TABLE OF CONTENTS

 ABSTRACT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 BASICS OF AUTOCAD
 BASICS OF SOLID WORKS
 PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
o Milling machine
o Surface grinding machine
o CNC Turning
o VMC (vertical milling center)
o CNC EDM
o JIG Grinding machine
o CNC Wire cut
 RAPID PROTOTYPE CENTERING
ABSTRACT

This Industrial training report presents the experience garnered during my 6 weeks of
industrial training undertaken at Central Tool Room (CTR) focal point phase 5, Ludhiana.
My training was on understanding the basic concepts and functions of AutoCAD & Solid
Works. An additional training in production & inspection lab was also attended.
During this period, I acquired practical knowledge on how to design & analyse the given
2sample.
This report discusses the technical skills gained during the training period and justifying the
relevance of the scheme in equipping students with needed technical competence to thrive
in the real world.
ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS

My appreciation goes to God almighty, through the help of the Holy Spirit made me to
choose mechanical engineering as my discipline.
To paraphrase an actor who just won an Emmy, “there are so many people to thank”.
However, I would like thank the staff and teachers of CTR institute for their teaching &
guidance.
Also to the Mechanical Engineering department, of Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College,
Ludhiana, for providing the platform on which was engaged in the training.
I want to say a big thank you to my industrial based supervisor, Dr .K.S. Mann (Training &
Placement) and our advisor Prof. Aprinder Singh Sandhu.

Am highly grateful
 AUTOCAD

AutoCAD is a computer-aided drafting software program used to create blueprints for buildings, bridges,
and computer chips, among other things. AutoCAD is a 2-D and 3-D computer-aided drafting software
application used in architecture, construction, and manufacturing to assist in the preparation of
blueprints and other engineering plans. Professionals who use AutoCAD are often referred to as drafters.

Training Programs
Training in AutoCAD software and computer-aided drafting can be found at technical and
community colleges, including certificate or associate degree programs in AutoCAD, drafting, or
engineering technology. Most of these programs feature courses that focus on the hands-on use of
the AutoCAD software package. Some programs may even prepare students for AutoCAD industry
certification.
Bachelor's degree programs in related fields, such as engineering, may also require students to take
AutoCAD courses.
While drafters work in a number of specialties, the five most common specialization areas are as
follows: mechanical, architectural, civil, electrical, and electronics.

 Mechanical drafters prepare plans for machinery and mechanical devices.

 Architectural drafters draw up plans for residential and commercial buildings.
 Civil drafters draw up plans for use in the design and building of roadways, bridges, sewer
systems, and other major projects.
 Electrical drafters work with electricians to prepare diagrams of wiring electrical system
layouts.
 Electronics drafters also prepare wiring diagrams for use in the making, installing, and
repairing of electronic gadgets.

.
 SOLIDWORKS

SolidWorks is a solid modeler, and utilizes a parametric feature-based approach which was initially
developed by PTC (Creo/Pro-Engineer) to create models and assemblies. The software is written
on Parasolid-kernel.

Parameters refer to constraints whose values determine the shape or geometry of the model or
assembly. Parameters can be either numeric parameters, such as line lengths or circle diameters, or
geometric parameters, such as tangent, parallel, concentric, horizontal or vertical, etc. Numeric
parameters can be associated with each other through the use of relations , which allows them to
capture design intent. Design intent is how the creator of the part wants it to respond to changes
and updates. For example, you would want the hole at the top of a beverage can to stay at the top
surface, regardless of the height or size of the can. Solidworks allows the user to specify that the
hole is a feature on the top surface, and will then honor their design intent no matter what height
they later assign to the can.

Features refer to the building blocks of the part. They are the shapes and operations that construct
the part. Shape-based features typically begin with a 2D or 3D sketch of shapes such as bosses,
holes, slots, etc. This shape is then extruded or cut to add or remove material from the part.
Operation-based features are not sketch-based, and include features such as fillets, chamfers, shells,
applying draft to the faces of a part, etc.
 PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

MILLING MACHINE
Milling is the machining process of using rotary cutters to remove material from a workpiece by
advancing (or feeding) in a direction at an angle with the axis of the tool. It covers a wide variety of
different operations and machines, on scales from small individual parts to large, heavy-duty
gang milling operations.

Milling machines are tools designed to machine metal, wood, and other solid materials. Often
automated, milling machines can be positioned in either vertical or horizontal orientation to carve
out materials based on a pre-existing design. These designs are often CAD directed, and many milling
machines are CNC-operated, although manually and traditionally-automated milling devices are also
common. Milling machines are capable of dynamic movement, both of the tool and the workpiece,
and many milling machines can perform multi-axis machining.

Because of variations in orientation, operation and application, milling machines have varying
functions and different operating principles..

Types of Milling Machines

Milling machines are categorized by their orientation to their workpiece and their degree of motion.

Plain Vertical and Horizontal : Milling machines with a standard work surface can either be
oriented vertically or horizontally. The tooling assembly is generally affixed on a turret and swivel,
typically positioned parallel to the workspace. The turret and swivel allow the tool to move freely
around the workpiece to enforce tight tolerances.

Universal Horizontal Milling Machine

A universal horizontal milling machine differs from the plain horizontal type because it has a table
swivel housing, which allows the table to move out 45 degrees from the standard horizontal
position. This workpiece movement allows for easier angular or helical milling operations.

SURFACE GRINDING MACHINE

Surface grinding is the most common of the grinding operations. It is a finishing process that uses a
rotating abrasive wheel to smooth the flat surface of metallic or nonmetallic materials to give them
a more refined look by removing the oxide layer and impurities on work piece surfaces. This will also
attain a desired surface for a functional purpose .Other materials are aluminum, stainless steel, brass
and some Surface grinding is the most common of the grinding operations. It is a finishing process
that uses a rotating abrasive wheel to smooth the flat surface of metallic or nonmetallic materials to
give them a more refined look by removing the oxide layer and impurities on work piece surfaces.
This will also attain a desired surface for a functional purpose.
The surface grinder is composed of an abrasive wheel, a workholding device known as a chuck, and a
reciprocating or rotary table. The chuck holds the material in place while it is being worked on. It can
do this one of two ways: ferromagnetic pieces are held in place by a magnetic chuck, while non-
ferromagnetic and nonmetallic pieces are held in place by vacuum or mechanical means. A machine
vise (made from ferromagnetic steel or cast iron) placed on the magnetic chuck can be used to hold
non-ferromagnetic workpieces if only a magnetic chuck is available.
Factors to consider in surface grinding are the material of the grinding wheel and the material of the
piece being worked on.
Typical workpiece materials include cast iron and mild steel. These two materials don't tend to clog
the grinding wheel while being processedplastics. When grinding at high temperatures, the material
tends to become weakened and is more inclined to corrode. This can also result in a loss of
magnetism in materials where this is applicable.
The grinding wheel is not limited to a cylindrical shape and can have a myriad of options that are
useful in transferring different geometries to the object being worked on. Straight wheels can be
dressed by the operator to produce custom geometries. When surface grinding an object, one must
keep in mind that the shape of the wheel will be transferred to the material of the object like a
reverse image.

CNC TURNING MACHINE

It is an intricate and detailed method of creating custom parts and components using a lathe.
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) turning is a highly skilled, Precision Engineering process. Based
around one of the oldest machine tools in the world – the lathe – turning in its traditional form can
be traced back to ancient Egypt.
Through modern computer technology and skilled operators, a component can now be created to
the minutest detail and to the most rigid of designs using a Turning Lathe, with precise tolerances
and a vast array of shapes. The turning lathe secures and rotates the stock, or raw material, being
machined along a dual axis of movement at high speeds, while a single point cutting or boring tool
shapes the material, resulting in the desired component being created. The lathe is controlled by
computer programs; ensuring meticulously exact components are produced, and can also be
reproduced.

VERTICAL MACHINING CENTERS

CNC vertical machining centers (VMCs) remain machine shop staples. These milling
machines have vertically oriented spindles that approach workpieces mounted on their table
from above and commonly perform 2.5- or 3-axis machining operations. They are less costly
than horizontal machining centers (HMCs), which makes them attractive to small job shops
as well as larger machining operations. In addition, the performance of these machines has
increased over the years, leveraging technologies such as high-speed spindles and
advanced CNC capabilities (including conversational control programming). Ancillary
equipment is also available to increase the flexibility and capability of these machines,
including spindle speeders, angle heads, tool- and part-probes, quick-change workholding
devices, and rotary indexers to enable four- or five-axis machining work.

CNC EDM MACHINE

Electrical discharge machining (EDM), also known as spark machining, spark eroding, burning, die
sinking, wire burning or wire erosion, is a manufacturing process whereby a desired shape is
obtained by using electrical discharges (sparks).[1] Material is removed from the work piece by a
series of rapidly recurring current discharges between two electrodes, separated by
a dielectric liquid and subject to an electric voltage. One of the electrodes is called the tool-
electrode, or simply the "tool" or "electrode," while the other is called the workpiece-electrode, or
"work piece." The process depends upon the tool and work piece not making actual contact.
When the voltage between the two electrodes is increased, the intensity of the electric field in the
volume between the electrodes becomes greater than the strength of the dielectric (at least in some
places), which breaks down, allowing current to flow between the two electrodes. This phenomenon
is the same as the breakdown of a capacitor (condenser) (see also breakdown voltage). As a result,
material is removed from the electrodes. Once the current stops (or is stopped, depending on the
type of generator), new liquid dielectric is usually conveyed into the inter-electrode volume,
enabling the solid particles (debris) to be carried away and the insulating properties of the dielectric
to be restored. Adding new liquid dielectric in the inter-electrode volume is commonly referred to as
"flushing." Also, after a current flow, the difference of potential between the electrodes is restored
to what it was before the breakdown, so that a new liquid dielectric breakdown can occur.

JIG GRINDING MACHINE

A jig grinder is a machine tool used for grinding complex shapes and holes where the highest
degrees of accuracy and finish are required.
The jig grinder is very similar to a jig borer, in that the table positioning and spindles are very
accurate (far more so than a manual milling machine or lathe). It is almost exclusively used by tool
and die makers in the creation of jigs or mating holes and pegs on dies. There are usually many
peripheral elements to a large jig grinder, including separate hydraulic motors, air compressors, and
various cooling systems for both the hydraulic circuit and supplying coolant to the work and machine
itself.
The machine operates by a high speed air spindle rotating a grinding bit. The air spindles are
removable and interchangeable to achieve varying surface speeds. Some spindles are fixed speed
(60000 rpm), others are adjustable (30000-50000 rpm), and still others are very high speed (175000
rpm). The machines have a standard X-Y table with the notable exception of knee travel. All axes are
indexed to .0001" via a vernier scale on the handwheels, with higher accuracy available with the use
of measuring bars. The machine head has two vertical travels, one rough head adjustment and the
other a precise spindle adjustment. The spindle to which the detachable air spindle mounts also
rotates at a variable speed and can typically outfeed .100" while running, again with an accuracy of
.0001" on the handwheel or greater, for very precise hole, peg and surface grinding. A well-kept jig
grinder will reliably position work to a higher degree of accuracy than is possible with handwheels
alone. These features are all critical in positioning a hole and peg system a precise distance from a
reference surface or edge.
The most important factor on a jig grinder is the dual-spindle configuration. The main spindle is
roughly positioned with between 1" or 2" of travel for setup, and then the .100" of outfeed is used
during machine operation to outfeed into the work. A spacer bar may be used between the grinder
and main spindle, allowing large (9" radius or larger) work to be completed. The main spindle has a
wide range of speeds to ensure proper grinder feed rates are maintained.

CNC WIRE CUT MACHINE

The Wire Electric Discharge Machining (WEDM) is a variation of EDM and is commonly known as
wire-cut EDM or wire cutting. In this process, a thin metallic wire is fed on-to the workpiece, which is
submerged in a tank of dielectric fluid such as deionized water. This process can also cut plates as
thick as 300mm and is used for making punches, tools and dies from hard metals that are difficult to
machine with other methods. The wire, which is constantly fed from a spool, is held between upper
and lower diamond guides. The guides are usually CNC-controlled and move in the x–y plane. On
most machines, the upper guide can move independently in the z–u–v axis, giving it a flexibility to
cut tapered and transitioning shapes (example: square at the bottom and circle on the top). The
upper guide can control axis movements in x–y–u–v–i–j–k–l–. This helps in programming the wire-
cut EDM, for cutting very intricate and delicate shapes. In the wire-cut EDM process, water is
commonly used as the dielectric fluid. Filters and de-ionizing units are used for controlling the
resistivity and other electrical properties. Wires made of brass are generally preferred. The water
helps in flushing away the debris from the cutting zone. The flushing also helps to determine the
feed rates to be given for different thickness of the materials.

RAPID PROTOTYPE CENTERING

Rapid prototyping is a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model of a physical part
or assembly using three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) data. Construction of the part or
assembly is usually done using 3D printing or "additive layer manufacturing" technology.

Types of 3-D printers

 Stereo lithography
SLA is a form of 3D printing technology used for creating models, prototypes, patterns, and
production of parts in a layer by layer fashion using photo polymerization, a process by
which light causes chains of molecules to link, forming polymers.[1] Those polymers then
make up the body of a three-dimensional solid. Research in the area had been conducted
during the 1970s, but the term was coined by Chuck Hull in 1984 when he applied for a
patent on the process, which was granted in 1986. Stereo lithography can be used to create
things such as prototypes for products still in early design, medical models and computer
hardware as well as many other applications. While stereo lithography is fast and can
produce almost any design, it can be expensive.
 Selective laser sintering

SLS is an additive manufacturing (AM) technique that uses a laser as the power source
to sinter powdered material (typically nylon/polyamide[1][2]), aiming the
laser automatically at points in space defined by a 3D model, binding the material together
to create a solid structure. It is similar to direct metal laser sintering (DMLS); the two are
instantiations of the same concept but differ in technical details. Selective laser
melting (SLM) uses a comparable concept, but in SLM the material is fully melted rather than
sintered,[3] allowing different properties (crystal structure, porosity, and so on). SLS (as well
as the other mentioned AM techniques) is a relatively new technology that so far has mainly
been used for rapid prototyping and for low-volume production of component parts.
Production roles are expanding as the commercialization of AM technology improves.

 Direct metal laser sintering

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) is a direct metal laser melting (DMLM) or laser powder
bed fusion (LPBF) technology that accurately forms complex geometries not possible
With other metal manufacturing methods.

DMLS parts are stronger and denser than investment casted metal parts, and they can help
you get to market first with faster turnaround times.
Metal 3D printing is an ideal process for complex oil and gas components,
custom medical guides, part-consolidated aerospace parts and tough functional prototypes.