Logic Families

Introduction
• Digital Ic gates are classified not only by
their logic operation but also by the
specific logic family to which they belong.
• Each logic family has its own basic
electronic circuit upon which more complex
digital circuits and functions were
developed.
 Different types of logic
families
• RTL-Resistor transistor logic gate family
• DCTL-Direct coupled transistor logic gate family
• RCTL-Resistor capacitor transistor logic
• DTL-Diode Transistor logic gate family
• TTL-transistor logic gate family
• IIL-Integrated injection logic
• HTL-High threshold logic
• ECL-Emitter coupled logic
• MOS-Metal oxide semiconductor
• CMOS-Complementary metal oxide semi conductor
• HTL is modified form of DTL
• IIL is modified form of DCTL
• Because of highest package density MOS
and IIL gate logic families are used for LSI
functions
• TTL,ECL and CMOS are used for MSI and
SSI.
• RTL,DTL,ECL and IIL logic families uses
bipolar transistors(Bipolar logic gate
families)
• MOS and CMOS families uses unipolar
 Main characteristic
properties
• Fan-in
• Fan-out
• Power dissipation
• Noise immunity
• Propagation delay
• Noise margin
• Figure of merit
Basic Characteristics of Logic
Families
• Fan-out: The number of standard loads
that the output of the gate can drive
without disturbing its normal operation
• Fan-in:The maximum number of inputs that
can be applied to a logic gate.
• Power dissipation: Power consumed per
gate.
• Noise immunity: The ability to withstand
variations in input levels.
• Propagation delay: The average
transistion delay time for the signal to
propagate from input to output when the
signals changes in value.
• Noise margin: It is the limit of a noise
voltage which may be present without
impairing the proper operation of the
circuit.
• Figure of merit: The product of
propagation delay time and power
dissipation is known FOM of performance of
Comparison of logic families
 General Characteristics of
Basic Logic Families
• CMOS consumes very little power, has
excellent noise immunity, and is used
with a wide range of voltages.
• TTL can drive more current and uses
more power than CMOS.
• ECL is fast, with poor noise immunity
and high power consumption.
A Comparison of Logic
Families
A CMOS inverter
CMOS gates
 Key points about TTL
 The most popular and most widely used IC family is
TTL.
 A TTL circuit acts as a current sink in the low
state.
 A TTL circuit acts as a current source in the
high state
 The TTL series most suitable at high frequencies
is FTTL.
 The fastest saturated logic family is TTL
 The logic family most suitable for SSI and MSI is
TTL
 Key points about ECL
• The fastest logic family is ECL
• The logic family which gives
complementary outputs is ECL
• The logic family preferred in
superfast computers is ECL
• The logic family with both logic levels
negative is ECL
• The logic family which consumes
maximum power is ECL
 Key points about MOS
• The logic family which is simplest to
fabricate is MOS
• The logic family ideally suited for
LSI/VLSI/ULSI applications is MOS
• The slowest logic family is MOS
 Key points about CMOS
• The ICs used in watches and
calculators are of CMOS
• The logic family which has the highest
fan-out is CMOS.
• The logic family which has highest
noise margin is CMOS.
• The logic family which consumes least
power is CMOS.
 Key points about IIL
• The newest of the logic families is the
IIL
• The logic family with highest packing
density