematic Design approach [Pahl&Beitz 1996], first put forward


in 1970 by Professors Pahl and Beitz, is now recognised world-wide.

• Pahl and Beitz postulate that the process for finding a solution to a
design problem is identical to that used for solving problems of a
more general nature.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Where and when to apply?
Classical design approaches
• When the engineers design, they follow an approach which
comprises certain fundamental activities:

1. formulation of needs and problems,


2. the search for alternative solutions,
3. evaluation,
4. documentation and communication of results.

• Pahl and Beitz divide the design activity into four distinct phases
which are organised according to a process which is a priori and
sequential.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Where and when to apply?
• The four phases are:

• Plan and clarify the task


• Conceptual design
• Embodiment design
• Detailed design

• Simultaneous Consideration is the


key, which requires an “Integrated
Design”

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Where and when to apply?
• This approach is still a reference for
designers but need to be adapted.
Indeed, for firms to be competitive
nowadays, product design approaches
must increase the product quality but the
product development time must also
decrease.

• Meaning: Numerous different design


tasks that previously were realised
sequentially must now be conducted
simultaneously.

• Those new considerations lead us to the


Integrated Design approaches.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Where and when to apply?
Integrated Design: means designers have to imagine what could
happen for the product in the future and to imagine the product in its
different life phases in an integrated manner.

Integrated design for a product


Customers’ means:
Besoins du Globally
Solution
client
Requirements optimized
globalement
optimisée
Solution to find the best compromise which
satisfies the requirements of all
the actors of the whole product
lifecycle.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Where and when to apply?

Integrated Design

• Involve all actors (e.g. designers, engineers, sales etc.) that have a part in
the product life cycle.

• Organise cooperative times when they can share their ideas, and individual
working time when the different experts have to find solutions related to their
own experience.
Eco-design: Where and when to apply?

Integrated Design

Challenge: is to manage knowledge and teams of designers in this new design


approach that considers all aspects of the product life cycle.

• One solution is in the development of tools and methods to help the first
reflections related to the product life cycle. It is then necessary to provide
designers with tools that can incorporate their new, specialist knowledge along
with emerging, expert knowledge in other fields.

Sustainable product development has to follow those rules as well to provide


successful results and moreover has to generate more knowledge in this field.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Characteristics

• In theory, the Eco-design approach is based on two


fundamentals:

1.Life cycle approach

2.Multi-criteria approach from the environmental perspective


(water, air, soil, noise pollutions, waste, energy and raw material)

• Both characteristics of Eco-design (multi-criteria and


multi-life-cycle steps) are pillars of the approach.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Characteristics

1.The life cycle approach considers all product impacts along the
life cycle, from “cradle to grave”.

− The system is decomposed into elementary processes (raw material


extraction, raw material transport and first transformation). Then, the
approach takes into account all of these elementary processes and tries
to reduce their impacts by changing the product definition.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Characteristics
2. The multi-criteria approach considers the product lifecycle in a
set of environmental impact categories such as the greenhouse
effect, the ozone depletion, the acidification and the biodiversity.

− This approach is necessary because design choices can produce an impact


on certain environmental impact categories, transferring the ecological hot
spots from one environmental impact category to another.

− Often, the decrease of the greenhouse effect increases another impact.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Industry Approaches
• In practice, there are several industrial approaches.

•Often, the first step toward the integration of environmental


concerns into the design process was visible (and is still present in
many firms) as “blacklists” - lists of substances or materials that
must be avoided depending on their real or estimated impacts.
These lists can evolve, depending on the most immediate ecological
problem.

•Although this approach is very easy (use or not use), it is very


limited compared to the ability of a designer who can improve a
product.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Industry Approaches

• The environmental quality of products can be improved


significantly if the information on what to do is available, and if a
designer is trained to follow it as normal operating practice.

•In reality, it is not that simple to consider the life cycle concept in a
design team.

•Industrial approaches often begin at higher levels of design before


getting into any complexities. Designers’ use of quantitative tools
can help to reduce the environmental impacts and to avoid
pollutant transfers.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Industry Approaches
Therefore, Industrial approaches
often start by focusing on the Organisation
actions and measures of the firm’s approach
consumption and waste.

• This “organisation/site approach” is Product A product


limited to the frontier of the firm or of its approach Goes through
several plants
manufacturing plant.

• The “product approach” complements


A plant
the organisation approach by taking
Manufacture several
into account all life cycle stages of the products
product.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Industry Approaches

Two main categories of analysis are used


to perform Eco-design on products as
Organisation
depicted in the figure.
approach

1.Exhaustive Analysis:
Product A product

• The comprehensive assessment (all approach Goes through


several plants
environmental criteria and all life cycle
steps) and the research of design
alternatives to reduce the main
environmental problems (hot spots), A plant
while taking into consideration the Manufacture several
products
possible transfers of pollution.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Eco-design: Industry Approaches

Two main categories of analysis are used to


Eco-design products as depicted in the figure.
Organisation
approach
2.Selective analysis:

• The research of design alternatives to Product A product

reduce the environmental problems for one approach Goes through


several plants
or two identified environmental impact
categories (such as energy and greenhouse
gases) while taking into consideration the
possible transfers of pollution. A plant
Manufacture several
products

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Example: Eco-designing of an Office Chair
• This example is given to demonstrate a case study of “Steelcase” company which
applied the eco-design into their product, an office chair. The company applied the
eco-design in all product life cycle stages from increasing the recycled content in
the material stage until increasing the recyclability of the product at the end-of-life
stage.

http://www.seeproject.org/images/file/Workshop%20-%20Copenhagen/Design%20as%20a%20Solution%20-%20The%20Cradle%20to%20Cradle%20Approach%20-%20Steelcase.ppt

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Example: Eco-designing of an Office Chair

Source: Borghero (2009)

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Example: Eco-designing of an Office Chair
• Ensure our products contain the highest possible recycled content

• Reduce the number of components for quick and easy disassembly and
effective recycling

• Ensure the absence of heavy metals and harmful substances (no PVC,
Chrome 6 replaced by Chrome 3)

• Shrink packaging volumes to save fuel and reduce CO2 emissions

• Ensure the recyclability of our products (materials choice and design for
disassembly)

Source: www.seeproject.org/images/file/Workshop%20-%20Copenhagen/Design%20as%20a%20Solution%20-%20The%20Cradle%20to%20Cradle%20Approach%20-%20Steelcase.ppt.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA


Concluding Remarks
• Eco-design can help to reduce both environmental impact and
costs incurred during product life cycle stages.

• Eco-design/ Design for Environment (DFE) is a tool/approach to


improve environmental impact performance of a product

• Eco-design should be integrated in product development at an


early design stage

• Eco-design can be viewed through organisation and product


approaches.

GSOE9340 LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING by S.KARA

Potrebbero piacerti anche