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WRIGHT
HENRY FROWDE, ILA.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH
NEW YORK AND TORONTO
-"
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CLARENDON PRESS SERIES
AN
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SECOND EDITION
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
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1906
OXFORD
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON
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PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
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PRINTED IN ENGLAND.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
of
is,
In an elementary book like the present it course,
impossible even to state all the phenomena of sound-change
peculiar to the Old High German language as whole,
a
especially when one attempts to make discrimination
a
between the Upper German and Upper Franconian dialects.
have, however, endeavoured to bring within comparatively
a
I
a
sound elementary knowledge of the language as will enable
him to pursue his further study of German with little di i
]. WRIGHT.
JOSEPH WRIGHT.
I
I
CHAPTER I.
ALPHABET AND Pxonuncuvrron . .
2_7
The OHG. alphabet
Pronunciation of the OHG.
(5 4).
vowels (55 5-6). Pronunciation of the OHG. consonants
(5 7). Phonetic survey of the OHG. sound-system
(55 8-11). Stress (5 12).
CHAPTER II.
THE Pnmrrrvn GERMANIC
EQUIVALENTS oF THE INDO
GERMANIC VOWEL-SYSTEM . .
.
The Indo-Gennanic
vowel-system (5 13). The short
vowels (§§ 14-18); the long vowels (55 19-28); the
diphthongs (55 24-9); the Indo~Germanic
vocalic nasals
and liquids (§§
30-3).
CHAPTER III.
THE PRIMITIVE GERMANIC
VOWEL-SYSTEM . rr-r4
Table of the Primitive Germanic
The change of a to i
(5 36). The
vowel-system (5 84).
change of o to l (§ 37).
The change of i to s
(§ 38). The change ol'u to 0,
1'1
39). Primitive
Germanic period
(5
40).
X CON TEN TS
PAGES
CHAPTER IV.
THE OHG. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GENERAL
GERMANIC
VowEL-svsTEM . . . . . .
14-21
Umlaut (5 41). The short vowels
(55 42-7); the long
vowels (55 48-53); the diphthongs
(55 54-6).
CHAPTER V.
THE OHG. DEVELOPMENT OF THE
PRIMITIVE GERMANIC
VowELs OF UNACCENTED SYLLABLES . . .
21-5
The vowels of nal syllables (55 57-9); the vowels
of
other than nal syllables (55
60-3).
CHAPTER VI.
THE FIRST SOUND-SHIFTING, VERNER s
LAW, AND OTHER
CONSONANT CHANGES WHICH TOOK PLACE IN THE
PRIMITIVE GERMANIC LANGUAGE
25-34
The Indo-Germanic consonant system
(5 65). The rst
sound-shitting : the tenues (5 66); the mediae
(5 67); the
tennes aspiratae the mediae aspiratae
(5 68) ;
(55 69-71).
Vemer s Law (5 72). Other consonant changes
(55 73-7).
Table of Primitive Germanic
consonants (5 78).
CHAPTER VII.
SPECIALWEST GERMANIC MODIFICATIONS OF THE
GENERAL GERMANIC
CONSONANT-SYSTEM. THE HIGH
GERMAN Sounn-sI-rIFTING, 8cc.
34 40
The change of medial z to r and the loss of nal 2 (5 7 9).
The gemination consonants before a following j
of
(5 80).
The gemination of p, t, k
before a following r
(5 81).
Table of the Primitive HG.
explosives and spirants (5
The OHG. shifting of the 82).
voiceless explosives (55
The OHG. shifting of the 83-4).
voiced explosives and spirants
(5 85). Summary of the HG.
sound-shifting (5 86).
Verner s Law in OHG.
(5 87).
C ON TEN TS xi
PAGES
CHAPTER VIII.
THE 0116. Consorum'rs m GENERAL . . 41-4
Simpli cation of double consonants (5 89). The semi
vowels (55 90-1); liquids and nasals (5 92); labials
(5 98); gutturals (5 94); dentals (5 95).
CHAPTER 1X.
DECLENSION oF Nouns . . . . . . . 45-55
A. The strong declension: Masculine and neuter
a-stems (55 97-101); masculine and neuter ja-stems
CHAPTER X.
DECLENSION 0F ADJECTIVES . . . . . 55-64
A. Strong declension (55 187-44). B. Weak declen
sion (55 145-6). C. Declension of participles (55 147-8).
D. The comparison of adjectives (55 149-52). Appendix:
Formation of adverbs from adjectives (5 153); Compari
son of adverbs (55 154-5). Numerals :- Cardinal and
ordinal numerals (55 156-9) ; other numerals (5 160).
CHAPTER XI.
Pnonouns . . . . . . . . . 64-9
Personal (5 161); re exive (5 162); possessive (55 163-4);
demonstrative (55 165-7); relative (5 168); interrogative
(55 169-70); inde nite (5 171).
XII CONTENTS
PAGES
CHAPTER XII.
Venus . . . . . . . 69-89
Classi cation of the OHG. verbs, and the OHG. ablaut
series (55 172-3).
A. Strong Verbs : The conjugation of the model strong
verb néman (5 174). Class I (5 176); Class II (5 177);
Class III (5178); Class IV (5 179); Class V (5180);
Class VI (5 181); Class VII (55 182-4).
B. Weak Verbs : Classi cation of the OHG. weak verbs
(5 185) ; rst weal: conjugation (55 186-91); second weak
conjugation (5 192) ; third weak conjugation (5 193).
CHAPTER XIII.
SYNTAX . . . . . . . . . . 90-:
Cases (55 207-9). Adjectives (5 210). Pronouns (5 211).
Verb! (55 212-3).
TEXTS:
I. TATIAN . . . . . . . . . 93-116
II. Psnuas . . . . . . . . . rr6-7
III. Sr. EMMERAMER Gamer . . . . . . [17-8
IV. O'rrmm . . . . . . . . . 119-35
V. DAS Lunwrcsunn . . . . . . . 135-7
VI. CHRIST AND THE WoMAN or SAMARIA . . . 137-8
VII. MUSPILLI . . . . . . . . . 139-41
NOTES . . . . . . . 143-1
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . 148-76
nu
GRAMMAR
INTRODUCTION
§1. By Old High German (OHG.) we mean the High
German language from the beginning of its earliest monu
ments in the eighth century up to about the end of the
eleventh century. This book treats principally the language
as it obtained in the ninth century.
§2. OHG. forms one member of the West Germanic
division of the Germanic (Teutonic) branch of the Indo
Gerrnanic family of languages.
The Germanic branch consists of :
1. Gothic.
II. Old Norse (Scandinavian), which is sub-divided into
two groups :
East Norse, including Swedish, Gutnish, and Danish.
West Norse, including Norwegian and Icelandic.
III. West Germanic, which is composed of Old English
(015.), Old Frisian, Old Saxon (08.), sometimes called Old
Low German, Old Low Franconian (Old Dutch), and Old
High Gennan.
§ 3. In OHG. we have to distinguish three dialect groups :
1. Upper German (UG.), spoken in the highlands of
South Germany, and consisting of the Alemanic and Bavarian
dialects.
II. Upper Franeonian (UFr.), consisting of East Franco
nian (the dialect spoken in the old duchy of Francia Orientalis)
WRIGHT B
2 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
A. THE VOWELB
5. The OI-IG. vowel-system was represented by the ve
§
ia), l0 (so), in, on (au), and no (net), the latter having the
value of diphthongs.
a
§
quantity.
The short vowels u, and the long vowels
e,
o,
i,
5.,
i,
in,
1'1,
a
C.
" 6
Q1 7
GRAMMAR 3
B. THE CONSONANTS
k,
following letters : -b, 0, ch, d,
(i,
*j
e, g),
1,
1,
p, q, r, s, th (dh), u (v), *w (uu, u, uv, vu, W), x, z.
t,
The letters m, n, p, and had nearly the same
b,
d,
k,
1,
t
values as in English. The remaining letters require special
-
attention.
had twofold pronunciation. It had the sound of English
a
i,
bination sc) had the sound of ts, like NHG. 2, as lucil,
it
lz' le, co, to. But, on the other hand, sceidan, to sever,
where sc was pronounced like the sch in the English word
school.
ch mostly represented single (guttural spirant) sound
a
express the a ricata kh, i.e. +the olz sound in Scotch looh,
k
dag, OE. drag, day; OHG. guot, OE. god, good. See
it
a
,1,
and had nearly the same sound as the y in English yet, as
genér (jenér), Goth. jains, 171e, yon; herige (herie), Goth.
harja, Dat. sing. of heri, army.
h,
is
(that
i
in OHG. manuscripts,
j
It
but was represented by (e, g).
i
had nearly the same sound-value as the in English yet,
as nerien from *naajan, to save; hirteo, Goth. hairdié,
of hirti, shepherd
pl.
yon.
occurred only in combination with u as in English.
q
(see
1'
(uv, vu, w), and had the sound-value of English 211 in 201'l.
Paleta, Short 5, e, i
{ Long é, i
§ 9- B. consonants.
p, pp t, tt k, kk
ExP1o81. as Voiceless
{ Voiced b, bb d, dd 8, gg
- a as h, hh (ch)
Spmmts
1
(th ?)
{ q? w
{Vorceless
Voiced th g
[Val-alt m, mm 11, 1m 11
Liquids 1, 11; 1, rr
Semi-vowels w, j
GRAMMAR 7
Stress (Accent).
§12. In all uncompounded words the chief stress falls
upon the stem-syllable and always remains there even when
suffixes and in exional endings follow it. This syllable is
always the rst of the word.
In compound words the chief stress falls upon the stem
syllable of the rst component part if the second part is
a noun or an adjective ; and on the stem-syllable of the second
part if this is a verb or derived from a verb.
8 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
CHAPTER II
THE Pamrrrva GERMANIC EQUIVALENTS oF THE
INDO-GERMANIC VOWEL-SOUNDS.
1'1
,,
Diphthongs ai, oi, oi, au, on, on
Short vocalic 1, m, n,
:
NOTE. I. e, the quality of which cannot be precisely de ned, omitted
is
from the above table' as being of little importance for the purposes of
this book. became a. in all the Indo-Germanic languages, except in
It
the Aryan branch, where became as Gr. arm-"'19, Lat. pater, OIr.
i,
it
atln r, Goth. fadar, OHG. fatter, Skr. pitar- (from *petér-), father.
2. The long vocalic nasals and liquids, as also the long diphthougs
ii, 6l, &c., were of such rare occurrence that they are here left out of
consideration.
(Lat. a, Gr.
14. remained, as Lat. agar, Gr. dypés,
a)
a.
§
Goth. akrs, OS. akkar, OHG. ackar, eld, are Lat. aqua,
;
e)
bear, OHG. OS. OE. beran, to bear Lat. pellis, Gr. ne'hha,
I
I.)
§
6x116,
1|)
6,
Dor. Fri-mp, OE. modor. OS. modar, mother; Lat. f gus,
Gr. Dor. oiyés, oak, Goth. boka, letter of
[leecl, tize alphabet,
1|)
is
(Lat.
it
é
§
i.)
philology, as Lat. edimus, Goth. étum, OE. a'eton, OHG.
62pm, we ate; Lat. ménsis, Gr. jniv, month, Goth. ména, OS.
OHG. mino, moon.
I)
i
22.
I»)
(Lat.
o
§
f1,
(Lat.
6)
p.69,
5
OHG. mirs, mouse; Lat. s s, Gr. 6s, OE. OHG. s , sow, pzg.
24. ai (Lat. we (e), Gr. at, Goth. 6.i, OE. OS. OHG.
é,
5.,
§
a't'Ou, zgm's,
aevum, Gr. aio'w (older aifu'w), Goth.. .iws, OHG. éwa, time,
lgfe-time, eterm'yl.
i,
i
§
heivru, to lend.
§ 27. au (Lat. au, Gr. au, Goth. au, OE. éa., OS. o, OHG.
ou(o)) remained, as Lat. auris, Goth. auso, OE. éars, OS.
OHG. om, ear; Lat. augére, to increase, Gr. a dvu, I in
crease, Goth. aukan, OHG. ouhhon, to add, increase, OE.
Gaeen (pp.), increased, large.
§
29. ou became au (cp. 17), as Indo-Germ. *roudhos,
§
Goth. raups, OE. réad, OS. rod, OHG. rot, red; Indo
Germ. *bhe-bhoudhe, has waked, Goth. baup, OE. bead, OS.
bod, OHG. 10o1:, he mf'ercd.
r
(Lat. or, Gr. op, pa) became ur, ru, as OE. dur
32.
§
Oapaéu,
GRAMMA R II
fadrum, OE. fad(e)rum, tofatllers; Lat. porca, thc ridge
tietween twofurrowr, OE. furh, OHG. furuh, 4rrow.
§ 33. 1
(Lat. 01, Gr. ah, he.) became u1, In, as Goth. mm,
OE. 05. full, OHG. vol, prim. form 'plnés, full; Goth.
wulfs, OE. OS. wulf, OHG. wolf, prim. form *wlqos, Skr.
vi-kas, wol/ I
NOTE. -The u in urn, 1111, 111:, m, ul, lu had the same further de
velopment in the Germanic languages as Indo-Germanic u. See 5 39.
CHAPTER III
THE PRIMITIVE GERMANIC VOWEL-SYSTEM.
§ 34. From what has been said in §§ 13-33, we arrive at
the following vowel-system for the prim. Germ. language :
Short vowels a, e, l, u
Long ,, a, é, i, o,
Diphthongs ai, au, en
NOTE The in the above and similar examples was still a nasalized
5.
1'1
é,
o,
,,
5.,
i,
Diphthongs iii, au, en
The further development of these sounds in Old High
German will be brie y discussed in the following chapter.
CHAPTER IV
THE OHG. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GENERAL GERMANIC
VOWEL-SYSTEM.
6).
kelbir, calves, geeti, guests, beside nom. sing. kalb, gast;
inf. nerien (Goth. naqian), to save; brennen (Goth. bran
njan), burn; heri (Goth. harjis), army;
to lengi, length,
beside lnng, long.
a.
42. Germanic a generally remained unchanged in OHG.,
5
gaet, Goth. gasts, guest; OHG. tag, OS. dag, Goth. dags,
day; OHG. bant 178), OS. OE. Goth. band, he bound;
OHG. OS. Goth. nam 179), he took; OHG. gab 180),
OS. Goth. gaf, he gave.
pl.
1. Before ht, hs, or consonant+w, maht, power,
as
mnhtl wahsit, he grows, inf. wahsan; bi-acatwen from
;
'scatwjan, to shade.
a. In Upper German before 1+consonant, before hh, ch
k,
as help,
beside inf. hélfan, béran, géban; OHG. sibun, OS. sebun.
16 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
i
§45. Germanic i remained in OHG., as OHG. ak,
OS. OE. sc, Goth. sks, sh; OHG. wituwa, OS. widowa,
OE. widewe, Goth. widuwo, widow, OHG. wiq-aim, OS.OE.
. Goth. witan, to know; OHG. biqqun, OE. biton, Goth.
bitum, we bzt; pp. OHG. gibiqqan, OE. biten, Goth. bitans,
bit/en.
I].
Germanic u remained in OHG., as OHG. OS. OE.
§ 47.
sunu, Goth. sunus, son; OHG. OS. wurm, stem wurmi-,
worm; OHG. huggen, OS. huggian, Goth. hugan, to think ;
OHG. wullin, woollen, guldin, golden, beside wolla, wool,
gold, gold; wurken from older *wurkjan, to work, beside
pret. worhta; pret. pl. OHG. butun, OS. budun, OE.
budon, Goth. budum, we o 'ered, OHG. inf. biotan (§ 177) ;
pret. pl. OHG. buntun, OS. bundun, OE. bundon, Goth.
bundum, we bound, OHG. inf. bintzm (§ 178), pp. OHG.
gibuntan, OS. g-ibundan, OE. gebunden, Goth. bundans,
bound.
é)
§
a.
OHG., as OHG. tit, OS. did, OE. da'sd, Goth. ga-déps, deed;
OHG. sit, OS. sad, OE. siad, seed; OHG. ritan, OS. ridan,
OE. rédan, to adw'se, Goth. ga-rédan, to re ect upon OHG.
;
VIIIGHT
c
18 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
6
§50. Germanic é, which cannot be traced back phono
logically to Indo-Germanic 20), is of obscure origin. In
e (§
the oldest historic periods of most of the Germanic lan
guages, the two sounds are kept quite apart.
Germanic é (= OS. OE. Goth. é) became developed to ie
during the OHG. period through the intermediate stages of
ea, 1a.. is (Otfrid ia, but beside this also ie) is the OHG.
normal form from about the middle of the ninth century.
All four stages occur at different periods, as e.g. hér, hear,
hiar, hier, OS. OE. Goth. hér, here; OHG. méta, &c., OS.
méda, OE. mod, #91, reward; pret. sg. OHG. rét, 8zc.,
OS. OE. réd, OHG. inf. ritan (§ 183), to admire ; OHG. léq,
&c., OS. OE. lét, he let, OHG. inf. liqan. For other
examples in the preterite of the old reduplicated verbs, see
§ 183.
1
0
o became uo in stem syllables during the
§ 52. Germanic
OHG. period through the intermediate stages 0a., ua. Otfrid
regularly has ua, but Tatian uo. The stage on. does not
occur in Upper Franconian monuments. Examples are :
OHG. fuoq, OS. OE. fot, Goth. fotus, fo0t; OHG. uot,
OS. OE. od, Goth. odus, ood, stream; OHG. fuor, OS.
I
OE. Goth. for, fared, OHG. inf. faran 181) ; OHG.
GRAMMAR 19
11
a1 é,
long close (through the intermediate stage of long open &
é
old 77), and w, as OHG. OS. far, before, Goth. sir, soon,
h
(§
1eh, OE. 16h, Goth. laihr, lent, OHG. inf. lihan 176);
l
(§
wé, OE. wi, Goth. wai, woe OHG. dé, Goth. psi, they.
/;
OHG. heil, OS. hél, OE. hil, Goth. hails, hale, whole, sound ;
OHG. stein, OS. stén, OE. shin, Goth. stains, stone; pret.
sing. OHG. steig, OS. stég, OE. stag, Goth. staig, OHG.
inf. stigan 176), to ascend; OHG. heiqan 183), OS.
hétan, OE. hitan, Goth. haitan, {0 name, call.
an
§ 55. Germanic au (=08. o, OE. 5a., Goth. 6u) became
in OHG. long close o (through the intermediate stages so,
n, and old
d,
long open before the consonants
r,
s,
q,
t,
{>)
1,
77), as OHG. tod, 05. do6, OE. déap, Goth. daupus,
11
death; OHG. rot, OS. rod, OE. réad, Goth. raups, red;
pret. sg. OHG. goq, Goth. gaut, OHG.
OS. got, OE. 558,17,
inf. gioqan, to pour; pret. sg. OHG. OS. kos, OE. céas,
Goth. kaus, OHG. inf. kiosan 177),to choose OHG. OS.
(§
;
1o11, OE. 15m, Goth. hiun, pay, reward; OHG. OS. om, OE.
éam, Goth. auso, ear, OHG. kol, from Lat. caulis, stalk;
OHG. OS. hoh, OE. héah, Goth. h uhs, hzg/z; pret. sg.
OHG. 2oh, OS. toh, OE. 1258.11, Goth. tauh, OHG. inf.
ziohan draw, lead.
to
177),
(§
'
611
CHAPTER V
Tm: OHG. DEVELOPMENT oF THE PRIMITIVE GERMANIC
VOWELS 0F UNACCENTED SYLLABLES.
these and similar forms were made stat for *ateti, place; sun
beside sunu, son; h fu for *hilt, I
help; &c.
'
Later than the shortening mentioned under I, occurred
3.
the shortening which was experienced in dissyllabic and poly
syllabic words by the long vowel, after which an -n or -a
had disappeared, and by the -5 and -o from older -a.i and -a.u,
which were either already nal in prim. Germanic, or had
become so after the loss of -z as well as by the -i which had
arisen from older -iji. In this case a distinction must be made
according as the long vowel originally had the slurred or
the broken accent.In the former case -o became -o and
in the latter case -a. in OHG. This shortening also took
OHG.
pl.
place in prim. High German. Examples are: gen.
tago from *dagon, ofdayx gen. pl. zungono, Goth. tuggc'mo,
;
tonguer; but
;
nom. pl. OHG. taga, Goth. dagos; nom. sg. OHG. hérza,
Goth. hairto, heart; acc. sg. OHG. géba, gz , cp. Gr.
Xa'ipiv; nom. pl. masc. OHG. blinte, Goth. blindai, blind;
loc. sg. used as dat. OHG. tags from *dagai, cp. Gr. o t'xot,
at home; OHG. ahto, Goth. ahtau, ez'ght; gen. sg. OHG.
suno, Goth. sunaus, a son; OHG. w i from *wiliz, thou
of
wilt nom. pl. OHG. gesti from *gastiz, older *gastidiz, cp.
;
bh'nd; acc. man, him; inf. hélfan, to help gen. tagea, qfa
;
day; gen. dat. hanen, hérzen beside nom. hano, cock, hérza,
heart; nom. acc. pl. lembir, Iambr; dat. pl. enstim, to
wourr; nimit, he takes; ubil, an]; acc. hanon, cook;
i4 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
§ 59. If a
nasal or a liquid, preceded by a mute consonant,
came to stand nally after the loss of a, it became vocalic
and then generated a new a. before as nom. acc. éban,
it,
even, from *ébn, older *é bnaz, ébnan nom. acc. fogal, bird,
;
from *fogl, older *foglaz, *foglan; nom. acc.
acchar, acre,
eld, from *akr, older *akraz, *akran &c.
;
The thus generated, became transferred to the
0.,
oblique
cases also, at rst after short syllables, and then later after
long syllables as well, e.g. fogales, wuntare, &c.
heard,
,-
CHAPTER VI
THE Fmsr SoUnn-snrFrrno, VnRnER s LAW, AND OTHER
CONSONANT CHANGES WHICH TOOK PLACE IN rm; PRIMI
rrvz GERMANIC LANGUAGE.
g
tenues p t k q
é
mediae b d g 8
ph th kh qh
it tenues aspiratae
mediae asp. bh dh gh
"s1
8h
voiceless
s
,
Spzrants
voiced
I
{
J.
A'asals m n D
it
Liquids 1'
1,
Semioowels w (13.)
(i)
i
NoTE.- 1. Explosives are consonants which are formed by complete
closure of the mouth passage, and may be pronounced with or without
voice, e. with or without the vocal cords being set in action; in the
i.
former case they are said to be voiced (e. g. the mediae), and in the
latter voiceless (e. the tenues). The aspiratae are pronounced like
g.
get, good, kid, could; whereas the velars are formed by the root of
the tongue and the soft palate (velum). The latter do not occur in
English, but are common in Hebrew, and are generally also heard in the
Swiss pronunciation of literary German. The palatal and velar uasals
only occurred before their corresponding explosives, k, 1'1g IJq, 118. 8w
;
;]
is
The nasals and liquids had the functions both of vowels and con
3.
sonants (cp. 55 13, 30-3). In like manner the semivowels, w (u) and
j ) corresponding to u, i.
are the consonants
k>x. Lat. canis, Gr. nah-w, Goth. hunds, OE. OS. hund,
OHG. hunt, hound, dog; Lat. cor (gen. cordis), Gr. xap8i5,
Goth. hairto, OE. heorte, OS. herta, OHG. hérza, heart;
Lat. deeem, Gr. Se'xa, Goth. taihun, OS. tehan, OHG. zéhan,
ten ; Lat. d ed, I
lead, Goth. tiuhan, OS. tiohan, OHG.
ziohan, to draw, lead.
q>x (Xw). Lat. eapio, I
take, Goth. ha an, OE. hebban,
OS. hebbian, OHG. he en, to raise ; Lat. vinco, conquer, I
Goth. weihan, OHG. wihan, to ght.
Lat. quis, Goth. hras, OE. hwa, OS. hwé, OHG. hwér
(wér), who P; Gr. heiwu (from *leiqo), 1 leave, Goth. leihran,
OHG. lihan, to lend.
§
g
VEBNER'S LAW
72. After the completion of the rst sound-shifting, and
§
while the principal accent was not yet con ned to the root
syllable, uniform interchange took place between the
a
15, d, 5w, 2 when the vowel next preceding them did not,
5,
d, q,
g,
t,
15,
9h.
law manifests itself most clearly in the various
Verner s
forms of strong verbs, where the in nitive, present participle,
present tense, and preterite_'(properly perfect) singular had the
principal accent on the root-syllable, but the indic. pret. plural,
the pret. subj. (properlyoptative), and past participle had the
principal accent on the ending, as prim. Germanic *wérpo>
OE. weor b'e, become= Skr. varta-mi, turn; pret. *warps >
II
II
OE. wear'b,
pl.
pl.
*wurdumi> OE. *wurdum (wurdon is the 3. pers. used
for all persons), we became= Skr. va-vrtima; pp. wurdané.
>OE. worden=Skr. va-vrtina- OS. birid=Skr. bhéa'ati,
;
he bears; 2. pers. sg. pres. indic. passive Goth. bairaza=
a.
language that the principal accent was con ned to the root-syllable.
From what has been said above follows that the inter
it
(wésea).
GRAMMAR 33
linan; Goth. sloht, thou didst strike, inf. alahan; OE. meaht,
OHG. maht, magan; then after the analogy
thou canst, inf.
of such forms were made 2. pers. sg. Goth. waist for
*wais, OE. wast for *wis, OHG. weist for "weis ; regular
forms were pret. sg. Goth. wa rhta, OE. worhte, OHG.
worhta, Goth. inf. walirkjan, work; then after the
to
'RIGHT
D
34 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
Semi-vowels w j (palatal)
To these must be added the aspirate h.
. CHAPTER VII
SPECIAL Wrasr GERMANIC MODIFICATIONS oF THE GENERAL
GERMANIC CONSONANT-SYSTEM- THE HIGH GERMAN
_ SOUND-SHIFTING, &c.
Sp1. an [x
f p s X (h)
Vorceless
{ Voiced b d 5
NOTE.- b occurred initially, medially after m, and in the combina
tion bb (M 70, 80). d occurred in all positions. g occurred medially
after I], as also in the combination gg, and probably also already
initially.
I
§ 83. The only consonants, which were shifted throughout
the whole of the HG. dialects, were the voiceless explosives
p, t, k. The shifting of the voiced spirants and explosives
did not extend over all the HG. dialects. The shifting of
p to d through the intermediate stage (I took place in historic
times; beginning rst in Upper German about 750 A. 1)., it
had gradually extended over all the HG. dialects by the end
of the eleventh century.
catae.
kh(ch),
z),
pf(ph), to (generally written 22 and and see
Here distinction must be made between the various
9.
a
§
dialects.
became pf in Upper German and East Franconian, but
p
r
1
a
§
Prim. Germ.
k k
p
t t t
Goth.
EA
p P
OE.
Pk Ant-s
c
f
R. Franc- (tf) H
f
k k
P
E. Franc. i! H
z
12/
U. German
'
d1 1zl
2
12f #4
Prim. Germ.
b
5
Mp)
b, b,
Goth.
d,
to )
P
5. 5.
8 s
OE.
d,
(f)
D
R. Franc.
(t)
b b
g g
b
E. Franc.
b
20%)
t
ranconian th.
F
pl.
giliwan, from *-li(g)wa.né.s; aha, Goth. alua, Lat. aqua,
water, beside ouwa from *a.(5)wjéi, marshy land.
h ng. fahan 36), to seize, pret. pl. angun, pp.
(§
gifangan.
s r. kiosan, kurun, pp. gikoran
pl.
NOTE. In OHG., and still more in MHG., this law was frequently
disturbed through the effect of analogy and levelling, thus e. g. fulihan
beside farliwan with from the present forms and the pret. sg., so
h
also in uhun, gi ohan, pret. pl. and pp. of johan, to ee; giséhau
beside regular giséwan, pp. of séhan, to see; slahan, to slay, pret.
sg. sluog, beside the rare regular form sluoh, with from the pret. p1.,
g
and in like manner huob instead of huof, with from the pret. pl., inf.
b
86c.
b
72)
(5
;
GRAMMAR 41
CHAPTER VIII
Ti-u: OHG. CONSONANTS m GENERAL.
ected form
grimmér; swimman, to swim, pret. sg. swam; r mnan, to
run, pret. sg. ran nom. sg. man, man, gen. mannes; érgqan,
;
beside pret. sg. as}; nom. sg. kus, kiss, gen. kusses
to eat,
;
spréhhan, spréchan, to speak, pret. sg. sprah; &c.
2. Before other consonants, as kunmm, to know, pret. sg.
konda; kussen, to kiss, pret. sg. kusta; brennen, to burn,
pret. sg. branta &c.
;
The Semi-vowels.
W
90. On the representation of this sound in OHG.
§
to ir,_ye ;
made after the analogy of the pret. and the pres. 2. 3. sg.
ewis, 'ewit; conversely the pret. form frouwita. was
made after the analogy of the inf. and 1. s0. pres. and the
pres. pl.
iww(from original ewj) became iuw, as siuwen from
*5ewjan, to sew, cp. OE. séowian, Goth. siujan; niuwi
from *newja. , cp. Goth. niuJis.
GRAMMAR 43
J
§ 91. On the representation of this sound in OHG.
manuscripts, see § 7, under 3, j.
j seems to have bec cme a spirant (written g) before e, i,
and after r (sometimes written ig), as genér beside jenér, that,
yon; inf. géhan, to confess, pres. sg. gihu, gihis, gihit, beside
iah, pl. iihun ;
pret. sg. nergen, nerigen, beside nerien, to
save; herige beside herie, dat. sg. of heri, army, cp. Goth.
harja.
3, when absolutely nal, became vocalic i, as nom. sg.
heri, army, cp. Goth. harjia. ja (ja) became e in nal
syllables, as nom. pl. sunte, sins, from *auntie ; kennen, to
Labials.
§§ 84-86. From what has been said there and in §§ 66, 89, 3,
it will be seen that OHG. f
is of twofold origin, i.e. it equals
Germanic f or Germanic 9. On the representation and pro
12'.
Gutttu'als.
Dentals.
ACCIDENCE
CHAPTER IX
DECLENSION OF NOUNS
§ 96. OHG. nouns have two numbers, singular and plural;
three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter, as in DE,
from which the gender of nouns in OHG. does not materially
di er; ve cases, Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative,
and Instrumental. The Instr; case does not occur in all
declensions. The Voc. is like the Nom. OHG. nouns are
divided into two great divisions, according as the stam
originally ended in a vowel or a consonant. Nouns whose
stems originally ended in a vowel belong to the vocalic or
so-called strong declension. Those whose stems originally
ended in -n belong to the weak declension. All other
consonantal stems will be put together under the general
heading, Minor Declensions.
MASCULINE- NEUTER.
Plur. Nom. Acc. taga, -a,
wolft
Gen. tago worto
Dat.ta.gum,-om; wortum, -om ;
is,
however, questionable whether the form
tagi did really exist in OHG. -un, -on are the usual dat. pl. endings
of the ninth century
(5
92).
98. Like tag are declined most OHG. masculine nouns,
§
g.
nom. Petrus, acc.Petruse.n; acc. truhtinan.
101. Like wort are declined barn, clu'ld, sér, pain, swért,
§
§102. b. ja-stems.
MASCULINE. NEUTER.
Sing. Nom. Acc. hirti, herdrman kunni, race
Gen. hirtes kunnes
Dat. (hirtie); hirte (kunnie); kunne
Instr. hirtiu; hirtu, -o kunniu; kunnu, -0.
GRAMMAR 47
MAscuLrNE. NEUTER.
Plur. Nom. Acc. hirte; hirta, -a kunni
Gen. hirteo, -io; hirto kunneo, -io; kunno
Dat. hirtum, -un, -on kunnum, -un, -on
hirtim, -in kunnim, in.
Nom. The forms in spaced type are the usual ones of the ninth
century. The neuter nouns of this declension frequently end in -iu or
-u in the nom., acc. pl. in Tatian.
c. wa-stems.
Mascuumr. Nauru.
Sing. Nom. Acc. snéo, sné, snow kneo, knee
Nom. On the forms of the nom. sg. see § 90. When the w is
preceded by a consonant an a. (sometimes 0, e) is developed in the
oblique cases, thus nom. neut. tréso, treasure, gen. trésawes; nom.
masc. scato, shadow, gen. ucntawen, see 5 68.
48 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
2. The o-declension.
SING. PLUR.
Nom. Acc. géba, ggfl gébi.
Gen. géba, -u, o gébc'mo
Dat. gébu, -o' gébom, -on, -on.
§ 109. b. jo-stems.
Smo.
N. aunts, sin; suntaa, -ia.; sunta. kuningin, queen
A. ,, ,, ,, kuninginna; -in
G- n n n klm-i-nginna'
D. suntiu . suntu kuninginnu
GRAMMAR 49
PLUR.
N. A. lunte; suntea, 46.; sunti kuninginné.
G. nunteono; suntono kuninginnono
D. sunteom; suntom, kuninginnom,
~on -on.
NOTE The forms in spaced type are the ordinary ones of the ninth
century and do not differ from those of géba.
3. The i-declension.
§114. The OHG. i-declension contains masculine and
feminine nouns only. The -i was dropped regularly in the
nom. and acc. sg. of nouns with long stems, after the
analogy of which it was also dropped for the most part in
those with short stems. See § 57. Cp. the corresponding
distinction in OE.
a. Masculines.
SING. PLUR.
Nom. Acc. gast, guest gesti
Gen. gastes gesteo, -io ; gesto
Dat. gasta gestim, -in; -en
Instr. gastiu, gestiu ; gastu.
NOTE.- On the consonantal combinations which prevent umlaut from
taking place where it might be expected, see § 43.
4. The u-decleneion.
§117. The u-declension no longer existed in OHG. as an
independent declension; the nouns originally belonging to
it having been for the most part transferred to the i-de
clension and also a few to the a-declension. Below will be
found a summary of the more frequent traces of this
declension still existing in OHG.
a. Maaculines.
Situ, custom, fridu,peace, hugu, understanding, sigu,
§ 118.
victory, witu, wood, sunu (beside sun) retained their u in
the nom., acc. sg. (§ 57, 2); in the other cases they followed
the i-declension.
b. Neuter.
§119. Fihu, cattle, retained the u in the nom., acc. sg.
(§ 57, 2), in the gen. and dat. sg. it had the same endings as
wort, word.
c. Feminine.
§ 120. Knnt was declined like anst, except that in the dat.
retained the old u-endings hantum, -un, -0n; CP
pl.
it
a. Masculines.
SING. PLUR.
Nom. hano, eoek hanon, hanun
Acc. hanon, hanun hanon, hanun
Gen. hanen, hanin hanono
Dat. hanen, hanin hanom, -on.
b. Neuters.
SING- PLUR.
Nom. Acc. hérza, leart hérzun, -on
Gen. hérnen, hérzin hérnono
Dat. hérzen, hérzin hér2om, -on.
c. Feminines.
SING. PLUR.
Nom. zunga, tongue zungun
Acc. sungr'm zungr'm
Gen. Iung n zungono
Dat. zungr'm zungom, ~6n.
§ 123. Like hérza. are declined ouga, eye, om, ear, wanga,
eheek.
C. MINOR DncnmrB1onB
1. Monosyllabie Consonant Stems.
§125. a. Masculines.
SING. PLuR.
Nom. Acc. man, man man
Gen. mannes manno
Dat. man, manna mannum, -un; -om, -on.
NOTE. -eoman, ioman, neoman, nloman, no one, have
some one,
the pronominal ending -an in the acc., thus oomannan, neomannan.
nan, and, tooth, and thoq, aot, have passed over into the i-declen
sion, the latter, however, retained the consonantal endings -nm, -un, -on
in the dat. plural.
2. Stems in -r.
§128. To this class belonged: tater, father, bruoder,
brother, muoter, mother, tohter, daughter, and sweater,
sister.
54. OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
NOTE. fateres, fatere and the pl. forms have been made after the
analogy of the a-stems.
3. Stems in -nt.
§ 132. To this class belonged present participles used as
nouns (for the in ection of the participles themselves, see
§ 147).
SING. PLUR.
Nom. Acc. friunt,friend friunt; friunti, -a
Gen. friuntea friunto
Dat. friunte frluntum, -un, -on.
CHAPTER X
DECLENSION OF ADJ'ECTIVES
§136. Adjectives are declined as strong or weak. They
have three genders, and the same cases as nouns. The end
ings of the strong declension partly nominal and partly
are
pronominal (the latter are given in italics). The nominal
endings are those of the a- and o-declension. The strong
declension is divided into pure a-, o stems, ja-, jo-stems, and
wa-, wo-stems, like the corresponding nouns.
A. S'raono DECLENBION
1. Pure a-, 6-stems.
§ 137. lllase. ZVeut. Fem.
Sing. Nom. blintér, Mind blintaa blintiu
Acc. blintan blintas blinta.
Gen. blintes blintes blinteri?
NOTE. I. The nom. case sg. and 151., all genders, has often an un
in ected form, so also the acc. sg. neut., as blint. This remark applies
to all adjectives of the strong declension. See 5 210.
The nom. sg. fem. and the nom., acc. pl. neut. frequently end in
2.
-u (blintu) in Upper Franconian.
3. Adjectives ending in -a1, -ar, -a.n with long stems sometimes drop
the a before a vocalic ending, as bittnr, bitter, gen. bittres. See 5 59.
2. ja-, jo-stems.
§ 139. The ja-, jo-stems differ from the pure a-, ( J-stems
in the unin ected form only, which regularly ends in -i.
§ 140. Sine.
Masc. Neut. Fem.
Nom. sconer, beautiful aconag sconiu
Acc. sconan sconaa scona.
&C. &C. &c.
3. wa-, wo-stems.
§142. This class di ers from the pure a-, o-class in the
unin ected form only. Those adjectives whose unin ected
form ends in -o preceded by a consonant usually develop
an a. (seldom e, 0) between the consonant and the w in the
inflected forms. See § 63.
GRAMMAR 57
§ 143. SING
Masc. Neut. Fem.
ready gar(a.)wag garawiu
N om' {gar(a.)we'r, garwiu
garwe'r { garwa; {
Nom. fawe'r, lzttle fawa; fawiu
&c. &c. &c.
B. WEAK DECLENBION
SING.
lllasc. Neut. Fem.
scono 5c5118. scone.
N om
{ gar(a.)wo { gar(a)wa. { gar(a)wa
&c. &c. &c.
58 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
C. DECLENBION OF PARTICIPLES
§147. The present participle has both the strong and
the weak declension. In the former case it is declined like
in the latter case like blinto. Thus un
aja , jo-stem, and
in ected form némanti, tal ing, salbonti, anornting, habenti,
having.
Strong.
SING.
Mase. ZVeut. Fern.
némantir némanta; némantiu
Nom
{ salbontir salbontaq salbontiu
&c. &c. &c.
Weak.
SING.
lllase. Neut Fem.
némanto némanta, némanta.
Nom'
{salbonto salbonta salbonta
&c. &c. &c.
§ 148. The past participle, like the present, has both the
strong and the weak declension. The unin ected form of
strong verbs ends in -a.n, as ginoman, taken, giritan, ridden ;
that of the weak verbs ends in -t-., as gihabét, had, gisalbot,
anointed.
Strong.
SING.
Masc. ll eut. Fem.
ginomane'r ginomanaa ginomaniu
Nom.
{ gihabétér gihabétaa gihabétiu
&c. &c. &c.
N o'1 E. ln Franconian monuments the su ix -an occasionally appears
as -on, ~en, or ~in in the in ected forms.
GRAMMA R 59
Weak.
SING.
3. Irregular Comparison.
§ 151. The following adjectives form their comparatives
and superlatives from a different root than the positive 2-
Norm Beside the regular forms obaro, &c., the Alemanic dialect
frequently has forms with double comparative endings, as obaroro, &c.,
cp. mériro, méroro.
APPENDIX
NUMERALB
1. Cardinal and Ordinal.
CARDINAL. ORDINAL.
ein, one éristo, furieto
zwei, two ander
dri, tllree dritto
feor, or,jbur feordo, ordo
mf, nf, five mfto, nfto
néhn, six séhnto
eibun, seven sibunto
ahto, eight ahtodo
niun, nine niunto
zéhan, zéhen, ten zéhanto
einlif, eleven einlifto
zwelif, twelve zwelifto
drizéhan, thirteen drittozéhanto
orzéhan, fourteen ordozéhanto
nfzéhan, fteen nftazéhanto
aéhszéhan, sixteen néhstazéhnnbo
*sibunzéhan, seventeen sibuntozéhnnto
ahtozéhan, eighteen ahtodazéhanto
niunzéhan, nineteen niuntanéhanto
zweinzug, twenty zweinzugosto
GRAMMAR -63
CARDINAL. ORDINAL.
driqqug, drizug, fhz rly driqugosto
orzug,forly orzugosto
nfzug, y nfzugosto
séhszug, sz'xg/ séhszugosto
sibunzug, seventy sibunzugosto
ahtozug, ezghty ahtozugosto
niunzug, ninely niunzugosto
zéhanzug
hundred zéhanzugosto
hunt, }
adjectival ending.
64 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
CHAPTER XI
PBONOUNS
§161. 1. Personal.
SING. PLUR.
Nom. ih, I wir
Acc. mih unsih
Gen. min unsér
Dat. mir uns.
GRAMMAR 65
SXNG PLUR.
Nom. d , du, thou
Acc. dih iuwih
Gen. din iuwér
Dat. dir iu.
SING.
Mat-e. Neut. Fem.
siu si, si,
it,
there
Nom. 6r, he ig, .rhe
;
Kékinan, in
4
i4 51a. (ale)
Gen. (sin) is, 55 in (im, -0)
Dat. imu, imo imu, imo 11* (-°)
PLUR.
Nom. aie aiu do
Acc. eia aiu :i0
Gen. h'o iro iro
Dat. im, in lm, in im, in.
NOTE. I. H1 and d1 : were often attached enclitically to the verb,
especially glbuh=gibu ih, ndistu- ndla mi. The
in poetry, as
forms luwih, iuwér were mostly written iuuih, iuuér, sometimes also
iuih, iuér.
2. Beside6r (=Latin and Gothic is, he) appear in some Franconian
monuments the forms hér, hé (-OE. h5, he, he).
Beside the accented forms inan, imo, iro, sin, lie, nio occur the
3.
162. 2. Re exive.
§
SING. Fruit.
Acc. nih, oneself 5ih
Gen. Iin (ii-a.) (lm)
Dat. (1mu, iru) (1m)
WRIGHT
1'
66 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
3. Possessive.
4y
them.
They were declined according to the strong declension,
137.
§
4. Demonstrative.
I!
GRAMMAR 67
SING.
lllasc. Neat. Fem.
Nom. dér daq diu
Acc. dén daq den, din. (die)
Gen. dés dés déra, (déru, -o)
Dat. dému, démo dému, démo déru, -o
Instr. diu
PLUR.
N°m'
dé, den, dia, die diu, (dei) deo, dio
Acc. }
Gen. déro déro déro
Dat. dém, den dém, dén dém, den.
3. Beside the nom., acc. fem. pl. thio occur in F ranconian also this,
rarely thia.
4. dér, &c., when used as a rel. pronoun, frequently had contracted
forms, especially in poetry, as thsih from *thn ih =thaq ih, thinne
thiu uns, zén=ai thén.
PLuR.
N°m'
dése désiu, disiu (thisu) déso
Acc. }
Gen. désero désero désero
Dat. désém, -en désém, -en désém, -en.
NOTE. The nom. sg. masc. is théré!- in Otfrid. The gen. sg. fem. is
thérem in Otfrid, and thérrn. (thérro) in Tatian ; dat. fem. sg. théreru
in Otfrid, and thém (thén-o, thén-s.) in Tatian ; gen. pl. théreto in
Otfrid, and thérero (thén-o) in Tatian.
5. Relative.
6. Interrogative.
§169. The OHG. simple interrogative pronoun had no
independent form for the feminine, and was declined in the
singular only.
Smo.
Mase. Fem. Neut.
Nom. hwér, wér, who hwaa, waq, what
Acc. hwénan, wénan, wén hwaq, wag
Gen. hwés, wés hwés, wén
Dat. hwému, wémo hwému, wémo
Instr. hwiu, wiu.
GRAMMAR 69
NOTE. -I. The initial h was dropped from the beginning of the ninth
century.
2. For the instr. wiu the form bin is also found.
3. A noun following wér was put in the gem, as wér manno, whieh
man, lit. who of men.
7. Inde nite.
§ 171. sum, sumilih, sumalih, a certain one, some one,
declined like a strong adjective.
ein, einig, eining (in negative sentences my , any one),
one,
declined like a strong adjective.
wér, whoever, so wér so, whosoever, étewér, any one.
théhein, déhein, my! one, any; in negative sentences no
one, no, none.
CHAPTER XII
VEBBS
§172. The OHG. verb has the following independent
forms: one voice (active), two numbers, three persons, tWO
Conjugation.
§ 173. The OHG. verbs are divided into two great
classes : -Strong and Weak. The latter form their preterite
by the addition of the syllable 4:s, and their past participle by
means of a t-su x; the former form their pret. and past
participle by vowel gradation (ablaut).
Ablaut is the gradation of vowels both in stem and su ix,
caused by the primitive Indo Germanic system of accentua
tion. The vowels vary within certain series of related
vowels, called ablaut-series. There are in OHG. six such
series which appear most clearly in the various classes of the
strong verbs. We are able to conjugate a strong verb when
we know the four stems, as seen (i) in the in n. or I. sg.
pres. indic., (2) I. sg. pret. indic., (3) 1. pret. indic., (4) pl.
the past participle. By arranging the vowels according to
these four stems we arrive at the following system :
iii. iv.
ii.
i.
ei,
I.
i,
é
i
i
i
III. l(é), a- u u, 0
i i i
IV. a 0
5, é,
V. a
5.
VI. a, a. no no a.
they appear in the stem of the in nitive, and the second the vowels as
they appear in the stem of the I. sg. pres. indicative.
2. On the difference between
eo(io) and in, see 56; i(é) and
i,
$68
I;
5
0, see 39.
5
GRAMMAR 7r
Preten'te.
INmc. Sue].
\
NoTE. !. The ending -st of the 2. sg. does not occur in the oldest
monuments; it arose partly from analogy with the preterite-present
forms kanst, gitarst, &c.,and partly from a false etymological division
of the pronoun from the verb to which it was frequently attached en
clitically, thus nimispu > nimistu, from which nimist was extracted
as the verbal form, cp. the similar process in OE.
2. The ending -més of the 1. pl. properly belongs to the present
indic. and imperative, from which it was transferred by analogy to the
1. pl. subj. pres. and to the pret. indic. and subj.
3. The endings -ém, -én of the I. pl. belong properly to the subj.
pres. only.
4. The ending -\m of the 1. pl. pret. indic. arose regularly from
older -um. See 5 92.
5. The in n. ending -en is due to that of the weak verbs, Class I,
where -en arose regularly. See 5 91.
6. The 2. sg. pret. indie. has always the same stem-vowel uthe
pret. subj. and pret. pl. indie.
The above remarks have merely been made with a view of explaining
the verbal forms with double endings. It must not, however, be assumed
that the forms, which have remained unmentioned, were all regularly
developed from the Germanic primitive language. Some of them were
either OHG. new formations (e. g. 2. pl. indic. and imper., the regular
form of which would be *nimit), or had been modi ed in some way
Partly by analogy and partly by levelling, e. g. the e in némemés, older
form némamea.
GRAMMAR 73
Ablaut-series.
§175. We shall only give in each class a few verbs to
illustrate the gradation of vowels and consonant changes.
All other verbs occurring in the texts will be found in the
glossary referred to their proper class.
§ 1'76. CLASS I.
INFIN. Parr. So. Pxn'r. PL. P.P.
i ii
54
i
i
}§
é
changes 87.
§
to iu 55 u o
§
CLASS III.
§ 178. To this class belong all strong verbs having a medial
nasal or liquid + consonant, and a few others in which the
vowel is followed by two consonants other than nasal or
liquid + consonant.
Those with nasal + consonant have i in the in n. and
throughout the present (§ 37, I) and u in the past participle
CLASS IV.
§ 179. To this class belong strong verbs whose stems end
in a single liquid or nasal, and a few others.
INFIN. PRES.SG. PRE'LSG. PRE LPL. P.P.
6 i a. 5. o
néman, to take nimu nam nimun ginoman
. béran, to bear bim bar giboran
hélan, to hia'e hilu hal hilun giholan
stélan, to steal stilu stal stélun giatolan
quéman, to come quimu quam quimun quoman
Here belong also
spréchan, to speak sprichu sprah aprichun gisprochan
bréohan, to &reak brichu brah brichun gibrochan.
NOTE. Beside the pp. quornan occurs also quéman, formed after
the analogy of Class V. For initial qu6-, qui-, Tatian has co-, cu-.
CLASS V.
§ 180. To this class belong all those verbs having in
4%,
i
the present, and ending in other consonants than those in
Classes III and 1V.
INFIN. PRES.SG. PRET.SG. FRET-PL. RF.
a.
E
ii
5
Norm I. With the a in 5.1;, cp. OE. etan, Lat. édere, to eat, beside
OE. t, Lat. éd-i.
2. On gihu, géhan, beside jah, see § 91.
sitzen from *sitjan, bitten from *bidjan
3.
liggen from *ligjan. See 80. The j (=Gothic bidjan),
5 belonged to the present only.
\._w"
occasionally found in OHG. ; as pret. pl.
foratuotun. For the shorter
present forms, see § 204.
-
4. he en from *hafjtl-n
[=Gothic hafjan, to raise, cp. Lat. Ctlpio];
skephen from *skapjan
(= Gothic skapjan); swerian from *swa-rj -n
See § 80. huob has its b from
the pret. pl. and pp., the regular form
would be *huof. The present tense of these three
verbs follows the
in ection of the weak verbs, Class
I.
5. The regular forms of the 2. and
3. sg. pres. indic. and 2. sg. im
perative of he en were
hevia, hevit, hevi; for the 11 see
5 7 under f.
._This 11 then became transferred to
other forms of the present where
it
GRAMMAR 77
CLASS VII.
§ 182. To this class belong those verbs which had originally
reduplicated preterites like e.g. Greek )\é)\ot1ru. or Gothic hal
dan, to hold, pret. sg. haihald ; létan, to let, pret. sg. lailot ;
okan, to complain, pret. sg. fai ok ; haitan, to eall, pret. sg.
haihéit ; aukan, to increase, pret. sg. aiauk.
The reduplication disappeared in OHG. through the re
duplicated undergoing
syllable contraction with the stem
syllable. Five sub-classes are to be distinguished according
as the present stem contains
a = Prim. Germanic a, Gothic :1.
-
5' = n n a n a
ai- = n n 31 1) 6'i
on (o § 55)= ,, ,, au. ,, an
uo = ,, ,, o ,, o.
Sub-classes 1, 2, 3.
(Otfrid ia) in the ninth century. Tatian has both ac and io.
INFIN. PRET. Se. P.P.
loufan, to run liof -
giloufan
houwan, to hew hio gihouwan
stoqan, to pus}! stioq gistoqan
ruofan, to call riof giruofan.
NOTE Upper German has the preterite forms liuf, bin, and riuf.
B. WEAK VERBB
§185. The weak verbs, which for the most part are
derivatives, are divided into three classes according as the
in nitive ends in -en (from older -ja.n, § 91), ~on, -én (from
older -a.tn).
Three stems are to be distinguished in the conjugation of
weak verbs: the stem of the present, preterite, and the past
participle, which mostly agrees with that of the preterite.
GRAMMAR 79
Class 11..
(= West Germanic pj, ti, kj), have the ending -ta in the
80 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
Present.
Innrc. SUB)
Sing. 1. zellu, neriu zelle, nerie
2. ael-is, ner-is, ist zell-és, neri-és ,'
-ést
3. zelit, nerit zelle, nerie
Plur. r. zell-emés, neri-emés ; -én zell ém, nerl-ém;
-5n, -emés
2. zellet, neriet zellét, neriét
3. zellent, nerient zellén, nerién
IMPER. INFIN.
Sing. 2. zeli, neri zellen, nerien
Gmumn.
Plur. 1. zell-emés, neri-emés; -i§n Gen. ze11ennes, neri
ennes
2. zellet, neriet Dat. nellenne, neri
enne
Pans. PARTICIPLE.
Isllenti, nerienti.
GRAMMA R 8 I
Preterite.
Innrc. Sun].
Sing. 1. salts. zelita, nerita zalti seliti, ne
riti; -i
2. zalt-os zelit-os, nerit-os; -ost salt-is zelit-is
nerit-is; ist
3. zalta. zelita, nerita zalti zeliti, ne
riti; -i
Plur. 1. salt-um zelit-um, nerit-um ; -un, zalt-im zelit-im,
-umés nerit-im; -in,
~imés
2. zaltut zelitut, neritut zaltit zelitit, ne
ritit
3. zaltun zelitun, neritun zaltin zelitin, ne
ritin.
PAST PARTICIPLE.
gizalt gizelit, ginerit.
NOTE I. On the personal endings see 5 174, notes.
2. The forms neriu, neriet, &c., sometimes appear as norm,
nerret, &c.
3. After the analogy of zelis, zelit, the other forms of the present
have single consonants in Tatian.
Class b.
§189. The verbs of this class undergo no consonant
changes in the present.
The preterite ends irK Q in the Upper German dialects
and in Otfrid, while in Tatian it not unfrequently ends in
-ita,. The past participle follows the same rule as the verbs
under Class 11..
Present.
INDIC.
SUB].
Sing. 1. suoohu suoche
2. suoch is; -ist suoch-és; -ést
3. suochit suoohe
Plur. I. suoch-emés; -én
suoch-ém ; -én, -emés
2. suoehet
suochét
3. suochent suochén
IMPER. INFIN
Sing. 2. suochi
suochen
GERUND.
Plur. I. suoch-emés, -én Gen. suochennes
2. suoehet
Dat. suochenne
PRES. PART
suochenti
Preteriz e.
Inmc.
SUB].
Sing. 1. suohta. suohti ; -i
suoht-os; -o5t
2.
suoht-is; -ist
3. suohta suohti ; -i
Plur. 1. suoht-um;
2. suohtut
miD-umés
V suoht-im; -in -im5s
suohtit
3. suohtun suohtin
Pas'r PARTICIPLE
gisuochit.
GRAMMAR 83
Preterz'te.
Innrc.
SUB]
Sing. 1. salbota Balboti; -.i
[&c., like suohta] [&c., like suohti]
PAST PART. gisalbot.
GZ
84 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
NOTE The 1'. pl. pres. indic. and imper. and the whole of the subj.
present have also longer forms salboén, subj. salb6e, &c.,
in the Upper
German dialects.
§ 193. Present.
I
INDIC.
SUB].
Sing. 1. habem; -én, have habe
2.
habés(t) habés(t)
3. habét habe
Plur. I. habémés; habén habém; ~én, habémés
2.
nabs} - habét
3. [habént habén
IMPER. INFIN
Sing. 2. habe habén
GERUND.
Plur. I. habémés; habén Gen. habénnes
2. habét .
Dat. habénne
PRES. PART,
habénti.
Preterz'te.
Innrc.
Sun].
Sing. 1. habéta. habéti; -i
[&c., like suohta] [&c., like suohti]
PAST PART. gihabét.
MINOR GROUPS
A. PBETERITE-PRESENTB
These verbs have strong preterites with a present
§ 194.
meaning, like Gk. 018a, Lat. novi, know, from which new I
weak preterites have been formed. The 2. sg. ends in -t and
has the same stem-vowel as the I. and 3. sg. The following
verbs belong to this class :
§195. I. Ablaut-series.
Weiq, I know, 2. sg. weist; 1. pl. wiqqun (-umés), subj.
wiqqi; pret. wissa (wéssa, Wésta,); in n. wirgqan; pres.
part. wiaqanti ; pp. giwisqan.
Pl. eigun, we have, eigut, eigun; subj. elgi, pp. eigan,
own, as adj. only. The other forms of this verb are
wanting.
§196. II. Ablaut-series.
3. sg. tong,
avails, 3. pl. tugun
zt ; pret. 3. sg. tohta;
pres. part. toganti, inf. wanting.
§199. V. Ablaut-series.
mag, I may, can,maht, pl. mag1m (mugun), subj.
2. sg.
megi (mugi), pret. mahta (mohta), inf. magan (mugan),
pres. part. maganti (muganti).
VI. Ablaut-series.
200. muoq,
§ I
may, must, 2. sg. muost, pl. muoqun, subj.
muoqi, pret. muosa, in n. and pres. part. wanting.
B. VERBS IN -MI
§ 201. The 1. pers. sg. pres. indic. of the Indo
Germanic verb ended either in -6 or in -mi (cp. the Greek
verbs in -w and -|.u., like dae'pu and ri6-qpt, &c.). To the verbs
in ~o belong all the regular Germanic verbs; of the verbs
in -mi only scanty remains have been preserved; they are
distinguished by the fact that the 1. pers. sg. pres. indic.
ends in m which became -n in OHG. in the ninth century.
Here belong the following OHG. verbs :
imper., 2. sg. wis, pl. wéset, inf. wésan, pres. part. wésanti,
pret. 1., 3. sg. was, 2. sg. wi.ri, pl. warun.
NOTE. I. The subj. pres. and the indie. 3. sg. lst, 3. pl. sint were
formed from the root a5-. The forms with b probably arose from a con
tamination of the root es- with the root bheu- (=Lat. fu-). The
regular forms would have been *im, *is, *irum {*irun), *irut.
2. The inf. form sin was an OHG. new formation.
OLDEST
INDICATIVE FORM. TA TIAN. OTFRID.
Sing. 1. tom tuon duan
a. toe tuos(t), t is duae(t), duis(t)
3. tot tuot duat, duit
Plur. I. tomés tuomés, tuon duen
2. hit tuot duet
3. tom: tuont duent, duant
SUBJUNCTIVE
Sing. 1. 3. to tuo (tuoe, tuoa, tue) due
2. tbs t é duost
Plur. 1. tom duen
2. tot tuot
3. ton tuon
IMPERATIVE
Sing. 2. to tuo dua.
Plur. 1. tomés tuomés duemés
2. tot tuot duet, duat
INFIN. ton tuon duan
GER. DAT. tonne tuonne duanne.
PARTICIPLE tonti tuonti
The preterite of tuon is in ected like a verb of the fth
88 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
Present.
Ismcxnvx. SUBJUNCTIVE.
sing. I. w lu (wille, Willa) welle
2. w i(wilis) welléa(t)
3. wili welle
Plur. I. wellemés, wellén wellémés, wellén
2. wallet wellét
3. wellent wellén
INFIN. PRES. PART.
wellen wellenti.
Preterite.
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Sing. 1. wolta. woltt ; -i
[&c., like suohta] [&c., like suohti]
NOTE The present forms of this verb, which have the stem-vowel
e, have 0 in the F ranconian dialects after the analogy of the pteterite,
thus inf. wollen, Bcc.
90 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
CHAPTER XIII
S YN T A X
Cases.
§207. Aceusative. The accusative has much the same
function as in NHG. The verbs ahten, to perseeute, beiton,
to wait for, bigéhan, to c0ry ess, coston, to tempt, govern the
genitive or accusative.
§ 208. Genitive. The verbs gehan, lo mym, coron, fo
taste,sum-gén, to take l/mughtjbr, furlougnen, to deny, take the
genitive. The genitive is sometimes used adverbially, as
alles, else, nalles (= ni alles), not at all, tages, éy day,
heimwartes, homewara's, niuwes, recent] , &c.
§209. Dative. The verbs uohhon, to speak evil of
folgén, to follow, hélfan, to help, thionon, to serve, take the
dative.
Adjectives.
§ 210. The weak and strong forms are used in much the
same manner as in Modern High German.
The comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives
and the ordinal numerals [except ander,
second] follow the
weak declension, as ér ward altero, Ie beeame older ; ér mir
liobosto was, was dearest l0 me; ér aristo,
I;
he ist'. he 11z!
rst.
Adjectives may be used as nouns without the article, as
snél indi kuoni, than; uuas imo gekunni, quiekmss and
boldness were inborn in him; blinto giséhent, halze gangellt,
the Mind see, the lame walk.
Pronouns.
§ 211. Personal pronouns were sometimes omitted, as
sprichist, than ni scalt, thou speakert what thou oughtest not;
faramés, let us go uuard tho, then it mih
I
; happened;
hunglrit, am hungry.
The relative pronoun was generally expressed by dandar},
diu, which however could be omitted, as funtun einan man,
mit namon Simeon hieq, they found a man who was called
b_y
Simeon name.
dér and ér were sometimes used pleonastically, as this
92 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
).
§213. Voice. In the oldest monuments the passive was
expressed by the past participle and one of the auxiliary verbs
wéean, wérdan without any distinction in meaning, thus ist
ginoman or wirdit ginoman = taken, was ginoman or
is
imperfect tenses, and wésan for the perfect tenses; thus wirdit
ginoman = taken; ist ginoman = has been taken ward
1's
1. Prologus. Luke i. 1 4.
2. I. John i. 1-5.
I. In anaginne inti than uuort uuas mit
uuas uuort
gote inti got selbo uuas than uuort. Than uuas in ana
ginne mit gote. Allin thuruh than vvurdun gitan inti
nnan sin ni uuas uuiht gitanes than thar gitan uuas; than ro
uuas in imo lib inti than lib uuas lioht manno. Inti
than lioht in nstamessin liuhta inti nstarnessi than ni
bigri un.
94
OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
v-r
imo.
Inti Zacharias sin fater uuard gifullit heilages geistes
inti uuinagota sus quedanti: Giuuihit si truhtin got
Israhelo, bithiu uuanta uuisota inti teta losunga sinemo
folke inti arrihta horn heili uns in h se Davides sines
knehtes. 8o her sprah thuruh mund heilagero, thie fon
uuerolti uuarun, sinero uuinagono, heili fon unsarén fiian
tun inti fon henti allero thie unsih hannotun, zi tuonne
miltida mit unsarén faterun inti zi gihugenne sinero
heilag1'm giuuinnessi, thero eidburti, thie her suor zi 130
7, VI. Luke
ii.
8 20.
Tho quad iru der heilant: gib mir trinkan. Sine iun
goron giengun in burg, than sie muos couftin. Tho
quad imo uuib than samaritanisga: uueo th mit thiu
H 2
100 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
Judeisg bis trinkan fon mir bitis, mit thiu bin uuib sa
maritanisg? ni ebanbr chent Judei Samaritanis. Tho rgo
antlingita ther heilant inti quad iru: oba th uuessis
gotes geba, inti uuer ist thé dir quidit: gibi mir trinkan,
th odouuan batis fon imo, than hé dir gabi lebénti
uuanz,ar. Tho quad imo than uuib: hérro, th n ni
habés mit hiu scefés inti thiu fuzze teof ist, uuanan habés I95
lebénti uuannar? Eno th bist mEra unsaremo fater
Jacobe, thé dar gab uns den phuzi, her tranc fon imo
inti sina suni inti sin hu ?
Tho antuurtanti ther heilant inti quad iru: giuuelih dé
dar trinkit fon uuannare thesemo, thurstit inan abur, dé 200
dar trinkit fon thesemo uuannare than ih gibu, ni thurstit
zi Euuidu, ouh uuanz,ar, than ih imo gibu, ist in imo
brunno uuannares fspringanti in éuuin lib. Tho quad
zi imo than uuib: hérro, gib mir than uuannar, than mih
ni thurste noh ni queme hera scephen. Tho quad iru 205
der heilant: var inti halo thinan gomman inti quim.
Antuurtanti dan uuib inti quad: ni habu gomman.
Tho quad iru der heilant: uuola quadi, than th ni
habés gomman; th1'i habétos nfgomman inti den th m'i
habés, nist din gomman, than quadi d uuar. Tho quad
imo than uuib: hérro, ih gisihu dan th uuinogo bist.
Unsara fatera in thesemo berge betotun, inti ir quedent,
uuanta in Hierusalem ist stat dar gilimphit zi bettonne.
Tho quad iru der heilant: uuib, giloubi mir, uuanta
quimit zit, danna noh in thesemo berge noh in Hieruso 215
limis betot ir fater. Ir bettot dan ir ni uuinnunt, uuir
betomés dan uuir uuinnumés, uuanta heili fon Judeis ist.
Ouh quimit zit inti n ist, danna thie uuaron betere
betc'mt den fater in geiste inti in ware, uuanta der fater
TA TIAN 101
sulicha suochit dé dar beton inan. Geist ist got inti thé 230
arni.
zi
ir
than
totut, andre arbeitotun intiin iro arbeit ingiengunt.
ir
gantes:
imo quamun the Samaritani, batun inan, than her dar 250
102 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
10. CXXXVII.
137. 1Ther heilant ér sehs tagon ostron quam ci
Bethaniu, thar da uuas Lazarus tot, then dar eruuacta
ther heilant. Mit diu her uuas in Bethania in hise
Simones thes horngibruoder, aforstuont mihil menigi fon
thén Judein then her that ist inti quamun nalles thurah 270
then heilant eckrodo, oh than sie Lazarusan gisahin then
her eruuacta fon tode. Thie Pharisei quathun ci in
selbon: gisehet ir than uuir niouuiht ni dihemés ; sénun
al thisiu uueralt ferit after imo. Thahtun thie héroston
thero heithaftc m, than sie Lazarusan ersluogin, uuanta275
2.
TATIAN 103
ll. CXXXVIII.
138. Maria habénti salbfan salb n fon narthu gitana 280
diura inti gibrohanemo gon ubar sin houbit S linintes
inti salbota sine fuoni inti suarb mit ira locon, inti thazz
h s uuas gifullit fon themo stanke thera salbin. Tho
quad ein fon sinén iungiron, Judas Scarioth, ther inan
uuas selenti: bihiu ni uuirdit thiu salba forcou t uuidar :85
thriuhunt pfennigon inti gigeban thurftigon P Than quad
her, nalles fon thén armon ni gilamf ci imo, oh bithiu
uuanta her thiob uuas inti sehhil habénti thiu thar
gisentidiu uuarun truog siu. Uuarun sume unuuerdliho
tragenti untar in selbén inti quedenti: ziu ist forlust :90
therra salb n gitan? °Uuinnenti than ther heilant quad
in : ziu birut ir hefige themo uuibe? guot uuerc uuirkit
siu in mir. 7Ir habét simbulun thurftigon mit iu, inti
thanne ir uuollét mugut in uuola tuon; mih ni habét ir
simbulun. aSententi thisiu thesa salb n in minan liha- :95
mon teta mih ci bigrabanne. Uuar quidih in, so uuar
gipredigot uuirdit thiz evangelium in alleru uueralti, ist
giquetan inti than thisiu teta in ira gimunt.
oThan gisehenti thie Fariseus thien thara ladota quad
sus in imo selbemo: oba thesér uuari uuinago, her 300
uuessi in giuuesso uuiolih inti uuelih uuib than uuas, thiu
'
John xii. 3.
1'
Mark xiv. 3.
3
Matt. xxvi. 7. John Xii- 3'6
5
Mark xiv. 4. Matt. xxvi. to. "
Mark xiv. 7. Matt. xxvi. 12, 13
in.
335
uuer mir ambahte, mir -folgé: thar ih bin thar ist min
ambaht; oba uuer mir ambahtit, inan gihérét min fater.
N min Inti uuan quidu? Fater,
séla gitruobit ist.
giheili mih fon theru stuntul Thurah than quam in
ih
thesa cit.Fater giberehto thinan namon Quam stemma 34o
l
fon himile: inti giberehtota inti abur giberehtc'm.
Thiu menigi thiu dar stuont inti gihorta quadun than
thonar gitan uuari, andere quadun engil sprah imo.
zi
:
ir
13. CLXIX.
200. IThie kenphon thes graven int engun then
in,
quad: fater, forlan sie
giuueban. 390
:
ni slinénmés sia, oh lionémés fon iru, uues siu si. Than
giscrib uuerde gifullit quedenti: teiltun min giuuati in inti
ubar min giuuati santtun lon. Inti thie kempfon tatun
thisu. Inti sizenti hieltun inan.
204. Inti screib titul Pilatus "sineru sahhu inti 395
sazta obar sin houbit: thiz ist
N
ther heilant
'
azarenisgo,
cuning Judec'mo. Thesan titul manage lasun thero
Judeono, uuanta nah thero burgi uuas thiu stat thar der
heilant erhangan uuas, inti uuas giscriban in ebraisgon
inti in criehisgon inti in latinisgon. Quadun tho Pilatuse 400
thie bisgo 'a Judc'mo: ni curi scriban: Judono cuning.
Tho antlingita Pilatus: than ih screib than screib ih.
205. Tho uuarun erhangan mit imo zuéne thioba,
ein in zeso inti ander in sina uuinistra. 1
Thie furivaren
ton bismarotun inan, ruortun iro houbit inti quedenti:4o5
uuah, thie dar ziuuirp t tempal inti in thrin tagon
in
Matt. xxvii. 34. Lulre xxiii. 34. Malt. xxvii. 35. John xix.
'
"
'
23, 24.
xix. 19; Matt. xxvii. 37. 1°
Matt. xxvii. 38; Mark
John xix. 1942.
'
si,
gisehémés inti giloubémés imo. Her gitr uuét in got,
bithiu erlosit her inan n , ob her inan uuili her quad:
;
uuantih gotes sun bin. ein fon thén thie dar 4r
Than selba
5
hangétun thero thiobo bismarota inan quedenti: ob this
sis Crist, tuo dih selbon heilan inti unsih. Tho antlingita
ther ander, increbota inan sus quedenti: noh th
ni
forhtis got, than th in theru selb n nidarungu bist? inti
uuir giuuesso rehto, uuir uuirdigu tatin intfahemés; 420
thesér uuarliho niouuiht ubiles teta. Inti quad themo
zi
heilante: trohtin, gihugi min mit diu thir cumist in thin
rihhi. Tho quad imo ther heilant: uuar quiduh thir,
hiutu bist mit mir in paradiso.
206. Stuontun nah themo cr ce thes heilantes sin 425
4
32.
xix. 25-27. Deinde dicit discipulo: accepit eam discipulus in sun.
5
a
TA TIAN r09
quad: ih thurstu.
Fan uuas thar gisezzit fol enniches, 44o
inti sliumo liof ein fon in, intfagana spunga fulta sia
enniches inti sazta anan rota inti gab imo trinkan.
'Thode int eng ther heilant then ennih, quad: gientot
ist. Thie andre quadun : 1an ni, gisehémés, oba come
Helias losenti inan. Ther heilant abur ruofenti mihileru 445
'
stemmu : fater in thine henti biviluhu ih minan geist l
57. Tho antlingitun imo sume fon thén buohharin inti 495
Phariseis quedante: meistar, uuir uuollen fon thir
zeichan gisehan. Tho antlinginti quad in: ubil cunni
inti furlegan suohhit zeihhan, inti zeihhan ni uuirdit imo
gigeban, nibi zeihhan Jonases thes uuinagen. Soso uuas
Jonas in thes uuales uuambu thri tagi inti thriio naht, so 500
ist mannes sun in herzen erdu thri taga inti thriio naht.
Thie Nineviscun man arstantent in tuome mit thesemo
cunne inti furniderent uuanta sie riuua tatun in pre
in,
zi
horenne spahida Salamones, sénu hier ist méra thanne
Salamonl Ih quidu in, uuanta manage quamun fon ente
erdirn horen spahida Salamones, inti bithiu hier ist méra
Salamone. Thanne thie uns biro geist ngét fon themo 5w
manne, gengit thuruh thurro steti, suohhit resti inti ni
ndit. Thanne quidit: ih uuirbu in min h s thanan ih
\ingieng, inti quementi ndit zuomigan mit besemen
gifurbit inti gigaruuit. inti nimit sibun
Thanne ferit
geista andere mit imo uuirsiron thanne her si, inti in- 515
gangente artont thar, inti sint thanne thie iungistun thes
mannes uuirsirun thén érirun. So ist thesemo cunne
themo uuirsisten.
Imo noh thanne sprehhentemo thén menigin,
zi
59.
sénu sin muoter inti sine bruoder stuontun ne, suohtun 520
inan Tho
quad imo sum: sénu thin
zi
gisprehhanne.
muoter inti thine bruoder stantent one suohhente thih.
Her tho antlinginti imo sus quedantemo quad: uuie ist
min muoter inti uuie sint mine bruoder Thenita Sim
'
?
hant in sine iungiron inti quad: sénu min muoter inti 525
1' I2 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
76, 5. Sentit thie mannes sun sine engila, inti arlesent 53o
fon sinemo rihhe allu asuih inti thie thar tuont unreht inti
sentent sie in ovan ures, thar ist vvuoft inti stridunga
zeno. Thanne rehte skinent samasc') sunna in rihhe iro
fater. Thie thar habé orun thie bore.
77. Gilih ist rihhi himilo treseuue giborganemo in 535
gagon inti boton inti spahe inti scribera, fon thén slahet
ir inti hahet inti fon thén llet ir in iuuuerén samanungon
inti ahtet fon burgi zi burgi, than queme ubar iuuuih
iogiuuelih bluot rehtan than ergonnan uuard ubar erda, fon
bluote thes rehten Abel io unzan bluot Zachariases thes 615
Barachiases sunes, then ir sluogut untar themo temple
inti themo altere.
gisehet
thisu alliu uuesan, uuinnit than her nah ist in duron.650
Uuar quidih iu, bithiu uuanta ni vorferit thiz cunni Er
thanne alliu thisu uuerdent. Himil inti erda farent, minu
uuort ni vorfarent.
2
I
II6 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
II
PBALMS
From the fragments of a translation of the Psalms, in the Alemanic
dialect of the ninth century. The manuscript, now consisting of three
leava only, was rst published by Schmeller in Steichele s Beitra'gen zur
Gesebichte des Birthum: Augsburg, and then later also in the Ger-mania,
ii. 98-405.
1. Ps. cxvi.
Ih minnrita, pidiu kehorta truhtin stimma des kebetes
mines. 2. Danta kineicta ora sinan mir, inti in tagon
minén kinemmu dih. 3. Umbiselitc'm mih seher des
todes, zaala dera hella funtun mih. 4. Arabeit inti seher
fand, inti namon truhtines kinamta. Uuolago truhtin,
5. 5
III
81'. EMMERAMER GEZBE'I',
written in the Bavarian dialect of the ninth century.
Trohtin, dir uuirdu ih pigihtik allero minero suntono
enti missatateo, alles deih eo
missasprah edo missateta
118 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
si,
dan IO
derru uueroltti minero suntono riu n enti harmscara
hapan moni. soliho so dino miltida sin, alles uualtenteo
trohtin, kot almahtigo, kauuerdo mir helfan enti kauuerdo
mir farkepan kanist enti kanada in dinemo rihe.
Kot almahtigo, kauuerdo mir helfan enti kauuinnida 15
mir furistentida gaotan uuillun saman mit rehtén
i5.
ia
minan cadanc
i5.
pi lhu
uuillun minan lip i5. miniu uuort
i5.
minan mot
ia
i5.
IV
O'I FBID
There is hardly a poet in the Old or Middle High German literature
who at the same time is so well known, and
yet so unknown as Otfrid.
Almost all biographical works from Trithemius up to modern times,
the annals of the Benedictine Order, the histories of many monasteries,
the Chronicles of Elsass, &c., all mention the celebrated monachus
Wizanburgensis, and tell us much about his knowledge and talents, but
we learn from all these sources scarcely more than we are able to
gather from his own work.
So much
is,
a
Fulda abbot Rhabanus Maurus: A Rhabano Mauro, says he in his
letter to Archbishop Liutbert of Mainz, educata parnm mea
parvitss
est. It also quite certain from his letter to the two St. Gallen monks,
is
5.
Frank, and designates his language as ranconian.
F
have felt that might seem strange why his poem was divided into ve
it
books since there were only four Gospels; and he therefore expresses
the reason of this division in the
following words :- ' Hos in quinque
ideo distinxi, says he, quia eorum qnadrata aequalitas sancta nostrorum
quinque sensnum inaeqnalitatem omat, et super ua in nobis quaeque
non solum actuum verum etiam cogitationum vertunt in elevationem
caelestium. From this follows that Otfrid s poem by no means to
it
is
girlistit,
in
in éin
al
zi
l'mgimah,
thie liutes uuiht ni duéltun, thie uuir hiar éba
zaltun?
Sie sint so séma chuani sélb so thie Rom ni,
ni thérf man than ouh rédinon, than Kriachi in thes
giuuidaron. 6o
giuuéinit
in
thes gidréhte, 85
izz
thazz
thoh Médi sin ioh Pérsi, mib in es thi uuirsi.
in
al
sia. gistré
uuita
\intar sinen hénton mit f u herten bénton. 90
Ioh find in theru rédinu, thén fon Macedéniu
ther liut in giblirti giscéidiner uulirti.
Nist untar in than thlilte, than klining iro uuélte,
in uuérolti nihéine, ni thie zugun héime;
si
si
izz
13o
Tho dnihtin Krist gibéran uuard (thes méra ih ségen
n ni thérl'),
thanblidi uuérolt uuurti theru siligun giblirti,
Than ouh gid n uuurti, in éuuon ni rvuiirti
si
uués iru anan hénti, dét es druhtin énti):
(in
thc')
;
Uuarun fr genti, uu r er gibéran uuurti,
ioh b tun i0 néti, man in
zi
zéigc'ni.
in
14o
Sie zaltun séltsani ioh zéichan lu uuahi,
um'mtar lu hébigan (uuanta. Er ni hérta man than.
Than io fon mégadburti man gibéran vuurti)
inti ouh zéichan sin scénan in himile so scinan;
Ségetun than sie g' hun stérron einan sahun, 145
ioh d tun lu miri, thewj er sin uuari:
Uuir thoh uuir theta. blirgi irron,
s hun sinan stérron,
ioh qu mun, than uuir bétotin, gin da sino thigitin.
Ostar lu férro so scéin uns ouh ther stérro;
ist iaman hiar in lénte es iauuiht thoh rsténte? 15o
Gistirri zéltun uuir i0, i0:
ér
not.
8o scn'bun uns in lénte man in uuérolti alte;
uns ouh gizéllet, uuio iuuo buah singent.
ir
than
1:n
15n
Then faiter, druhtin, éinon, then unsih biscéuuon
(thin uuért sin é&0 givuliag), s6 ist uns élles ginuag. 220
than mliat.
$o ménagfalto ziti mit iu bin hiar in uuérolti,
ih
in
their
zi
vmcu-r K
130 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
bi thiu ?
Német inan, quad er, zi iu inti cnizot inan untar fu: 385
V
DAB LUDWIGSLIED
The Ludwigslied, written in the Rhenish Frnuconian dialect, was
composed to celebrate the victory of Ludwig III
over the Normans at
the battle of Saucourt, which was fought on August 3, 881. It was
probably written by the monk Huebald the same or the early
in
(1-
930)
part of the following year.
in.
Thoh erbarmédes got, Uuisser alla thia not:
Hien her Hluduigan Tharot s'ir ritan.
Hluduig, kuning min, Hilph minan liutin!
Heigun sa Northman Harto biduuungan.
Thanne sprah Hluduig Hérro, so duon ih, 25
Quadhun
Thanne sprah l to Hluduig ther guoto:
Trostet hiu, gisellion, Mine notstallon.
Hera santa mih god Ioh mir selbo gibod,
Ob hiu rat th hti, Than ih hier gevuhti,
Mih selbon ni sparoti, Uncih hiu gineriti. 35
Na uuillih than mir volgon Alle godes holdon.
Giskerit ist thin hieruuist so lango so uuili Krist:
DAS LUDWIGSLIED r 37
VI
Christ and the woman of Samaria, written in the Alemanic dialect
about the year 850. It is based on the fourth chapter of St. John,
vv. 1-26.
VII
MUBPrLLI
The Muspilli, written in the Bavarian dialect, was probably com
posed about the year 850. The author is unknown. It was rst edited
by Schmeller in 1832: Muspilli, Bruchstiick einer alliterierenden
Dichtnng vom Ende der \Velt.
I. TATIAN
ll. 14. ordindn saga thio in una gifulte, lint, rahhono is a
rendering of the Latin: ordinare narrationem qnae in nobis completae
snnt rernm.
l. 3. uuas giaehan Lat. visum est.
l. 17. uin, rehtiu, beidu, are neuter, § 210.
l. 38. kind is acc. pl.
1. 67. hoist/en = hohisten.
l. 69. nist = ni ist.
1. 7I. thie = thér, :n 5 165, note 2.
l. 73. than thir: thir is here merely a strengthening particle to the
rel. than.
1. 88. heilizinuos, gernnd Gen. sg. of heilaaen.
1. no. nio in altare, Lat. neqnaquam, by no means, not so.
1. 131. sih une zi gebanno, an imitation of the Lat. datnrnm se
nobis.
1. 144.. Some. The letter 8 occurs only 8 times in Tatian, viz. Semo
(4), Bém (2), vvur8un(r),1$ir (I).
1. 160. curet, imperative with neg.-= Lat. nolite, and is properly the
pret. subjunctive.
1. r74. thi = thie.
1. 21:. Forms like it quedent, it uujnnunt, ingiengunt have their
n from the pres. 3rd. pl.
1. :29. Instead of nngatn and eagantee 248), we should expect
(l.
sagéta, sagéntea.
240. hebet, .m 181, note
l. l. l.
5.
§
nalles oi imo
Lat. non qnia de egenis pertinebat ad
==
l.
287. .
.
.
is
l. 362. zesauim is the weak Acc. fem. sg. of zeso, used as a noun.
1. 367. sien = sie in, they him.
1. 373. ni curit vvuofen ubar mih =Lat. nolite ere super me,
weep not for me.
375. théndi'r = thén+ de + ir, in the which ye,
1. where do is the
weakened form of the adv. dir, so also in thiede, thiode, thende.
l. 415. uuantih = uuanta ih.
l. 441. intfagana, pp. Acc. fem. sg. of intfihan, formed after analogy
with the present. The reg. form would be intt angana.
_1. 44+ 152; m1 Lat. sine.
l. 449. fon obanentio zunzan nidar, from top to bottom.
1. 467. uuantaq = uuanta. in.
l. 509. erdim here weak. erda is usually strong.
1. 575. siaentero is the pp. Gen. pl. of simian.
l. 626. fon hohi himile i0 unz iro enti = Lat. a summis coelorum
usque ad terminos eorum, from one end of heaven to the other.
II. PBAL'MS
l. 3. The h in seher (= s5e) has no etymological meaning.
1. 4. mnta = $5.15, see 5 4.
18. cenim the Dat. pl. of man, see 125,note, and
c)
(under
is
l.-
7
§
5
5.
2
accusative.
truhtinan, see 100.
1.
29.
§
sado = edo.
l. l.
3.
27.
IV. O'I'FRID
Before reading the extracts from Otirid the beginner should refer to
H 50, 52, 56 in the Grammar, and observe further that Germanic and
d
All words beginning here with will be found in the Glossary under
t,
d
V. DAB LUDWIGBLIED
27.
5
30.
the regular form would be quitun.
34. ob hiu rit th hti, if should seem advisable to you. The
it
1.
form hiu occurs also in 11. 32, 35. It properly the Dative form.
is
39.
40. imoq = imo in, cp. 2.
l.
1.
43.
l.
23.
45. geréda, pret. sg. of gérén (with Gen.); he! sihit thes her
1.
'),
Dado).
There fought none of the warriors like Ludwig fought.
1.
50.
cehanton, into the hands. sinan, see note to
l.
53.
l.
23.
NOTES 147
l. 54. bin, Dat. pl. of her. On hio = i0 cp. notes to ll. 24, 34.
so uué hin bit: then libes! = N.H.G. Wehe immsr ihnen des
Labour-1!
l. 5.7. uuolar, interj.: hail, well done !'
l. 58. soser = soso er; noses = soso es.
VII. MUBPILLI
Muspilli, OS. mudspelli, mutspelli, O.Icel. muspelli. The second
part of the word is probably related to the OS. verb spildan, OE.
spildan, O. Icel. spilla, to destroy.
l. I. The beginning is lost. One may supply something like: Let
each man think that. touuan. On the ending -an in weak verbs
see 6 185, note.
. 32. chunno, Gen. pl. depen. on kilihan.
37. hortih = horta. iii.
39. arhapan, the pp. oi arhe en, see 5 181, and note 4 to it.
46. nunt = wunt, wounded.
_.|,_..---.-|--_|>-|>_a
al
iband-muos, .m. supper.
abuh, aj. wrong, bad; in abuh, mighty.
av. wrongly, falsely. alt, aj. old; mit. thén alton, with
abur, see afar. the elders.
ideilo, see iteilo. alt-mag, sm. ancestor, forc
afar (avnr, abur, avur, afur), av. father.
altar-i, altari (alteri, altteri fr.
),
and amj. again, whereas, but,
yet, furthermore. Lat. altare, :m. altar.
after, prep. c. riat. alter, according alt- ant, :m. old enemy, devil.
to; with im-tr. in after thiu,ac alt-mom, sm. old age.
cordingly: av.behind,after,back. al-walt, aj. all-powerful (as trans
aga eini, zeal, diligence, ear lation of Augustus).
If.
'um. persecute.
ahtodo (ahtudo), num. eighth. serve.
I,
um.
ahton, wv. II, observe, consider. ana, av. on, up.
aocar, acohar, .rm. eld, acre. ana,auan,prep. c.dat.,ac:.,imtr.,
i-kust, badness, fault. on, in, upon.
.gf.
a1,aj. (in . allér), all, every, each, ana-fallnn, :11. VII, fall upon.
whole av. gm. allan, otherwise, ana-gin, anakin (gen. -ginnea),
;
and. terpret.
anti-christo, wm. anti-Christ. ar-rihten, 10v. I, erect, raise up.
ant-Iingbn, 1011. II, answer. ar-ruofan,w.VII,calt out,cryout.
anto, wn. zeal, anger. ar-skeidan, :11. VII, separate.
ant-reita, order; after an ar-slahan, irslahan, .111. VI, kill,
.9 .
boldness, audacious
ness. bi-heinqan, -heiqun, :11. VII, 1'
biruschen,
I,
cover.
5
I,
1071.
thorns. bi-skéltan, :11. III, affront, insult.
bi-thwingan, III, bi-skinan, :11. shine around,
I,
:11. oppress,
force. upon.
bi-fshan, :0. VII, seize, encom biscof, rm. (nom. pl. bisgot a.),
pass, get possession of. chief priest, bishop.
GLOSSARY 15x
I,
bi-scouwon, 1011. II, look at, bringan (pm. brihta, see 178,
§
view. note 2), rum. bring.
biamarc'm, bieméron, 1011. II, brinnan, prinnan, :11. III, burn.
mock, deride, spot at. brot, .m. bread.
biamarunga, sf. blasphemy. briichen, bruhhen (Goth. brt'ik
bismér, .m. scorn, derision, mock. jan), um.
I,
enjoy, use.
bi-snidan, w. I, circumcise. brunno, wm. well.
bi-aoutfen, pisau en, 1011. I, bruoder, rm. brother.
drown. brust, sf. breast.
bi-atellen, 1011. I, adorn. brizt-louft, briiit-16ft, :mf. mar
bita, prayer. na e.
bitan, pitan, bidan, :11. I, wait, brt'it-louft-lih, aj. bridal, nuptial.
expect; with gen. wait for. b , pi'l (gen. b wea), sm. abode,
bittar, bitter, aj. bitter. dwelling.
bitten (Goth. hiddnn), :11. V, biten (pret. b m),
I,
bt'mn, 1011.
1011.
1011.
intimate, signify, make
7.
sign. a. See
a
burn. silent.
152 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
;
instr. thiu, diu, in combination
g'.
av. and whence, thence, from
that place, away from, hence, with Prepositions; bithiu,bidiu,
therefore, wherefore; thanin therefore, because, since; bithiu
ma, thereupon, afterwards, then. wants. = wants. in thiu, there
;
thanc, thank, danc, :01. thought, in, thereto, in case that; mit
remembrance, thanks. thiu, since, as, because.
gi-thank, gidanc, gadanch, rm. thése, théeér, dése, désér, pr.
thought. demon. this.
thankon, 1011. II, thank. dézemon (Lat. decimare), 'wv.
thanne, dnnne, thanna, danna, II, give the tenth part.
thia, :za 165, note 3.
cj.
5
therefore, because; after the thiede = thie de, weakened form
+
compar. than. of thir.
thanta, danta, thiet, :n thiot.
a7 .
because.
thir, 1151', :15, av. there, where thiggen, thicken, um.
I,
beg,
;
generallyweakened to ther, der, implore, beseech.
do, when used as a relative thihan, dihan, w. advance,
I,
particle; tharana, thereupon, e 'ect.
thereon. thicken, :ee thiggen.
thara, dam, av. and dilli, :u tillj.
cj.
thither,
whither; tharazua, thereto. thin, din (tin), pm. pr. thy.
tharot, av. thither. thing, ding, dink, m. thing,
ij.
liberate. maiden.
thennen, thenen, denen (Goth. thiot (thiet), mm. folk, people.
panja'n), um. thiota, diotmtheota, deota, s-wf.
I,
stretch out.
deomuati, tee thio-muoti. people, nation. _
deota, see thiota. thiu, diu (gen. thiuwi), maid,
thér (Tat. thio, thé, thér), dér maid-servant.
;
diuri, see tiuri; diurison, see account of, because of; thumb
tiurison. than, therefore.
do (p. 138, 10)- thiu, dir. thuruh-fremen, run. I, ful l,
l.
me, do, no. and ij. then, therefore, nish, complete.
but, whilst; thodo = tho + de, thuruh-slahan, :11. VI, beat one
weakened form of thir. soundly.
thoh, doh, av. and :j. yet, also, thuruh-stéhhan, :11. IV, pierce
however, although. through.
doht, see toht. thuruh-thigsn, aj. purt. perfect.
tholon, 1011. II, tholén, 1011. III, thuruh-wonén, um. 11], remain.
suffer, endure. th sunt, d sunt, nnm. thousand.
thonar, rm. thunder. dwellen, sre twellen.
thorf, thorph, .m. village, hamlet. thwesban, ir-thwesben, 1011. I,
thorn, dorn, sm. thorn. extinguish, destroy.
dot, see tod. thwingan (thuingan), .w. III,
dowen, u: touwen. -
compel, force.
thrito, drito, av. quickly, very,
greatly, very much. E.
threwen, threaten. éban-brirchen, um. I, have'inter
I,
1011.
thri, dri, mun. three. course with, have dealings with.
thritto, dritto, mun. third. éckrodo, at1. only.
thriu-hunt, mun. eddo, odo, ado,
rj.
three hundred. or.
thia, dir, pr. thou. edil, edili, m. noble race.
thuingan = thwingan. edil, edili, aj. noble.
tlmlt, thulti, odil-thégun, sm. 'man of noble
.y".
patience.
thulten, dulten, um. I,- su 'er, birth, warrior.
endure. edil-nunga, rig/I noble language.
thunken, wv. (pret. thf1hta), evangelio (Lat. evangelium), wm.
seem, appear. gospel.
duom, tuom duommen,
y".
thurt tig,durftig, aj. poor, needy. einig, énig, einic, a/I pr. any,
thurnin, aj. thorny. anyone.
thurri, duni, 0] . dry, withered. ein-11f, num. eleven.
thuruh, durst, rm. thirst. einon, 1011. II, unite;wir birun
thurstag, aj. thirsty. gieinot, we agree.
thursten, dursten, thirst, eiscon, 1011. II, investigate, de
I,
1011.
be thirsty impers. c. an. of mand, ask.
;
cj.
endion, um. (:22 enton), II, end. erwacta, pret. ring. of ar
3.
enér, pr.-aj. (ille), that, you. weaken.
engi, ongo, aj. narrow. erwérphan -= ar-wérphan.
engil, sm. angel. éwa. (Goth. 6iws),
:f.
eternity,
éno, partr'cle interrogative, num law.
quid, nonne. é-wart, sm. é-warto, zum. priest.
enstig, aj. gracious. éwida, eternity; 2i éwidu,
enti = anti, for ever.
q'.
and. everlastingly,
enti, m. end. éwig, aj. eternal, everlasting.
ent6n,end6n, endi6n,um. II,end. éwin, aj. eternal.
a0, see io. éwinig, aj. eternal.
or, hér, pers. pr. he. ewit (Goth. awépi), .m. ock of
or (Goth. aiz), .m. ore, brass. sheep.
or, av. ere, before, formerly; éqqan, éaan, :11. V, eat.
:7 .
before, until prep. c. dal. before. eqqih, sm. vinegar.
;
:11.
érd-cnnni, .m. tribes of the earth. fahs, rm. hair of the head.
érd-gi-ruornessi, m. earthquake. fallnn, 511. VII, fall.
Grd-ring, sm. orbit of the earth. far (mm. pl. ferri), :m. ox.
érén, III, firn, firi,
.g/l
11111. honour. snare, danger,
ervirrit, nr- rren.
see temptation.
erfuoron, pret. pl. of ar-faran. faran, varan, :11. VI, g0.
3.
I,
mercy,
grace. burn up.
erhaban, pp. of ar-he en. far-brinnan, :11. III, burn up.
erhihan = ar-h ihan. far-dolén, fartholén, um. III,
arhangan, pp. of ar-hihan. suffer, bear, endure.
ériro (Goth. ail-inn), aj. campar. far-géban, xv. V, give, forgive.
former. fad-kip, imper. 2. sing. of far
érist-boran, part. aj. rstborn. géban.
éristo, aj. super]. rst ni éristo, far-cou en, -coufon, 1011. sell.
I,
;
ar-alahan. journey.
GLOSSARY I55
faata, r-stantnisai, .m. understanding.
.y'.
fast, fasting.
fast-muoti, fnstmuati, aj. con r-trngan, rdrngan, :11. VI,
stant, rm. bear, endure.
fater, water, :1 . father. r-tuon, v. anom. give pain, curse.
tater-16u, aj. fntherless. r-wérdan, m. 111, perish.
fan, m. vessel. r-wiqnnn, pret.-pres. re . be
faqna, vagqn, burden. sensible, reasonable.
fe'hon, 11111. II, eat, feast. ec, rm. sh.
féhtan, véhtan, :11. III, ght. ego = sco, gm. pl. of sc.
feiqqit, feiqit, aj. fat. ur, viur, vm'r, .m. re.
felgen, wv. lay claim to some zua-heit,
I,
sf.
cuuningness, sly~
thing for oneself (dat.). ness.
fe'lt, volt, :11. eld, land. éhtan, :11. III, plait, twist.
for, av. from afar. iohan, iahan, 11!. II, tr. and
f5rah, :11. life. intr. escape.
férro, av. afar, distant, from afar. iq, :rn. diligence, zeal, exertion.
fers, vére, :m. verse. iqqan, gi iqan, :v. strive
I,
festi, rmness; in festi, av.
.tf
zealously.
surely, certainly. inqig, igig, aj. diligent, zealous.
festinon, 1011. ll, fasten, make fohe, aj. pl. few. ' I
fast. fol, aj. c. gen. and dat. full.
nlun, pret. pl. of fallnn. folgén, 1011. III, follow.
aut, viant, iant, rm. enemy. folk, I010, :11. people.
figa, w/I g. vol-list, help, aid, pleasure.
:f.
scourge. c.
lu, lo, vilo, unin . neut. c. gen. from, concerning, about, by
;
and av. much. t'on thiu, therefore; fon thén,
mf, nf, nmn. ve. among them.
ndan, :11. Ill, nd, perceive. fona, prep. c. dat. from, of.
nf-hunt, 1mm. ve hundred. fora, for, vora, prep. :. a'at. be
nf-zug, 1mm. fty. fore, in the presence of, against.
ngar, nger, vinger, sm. nger. fora-futnn, :11. VI, go before.
nstarnessi, m. darkness. fora-sage, wm. prophet.
nstri, darkness. for-brennen, varprennemwu.
I,
guilty. forhta,
-jf.
fear.
rihn,viriha, (no/11451.), sm. men. forhtantén, pm. part. dat. pl. of
rina, virina, forhten.
.yf.
1011.
fungi, fuagi,
sf:
5f
cap
gust, :01. guest. tivity.
goat-h e, .m. inn. givéha, suly'. pres. sg. of gi
3.
géba, gift. féhan.
.rf
I,
5
:ji
gift.
géltan, :11. III, return, make good, gi-fullen, :011. ful l, perform,
I,
pay for, pay. accomplish.
gonér, se: jenér. gi-gihan, see gihen.
gérn-lihho, av. diligently, ear gi-haltan (galtan), cahaltan, :11.
sf.
gi-mahha, wife. gisentidiu, pp. nom. pl. neut. of
gi-marcon, wv. II, appoint. senten.
gi-meinen, 101/. make common, gi-sezzen, -aetzen, um.
I,
place,
I,
unite, exhibit. put.
gi-mirrot, aj. part. spiced or gi-uiht, visi'on.
mixed with myrrh. gi-sindi, m. retinue.
gi-mrmt, gi~scaft,
Iy .
memory. creature.
If
gi-muntigon, 1011. II, remember. gi-skeid, rn. separation, decision,
gi-nida, ganida, gennda, ka end.
nada, mercy, grace, favour. gi-scouw6n, wv. II, look upon,
.f.
I,
gi-noto, av. exactly, zealously, gi-triwi, gidriuwi, af. true, faith
very.
11
.
.
power.
gi-nuogi, ginuagi, aj. enough. gi-waltan, kiwaltan, :11. VII,
gi- nuogi, ginuagi, abundance, rule over, wield.
.gf.
giliida,
ust. gi-weltig, aj. having power,
gi-rihten, um. c. gm. inform of,
I,
powerful.
'
g".
standing, wisdom. hall, aj. lame.
gi-won, aj. wont, accustomed. hamal-stat, place of Calvary.
.9 .
gi-wona, rwf. custom. hangén, 1011. III, hang.
gi-wona-heit, hano, wm. cock.
sf
custom.
giwuagin, :ubj. pm. pl. of gi hanaa, . cohort.
s
wahan. hant, . hand.
s
gi-wurt, joy, pleasure. hantolon, wu. II, touch with the
.7 .
y.
pain
gomo, wm. man. ful punishment, chastisement.
got, god, rm. God. hart, herti, aj. hard.
got~cund, af. divine. harto, an. very much.
got-mun, :m. servant of God. hnqqon, wv. II, hate.
goto-webbi, .m. purple robe. hé = hér, n: 51'.
goto-webbin, aj. purple. hebet, imper. 2. pl. of he 'en.
gouma, dinner, supper, good hobig, aj. -= hevig, heavy.
sf.
adultery.
hiar. here ; see also hiar. hursken, hursgem'wv. exercise,
I,
ij
.m and see anti
inti . . inti, both . . . and.
;
15..
ibu, ipn,
cj.
if.
.
int-Hheri, inliheri, rm. nsurer.
i.h, pers.pr.
I.
ilen, illen, um. money-lender.
I,
hasten. int-airmen, inaiznen,
ilunga, haste. xv. V, fear,
.rf. apprehend.
im-bot, .vn. command, order.
imo: = imo in-tratan, :v. VII, be afraid of.
éa.
imoq =imo is.
int-stantan, instandan, :11. VI,
understand.
in,prep. c. acc. into; dat. z'mtr. with,
int.- witen, wv. undress, take off.
I,
in,among, between; in alawiri, io, eo, av. ever, always.
verily; in thiu, in this, herein.
in, pr. dat. p1,, to them. io-gi-lih, iagilih, aj. pr. each.
inan, him tam). io-gi-wélih, pr. each, every,
all.
inan, pr:p.c.dal. in, within; inan
in, within themselves. ioh, .m joh.
io-man, iaman, eoman, pr.
in-brinnan, inprinnan, :11. III, indef.
anyone.
take re, kindle, in ame.
io~mér, iamér, av. ever.
in-thihan, :. gun., to under
I,
:11.
take
io-wiht, iawiht, pr. anything,
thing.
a
expect, abide.
ir-thenken, um. devise, think
I,
I,
cordiae, rz . be afraid.
most inward (tender) ir-fullen, um. ful l.
I,
mercy.
ir-furben, yrfurben, arfurpan,
-
ret. . of int
.
ir-géban,
5
s
V,
argéban, :v.
3
fi-han. give
intfagana pp. ace. up, hand over.
of
g
m2.
f
.
I,
int-fahaln.
rnt-fihan, understand.
.rv. VII, conceive,
take ir-knian,irkni.haen, um. (pm.
under one s protection,
I
:71.
escape, get stroy.
away.
ir-reinon, 1011. II, make clean.
WRIGHT
M
162 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
inch, girren, 11111. I; irron, in, in, a-u. now, already, yet.
girrt'm, 1011. 11, lead astray. jung, iung, aj. young; mmpar.
ir-retten, um. I, deliver, rescue. jungiro, as subst. disciple;
irrr'm, 1011. II, go astray, err. superl. jungisto, youngest, last.
ir-sagén, am. 111, tell in full.
ir~skinan, :11. I, begin to shine, K, C (before a, o, u), Oh, Q.
shine.
ireluagin, pret. pl. subj. of ar ka-danoh, cadano, rm. thought.
slahan. ca-haltan, sec gi-haltan.
ir- smahén, wv. IlLbecome small, ca-laupa, kalnuba, sec gi-louba.
appear insigni cant. kan, se: kunnan.
irstérban = ar-stérban. ka-nida, see gi-nida.
ir-euochen,-suohhen,-suaohen, kanerien, canerien = nerien.
1011. I, seek, investigate. kap, put. 3. sg. of géban.
ir-teilen, irdeilen, 1011. I, judge, ka-wérdc'm, se: gi-wérdon.
condemn. kn-wiqnida, r2: gi-wiqaidn.
ir-twellen, irdwellen, 1011. I, re ke-bét, see gi-bét.
tard, delay, put off. ke-fangida, see gi-fangida.
ir-wellen, 1011. I, choose, intend. keisur, keisor, sm. emperor.
ir-wenten, 11111. I, turn aside. k c-prunno, :ee quéc-brunno.
ir-werten, nrwartan, 1011. I, hurt, kecriftiu, pp. fem. sg. mm. of
destroy. kripfen.
ir-wintan, :11. III, 4:. gm. cease a ke-lop, aj. praised, renowned.
thing. kempfo, khenfo, wrn. warrior,
ir-nellen, um. I, relate. soldier.
isin, aj. of ice; isine stains, kérno, see gérno.
crystals, cryolites. khiming, khunio, .ree cuning.
ital, aj. empty. ki-hnlon, se: gi-halon.
ita-win, itiwiq, rm. reproach. ki-huct, memory, thought.
.gf.
11111.
J.
fortify.
in, ii, av. yea. verily. kiatentit, pres. sg. of hi
3.
15.1 ,
1
clare. 5 91.
jenér, genér, pr. dem. that, yon. kitriu t, pres. sg. of trioffan.
3.
gnashing.
GLOSSARY I63
kleiben, um. I, fasten. kunden, chunden,
I,
um. pro
kleini, aj. pretty, neat, small ; av. claim, show, announce.
kleino. ounigin,
sf
queen.
kleini, neatness, exactness, art. g, khunic, khuning,
:f.
:m.
knéht, :m. boy, servant. ounink
in .
3.
man. See 179, note. cunni, chunni, :11. race, genera
§
temptation.
kot, got, sm. God. curi, pl. curit, curet mper. with
0011!, :01. business. neg. ni curl = Lat. noli; pro
cou en, ooufen, um. perly the 514b] . pm. to kiosan.
I,
buy.
kreftig, aj. strong, powerful. klll' , shortness, brevity.
sf
um. snatch
away, seize. cuesen, cusean, um. kiss.
I,
crippea, kyhuklten, :u huggen.
.gf.
manger.
criioi, chr ci, krfioi, m. cross,
cruci x. L.
crimson, 1011. II, crucify. ladon, Wu. H, invite, call.
quidhun, pm. 3.p]. of quédan. lahan, m. veil.
chuanheit. = kuanheit see lahhan, .m. cloth, cloak.
;
cund, aj. known as subst. pl. legen,leggen (G oth. lagj an), :011.
;
M2
164- OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
sf
.m. grief, pain.
leidhor, mmpar. of laid ; inlj. tion.
alasl loufan, sv. VII, run.
1eisten, wv. I, perform, grant. loug, lauc, rm. ame.
leiten, wv. I, lead. 162;, :11. lot, fate; in 16459
= Lat.
leitid, :m. guide, leader. sorte.
lengi, length. lucil = Iuzil.
sf.
I,
teach, instruct.
I,
if:
lih-hamo, lihamo, wm. body, from virgin.
a
:11. light.
:v. II, draw lots, maht,
.y/I
I,
end. missndihta, pm. sg. of missi.
ma1-ha, sf. mare, horse. thenken.
miri, .m. news, tidings, story misse-lébén, tUZ1. III, lead bad
a
méri tuon, make known, pro ; life.
claim, relate. missi-spréhhan,missaspréhhan,
marcon, marchon, 1011. II, mark :11. 1V, speak amiss.
o ', settle, appoint. miasi-tuon, missatuon, 11. anom.
man-it, pres. sg., :u merren. do amiss.
3.
I,
megin, m. strength, power. think amiss, wrong.
meina, bi thia missi-, mines-tit, :f. misdeed.
.y'.
opinion;
meina, verily. missi-tr wén, missidr én, 1011.
meinen, um. mean, think. III, mistrust.
I,
main-Ewart, :rn. perjury, false mit, pup. :. dat. and inrtr. with;
oath. rarely acc. with mit thiu, mit
;
evil deed.
meiatar, sm. master. that.
meiato, aj. superl. greatest. mittemo, tom. the midst, middle.
menden, 1021. rejoice. mitti, aj. middle.
I,
rm.
menigiro, zompar. of manag. earth, world.
meriniaki, human form. mohta, pm. I. of magan,
:f
sg.
3.
muot, must, mot, mm. mind, nio, av. never; strengthened form
spirit, courage. nlo in altars.
muoter, muater, sf mother. nio-man, pr. no one.
_ muoqqan, muoqan, pret.-pres. nio-wiht, m. nothing.
may, can, must. nioaqan, nioqan, niaqan, :v. H,
muruwi, aj. tender. use, enjoy, share in.
muspilli, m. destruction of the nist, not.
is
world, day of judgment, the last niunto, ninth.
day. niuwi, niwi, aj. new.
ni-wan,
rj.
N. nothing but, except.
noh, av. yet, and not; noh .
.
.
nib, prep. :. dat. and instr. near, noh, neither . . nor.
.
close by, by, about. nollo, wm. hill.
nihen, 1011. I, approach,come near. not, need, trouble, danger; bi
sf
nihisto, super]. of nah; subst. noti, necessarily, by necessity.
10m. neighbour. notag, notac, aj. distressed, in
naht, night.
.gf.
need.
naht-wnhta,
sf
sf.
a
namon, 1212!. II, name. ing.
namtun, pm. pl. of nemnen. nuzni,
:f.
use.
nan = inan, him.
mu'tha, nnrda. 0.
natra, oba,
if.
viper, adder.
E].
.
.
condemnation.
nieqant, pm. 3. pl. of nioqan. ordain, put in order, arrange.
nib-ein, niehein, pr. no one, not ostana, av. from the East.
one. ostar, av. to the East, in the East.
GLOSSARY 167
sf.
account, thing.
s/I
ouga, sn. eye. rahhon, raohon, kirahhbn, 1011.
ougen, ougun, wv. show. II, relate, tell.
I,
ouh, oh, rit, rm. advice, plan,
rj.
also, but. help.
ritiau, parable.
sf
IE. reda, account.
sf.
pigau, bigan.
see redi, aj. quick.
paIiuz-him, .m. palace. redi-huft, aj. reasonable.
pulw-ic, see balwig. redinon, wv. II, speak, tell, re
pan, see ban. late.
pumdis, purdisi, .m. paradise. r61(gm.révoa, réues), :m.womb.
pnrn, we burn. refsen, um. censure,
I,
reprove,
paston, rum. p1. fatlings. chide.
(gm. péhhes), :m. hell, hell régula, rule.
p6:re. réht, aj. right, just, righteous;
pfonningo, gm. pl. of phending. tn. righteousness.
phending, rm. denarius, penny. réht-feati,
.y'.
justi cation.
phuzza, fume, buzza. (Lat. pu réht-feutigon, 1011. II, justify.
teus), Well. réht-gérn, réhtkérn, aj. just, up
phuzzi, :01. well. right.
pi, ree bi. réht-lih, aj. just.
pidiu, :2: bithiu, bidiu. réhto, av. very, rightly.
pidungan, pp. of bi-thwingan; reini, aj. clean, pure; a11. reino.
aj. sad, troubled, distressed. reini, reinida,
.y'.
as purity, beauty,
pi-haltida, protection. cleanness.
pina, punishment, pain. reinon, II, make clean.
.gf.
1011.
pisaufta, pm. sg. of bi-aou en. resten, 1011. rest.
I,
.m.
prédigon, praedigon (Lat. pre rihhison, 1011. II, rule, reign.
preaching.
sf
see :11.
purpurin, aj. purple. ritan, w. ride.
168 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
3.
ance, sadness, penance. sar, sire (Otfrid), av. at once,
rota, :wf. reed. immediately.
rot, aj. red. sir-i0, av.strengthened form ofsar.
rouhhen, um. I, o 'er up incense. 56, :22 u60.
movn, sf number, numbering. se'dnl, .m. seat, throne.
ruofan, .rv. VII, call out, cry out. ségan, rm. blessing.
ruogon, ruegen, wv. I, accuse, ségenon, séganon, wv. II, bless.
arraign. segina, my . net.
ruog-stab, rusgstab, sm. com segist, rst. 2. sg. of sagén (sec
plaiut, charge, accusation. 193, note 2).
§
ruolihen, machen, wv. I, take séhan, :v. V, see.
account of. seher, see sér.
moren, max-en, wv. I, touch, sehhil, rm. bag, sack.
move. séhs, num. six.
ruston, 1011. I, adorn, make right. séhsto, num. sixth.
rita, 10] . rue (plant). said, :11. snare.
séla, sf. soul.
S. sélbo, pr. (ipse), self.
selida, abode, dwelling.
sf
saga, narration. sellen, selen (Goth. saljan, OE.
sagén, w'u. III, say, tell. sellan), wv. hand down,
I,
sihen, wv. I
(pret. sita), sow. transmit, deliver, betray.
sahha, sf reason, accusation. s61t-sani, aj. strange, wonderful.
salba, wj'. salve, ointment. aenden, senten (Goth. sandjan),
salb-faq, m. vessel of ointment, send, give up, throw.
I,
1011.
alabastrum. senken, senehan, am. sink,
I,
snlbon, 1011. II, anoint. make to sink.
salig, aj. blessed. sé-no, sé-nu, sé-no-nn, ae-nu
saltun, pret. pl. of sellen. n , intery'. behold, lo
!
sauna, av. in like manner, similarly. séo, sé (gen. séwes), rm. sea.
sama-lib, aj. same, of the same sér (seher), m. pain.
nature. sia. = sie, they.
saman, av. together, at the same sibba, peace, relationship.
:f.
I
ailnbtu', silver.
.m. oug
.
eillaba, syllable. could,
:f.
debt.
{f1
eirnbu1nm,simbu1un, av. always. aouldig, aj. guilty; as rubst. n. pl.
ein, pr. gm. sg. of hér, or. sculdigon, debtors.
sin, pr. pon . his. se wo (sc uo), wm. shadow; dat.
sin, be, see 202, note :.
5
sg. scuuen.
sind, ninth, :rn. way, direction; in slat , :m. sleep.
dem uinde, in that place, there. slit'an, :11. VII, sleep.
singan, :11. III, sing, relate. slag, :m. blow.
simian -- si inaan. slahan, :11. VI, strike.
sint, sez wésan. slahta, killing, race, manner.
:f.
a
sioh, siuh, aj. sick, ill. sléht, aj. straight, simple, quiet.
site, side. slihti, evenness, simplicity.
sf.
sf
I,
skephen. sluogun, pret. pl. of alahan.
scal, see eeulan. smale-non (pl.-n6nner),m. small
skalk, scalch, sealh, scalc, :m. cattle, sheep.
servant. smérza,
sf.
pain.
scan (Goth. skatta), rm. money. snél, aj. quick, alive, eager, brave.
soe en = skephen, xv. VI, draw snélli, If. quickness, bravery.
up, out. 56 (so), av.so,thns; 56-50:: u5-u6,
skeidan, :11. VII, separate, sever. when, as, just as; no . so,
so... .
.
skenken, um. pour out, give to as, as as; so
I,
0.
scolo, wm. debtor. be uneasy about, have sorrow,
skoni, aj. beautiful, clear, bright; care.
av. scono. aougen, 1011. give milk, suckle.
I,
:11.
sorib-sahs, m. writing-table. urge on.
sculan, przt.-prn. shall; prev. 1. sparo, wm. sparrow.
17o OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
sf
sprihha, spricha, sunta, sundia, sf siu.
.f.
language,
speech, discourse. suntar, av. especially.
sprah-him, m. consulting-house. suntig, -io, aj. sinful; as subrt.
sprangon, aw. II, spring, spring sinner.
suohhen, suachen, seek,
I,
1011.
up.
spréhhan, spréchan, :11. IV, long for.
suona, suana, judgment, atone
.y'.
speak, say.
spunga, ment, reconciliation.
sf.
sponge.
stin, stén, standan, stantan, n1. suoniri, suanari, s/n. judge.
VI, stand. suonnen, suannen, suonnan,
Stank, sm. odour, stink. um. expiate, administer juss
I,
stat, place. tice, judge.
stedi, m. sea-shore. anon-stat, of judgment.
:f.
place
stéhhan, stéehan, .w. IV, pierce, suor, pret. sg. of sweren.
3.
stick. suoqqi, suoni, suaqi, aj. sweet,
stein, stén, rm. stone, rock. pleasant.
steit, pres. sg. of standan. sus, a11. so, thus.
3.
make
strong, fortify. swarz, aj. black.
stér'ro, wm. star. swélgan (suélgan), :11. III,
stét, see stan. swallow. '
stigan, m. ascend, climb. swérban (suérban), IlLw1pe,
I,
s11.
stringa,
strengison, we». Il,hecome strong. :11. VI, swear.
strewsn, 'um. spread, scatter. swért, .m. sword.
I,
III,
.g
stritan, w. silent.
I,
ght.
stual = stuol, rm. stool, throne. swilligc'm, 1011. II, burn away
stira-tnga, wm. day of punish slowly.
ment, doomsday. sworgén, rte sorgén.
st en, 1011. atone
I,
for, pay
penalty. '1 .
stum, aj. dumb, mute.
stunta, time, hour. tag, tao, sm. (lay.
J.
I,
conceal. trio 'an, triofan, sv. II,
drop.
tit, dist, trot , drof (lit. drop), strengthening
sf
deed.
titumpret. 3.pl. of tuon. the negative particle ni.
tail, deil, mm. part, share. trohtin, se: truhtin.
teillen, teilen, um. divide, troaten, dr6sten, wv. I, gen.
I,
c.
share. ra', console one about.
témpal (Lat. templum) .m. truhtin, druhtin, truhtin, rm.
,
temple. master, Lord, God.
teof, tiuf, aj. deep. trumba, wf. trumpet.
ten-en, derien, wv. truoben, druaben, am. I, make
I, injure,
sad, put in confusion.
forsake.
téta, przt. 1.rg. of tuon. tr t, drfrt, rm. friend.
3.
poem.
tihton, dihton (Lat. d'lctare), ti = thf1.
write, compose. tuged, dugid, sf ability, valour,
tilli, dilli, dill, 5m. anise. tness.
tin = thin. tumb, aj. dumb, foolish.
titul, rm. title. t nihha, t niha, tunic, robe.
tiuf, sez teof. tunkal, dunkal, aj. dark, unclear.
tiufal, tiuval, sm. devil. tuoh (dat. pl. tuochum), m.
tiu i, diufi, depth. cloth.
tiuren, dim-en, um. glorify. tuom, duam, .m. judgment.
I,
baptize.
\tougilon, tougalen, 10v. hide,
1,
conceal.
U.
touwen, towan, douwen,dowen,
10v. die, perish. ubar, prep. :. dat. and am, over,
1,
(j.
surround.
I,
c.
umbi-wérft, :m. circle, orbit; 51 while, until.
these umbiwérft, the world. unzan, unzin, prep. :. a . until
;
un-bérenti, part. aj. barren, ste unzin ee, until.
rile. uodil, :m. land, property.
un-éra, dishonour, upi, = ibu.
g'.
insult,
.9 :
un-gi-witit, part. aj. not clothed, nnan, ilqan, prep. c. mag/m. dat.
unclothed. without, except cj. unless.
;
un-kust,
.y'.
absurdity, nonsense.
un-réht, .m. iniquity. q-wérphan, :11. III, throw out.
unsén, pm. pr. dat.pl. of unsér,
our. W.
unsér, pom. pr. our. wabar-siuni, m. sight, spectacle.
unsih, acc. us. wi an, wifan, m. weapon.
un-scamanti, part. without wi anen, wifanen, um. arm.
I,
art].
shaming. wiga, balance.
of
un-al'lbar, unsfzber, aj. unclean. gi-wahan, :11. VI, :.g en. mention,
untar, prep. :. ace. or dat. under, think of.
GLOSSARY 173
If.
III, watch, wake. wéhsal, mm. change, exchange,
wihi, aj. beautiful, good. course.
wahsan, :11. VI, grow. weidonon, wv. II, pasture, hunt.
wahsmo, rum. fruit. weigen, wv. trouble, fatigue,
I,
wal, sm. whale. torment.
wald, :m. wood, forest. weiso, wm. orphan.
waltan, :11. VII, :. gen. rule, have wein, .m wiqqan.
power over. weaken, wechan, um.
I,
awake.
waltant, sm. ruler. wake up, stir up.
wamba, :wf womb, belly. wélih, pr. interrag. who; imlef,
win, sm. opinion, expectation, anyone, someone.
wellen, welen, um. choose.
I,
hope.
wane-heil, aj. weak. wénag, wénig, aj. lamentable,
want'zn, wanana, av. inter-rag. miserable, wretched.
wherefore, whence. wenken, totter, waver, be
I,
1011.
winen, winnim, um. I, believe, wanting.
hope, think, suppose, expect. wenten (pref. wanta), wv.
I,
wanga, run. cheek. turn.
wants, :1 . because, for, since. weo, woo, a11. infer-rag. how.
war, :11. truth. w'e r (wia), pr. inkrrag. who
;
wit, win-i, aj. true. ina'zf. anyone.
war, a11. where. wéralt, world.
wara, av. whither. w e'rban, :11. III, turn, return.
wara, truth in wira, truly. wia'rdan, III, become, be,
.ff.
:11.
;
1011.
woban, :11. V, weave. defend.
wédar, pr. whether, which of two. gi-werri, m. sedition, rebellion.
wag, :01. way. wésan, :11. V, be.
w'e'gan, :11. V, weigh, ponder, wessis, pm. :uéj. :. sg. of
judge; wégan soin, :. gm. wiqaan.
become conscious of, perceive wib, wip, m. wife, woman.
clearly. widar, prqe. :. an. against, for.
174 OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER
I,
battle.
win, aj. holy. disposed.
wihen, wv. I,hallow, bless, praise. wola-queti, .m. salutation.
wih-rouh, sm. incense. wolar, interj. well
!
wih-rouh-brnnat, incense. wolcan, .m. cloud.
sf.
;
creature. pres. 1. sg. wil przt.sg. wolta.
wonén, wv. III, remain, dwell,
;
wil, see wollen.
willo, willeo, willio, will. will, abide pm. wonéta, wonata.
;
wish. worolt-ring, rm. circle of the
win, rm. wine. world.
winistar,aj. sinister, left; in sina worolt-liuti, pl. people in the
winistra, on the left of him. world, people.
winnan, :11. III, toil, ght. worolt-aaeha, affair or concern
.9 .
wint, rm. wind. of this world.
wio, av. in any way. wort, m. word.
wio-lih, pr. what sort of = Lat. wunnia, meadow-land.
(
I,
danger.
zala, czala, zi-spreiten, um. scatter, dis
I,
number.
nan, :m. tooth. perse.
zeigon, w-u. II, show. zit, giait, cit, time, hour.
J.
zeihhan, neichan, .m. sign, token. ziu = zi win, to what purpose,
zeinen, um. mark, show. wherefore, why.
I,
.gf
be be tting. be meet. help, aid.
cenim, dat. pl. of man. auomig, aj. empty.
nésawa, 10]. right hand. sue-wart, aj. future.
zeso, aj. right (-= Lat. dexter) in awéhon, auéhon, 1011. II, doubt.
;
of.
oi, si, pre).= an zi noti, neces awéne, mun. two.
;
;
ziaren, 1011.
I,
PROPER NAMES
Aaron, sm. Aaron. Bethleem, Bethlehem.
Abel, rm. Abel. Bethsaida, Bethsaida.
ff.
Bethany. sm.
r 76 PROPER NAMES
._Y/:
Golgotha. Martha.
He ant, :m. Saviour. Medi, mare. pl. Medes.
Helias, un,, gm. Heliases, Elias. Messias, .mz. Messiah.
Herod, rm. Herod. Naaarenisc, Nazarenisg, aj. of
Hierusalem,]erusalem; dat. (a/ll.) Nazareth.
pl. Hierusolimis. Nazareth, Nazareth.
Hludwig, rm. Ludwig, Lewis. Ninevisc, aj. of Nineveh.
IsraheLsm. Israel; gm. pl. Isra Northman, rm. Norman.
helo. Persi, nom. pl. Persians.
Jacob, Jacobua, :01. Jacob gm. Phariaaeus, Fariseus, :m. Phari
;
Jacobes. see nom./II. Phariuei dat.;>t.
;
Johannes, rm. John an. Johan Phariseis, Pharisein.
;
;
Jonas, rm. Jonas; gen. Jonases. lippe.
Joseph, .mLJoseph; gm. Josebea, Pilatus, rm. Pilate; dat. Pila
dat. Josebe. tuse acc. Pilatum.
;
Judas, rm. Judas. Rom ni, "o02.111. Romans.
Judei, Judou, nom. pl. Jews Rufus, Jill. Rufus; gm. Rufuses.
;
;
Salamones.
daein, Judeis. Samaria, Samaria; gen. Sa
sf.
Judeisg, aj. Jewish. mariae ; dat. Samaria acc.
;
Kaiphas, rm. Caiaphas. Samariam.
Karleman, sm. Charlemagne. Samaritani, nonupl. Samaritans
;
Cirenaua, aj. of Cyrene an. gm. pl. Bamaritanorum; dat.
;
Latinisc, aj. Latin; dat. sg. fem. Theophilus, sm. Theophilus; voc.
Latinisgon. . Theophile.
Lazarus, rm. Lazarus; acc. Laza Thomas, sm. Thomas.
rusan. Zacharias, rm. Zacharias gm.
;
mrimer
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