Grammar Express PDF

Marjorie Fuchs & Margaret Bonner
with Kenna Bourke

PCUI'son Education L'lnll'tc d
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APlVVide VVorld pY pages 132, 176' \
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© Pearson Education Limited 2003 Carmona) , 88 (©. J ennyn), 48 «9 S
The right of Marjorie Fuchs and Margaret WoodcocklReflections Pho .
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Authorised adaptation from the American ·
Mary Evans Picture Library ottom'
,
English language edition, entitled E page 238'
xposure New York/Stephen Daneli~
Grammar Express, First Edition by page 18; KatzlFSP pages 62, 235; © The
Mrujorie Fuchs and Margaret Bonner New Yorker Collection, 1988 Charles
published by Pearson Education, Inc, Adams page 124; © The New Yorker
publishing as Addison Wesley Longman, Collection, 1989 Tom Cheney from
Inc., Copyright © Addison Wesley cartoonbank.com.All Rights Reserved
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ISBN 978-0-582-77645-6
Supplements page 306 top.
Printed in Malaysia, PJB
Illustrations
Acknowledge.nents Ronald Chironna pages 27, 34, 35, 65,
The authors would like to thank Fran~oise 160, 191; Brian Hughes pages 20, 188;
Letner, Senior Development Editor, and Jock MacRae pages 53, 180; Paul
Christine Lauricella, Senior Production McCusker pages 38, 98, 294; Andy Myer
Editor, for their commitment and support. pages 10, 32,46, 54, 80, 82, 88, 102, 112,
116 158 192 222,232,246,254,272,
The publishers and authors would like 1.0 282: 314: 322: 326; Dusan Petricic pages
~ha~k the following people and 2,6,8,14,16,17,18,21,36,40,50,58,
mstItutions for their feedback and 60,66,74,84,92,96,106,120,128,150,
=ments on the material: 184,198,236,250,278,308,318,330;
drea M~Mahon - St Giles College, Steve Pleydell-Pearce pages 106, 142,
LoD.ndo n ; Pippa Sutcliffe - ILA Cambridge' 146, 172, 190, 300.
lane
M d Naught C
on - entro de Lenguas . ,
S.o ernas, Universidad de Granada" Text
~foro.so r'(!mandez-Camunas ' Information on page 136 is based on the
- p
en ll1g English School, Madrid. Roper Reports Worldwide 1998 Global
PUrls of Grammar E Consumer Study
from th . 4xpreSS arc adapted
interme~~:~~mediate and high Cover by Raven Design
:;;:;._ _ _ _ _ . evels of Focus 011 Gram
PART I: and Impe
Present Continuous 2
(I dill tlleJy/flg)
T Present Simple 6
(I tudv I
Stetlve Verbs 10
(I Ulld r tm I)
~~T Present Continuous and Present Simple 14

(I m studying /1 study.)
Imperetlve 18
(6'tudyl / Don't studyl)
I 22
PART II:
Past Simple: Affirmative Statements 24
. ' ·.u ,lea )
Past Simple: Negative Statements and Questions 28

, ala., . study / Did you study?)
T Used to 32
Ised ."0 study)
Past Continuous 36
,.'dS studYing)
T Past Continuous and Past Simple 40

, ias srudylng. I I studied.)
SelfTest II 44
PART III: Perfect and ct

Present Perfect: Since and For 46
laile 5cudled since ,1ay ria' e <-.. d;ed'o' a month.)
Present Perfect: Already, Just and Yet 50
... Ire. Idy S Iidied ',. e LJ'" F ,S"Ad ~aven't studied ye,
Present Perfect: Indefinite Past 54
1, 'f" UdleL)
Present Perfect and Past Simple 58

I 1;i VI" ,udie, f I "Udll,J("")
Present Perfect Continuous 62

-.!!:~- ; (. ,. I C I 'InL '
• '\ Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous 66

..~ II n, I /Jdi< ,; /1. . . . . . . I &tudYlIlg )
Ul
Past Perfect 70
,J c' ',,-1;( J}
':':" """-::'T Past Perfect ContinuouS 74
(/ U '€ 1 ~ tue1ying)
SeltTest III 78
PART IV: and Future

Future: Be going to and Will 80
(I "'lm gOlflq co study / I will study.)
~:-;'T Future: Contrast 84
Be going to, Will, Present Simple, Present Continuous
Future nme Clauses 88

( will study hard before I take the test.)
Future Continuous 92
(I will be studymg.)
Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous 96

(, will have studied. / I will have been studying.)
SelfTest IV 100
PART V: Wh- Questions, Tag Qu ion ,Additions

T Wh- Questions: Subject and Predicate 102
(Who studied? / Who did you study?)
-::..;T Question Tags 106

(You studied, didn't you? / You didn't study, did you?)
Additions with So, Too, Neither and Not either 110

(I studied, and so did she. / I didn't study, and neither did she.)
SelfTest V 114
PART VI: Modals (I)

T Ability: Can, Could, Be able to 116
(I can C'tudy tor hours)
T Permission: May, Can, Could, 00 you mind if ... ? 120

(Me}, I tudyon my own?)
T Requests: Will, Can, Would, Could, Would you mind . .. ? 124

(Will you "tudy with mE'?)
Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better 128

(You "hould study LngIJ8h )
Suggestions: Could, Why don't . .. ?, Why not . .. ?, 132

Let's, Shall we ... ?, How about . .. ?
(Why nOltudy Lnqli-;h)
Preferences: Prefer, Would prefer, Would rather 136
(I would pr " r to ,tud ,p, Ini- ,11 )
SelfTest VI 140
iv
PART VII: (II)
Necessity: Have (got) to and Must 142
(I've qot to study harder. II mllst study harder.)
Choice: Don't have to; No Choice: Must not and Can't 146
(/ dOll't 11L1VP to Ie We>. II must not loave.)
Expectations: Be supposed to 150

(/ m <,uppo d to ' tudy)
Future May, Might, Could 154
(/ mLlY tudy til n;, nr , Y r )
Deduction: May, Might. Could, Must, 158

Have (got) to, Can't
( fle> mu t b (', l I .tud(mt.)'i
1 Expressing Regret about the Past: Should have, 162

Ought to have, Could have, Might have
I" I), (il,! Il.1H' ,;tucfif'ci hdrcilH w"'o"
I W;]', younq.)
Deduction in the Past: May have, Might have, 166
s Can't have, Could have, Must have, Had to have
(Ic r1).j~ i'.llrc:l l1€'en.l good 'jtudcnt Iii his youth . )
I SelfTest VII 170
PART VIII: Adjectives and

Adjectives and Adverbs 112
• quiCK· quickly)
Participles used as Adjectives 176

• Interesting I interested)
J Adjectives and Adverbs: As . . . as . . . 180

(as qUick as I as quickly as)
Adjectives: Comparatives 184
qUicker than)
188
Adjectives: Superlatives
(the quickest)
Adverbs: Comparatives and Superlatives 192
more quickly chan / rhe mos. qUlckl}
196
SelfTest VIII
PART IX: Gerunds and Infinitives

, 198
Gerunds: Subject and Object
•
(S.udvlng IS imporia, r e."o) <;rudymg.)
f 202
Gerunds after Prepositions
Ir r ."O:::°u in SCUd.' rlnq If RC. or t: '-lying)
206
I Infinitives after Certain Verbs
,. ' . " II : - " Udl .
f, 210
Infinitives after Certain Adjectives and Nouns
( , . (( ·tU(] :if''''' ,,,' I
I
v
Infinitives with Too and Enough 214
n (it / wi} 'nouqh t( rudy)
CO ~
218
Infinitives of Purpose
(1 I( 11 tc> [tJd})
Gerunds and Infinitives 222
(!;;;cor:. study,ng 'cop co study)
Make, Let, Help and Get 226
(r 1AKe him srud} / qet him co ~tudy)
230
SeltTest IX
PART X: Phra I Verbs

Phrasal Verbs: Inseparable 232
(run into a classmate)
Phrasal Verbs: Separable 236
(look a word up)
SeltTest X 240
PART XI: Nouns, Quanti Artie , Reflexive

and proealPronou
Nouns 242
(college. Boston College, chalk. students)
Quantifiers 246
(some. any, a lot of, a few. a little)
icles: Indefinite and Definite 250
(a / the)
" (No Article) and The 254

(students / the students)
Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal Pronouns 258

(ourselves / each other)
XI 262
PART XII The Pa

The Passive: Overview 264
(Ic done / wa" donC' / h Ie b. efl done)
The Passive with Modals 268

(must bp done)
The Causative 272

(hi/vf" 'jOmf thmg done)
SelfTest XII 276

XIII: I
Zen) Conditionals 1,.
(If I study. I get good grades.)
First Conditionals 282
(If I tudy. I will g t nood gr des)
Conditionals
(If I "'tudlc eI. I would (7('t good grdcies.)
Third Conditionals 290

(If I h 1 tUeil d I w )(lld 11 V('I 'lot quod Hmciec;.)
WIsh: Present and Past 294
(/~, 11 I ·,tudl d hi r '. / I WI. II II! ld .tudied here.)
SelfTest XIII 298
PART XIV: Relative CI

Relative Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns 300
( om one who' '11Idl ".)
1 Relative Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns 304

or When and Where
I'::' ,'1 '! l,' ,n ''.ll I ~tudy / the school where' study)
Relative Clauses: Defining and Non-Defining 308

I' ; ;end who studies here, /
. l ' , . i.'
My best friend. who knows you, studies here.)
SelfTest XIV 312
PART XV: Indirect Speech

Direct and Indirect Speech: Imperatives 314
. 'S':udy' She told me to study.)
Indirect Speech: Statements (1) 318

S/"e said .hat she was going to study.)
Indirect Speech: Statements (2) 322
(She said she had studied.)
Indirect Questions 326
's 1e aS~tJd me if , was studying.)
Embedded Questions 330
SI II? ,, 'A.r' ,~ed rr:> krlOW whaL I studied.)
SelfTest XV 334
vii
Appendi
APPENDIX Irregul a r Ve rbs
APPENDIX Commo n St.at.ive Verbs
APPENDIX Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund
(Base Form of Verb + -ing)
APPENDIX Common Verbs Followed by the Infinitive
(To + Base Form of Verb)
APPENDIX 5 Verbs Followed by Objects and the Infinitive
338
APPENDIX 6 Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund or the Infinitive
338
APPENDIX 7 Common Verb + Preposition Combinations
338
APPENDIX 8 Common Adjective + Preposition Combinations
338
APPENDIX 9 Common Adjectives that Can Be Followed by the Infinitive 338
APPENDIX 10 Irregular Comparisons of Adjectives, Adverbs and Quantifiers 339
APPENDIX 11 Common Participles used as Adjectives 339
APPENDIX 12 Some Adjectives that Form the Comparative and Superlative 339
in Two Ways
APPENDIX 13 Com mon Reporting Verbs 340
APPENDIX 14 Common Time Word Changes in Indirect Speech 340
APPENDIX 15 Common Phrases Introducing Embedded Questions 340
APPENDIX 16 Verbs and Expressions Commonly Used Reflexively 340
APPENDIX 11 Some Common Phrasal Verbs 341
APPENDIX 18 Some Common Irregular Plural Nouns 343
APPENDIX 19 Spelling Rules for the Present Continuous 343 I
APPENDIX 20 Spelling Rules for the Present Simple: 343

Third Person Singular (he, she, it)
APPENDIX 21 Spelling Rules for the Past Simple of Regular Verbs 344
APPENDIX 22 Spelling Rules for the Comparative (-er) and 344
Superlative (-est) of Adjectives
APPENDIX 23 Spelling Rules for Adverbs Ending in -ly 344
APPENDIX 24 Contractions with Verb Forms 345
APPENDIX 25 Punctuation Rules for Direct Speech 347
APPENDIX 26 Pronunciation Table 347 I
APPENDIX 21 Pronunciation Rules for the Present Si mple: 348

Third Person Singular (he, she, it)
348
APPENDIX 28 Pronunciation Rules for the Past Simple of Regular Verbs
349
APPENDIX 29 Used to or would?
349
APPENDIX 30 Have or have got?
349
,
APPENDIX 31 Compound Nouns
350
APP . IX 32 British and American English
351
Appendix Quiz
352
Key
413
Index
•••
VIII
elcome to Grommar Exp' ess
Grommar ExP'fiS features
• Short, easy-to-use four-page units

• Grammar points presented and through cartoons, photos
and other illustrations
• Clear Grammar Charts showing the forms of the grammar point
• Chart Checks to help you use the grammar charts
• Clear Grammar Explanations and Examples
Usage Notes telling you how English speakers use the grammar point
• careful! Notes showing typical mistakes students make
• Pronunciation Notes to help you pronounce words correctly
• A variety of exercise types to practise the grammar points
• Selffests to check your progress
• Appendices with helpful lists and information
• An Answer Key so you can check your answers
• An Index to help you find grammar points quickly
UNITS
Grammar Express has 76 units. Each unit has four pages - two pages of grammar
presentation and two pages of practice. This is how a typical unit works:
The grammar point is presented in three steps.

1. II us ration
Each unit begins with an illustration - a cartoon, comic strip, photo with
speech bubbles or a newspaper headline - which introduces the grammar
point in context. It also introduces the topic of the unit. (For example, in
Unit 8 the cartoon introduces the grammar point used to, and the unit topic.
fashion.)
A Check Point helps you think about the meaning of the grammar point in
the illustration.
2. Charts
Grammar Charts show the forms of the grammar point. (In Unit 8 you can see
llsed to ill statements, questions, and short answers.)
Chart Checks ask questions about the grammar charts. They help you notice
important information about the forms and uses of the grammar point you are
tudying.
An Express Check follows the Grammar Charts. This is a quick and easy way
for you to tryout the forms in the charts.
3.
Grammar Notes present Grammar Explanations on the left and Examples on
the right. Timelines show the meaning of verb forms. (For example, in Unit 8
the timeline for used to shows that you can use it only for the past.)
Usage Notes tell you how English speakers use the grammar point. (In Unit 8
the Usage Note for used to explains that this form is more common in affirmative
statements than in negative statements or questions.)
Be careful! Notes point out typical mistakes that students make.
(One of the Be careful! Notes in Unit 8 warns you not to confuse used to with
be used to or get used to.)
Pronunciation Notes tell you how to pronounce the grammar point correctly
in everyday speech. These notes use easy pronunciation spellings.
Check it out! tells you where to look in the book (appendices or other units) to
find more information about the grammar point.
Two pages of exercises give you practice in understanding and using the
grammar point. A typical unit has four exercises.
E ercise 1
The first exercise is always a 'for recognition only' exercise. This means that
you will have to find or understand the grammar point but you will not have
to use it yet. (For example, in Unit 8 you will read a short magazine article
about fashion, and find and underline all the examples of used to which refer
to past habits.)
2
In these exercises, you actively practise the grammar point. There are a
variety of exercise types, including multiple choice, fill-in-the-blanks,
describing pictures, sentence combining, and asking and answering questions.
The exercises always show the grammar point in a context that is related to
the unit topic. (In Unit 8, Exercise 2, you will complete sentences about
fashion in the past while you describe pictures
x
4
This is always an exercise. In this exercise, you will have to find
and correct typical mistakes that students make when they the
grammar point.
TESTS
The 76 units of Grammar Express are divided into 15 parts. After each part
you will find a SelfTest. Thcse tests will help you review and see how well
you have lcarnt the material in the part. The SelfTests have multiple-choice
questions similar to questions found in a variety of international
examinations.
ApPENDICES
At the back of the book, you will find 32 with useful information,
such as lists of common irregular verbs, verbs followed by the gerund, verbs
followed by the infinitive, spelling and pronunciation rules and differences
between British and American English.
An Appendix Quiz practises elements from the Appendices.
ANSWER KEY
The Answer Key provides answers to the Check Points, Charts Checks,
Express Checks, all the practice exercises and the SelITests.
Grammar p ess can be used for self study or in the classroom. You can
either start with Unit 1 and work through the entire book, or choose the
units you want to focus on. We hope you enjoy learning grammar with
Gramm r Ex ress.
Good luck'
xi
T
ontinuous
Hundreds
of fans are waiting \'
for the Airheads \
to a rrive.
'---------------
L.-=o~...-.....I POINT
Wow!
Tick the best advertisement for this
The Airheads
TV news programme.
are dropping
D It's happening now! from the sky!
D It happens every day!
CHART CHECK 1 AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS NEGATIVE STA

I T(i( .hp '-or"p'(
BASE FORM OF BASE FORM OF
SUBJECT BE VERB + -ING SUBJECT BE NOT VERB + -INC
The present
continuous is made I am
up of two parts: 'm
I--
D e + base form
He/She/It
Is
of verb waiting .
's
-
D + base form
are
of verb + We/You* /They
're
Which part changes *You I S both smgul ar and plural.
• ,
with different subjects?

o .
;• 0 base form of
L verb +
--
2
Pre_nt •
•••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••
CHART
Circle T (True) or FORM
F (False). -
BE SUBJECT + -ING
T F In questions, Am I you are. you aren't .

be comes after • - --
the subject. Is she standing? Yes, she Is. No, she Isn't.
--
Are you I am. I 'm not.
- - -
WH-
Complete these sentences with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
Why _ _ _ _ _ _ you _ _-----;-;--------:-_ _ ? They _ _ _ _ _ _ still - - - : - - - - .

(leave) (perform)
•
Grammar Explanations Examples
1. Use the e e c o s to describe • I'm standing outside the Theatre Royal
something that is happening now. right now.
)W tanding • As I'm talking to you, the fans are gathering
: \'f1\ S
Past ..................................~ ............................... t-=-uture
•
in front of the theatre.
•
•
•
2. Use the c - to describe • The Airheads are playing at the Theatre Royal
something that is happening these days, even if this week.
it's not happening right now.
• I'm studying literature "s ten".
'u '
••
Past ............... 7-~ ............. ~............. / ..~ ........... ~ Future
'" SfUdYi7,g liter~~
•
3. USAGE NOTE: The - is usually A: Bye, Jack, we t I ~ now.

used in speech and in informal writing. B: Wait! 1 m_ . nln with yo u.
/
Check it outl
For different form s of negative contraction s with br, HI'(' ApP(lndi x 2.~ IHI pngt' :1·10.
For s pelling rules for the prCflf'nt continllollA, HfI[' Apptllldi x I!) 011 pllgt' :1-1:1.
4 • Un t 1
• • • • • • • • •••• • • • • •• • •
IDENTIFY. cad this letter. Underline the pre~ent continuous verbs that describe
happeninq now. Circle the present continuous verbs that describe things
. . 'J
that are happening these days.
Dear Steve,
~ working)very hard these days, but I have some good news. Right now,
I'm sitting at a desk in the Entertain [aent Section of the Tribune! Of Course I'm
still ta.king journalism classes at night as well. The job is temporary - Joe Sims ,
the regular reporter, is taking this month off to write a book. This week we're
preparing to interview YOlJr faVOlJrite group, the Airheads. In fact, at this very
moment they're flying into town by helicopter. They're performing at the Theatre
Royal all week. How are you getting on? Are you still writing music? OOps! The
crew are calling me. We're leaving for the theatre now. Write soon!
I
Steph
•
\
•
COMPLETE • Read this conversation. Complete it with the present continuous form of the
verbs in brackets. Use contractions whenever possible.
BEY: Bye, Joe, I ___'m-;;-l;;-

ea_v_in7"'g~__ now.
1 (leave)
JOE: Where _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you _ _ _:::-;--;-_ _ _ ?
2. (go)
BEV: I ---~---- running. Ann downstairs.
3 . (go I - - -4
-;-.--:(;-
w-ai7:)- - -
t
JOE: Great! Why don't you take the dog out with you?
BEV: Why don't you take him? It's your turn.
JOE: I can't. I -_---;-~--;-::--_ on my book.

5. (work)
BEV: But you
---:6~.-;:(I"::-::r--;-
rj(-)--- anything right now. You _ _ _ __ _ _ _ just •
- - --,:;-----_
7
there.
,
I
JOE: That's not true. I

----;i>7~--- here but I __ _ _ _ _ _ _ also
8 (,it)
. ( ,,~ about my work. Can't the dog go with you? •
BEV: No, because afterwards w t

e wan to go to the Plaza. The Airheads
iJ) there this week and Ann wants to get their autographs.
You know she's a big fan of theirs.
Pre.ent • 5
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
ASK' • Steph Is Interviewing Paul, the lead singer of the Airheads. Write
questions using the words In brackets. Give short answers.
STEPH: Paul, _~a~re~y=o=u~l~nt~r~o~d~u~c~ln~e~a~n~y~n~8~

w e~o~n~e~e~o~n~t~hl~e~to
~u~r~11h.~~,-__________________
_. . 1. (lIllrodllC : .Hly IIC'W ,Ollq, on Ih " lour I)
'18::e::."..:..:w~8~a.:. re
PAUL: _ '1:: :. :..-~~-:-:-:7."" _______ • We're introducing some songs from our
2. (~~ w. )
new album. III th e Ail:
STEPH: Your fans are so c. cited to sec you aftcl- s uch a long time.
". IWhv I tour J t1CJdI1l1)
PAUL: We want to play for live audiences. We enjoy that.
STEPH:
4. (What I work 011 I these days I)
PAUL: Some exciting new material. But we aren't talking about it yet.
STEPH:
5_ (Who I sing / now 7 )
PAUL: Sylvia is singing some of the songs from the album.
STEPH:
6. (she / replace / Tina?)
PAUL: _ _ _ _---;::--::-:------;--,----_ _ _ _ . Tina has just had a new baby but she'll
7. (No she)
be back in a few months.
EDIT • Read this letter. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the present
continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.
, ..
m wr:"ino;)
I you from my hatel room. Everyone else is sleep but I srtting here, looking at
the sea. We're staying at the Pla2Q in Atlantic Beach ana the view is beautiful. The tour is
goes well. The auaience is cra2Y about the new songs but the fans is always asking for you.
How's the baby? Has she gat a gooa vOice? Do you teaching her to sing yet? Maybe bath of
you will come along for the next tour!

Sylvia
resent -
I
--
I
•
John is a/ways in a hurry and he does He works all the time - he never relaxes.
everything at once.
ICHECKJ POINT
Tick the best caption for the cartoons.
o John At Work This Week
o John's Typical Working Week
CHART CHECK AFFIRMATIVE ATIVE

ere e (7rue) or STATEMENTS STATEMENTS
F (Folse). SUBJECT VERB SUBJECT Do NOT BASE FORM I
T F The form for
I/We/You* /They work. do not
•
l
e / I e/ ends I/We!You/They
m .s. He/She/It works. don 't
I work .
. T F Negative *You is both singular and does not
statements He/She/It
plural. doesn 't
have or , E j
1
before
the base form. YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
T F Questions have Do SUBJECT BASE FORM NEGATIVE
- ,
( or 0 ~ after 0 you don ·
I do. I
the subject. - ? No,
WOf" Yes, doesn 't.
Does he he
he does.
•
6
Present SImple _ 1
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
WH- WORD Do SUBIECT FORM
Where do you
w o rk?
When he
EXPRESS
UmcramlJlc the word to compl te tile question.
work • Why • Ill' • docs _ _._ _ _'_

. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ all the time?
G mm r E pi ions Examples
1. Use the pres nt simple to talk about what _ Some people r ~ through life.
happens regularly. _ They do' ' .
Now _ Other people are calm.
P \ .. ~..........
,
•••
........ ..•.•...•••..•••.••..••...••........
.
••
.'. , ---
~
'uture
_ They don' "eel tense.
•
rush
2. Use ' , with the present _ She never relaxes.

simple to express how often something _ You usually take life easier.
happens. _ We sometimes sleep late.
• They rarely go on holiday.
...•......•••....••......••...•.•.. .....••••.......• ~. ················f,·················~

, ; ''tl
BE CAREFUL! Adverbs of frequency usually • We usually rush around too much.

come before the main verb but they go after • We re often stressed out.
the verb , .
3. Use the simi to talk about • Stress cause high blood pressure.
scientific facts.
• Water r !e' 'e " at O°C.
Checle it out!
For spelling rules for the trurd person singular (he / she / it) of the present simple,
see Appenclix 20 on page 343.
~or pronunciation rules for the third person singular (he / she / it) ofthe present
SImple, see Appendix 27 on page 348.
8 Un t
•• •• • • • • •• •
IDENTIFY. ead thi extract from a book review. Underline the present simple verbs.
ldverb of frequency.
Books Section 10
medication for stress-related illnes

ALM DOWN! By Dr Sara Roads ses.
Medicine usually lowers a patient's blood
n today's fast-paced world, we (neve 9 pressure. But, Dr Roads claims, 'You don't
e cape stre s. Stress always affects us always need pills. Relaxation exercl' ses
p ychologically but according to are sometimes as effective as pill s.
Dr Roads, author of the new For example, breathing exercises
bestseller, Calm Down!, it also affects relax you and lower your blood
us physically. For example, stress pressure at the same
•
cau es high blood pressure. tIme - and it only

Doctors often prescribe takes a few minutes~'
• vtegan and Greg have completely different types of personality. Read about
one a"d write about the other.
Megan Greg
Megan doesn't relax easily. • Greg ____re'-Ia'-x-'e_s_ _ _ easily.

- She _------=dc.:..:o:....:e:....:s'-'-n:....:'t=-t.:.,:a::.:kc:::e=--_ time to enjoy He takes time to enjoy himself
herself.
oJ Megan and her boyfriend never go Greg and his girlfriend often
on holiday. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on holiday.
She _ _ _ _ _ _ _ through the day. He )esn't ru~ through the day.
She nervous. He _________ nervoUS.
She ~ always in a hurry. He _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ never III
•
a hurry.
•
• She other people's sentences He _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ other people's
for them.
sentences for them.
8 She _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a lot. oesn t wor much.
He
She - - -_ _ _ _ _ enough time . h things.
• He enough time to finIS
to finish things.
1 Megan high blood pressure
due to stress.
pressure due to stress.
••••••••••••••••
ASK & • Peter Is an accountant. Look at his schedule. Write questions and
answers about his day.
MONDAY
NOVEMBER
8:00-7:00 get up. exercIse 12:00-12:30 lunch
8:00-9:00 work. on reports 12:30 5:00 return phone calla
9:00-12:00 see clients 5:30-7:00 go to evening cla88
1. When / get up?

When aoee he get up? He gete up at 6:00.
2. exercise in the morning?

Doee he exerciee in the morning? Yee, he aoee.
3. work on reports in the afternoon?
•
4. When / see clients?
5. have a lunch break?
6. What / do / from 12:30 to 5:00?

•
7. Where / go / at 5:30?
EDIT • Read Peter's diary entry. Find and correct ten mistakes in the use of the present
:imple. The first mistake has already been corrected.
never have
: Jjn alLnight. My .boss tell
,
,
, me thaU .need. ab.oJlday..J agcee but L afrafd til take olle.J)aes. my boss thinks that the
,
- _. I, otflce J;im iuncti.o1'l wIthout mer Idant want them to thlnk...l'm not necessary. But my
,,
wIfe 113 unhappy. too. Sh.e complain that she never sees me any more. My schedule are
--- ! crazy. I don't think 1 can keep thIs up much longer. I don't wanta to give up evenIng
I
.- .
.' c1a1313e8. though.. 1 thInk often that there has got to be tl bette::.r...:w
:tl~Y::.:.._ - _ - - _ - -
T
iva
-- What'5 it like? -
Not bad.
o It ta5te5 like
o chicken.
o
°0
I o o
o o
ICHEC POINT
Tic'c the COl 'ec Q'1S ver
According to the fish, the worm
o has the flavour of chicken.
o behaves like a chicken.
CHART CHECK VERBS WITH

..
'r e I
~
e, Jr STATIVE MEANINGS
F (Fe '..P I an to go fishing.
T F Some verbs He 0 s a big boat.
have both The weather seems fine.
a stative l.
I They fish.
and an active - -------
•
meamng. • -,
T F A verb VERBS WITH BOTH STATIVE AND ACTIVE s
used with NON-ACTION ACTION
a stative - -
meaning is not The fish five pounds. He elg the fish noW.
used in the We it's a good day for fishing. We th about going.
continuous. This fish delicious. I the fish now.
ThiS food II good. the food.
The cook
EXPRESS
"'{JleLC rne5e sentences with the cnrrprt form of the verb w
I five kiloS.
- - - - - - - the fish now. It _ _ _ _ _ _-
10 I
statlva • 11
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1. Many verbs describe states or situations • John owns a boat.

instead of actions. These verbs are called sta Iv (The verb OW" describes John's situation, not
verb . something he is doing.)
Most stative verbs are not usually used in the present • He w nl$ fish for dinner.
continuous even when they describe a situation that NOT
is happening now.
2. Stative verbs are usually verbs that:

a. describe a t t of bing • Jane ' tired but happy.
(be, feel) • She ful good.
b. express notions A: Do you I'k • my new dress?
(hate, like, love) B: I I ,v<,; it!
c. describe nt I • I ( a lot of good recipes.

0 •
(know, remember, believe, think [= believe], • Ali rc e (; .. your number.
suppose, understand) • I hin you're right.
d. show po " I!' • This bike belon to Sam.

(have, have got, own, possess, belong) • Some students o~'1n microwaves.
e. describe - and '_ " • I feel relaxed.
(hear, see, smell, taste, feel, notice, seem, • David seems tired.
look [= seem], appear, sound)
f. describe ~ " and . 'ces • I need a pen.

(need, want, prefer)
g. describe -"s • How much '. oes it co.. ,?

(weigh, cost, contain)
3. is often used with verbs of perception. We do • I ca he , the telephone.

not usually use the continuous form. NOT I hear the telephone.
NOT'
• 'an you sm· gas?
NOT
4. BE CAREFUL! Some verbs can have stative and active STATIVE

meanings ( , " "', . ' " , , • I I , .' garlic. Did you put some in?
I ' ).
(I notice garlic.)
• The soup , good. Try some.
(The soup is good.)
ACTION
• I I the soup lo see if it needs more !>Jlt
(/ 'm trying the soup.)
Check it out!
For a list of common staLive verbs, sec Appendix 2 on puge :l:37.
12 • Un! 3
• ••••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. ead this conversation. Underline a/~ the stative verbs t~at de~crib~ a
.Jat is in proqress. Circle all the statlVe verbs (hat describe a situation
that is generally trlle.
ANNA: This steak tastes delicious. Your salmon looks good, too.
BEN: Here, I'm putting some on your plate. I think you'll like it.
-
ANNA: Mmm. I do like it! Funny, I usually don't lik~ fish.
BEN: Red has that effect on people.
ANNA: I have no idea what you're talking about. What do you mean?
BEN: Well, colours can change the way we feel. For example, people often feel
hungrier in a red room . I notice that you're looking at the red wallpaper.
ANNA: And I certainly feel hungry. I'm eating half your salmon.
BEN: That's OK. I'm tasting your steak. It's delicious!
CHOOSE. Complete this magazine article with the correct form of the verbs
,'n brackets.
John Bints is in a sports shop. The flowers s mell nice but he isn't
1. (smell / are smelling,
really paying attention to the scent because he _-:;--;;--;---;--;-----;-----;_ at a pair of
2. (looks is look ng
running shoes. They _-;:--;----;--;--_ -,-;----;-_ a lot more than he usually pays but John
3. (cost / are costing)
really, really _-;--_.,-_ _-:---:-- those shoes. He's the victim of 'smart scents', aromas
4 'ant< IS wanting)
that shops use to make customers buy more.
sounds. They always calm her down.

• Read this con enotton Compl te it with the orrect form of th~
n,bs In brocket U e the pre ent contlnuou or th(' pre ent simple.
k Hi, Ali. Mmm. Something emelle good! What's cooking?

1
8: Fish soup. J __--::--_~~_~_ it to SCl' if it _ _--:_ _ _ _ _ more garlic.
l I" J
= ,. - • --. you to try it?

t
A: Mmmm. It ____ .__ ___ good out I ______., __._,._ it needs salt.
6 (I j
8: OK. I -'---:c-~~_~-~~~'~-' of adding Borne tomatoes, even though it

1
• _____~ ~._'~.'_.~"~'=--'- in tllP n,cipt,.
u. ,
A: Thllt _"__,_,,_ _ _ _ _ _ likl' n good idea. But wait a minute. I _ _ _~,.-:--_ _
. . I 10. 'I(I~.<
at thl:' re-dpl' and it. says yuu can ndd milk. How about that?
B: I _-.,.~_ _ _ _ if the milk _ _---:::-::--:--:-_ _ _ fresh.
11. t ~ 12. (b J
A: I'll check. H mm. I _ _-::-::,....-;-~:--__ it but I _ _ _--:----:----,--__ sure. Let's add

13. ( !Ilt'l • 14. (not bp)
t.he tomatoes in tead.
8: OK. I ________ cooking! The whole house _ _--=--::--:----::".--_ _ great

1 16. (s(11ell)
when you cook. And it always puts me in a good mood.
A: I _ _--",.____ w ha t you _ _---::--:--:--_...,--_ _ . I _ _--::-::--:,.,..--::,.-----__ the
17. no. 18. (mean) 19. (f€el)
same wav. o
EDIT • Read this diary entry There are eight mistakes in the use of active and
stative verbs. Find and correct them. The first mistake has already been corrected.
lG_March:.!.- ____________________---.._ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
, -, ' -
Not a gooa aayl I feel aepressea ana I've got a heaaache. 11m nee6ling to ao something
.!Q. _change mv mooa ana get na of this pain. Last week, I'm reaaing an article about how
smells can affect mooa ana even health, so at the moment' I smell an orange (for the
aepresslOn) ana a green apple (for tile heaaache). They smell nice but I'm not thinking that I
notice a aifference Irl how I feel! I think I'm preferring to eat somethlrlg When I feelJlp\.\l~LBut_
I worry 111 at I'm weighing too much. So, at the moment I have a cup of peQPermint tea with ....
lemon. The article says 1hat the peppermlrlt smell helps you eat l.e.s~'nWell, laon't know
about that! A chocolate Ice cream sounas pretty gooa nght nowl tt'~ seeming that there are
no easy solutions.
------ -
- -- ~ -_ ...
•
T
resent
resent i Ie
Cross-Cultural Confusion
•
is she is he doing •
Why is Taro
wearing her here already?! It's
leaning back
dressing gown? '-.. nly 7:00 p.m . ./ Hi. How are
like that?
t's 7:00 .m. ../ you doing?
Eva! Fine thanks.
How are you?
Karl!
j Why is Sam
>
•
standing so
close?
Friends from different cultures often Sometimes they don't agree about
have different ideas about time. social distance, either.
CH POINT
Circle T (True) or F (Fa/se).
T F Karl is arriving late tonight.

T F In Sam's culture, people rarely stand close to each other.
CHART CHECK PRESENT CONTINUOUS I

PRESENT SIMPLE
" v .p
I BASE FORM
SUBJECT BE + -INC
SUBJECT VERB
The present I I
J
continuous has:
-- I
o one part We/You*rrhey re arriving now.

I/We/You/They
never
rriv
on time.
o two parts He/She/It always
_1 He/She/It rives I
The present simple *You is both singular and plural.
I
- - L - _ - L - l_ I
has:
o one form
o two forms
-
14
and
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS
Complete the following chorh with the verb buy.
SUBJECT BE BASE FORM + ·IHe; SUBJECT VERB

- -------+------- --------- ~----
I I
You flowers now. You usually chocolates.
He He
m r Expl n tlons Examples

1. Use the pr nt contlnuou~ for things that • Sam is • Iking to Taro.
are happening now. • At the moment, Taro is speaking English.
~o(O'
Now '(\9 to
: OW·I
: " t
: ~e ' _
.
t .................................... .............................~ Future
•
•
••
Use the p simp to describe what • Sam alks to Taro every day.
happens regularly. • Taro speaks Japanese at home.
Now
••
s .
.........................•....... . •
.
'!•••••••••••••••••• ~v ••••••••• ~ - t ure
-u
P t ••
•
•
He talks to him every day.
2. Use the : -JO for things • We're s .udying in the US _ 's month.
happening these days. • Laura 's study"ng in France ,is, Ii? •
•
• Are you studying hard - ) "se d Y5 ?
P ~t ................................... ~.............. ...............
~ / ~
'uturt'
•
~'re siudyi!l9'
3. REMEMBER! Most _ are • Jane . .3 _ to go home right now.

not usually used in the present continuous NOT
even when they describe a situation that exists
at the moment of speaking.
4. Use the to talk about scientific

•
• Stress high blood pressure.
facts and physical laws. ,U at 100°C.
• Water
Check it out!
*For a list of Common stative verbs, see Appendix 2 on page 337.
16 Unit 4
•• •• • • ••••••••
IDENTIFY. cad the~e diary entries written by Brian, a student <itudying in Argentina .
.. Ie verbs that describe what is happening now. Underline the verbs that
d cribe what usually happens.
28 June: I, m sitting} n a seat 4 July: The weather is cold now.

3.000 metres above the earth I usually spend the f irst weekend
en route to Argentina! I usually of July at the beach but today I'm
have dinner at this time but right - walking around in a heavy sweater.
now I've got a headache from the
excitement. The person next to me 6 August: I feel so tired ton ight.
is eating my food. She looks happy. Everyone else feels great in t he
evening because they have long
:30 June: It's 7:30. My host's naps in the afternoon.
parents are still working. Carlos, the - -
father. works at home. The youngest -- - -- - --
son, Ricardo. is sweet. He looks -- - - -
(and behaves) a lot like Bobl2y. Right -- - - . - -- - -
now, he's looking over my sbQulder _ - - - ---- - - --
and trying to read my_diary. __ - -- - - - -- -
- --
(OMPLETE • Some students are talking outside a classroom. Complete their conversations
. the present continuous or the present simple form of the verbs in brackets.
1. LI-WU: Hi, Paulo. What _ _ _--=-a:..:re'---_ _ _ you _ _ _.:::d.::.o.:..:,in:..::;;9L-_ _ ?

•
PAULO: Oh, I for the class to start.
b ( 'ar)
LI-WU: How are you? You _ _ _---;::--;--;--_ _ tired.
c. (look)
PAULO: I am a little tired. I ----:-;---c,-:---- a lot in the evenings this terro.
d. (work)
Hey, is that your teacher over there?
LI-WU: Yes. She _ _ _ -.,._ _ __ to one of my r
r
classmates.
e. (t<llk) "
. ,I
PAULO: I wonder what's wrong. He _ _ _ _ _ __ _ at v ,
I
her. He ---~;___;_:__-- embarrassed. 1/
II
g. OOvk)
J
LI-WU: Oh. That --:--:-:--____ anything. In Taiwan
., IrOl 111 111)
It S not respectful to look directly at your teacher.

, . MORIKO:
Look, there's Miguel. He _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to Luisa.
1
NINA: Yes. They ----.:-77""---
b, (do) a class together this term.
Preeent ConUnuou. and
•••••••••••••••••••••••• ••
c.....,....,..--,.,--- very close to each other. - _ _ _ _, _ '_ ' ....; you
They - - -
--~d:;-;:
( ~
• I 1111
k7"
) - - they --"7"";~~--'-
'tL ,
. , (go out)
' , together?
NINA: No. I _ _:;-:-....,...,.,,.,....,...,..--_ it __----:::-;:~~--
f. ('101 th'nk) g. (mean)
anything special. I -_--;--;-_-:--__ from Costa Rica,
h. (roml')
and people there normally ---;-77""::-':--- that
I. (~I nd)
close to each other.
3. RAsHA: There's Huns. Why _._._____ ._ _ _ he -
_ ,_ _, _ .- - ; - - _ ., . - : - - ' n _ _ _ so fa s t'? The lesson ___-.::-:--:-:--:--:--_
It. (\\I i ) b. In'.1 Ilrl}
until 9:00. He _ _ _ _ _ still _---:_ _ _ ten minutes!
c. (I",' I' ;1'11,'
CLAUDE: He always _ _ _;-:---;-;-:--_ _ fast. People from

d. (wdtk)
-·'l'd]]!'!
Switzerland often _ __ _ _ _ _ _ to be in a hurry.

C. I· (1'1'11)
4. YOKO: Isn't that Sergio and Luis? Why _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ they _ _ _-;-;--:--_ _

., a. ht.l)(r ,
hands? They _ _--:--:::-____ each other.
1 II b. (know)
.-.jJ ,
,
JING: In Brazil, men _ _ _--:-;-:-_ _ _ hands every

c. (shdke)
time they _ _---;;-:----:,.,---_ _ .
d. (meet)
EDIT • Read this student's diary. Find and correct eleven mistakes in the use of the present
COil irJUOUS or present simple. The first mistake has already been corrected,
: m 5,i tting
It's 12:30 andl sit in the library. My classmates are eating lunch together but I'm not
hungry yet. At home, we eat never this early. Today our homework topic is 'culture
shock'. It's a good topic for me right now because I'm being pre! ty homesick.
I miss myoid routine. At home we always are having a big meal at 2:00 in the
afternoon. Then we rest. But here in Toronto I'm haVing a conversation class at 3:00.
Every day, I almost fall asleep In class, and my teacher ask me, 'Are you bored?' Of
course I'm not bored. I Just need my afternoon restl This class always Is fun. This te"rm ,
we work on a project with video cameras. My team Is filming groups ofJ>eople from
different culture~. We are analyse 'social dlsta.!:'ce'. That means ,b,ow close to each othe,:.
people stand. Accordln.9 :!:.o m.Y.!1ew !"/at£h, It'~ 12:55, so I leave now for my one o·clock.
cI~ss. Teachera _here really 8r~n·:!:. liking It wh_en you a r e latel

•
T
ive
To do this
exercise, bend your knees
and place your right foot in
front, like this. Punch with
your right fist.
C::.:..:.::=-=~. POINT
L.;I
Check the corree answer.

The woman in the photo is
o giving instructions on how to do an
•
l
exerclse. f ,
o ordering someone to do an exercise .
•
--
I CHART CHECK AF NEGATIVE
, ' " ' r ', eet
- , ,. -
BASE FORM
OF VERB
BASE FORM
DON 'T OF VERB
Imperative sentences en your knees. n I your knees.
o include a subject.
Punch
Don't - , with your-fist.
with your fist.
o don't include punch
- -
a subject.
---
18
• tg
•••••••••••••••••••• •
EX'RESS
Use these verbs to complete tlJ£' charts.
touch listen stand up
AFFIRMAIIVE
BASE FORM OF VERB DON'T FORM OF VERB
- ---- .. -
to the music. to the music.
-
your toes. your toes.
- -~~ . - -- •
straight. straight.
- •
Gramm r Explanations Examples

1. The imp r . form of the verb is always the • Mary, please ready.
base form. It is the same whether it is directed at • Ge ready, guys!
one or several people.
2. The of an imperative statement is ." u. • Stand up straight.

However, we do not say or write you in NOT
imperative sentences.
3. The imperative form has a number of ' es.

Use the imperative to:
•
a. give . and ' tructions • Turn left at the traffic lights .
b. give . . or • Don't move!
c. make (Use please in addition to • Plea. e read this article.
the imperative form.) • Re"d this article, pie .se.
d. give or make estions • Do e cI~e if you feel unwell.
e. give
•
r ••••• ~ • E: careful! 0 that mat!
f. someone • on to the gym with us tomorrow.
/
~
/
20 • Un t
•• • •••••••••••
MATCH. Match cadJ imperative with tlJe correct situation.
".., "or tiv Sit ation
Don't touch thai! Someone is visitjng a friend.

• Look both ways . b Someone is going out into the cold.
Dress warmly! . Someone is crossing a street.
Don't bend your knees. Someone is taking an exam.
Mark each answer true or false. e. Someone is exercising.
Come in. Make yourself at home. . Someone is tasting some food.
Add a little more pepper. g. Something is hot.
MATCH. You're going to give instructions for making a banana-strawberry shake.

ate ~ a verb from column A with a phrase from column B.
Column A Column B
Add the ingredients until smooth.

Slice
Wash a banana.
Cut orange juice into the blender.
Blend the strawberries in half.
Pour the fruit to the orange juice.
LABEL • Now write the sentences in order under the correct pictures.
1. Slice a banana. 2. •
3.
4. -
5. 6.
· z:t
•••••••••••••••••••••••
& • R ad thi ad ertisement for a martial arts school. Complete It

using the affirmative or 11 qutfv imp raOve form of the verbs in the boJC.
get choose reduce Improve learn

miss register take tltfni delay
_-..:.D::..::O:..!:1't
:. : th Ink that martial arts is only about physical training. A good
1
martial arts programme offers mnny other benefits as well. ____.".....-___ _
2.
self-defence and more at the Martial Arts Academy:
___--::----- stress. Martial arts training helps you relax.
3
_ _ _--,-____ your concentration. Martial arts students focus better.
4.
_ _ ______ fit. Strength and flexibility improve as you leal n.
We are offering an introductory trial membership. _ _ _----,,---_ _ _ this
-
special opportunity. _ _ _----,_ _ _ _ lessons with Master Lorenzo Gibbons,
a ninth-level Black Belt Master. _ _ _---::_ _ __
8.
classes from our convenient timetable.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ! _________ now
10
for a two-week trial.
ONLY 00 UNIFORM INCLUDED.
EDIT· lead part of a martial arts student's essay. Find and correct five mistakes in the
the imperative. The first mistake has already been corrected.
For the Black Belt essay . Master Gibbons gave us this assignment :
Write
You write about something important to you . My topic is The RighL
Way. the rules of life for the martial arts . First . respects
other people - treat them the way you want them to treat you .
Second . helped people in need . In other words . use your strength
for others . not to use it just for your own good . Thitd . 110 lie
or steal . These are the most important rules to me .
••••
t 1·
I
V
ONE
(Offect Of15wer Lo complete each sentence.
ExAMPLE:
J ennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. f
(A) drink (C) is drinking

(8) drinks (D) was drinking
-- -- -
---- ready for school? It's already 7:00.
(A) Do you get (C) You get . ABC D •
(8) Are you getting (D) You are gettmg
Nick - - - - to Greece every year to visit his family.

(A) is going (C) go ABC D !,.•
(8) he goes (D) goes
Why ? The lesson isn't over yet.

(AJ are you leaving (C) do you leave
ABC D
(8) you are leaving (D) you leaving
Something _ _ _ _ good. Is that fresh bread in the oven?

ABC 0
(A) smells (C) smell
(8J is smelling (D) smelling
- Which class ____ best?
(AJ are you liking
ABC 0
(C) you like
(8) you are liking
(D) do you like
- - - - loose clothes to exercise. You'll be more comfortable. ABC 0
(A) Wear 16.
(C) Wears
(8) Wearing
(D) You wear 17
Please - - - _ to class on time. We start at exactly 9:00. ABC 0
(A) we come (C) you're coming
(8) come (DJ comes
19
I something outside. Are the doors locked? ABC D
(A) 'm hearing (C) hearing . •
(8) can hear (D) hears

2''.
Walk! run!
(A) Not ABC D
(8) No (C) Don't
(D) You don't
10. -Do you like fish?
- Yes, I _ ___ . ABC D
(A) am
(8) do (C) don't
(D) like
22
23
...... , ... , .......
","eel I •
11. Harry works all the time. He - - - -. A C D

(AI never relaxes (e) often relaxes
(BI relaxes never (01 relaxes sometimes
12. What _ these days? ABC D
(A) are you doing (e) you are doing
(B) do you do (01 you do
13. The baby's so big! How much ___-,_'_'__ now? A C D

(A) weigh (e) is she weighing
(B) she weighs (0) does she weigh
14. . Are you taking nn English class this term'? A C D
- Yes, I ~ .
(A) take (e) do
(B) am taking (0) am
15. Water ____ at 100°C. ABC D
(A) boil (e) boiled
(B) boils (0) is boiling
AIt:
TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
of the sentence are marked A, 8, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that ;s NOT CORRECT.
---------------~----------------------------------------------' -------~
I
EXAMPLE:
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks. ABC D
C D
.. ,,
16. Fran usually . before work but this moming she~ jogging. ABC D
A B C 0
17, The wind is blowing, it rains and the sky looks grey. ABC D
ABC 0
18. Where yon are workjng these days after school? ABC D
, B ( 0
19. The floor is wet so walk slowly and IlQ fall down! ABC D
r e o
20. Sometbing' djfferent - are you wearing a new perfume? ABC D
C
21. We always eat out because we hates cooking. ABC D
C
, 22. Peter al'l'ives usually early lmt today he~ late. ABC D
fl 11 C 0
23. I n~ed my CD player if you don't using it at the moment. ABC D
• C D
,
24. I neyer haye anything to write with because I'm always lose my pens. ABC D
A H ( 0
25. Turn left at the lights and you don't forget to signal! ABC D
A /I C D
. .. ••
.. e:
ast I
Oh, Albert!
r
..
You were a good

, man but a
terrible poet!
1was a \,oet. .de

t r and WI . POINT
wavelied a on
~. ...:1\ 1 waS OV Tick the year these sentences
\ lived \ll 1 • nppeared :" 1-1,0 npW'loaop-
A then \ dled.
anu S
}\L1)"tRl I 'Poet Albert Rimes lives in Belgium.'
...... 191(}-1990 ~_ 01989 01999
Ie
\ . ~\ ","'
t I \,.\.
l
"--
....
. \.
1'-,(" 'Poet Albert Ri mes lived in Belgium

~ I,
i I'll'" .
It'ct.,tl''~
most of his life.'
/1, \1, (f, I I '.
e ' \ 01989 01999
i
I
CHART CHECK ~ THE PAST PLE: BE
I
SUBJECT BE
I/He/She/lt was
How many f01'lI1s young in 1930.
has the past tense We/You * /They were ,
of _ got?
*You is both singular and plural.
o one 0 two
-
I PAST SI
What do you add to • REGULAR VERBS
the base fo1'l0 of SUBJECT
I
regular verbs to form VERB
the past tense? ,
,
-
, - -
moved I I
I
o or . 0 -t
j
I/He/She/lt/We/You/They •
orked
: fifty years ago.
,
,
'---- Ie
I j
THE PAST PLE: ULAR

SUBJECT VERB
-'---
wro I poetry.
I/He/She/lt/We/You/They
- -
b came famous.
built
- ~,
-. ~
a monument.
24
Pa Simple: A <f rn II .t t. IT 'it, 25
• •• • • •• • • •• • • • •• •• •• •••• • • • •• • • • •••• • • • •• • •••
EXPRESS
r tUe We c/Jart.
- - - I
BASE FORM OF VERB PAST SIMPLE
- - --~ -
be ------------_____ and ________________
come
save
- ---- ------ --
I

1. Use the to talk about things that • Albert Rimes hved in the twentieth century.
are now finished. • He was a poet.
I • & •
• He wrote poetry.
•
•
•
Pa. ................ ................ .............................. t-uture
•
~ ~ ~
He was a poet. ~
2. You can use the with • By 1930, he was famous.

- that refer to the past • He died over ten years ago.
(last week, by 7980, in the twentieth century,
fifty years ago).
3. The . cl ular ver is formed BASE FORM PAST SIMPLE

by adding · or live lived
•
JOin
•
-.
play -.
There are often spelling changes
CAREFUL! study -. stud e
when you add . _ to the verb. hop • hoppe
Many common verbs are be was/were

Their past tense is not formed by adding have had
-d or oed. get got
go -. went
Checlc it outl
For spelling rules for the past simple of regular verbs, see Appendix 21 on
page 344.
For pronunciation rules for the past simple of regular verbs, see Appendix 28
on page 348.
For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix Ion pages 336-337.
• •••• 26 Unit
• ••••••••
tsuo Basho. Underline all the regular past

t M
IDENTIFY. cad about Japanese poe a b
.\ \I :'5. Circle all the irregular past tcme ver s.
Matsuo Basho ote more than 1,000 thre l'

• e-1ne
~ poems or 'haiku'. He chose topics from nature, daily
~, -
t,
1
l, ~ h
• ,~ \;
;7-
t')
life and human emotions. He became one of J apan's
most famous poets and his work established haiku as
an important art for m.
Mat suo Basho wa s born near Kyoto in 1644.
His father wanted hjm to becom e a samurai (warrior).
Instead, Matsuo moved to Edo (present -day Tokyo)
and studied poetry. By 1681, he had many students
and admirers.
Basho's home burnt down in 1682. Then, in
I
1683, his mother died. After these events, Basho felt

restless. In 1684, he travelled on foot and on
horseback all over Japan. Sometimes his friends joined him and they wrote poetry
together. Travel was difficult in the seventeenth century and Basho was often ill. He died
in 1694 during a journey to Osaka. At that time he had 2,000 students.
CHOOSE & • Read this biography of another poet, Emily Dickinson.

Complete it using the past simple form of the verbs in the box.
be become lead leave see wear write
Emily Dickinson, one of the most popular American poets,

lived
1.
from 1830 to 1886. She - - - - - : ; : - -_ _ _
~.
favourite themes. Dickinson
- - - - - ;4.; - - - - - an unusual life.
M ter just one year of college, she
s. a recluse -
she almost never ----'7'"---- h
6. er house in Amherst,
Massachusetts. At home, she
- - - '7'.---- no one except her
family, and she only ------.;;--_ _ _ White.
8.
Peat Afflrmatlv.
•••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••• •
In addition to her poetry, Dickinson _ _ _--::~_-- many letters. Other

9.
people always _ _ _~~.____ the envelopes for her. During her lifetime only
10.
seven of her 1,700 poems _.___ .. ____ in print - and this _._ _--,.-;;-_ __
11. 12.
without her knowledge or permission.
Now complete tllese lines from a poem by Emily Dickinson.
bite drink eat hop see
A bird _ _ _~c-7
a 7"
m;..;;.e_ _ _ down the walk:
H.
He did not know 1 -----::--:c----- ;
14.
He _ _ _ _ __ _ _ an angle-worm in halves
15.
And _ _ _ _____ the fellow raw.
16.
And then he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a dew
17.
From a convenient grass,

And then _ _ _-=-::_ _ _ _ sidewise to the wall
18.
To let a beetle pass.
EDIT • Read part of a student's diary. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of the
pas simple. The first mistake has already been corrected.
enjoyed
Today in class we read a poem by Robert Frost. I really ft. tt was about a
person who choosed between two roads in a forest. Before he made his decisIOn, he
spents a lot of time trying to decide Which road to follow. Many people thought the
person were Frost. In the end, he take the road that was less travelled on. He deCided
to be a poet. That deCISIOn change his life a lot.
Sometimes I feel a Irttle like Frost. Two years ago I decide to come to thiS
country. That Were the biggest deCISIOn of my life .
•
•
ast i Ie:
Ne
and uestions
1
THE D AILY E\\ '
?•
.DID E-
-LAE, 1 E\X' GUI lEA, JULY 2, 1937. Amelia Earhart's small
plane left the island ofLae at exactly 12:00 midnight. She was
not alone on the flight but she and Fred Noonan, her
navigator, were very tired. She reported her last position
at 8: 14 p.m. After that, she did not make radio contact
again. Why did they disappear? Were they exhausted? Did
they run out of fuel? The US Coast Guard started its
search for the answer at 10: 15 p.m.
I EC
Circle T {True C FOrse) or? (the article doesn't say).
T F ? The plane crashed.
T F ? Earhart made radio contact after 8:14 p.m.
T F ? Earhart had a navigator with her.
PAST SIMPLE: NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

I CHART CHECK 1 BE
COl rpr
SUBJECT BE N OT
. . .
- .. --
I/He/She/lt was
What word do you I
n ot was not = wasn't
r . . - -
here last year.

,
add to to forlll a We/You* /They were n't , •
negative statement? , : were not = weren't I

•
_~I L. '
o no 0 dId 0
; *You is both singular and pluraL
,
What do you add to I
other verbs to form a I

ULAR
negative statement? I SUBJECT DID NOT
o not 0 did "ot I- - - - . -
-~,.~ - ------ - .--~ .
I/He/She/lt did not
l We/You/They didn't last night. did not:: didn't
28
Past Simple: Negative Statement and Questions _
....•....•.•••.•••••••••..••••.•.••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• i.
PAST SIMPLE: QUESTIONS
CHART 2 YES/NO BE
Tick the correct BE SUBJECT AFFIRMAIIVE NEGATIVE
•
answer.
Was she she was. she wasn't.
Which word(s) here last year? Yes, No,
can begin yes/no they they were. they weren't.
questions with be? -- - -
LJ was I WH- QUESTIONS: BE

,
LJ were ,
i WH- WORD I BE
o did wa
Which word(s) , Why
,
here last year?
werE they
can begin yes/no l
questions with j r-- - -----_., ..
other verbs? , I YES/NO VERBS SH ANSWERS

LJ was ' DID • SUBJECT BASE FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
0 were -------- ' .
I
•
I she fly to Mexico? e , she ·d. No, she didn't.
0 did
WH- QUESTIONS: OTHER VERBS
WH- WORD DID SUBJECT BASE FORM
Why did it disappear?
EXPRESS
U.. ;,cu:.. I:;iJle t"ese words to form a question and an answer.
navigator • she • have • Did • a --------------------------------------?

she • didn't • No --------------------------------.

1. Use the . to make • She W ' sn alone.
about actions or situations that are • They e on an island.
now finished. • They d ' . 1 the plane.
Now • He In't c I. that night.
•
••
•
P(1')t .••.•..•••. ..•• ~ /..••••...•••....• ~•••..•••••..•.••••••.•.••...•. ~
•
uture
wasn't alone 1
•
2. Use the . to ask about . ' she alone in the plane?

actions or situations that are now finished. • Where she from?
Check it outl
For questions about the subject, see Unit 24 on pltgPH 102 103.
30 Unit 7
• •• ••• • ••••••••
•••
ook at some facts about Amelia Earhart.

READ •
• She received many awards.

• She was born in the United States.
• She rna [Tied George Palmer Put
• She didn't get a degTee. natn
• She didn't have any children. .
• She didn't keep her first plane.
• She wrote three books.
• She flew across the Atlantic Ocean.
ANSWER. Tick the correct box.

Yes No
1 Did she get many awards? 0 0

2. Was she a university graduate?
0 0
3. Was she an American citizen? 0 0
4. Did she keep her first plane? 0 0
5 Was she an author? 0 0
6 . Did she have a husband? 0 0
7. Was she a parent? 0 0
•
ASK & ANSWER • Use the cues to ask questions about Amelia Earhart. Then answer the
questions with the information in the box.
)(1 1§}2l{ in 1937 American at Columbia University for two years New Guinea three
1. When / she / cross the Atlantic Ocean?

When did she cross the Atlantic Ocean? In 1928.
2. Where / she / study?
3. How long / be / she / a social worker?
4. Where / her last flight / leave from?
-
How many books / she / write?
-
6. What / be / her nationality?
-
7. When / she / disappear?
•
Paat Simple: Negative Statements and
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• The magazine Flying High (FH) interviewed a young pilot. Complete the
Interview with the correct form of the verbs In brackets and with short answers.
FH: _ _ _..!D:.::'d=-_ _ _ you always __---:~w:.;:a::.;n~t~--

1. (W(Hlt)
to be a pilot?
SUE: _ _ _...!'rI.!:.ee~--._ , I _ _ _-'d"='2.:""d____ • I saw a documentary about Amelia
Earhart when I was six. She became my role model.
FH: _ _ _- : : : - - "0 ; - : - '- ; - - - - - your parents happy with your decision?
3. (bC')
SUE: __ _ _ _ _. _-_.. they - - - - - : - - - - ' - . They _ _. ~--:-_-:--__ me to fly.
4. 5. (not want)
FH: Why not? ________, they _ _.__--::-~_:__--- it was too dangerous?
6. (fe I)
SUE: __________ . they - - - - - - : ;7=-

.----. But I was very determined, and
they _ _-:-;~-.-:---:-__ me from pursuing my dream.
8. (IlClt SIOI')
FH: _ _______ you ever __---=--,-,_-:-_ _ of flying around the world?
9. (drhlm)
SUE: Of course. But I _ _~_--:-.,..-:-:_ _ it would happen so soon.
10. (not think)
FH: -------0:-::--::----- you alone on the flight?
11. (be)
SUE: ________ , I _ _ _----::-::,.--___ . I had a co-pilot.
12.
FH: _ _---=::-::--:--_ _ it difficult to find a co-pilot for this flight?
13. (be)
SUE: - - - - - -_ _ , it _ _ _----=-.,---_ _ _ . She's my flatmate.
14.
EDIT • Read this postcard. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the past simple.
The first mistake has already been corrected.
•
receive - --
Hi! Did!fou m!f last letter? I didn't knew!four
I
l1ew address so I sent it to !four old one. When !fou
moved? Did!four f/atmate move with !fot-I? R(ght now L~4p _

I'm on board a plane f/!fl'n,g to EI Paso to visit Ana.
To: Suejacohs
Did!fou met her at the conference last !fear? I wanted
16 Beckie.!! AvtJl1ut:
to visit her il1 june but I no had the tJine. At ii'st I was
Mordon
.Join.!] to drive f-om Los An.!]eles but I decided to f/!f
instead. This is on& 111!f third f/(ght but / love f/!fil1.J!

GLS6SB()
/ I didnt know f/!:f1f'!J could be so nmch fim! Hope f-O
hear f-om !:fOU. -M.

/
•
•
T
to
f
- Look at that!
I u6ed to wear
I \ baggy jeans!
o
I I POINT
T;,./' he corre~ ., voIer
The man is thinking about

: 0 a habit he has now.
o a habit he had in the past.
CHART CHECK 1 AFF TIVE STATEMENTS NEGATIVE STA

I
,
I ( BASE FORM BASE FORM
! F (Fe. . SUBJECT USED TO OF VERB I SUBJECT DIDN'T USE TO OF
------ -- ~. - .......
T F In affirmative I I
statements, She • •
• : used to we Jeans. She didn't use to wear leans.
IS
used with They They ___ J
all subjects.
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO STIONS ANSWERS

I
T rn I Ullswer. DID SUBJECT USE TO BASE FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE I
I
I In questions, what
T
•
form of L 0
I you .I I
,
is used? 01 . she use to w didn't.
I jeans? Y I she ' did. No, she
0 did . .. used to l they they I
•
J • •
o did . .. use to
WH- QUESTIONS
WH- WORD DID SUBJECT USE TO FORM
you
What did she u to w r?
I they
32
•
U.edto _ 33
•••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS
Circle the correct words to complete the e SC'17tellces.
wear bagh'Y jeans.

• Did you use to.! ysC d to Elhop fOI' c1otl1l's with your friends?
• What did your parents usc to t'ily'ing f s.ny about your clothes?
m r Inti n xampl s
1. Use us d t + base form of the verb to talk • Leo I .( I) J Y baggy jeans.
about . or . . that (In the past, he often bought baggy jeans.
no longer exist in the present. He doesn't buy baggy jeans now.)
•
••
t .................. ··········,·i······························~
•
Future
••
used to buy •
BE CAREFUL! always has a past meaning. • In his youth, Leo u' t: • . thin.
There is no present form. NOT
2. We usually use ~d· in sentences that • Jeans used to come only in blue.
.. -e . We Now you can buy them in any colour.
often emphasise this contrast by using time
expressions such a s , . and - They used to live in Genoa but they
. with the present. no longer live there.
• She used to wear a size 6 but she
doesn't any mo e.
3. BE CAREFUL! Form estio with + l "'e to. • Did you use to wear jeans?
NOT
Form the .. , with .' + " tn • _ They didn t use 0 come in different colours.
USAGE NOTE: ! . is more common in NOT They didfl't used to COffie ...
affirmative statements than in negative • Jeans used not 0 be so expensive.
statements or questions. The negative form
. is also possible but
•
. IS more common.
4. BE CAREFUL! Do not confuse + base • I u oed to tight jeans.

form of the verb with the following expressions: (It was my past habit to wear tight jeans.)
t:: u d . (be accustomed to) • I I I . J 0 q. I up early.
(It's normal for me to get up early.)
get used . (get accustomed to) • I . I In London.
(I became accustomed to !i\' /fu/ tht'fe)
34 • Unit a
• •••• • • ••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. Read this fashion article. Underline all the forms of used to that
rder to c. habit in the past.
In many ways, fashion !1sed to be

much simpler. Women didn't use to
wear trousers to the office and men's
clothes never used to come in bright
colours. People also used to dress in
special ways for different situations.
They didn't use blue jeans as business
clothes or wear tracksuits when
(HOOSE & (OMPLETE • Look at these pictures from an old magazine.

Use the verbs in the box with used to. Write one sentence about each picture.
carry dance dress have wear
1. Women's skirts used to be 2. All men _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ long hair.

long and formal.----==~~~--
3. Children _ _ _ _ _ __
adults. like 4. Men and women _ _ _ _ _- - - .
at formal balls.
s. Women
tt' -:-__-:;---:-:----- many
L.
pe lcoats under their skir t s. 6. Men _ _ _ _ __ __ walking stickS·
Ueedto _
........ -....... .
Rewrite the sentences so that the meaning stays the same. Use the correct fom. of used to.
1. In the past, did people WOl'ty about fashion as much as they do now?
Did people uee to worry a"out fashion as much as they "0 now?
2. When trainers were first made, they only came in two colours - black and white.
Trainers _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - __.' _00-_
. - __. _"__._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __
3. They didn't cost as much as they do these days.
They __._.___. ___________________________________________________
4. Did people wear jeans fifty years ago?

Did _________________________________________________________
5. Jeans and trainers didn't cost very much thirty years ago.
Jeans _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___
6. Did women wear jeans?

Did ___________________________________________________________
EDIT· Read this student's diary. Find and correct five mistakes in the use of used to.
use
When I wa.s young~r, c;loth~s .didJi"Lu5Cci to be a pLobLern.AII the gjrls at my
school used to wore the s.ameJ.miform. Lu.sed _to.-tbinLthat.Jt took away from ___ _
my freedom of choice. Now. I c;anJ'iear..what Lwan..t..but _cJo_thes CQst so much! -

+ Even blue jeans, today's 'uniform', u.sed to be cheaper. My mum uses to pay less
.than £30 for hers. I suppose they didn't used to sell designer jeans ba.ck then.
You know, I was used to be against school uniforms, .but now I'm not so su re!
••
T
--
I
POINT
•
The girl in the hospital bed is givin
I wasn't
her version of g
running for o what she usually did in the past,
the bus, I was
skii . o what she was doing at the time
of her accident.
CHART CHECK 1 STATEMENTS

~ or
C/H.lt: .ie, :> BASE FORM OF
F (F("~e SUBJECT 8E (NOT) VERB + -ING
T F The past I I/He/She/lt was
continuous is (not) skiing.
made up of the We/You* /They were
past tense of
+ base form *You is both singular and plural.
of the verb.
,
I
CHART CHECK 2 .........
~
•
YES/NO QUESTIONS ANSWERS
jet: :: rr,rrec
BASE FORM
n"" 'IPr. 8E SUBJECT + -ING NEGATIVE
In questions, the verb -~,-~.-. - . • I
she , she ,· was. she ' wasn't.
I comes: !
skU 7• I'
Yes,
•
.,._. -- No,
I
...
o after the subject Wer , you

we . were . we weren't.
-----~.-----
o before the subject
.. ' .. -
-.-. .
-- - -
WH- QUESTIONS
I
•
!, WH- WORD 8E
I
SUBJECT , BASE FORM + -ING
Where
was she
When
ski 7•
Why
wer~ you
L_ --. •
-
36
Peat • 31
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS
Complete this conversation with the pmt continuous form of the verb stay.
A: Where ________ you - - - - - - - -?

B: I _ _ _.___. _ _ --- at a ski resort in the Alps.
m x I n I n pi s
1. Use the p ~ c n Inu us to describe an action A: What w r you doing at 3:00?
that was in progress at a specific time in the past. B: We er
The action began before the specific time and c: I w. \ eating lunch at 3:00.
mayor may not have continued after the
specific time.
Now
•
•••
3:00 •••
• u ..... ...... *................ .............................
~
•
•
~ F-uture
••
skiing
BE CAREFUL! 5tative verbs are not usually used in _ Ih a headache last night.
the continuous. NOT
(For a list of common stative verbs,
see Appendix 2 on page 33 7.)
2. Use the . with . . to talk _ While he was s .n9, I was reading .

about two actions in progress at the same OR
time in the past. Use the past continuous in _ I was reading ; ile he 'as skiing.
both clauses.
Now
•
•
•
p s •
•••••.••••••••••, •••••••••••••• n.~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future
~s skii~ / :
If.t-Jin?adi"~
USAGE NOTE: In informal conversation, some _ Sorry, I asn't listening wI!' you
people use with the past continuous. Iking.
3. Use the " to focus on the _ Sheila --t .. , a book last night.
duration of an action, not its completion. (We don't know if she finished the book.)
Use the . . ' . to focus on the _ Sheila . a book last night.
completion of an action. (She probably finished the book.)
38 •
, ............... .
•• • • • ••
Unit 9
••
TRUE OR FALSE. Read each numbered sentence. Write T (Tr~e) or F (False) for the
s ~ t , CIt L'lac follows. Write a question mark (1) if there IS not enough information
•
While Tanya
. was watching th e Winter Olympics on TV, Michael was clean ngThe
snow.
F First Michael finish ed clearing the snow. Then Tanya started watch'lIlgTV
•
2. In this ph oto, I was puttin g on my boots.

I was wearing boots in t h e phot o.
3. At 5:00, th ey were drinking hot chocolate by the fire.
We don't know when they started drinking hot chocolate.
4. Last n igh t, I was reading an article about skiing in Morocco.
I finish ed the article.
5 . At 10:00, h e drank a cup of coffee.
He finished the coffee.

6. It was snowing while she was taking the photograph.
First she took the photograph. Then it started to snow.
DESCRIBE • .Fritz and Karyn were at a ski cafe. Write about the picture. Use the
past contmuous.
1. Fritz was wearing a hat.

(wear / a hat)
2. Karyn wasn't wearing a hat.

(wear / a hat)
3. They
(sit / outside)
4. It
(snow)
5. They
(wear I sunglasses)
6. They
(wear I their gloves)
7 The waiter
(serve / drinks)
8. He
(serv!' / lunch)
9. Karyn
(smile)
10. She
(use / ,I mobile phone)
Paet Contlnuou. • 39
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
ports Magazine (MS) interviewed the snowboarding

• Mountain
champion, Rosie Happ (RH) Complete the interview with the correct form of the verbs
in brackets and with short an wen.
MS: Congratulations! You have just become n semi -finalist for the Olympic
Y!e.re
snowboarding t(~nm . - - ' .~ _' you expecting
1 I -prc)
to get this far
in the competition"?
waen't
RH: 0, ~·----;l--
N I -
_ . During the triuls , I _ _--:-:-_---:
~. (r (ovn,___ from a
had cold. By t1w last day, I still _--:::-;-:-.~=--=:--_ very well. That's what
• 4. (not pf rl 0rm)
1 t.hought, anyway.
MS: Whnt. _,,~_ _ _ _ __ you _ _~_~._ _ _ about while you
. '"
." .
. - , : ''
_ _ "_00---;:-"7."":-:-:---- for the announcement?

6. \ l ill
RH: Actually. I _ _:;-:-::-::-:-;:-:-;-;-__ about the competition at all. Some friends
7. (not til
and I _ _ -;::-_--:-___ a film.
. "
MS: You're quite new to the sport. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you _ _-::-;---_-:-:-_ _

9. (compete)
professionally this time last year?
RH: Yes, I _ _ _---;;-:=_ _ _ _ • I _ _--;;-:;:-;;--:-:-::-;:--__ with Barrett Christie then and

10. 11. (train)
we - -_ _ _ _ _ _ both _ _~-=---:::_;__:__-- part in local competitions.
12. (take)
EDIT • Read this diary entry. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of the past
continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.
I - --
I NtVe
• This eveni,'!!, Sl1Clia and I HNiI.5lookin.g at some photo!Jraphs fom H1.!f sklii1.!J trip with Fritz's
famif!f last .!fear. B.!f tile.. end ofthe evenin.!J, we lau.!Jhi"!Jlike craz.!f' That was "11.!f first
I experience 011 skis so thepicturcs were reall.!; embarrassin.!J. In one shoi I was can'le down the J
slope 011 m.!f back. In another ont; J11.!f skis wasfilllil1.!J out ofthe ski "ft-whlie I was ridi"~9 ttl'
ti,e slope. Fritz was takil',!! tllatpicUtre fom the lift_entrance. Good thi",!! he nof sUl11di,'!!
r(gllt under me! Wllere was I whell Fritz was fol"n.!J down the slope? well, IfJlji>rfwIllf"(111
wasn't cany H1.!f camera. Tllat would 11ave been a .!Jr.:at picturt'! If was t'lm(/::iJ~q 1/,,11' l,.-;f
Frit:z:-;!Jlr/fiend, Kar.!}n, learnt that.weekend. stu IVIIS dtJiJ'!jjuI11P., I~IJ lilt' ...;,·,"tIJIJ. {.!Ij- F.lj
'---_____~__ that~time, I spent a lot oftime al the ski caft'.

--~~--~.------.~-------------.--.--~
••
and
•
ast I
o m
Did you see o

•o
the accident'? •
Ie POINT
Number these ;Q'eme,its in to
correct t: ..... D (lrdPr e
Yes . .. fh e guy in
There was a
the s ports car was talking
car accident.
on his mobile phone wh en he
hit t he other car. The driver of the Sports
car was on the phone.
CHART CHECK PAST CONTINUOUS AND PAST SIMPLE

I "''' .... . l True) or PAST CONTINUOUS WHEN PAST SIMPLE
~ 1... .,
~ .
He was speeding when the accident happened .
Use e to introduce
T F a past sjrnple
action. PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS
T F a past PAST SIMPLE WHILE PAST CONTINUOUS I
continuous
action. The accident happened while you were driving .
, r
PAST SI E AND PAST S

PAST SIMPLE
WHEN PAST SIMPLE
-----+--~~
The police came
when the accident appened.
-----1-
- - - --- - -
PAST CO OUS AND PAST
, PAST CONTINUOUS
- WHILE PAST CONTINUOUS
They w e dlk'ng while
-
they • •
're riving .
---
EXPRESS
( ire/(- the correct wo d
r s to complete the~e sentences.
• When IWh'1 th
..l.!...!~!...LIT.!lWIl.§e e car crashed, he hit his head.
• How fast was he dri ' , ned?
-'-'--"'~!£J,u:.uYllli!Jng 1 dId he drive when the accident happe
40
Paat Continuous and Past . 41
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Grammar E plana i n x mple

1. Use the past continuous with the past • I was crossing the street when the driver
simple when a short action interrupts a longer hooted at me.
action in the past. Use the imp' for the (First, I started crossing the street. Then, the driver
interrupting action. hooted at me.)
• They w .rt driving too fast when
Now
• ••
••
they crashed.
hooted •••
t . ··············~········· .. ··,.··r·······················
•
...... ~ Fut ur
••
"'riS crossi(\~
Use wh n to introduce the past simple action • He was speeding when the light turned red.
OR use whll to introduce the past continuous • 'hIll' he . ding, the light turned red.
action.
2. Notice the difference in meaning

CAREFUL'
between these two different sentences.
•
fights crossed i
changed street l
. .
s ....... ...................................................... ... uture
•
p • •
•• • When the lights change , I c os e the street.
••
(First the lights changed. Then I crossed the street.)
Now
fights • •
•
•••
changed •
•
•
Past ................ '.............._ u.~.............................. ~ ~uture
• When the lights changed, I was crossing
••
. ••
"'os-ciossi(\~
•
•
•
the street.
•
(First, I started crossing the street. Then the lights
changed while I was still crossing.)
3. Use the . .' de to • Joe was talking on the phone I. e he

talk about two actions in progress at the same was driving.
time in the past. Use the past continuous in • They weren't paying attention . " .. they
both clauses. were crossing the street.
.-••
.
Past ····························· ...... ·t· .. ·.........................~ :uture

~ta'ki~ · ;
"'os driv\"~
4. The . (the part of the sentence

beg·' . • When ou II d , I was leaving.
Inning With , or · ) can come at • I was leaving wn L •
the beginning or the end of the sentence.
The meaning is the same.
Use
. a aft er th e time
. clause when • '1111 h rlvln he wa\ t'llkinq.
It comes at the beginning of the sentence. • He was lalking ""e Ii •
42 • Un t 10
•• • •• ••• • •• •• •• •• •• •• • • •
TRUE OR FALSE. ead cac" nllmbered entcnce. Write 7 (fme) or F (False) for the
I follow .
'When our fi'iends arrived, we at e lunch.

T Our friends arrived just before lunch.
While we were talking on the phone, I was driving to school.
We finish ed the conversation. Then I dr ove to school.
Jan h eard about the accident while sh e was driving to work.
Jan knew about the accident by the time she got to work.
, When they left the motorway, it started to rain.
It was raining while they were on the motorway.
5 When Zoe got to school, her class was taking a test.
Zoe was late for school.
COMPLETE • A police officer is interviewing two witnesses of a traffic accident.

Complete the interview with the correct form of the verbs in brackets and
with short answers.
OF'F'ICER: YVere t d'

- - - - - - - - you ___5-=--a:-n,.----ln~g~-- here when the accident
1. (stand)
___~h~a~pp~e~n~e~d----?
2. (happen)
WITNESS 1: Yes, we _____..:.:w~er~e~---. We _ _ _~-:--:--___ at the bus stop
1. 4. (wait)
when we first ---r-,::-::-::-:---:---- the car.
S. (notice)
OFF'ICER:
-------------- the car _ _---::~-_;:__--- when it
6. (speed)
---:;-
7.~(-
ge-:-;t):----- to the junction?
WITNESS 1: Yes, it
- --:;;;;:-;-:::-:-;-;---
10. (reach)
the corner.
WITNESS 2: No, it ht
- - -,-:;- 11. - - - ! Those men ___=-=:::--:-----:-_ _ on a red lig
11. (hit) them.

OFFICER:
- - - - - - - - the driver _ _-.~:-:----:--_ _ when he
14. (stop)
- - - '.;-;;;5=-.(~S(:,P-;-
:-: ) - - - the men?
WITNESS 1: No, he
- - -' 1i1.:6:. - - - . He _ _--:;-:;-,-~--_ on his mobile phone
while he ---'iRr;:;;~--- Th 17. (t,llk)
in tilDe.
18. (drive) . at's why he _ _-==-:--.-:=::-;---
top) .'
--22QO.':7(~
llo;;tt-;::;p::
ay:\)--' attention while they
21 . (cross)
Peat
and"'"
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
_ _ __ __ __ it _ _-=::-:----:--;--_ _ when the accident
22. (now)
----:~~--::::-;----?
21. (h.tppe.n)
WI1'NE8S 2: Yes, it ._ _ _--:~---24.

. I'm sure of it. The roads were very slippery.
1: No, it _._._.__-:;;~_ _ _ . The snow ----::2~6.---;(:-::,'-,'rt:-:-)--- when the

n.
am bu lance _ _----::-;;~~:::_::_:_;_---".. .
COMBINE. Read racll pair of sent nces. Comblnc them ;"to one sentence using the past
simple or the pmt continLlous form of thc verbs. Use a comma where necessary.
1. Diana nttcnded a meeting. The blizzard started.

When _ the blizzard .etarted, Diana wae attending a meeting.
2. She drove home. She listened to her car radio.

While ___________________________________________________________
3. She pulled over to the side of the road. The visibility got very bad.
_______________________________ when _________________________________
4. She listened to the news. She heard about the accident.

___________________________ while _____________________
5. It stopped snowing. She drove to the police station.

---------________________ when __________________
6. She talked to the police. She thought about her article for the moming paper.
While ------------------------------------------------------------
EDIT· Read part of the first draft of Diana's article. Find and correct five mistakes in the
use of past time clauses. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Yi driving
esterday, a ma.n was talking on his mobile phone while he was dPive his car. MCliYbe
he checking his diary while he was making his next appointment. He was certainly
not concentrating on the road when the lights suddenly was turning red. The two men
in the street were trying to j1lrnp out of the wCliY when they saw biro but it was too
late. No one was badly hlll't but that was just luck. Last year, the City Council weI'en't
passing the 'talking and driVing' law. We need that law I
•
t complete each sentence.

(ir I the lett"r of the orrect answer 0 -
.
- -
EXAMPLE:
J ennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee.
(A) drink
(e) is drinking
(D) was drinking
(S) drinks
~---
--- - -.-~
Roger me at 9:00 last night. ABC D

(S) calls (D) calling
Sara didn't hear the phone. She - - - - . ABC D
(A) sleeps (C) used to sleep
(S) slept (D) was sleeping
There _ _ _ _ a lot of people in the park yesterday. ABC D

(A) are (C) was
(S) is (D) were
One day last March, I _ _ _ _ a very strange letter. ABC D

(A) did get (C) used to get
(S) got (D) was getting
Where _ _ _ _ to school?
ABC 0
(A) did you go (C) you go
(S) you did go (D) you went
. Claude didn't _ _ _ _ in Canada.
ABC 0
(A) lived (C) used to live
(S) use to live
(D) used to living
. Rick left the class early because he ah d h ABC D
A) h d ea ac e.
( a (C) used to have
(S) have (D) was having
8. As soon as the lights turned red she the car. ABC D

(A) did stop , (C) -st-o-s--
(S) stopped p
(D) was stopping
(A) cook ABC D

(S) cooked (C) was cooking
were cooking
(D)
10. Johnny the h
(A) read
- - - - paper w en I interrupted h'
1m. ABC D
(S) reads (C) Was reading
(D) Were reading
44
. .1fT. . II • 45
••••••••••••••••••••••••••
u. Did you watch TV last night? A C D

-.____ I was revising for a test.
(A) Yes, I did. Ic) No. I didn't.
(S) Yes, I was. (D) No, I wasn't.
12. I remember you. You . _~ ._._~_ to go to school here. ABC D
(A) use Ie) were using
(S) used (D) were used
fa h nt nc 1m ~ ur IInderllll d word~ or phrases. The fOLlr underlmed parts of

th scntlllce Of, marked A B. C and D. Circle tile letter of the one undPrlined word
or pilrcHC that I NOT (ORRfCT.
I
Mike usually flrives to school but today he walks. A B C@

B 0
- - -- •
13. Why did you called him last week? ABC D

A B
14. They were watching TV while I were reading. ABC D
, c ~
15. What are you doing

., last night at 8:00? ABC D
16. The doctor called this morning while you slept. ABC D
C 0
17. It was no raining when the game ABC D
c
18. Paul was drying the dishes when he was dropping the plate. ABC D
C 0
19. When Gloria were four, she used to pretend she had a horse. ABC D
e B C
20. What do you use to do when you felt afraid? A C D
::- C 0
21. As soon as the alarm clock rang, she woke up and was getting ABC D
I
,
out of bed.
Once when I was ten, I used to get ill and went to hospital.
,
ABC D
-
23. While I driving home, I turned on the car radio and heard about ABC D
-
the accident.
24. What did you do.>. while you were living in Spain? ABC D
25. Pete and Andy were driving to work when they were seeing ABC D
I
the accident.
•••
.,
nt e ct:
Come on!
You've been a pro
since 1994. Now
serve the ball!
Forget it!
You haven't won a ICHEC POINT
match for weeks !
Go home!
T F The man is still a professio aI
tennis player. n
-,
STA S
CHART CHECK 1
~/e . e eo . eel SUBJECT HAVE (Nor) PAST PARTICIPLE , SINCE/FOR
,
'" s 'e- have
I/We/You* /They
The present perfect is 've (not) lived h
ere
I since May.
made up of two parts: n't beent
has
o e + past si mple He/She/it
IS •,
•
o ve + past * You is both singular and plural.
participle t Been is an irregular past participle. For a list of irregular verbs,
The regular form of see Appendix 1 on pages 336-337.
the past participle is:
I 0 base form of YES/NO
verb + - or Ld
HAVE SUBJECT PAST PARTICIPLE SINCE/FoR
I 0base form of
L~ __verb + -en Have they
lived •
Sine , May?
i
~
here
Has he been for a long time?
I
.
. I
SH
46
•
Since and For • 47

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
2
Tick the correct PAST
answer. WH- WORD HAVE SUBJECT PARtiCIPLE
For is used with: they IIv d

How long here? Since January.
r:J a point of time h he b n For a few months.
r:J a length of time
EXPRESS
L ok ell tile past pmtl ,pie. 11 Ie tile orr ct oillmn.
R gul.lr Irr . gular Regular Irregulclr
driven CJ 0 won o o
competed LJ 0 tried o o
G mmar Explanations Examples

1. Use the s n with ' or to • Martina Hingis a:> een a professional tennis
talk about something that began in the past and player sl:.ee 1994.
continues into the present (and may continue
• She has een a professional tennis player
into the future).
for several years.
Now
1994 ,
,•
P st ................................ (•.............................. ~ "·uture (She began her professional career several years
_ _ l .. __
• ago, and she is still a professional player.)
has been :•
2. Use the present perfect with ',:. • She earne millions of dollars s' ce 1994.
. (since 5:00, since Monday, since 7994)
to show when something started.
3. Sin can also introduce a .. I. c:

• •• • Martina · loveo sports .. "f> fhe WOf n child.
If the action ended in the past, use the past • She has won many tennis tournaments
simple in the time clause. c. . she Ml· -. from Slovakia.
(She doesn 't live in Slovakia now.)
If the action still continues in the present, use • She has become extremely successful
the present perfect in the time clause. i, . ' she ,.' D.. in Switzerland.
(She is still in Switzerland.)
4. Use the present perfect with , • Martina's mother 5 be her coach

(for ten minutes, for two weeks, for years,
for a long time) to show how long a present
situation has lasted.
,
48 •
...................... .
Unit 11
IDENTIFY. ad about tennis star Martina Hingis. Underline all the verbs in the
s . feet. Circle all the time expressions with since or for .
.l\Iartina Hingis picked up her first tenrus racket at the

age of two. \..Since theW, she has become one of the greatest
tenrus players in th e world. Born in Slovakia, she has lived in
Switzerland for ma ny years. She became th e outdoor Swiss
champion at the age of nine. Since t hen sh e has won man y
international competitions including Wimbledon, the US
Open and the Austr alian Open.
For young stars like Martina, life has its difficulties.
They are under constant pressure to win and they don't
have time to just relax with friends. In fact, Martina
hasn't been to school since 1994 and she has been in the
public spotlight for years. But she seems to be handling her success well.
Since she turned professional, she has played tennis allover the world and has
earned millions of dollars. She sees her life as normal because tennis has been the
most important thing to her since she was a little girl.
& CHOOSE • Read this magazine article about a child genius. Complete it with
-he present perfec form of the verbs in brackets. Choose between since and for.
Thirteen-year-old Ronnie Segal _ _.....:h..:.::a:-=5:.."I:..:::o..:.:ve;:.:d~__ maths _ _-=--=5:..:.:in:..:.:c:..:e,-:-:--_ he

1. (love) 2.
was a little boy. 'I - - _-:--;;--:-_ _ _ interested in numbers ---::---7-~;-;---
3. (b) 4. (mel' for
nine years, five months, three weeks, and two days,' says Ronnie. --~c;--~r:::;,--
5. (S nee For
the past year, Ronnie -_~~-:---::--_ _ classes at university. He
6. (Ill tend)
- ---;;--:-----:--:----- badly. _ - ;:-=_--::-_ __ January, he five
7. (," oj.) 8. (')lIll .t' Furl - - -9
::-.--:-(:-
tilT"e: - : - - -
exams and --"'1A~:-:-:--:7"--

10. (not get)
a mark of less than a hundred per cent on any of
them.
11. (5, l " / for) Ronnie began classes, he __---:::-:::--:---.___ an average
12. (m en
of 1.324 people a month. And his future? Young Ronnie about it
13. (n t think) ,
for years. He _ _---.:;-;;:=-::--.-_ _
. ----~.~(~'n~(~e~/~ro-r~
) ---
gomg to become a fa mous sports announcer, get rna l'I"ied, and have exactly 2.2 childreD·
P .....nt P.rfect: Since and For •
.....•.....•.••• •••.•••• ,.~ •• .-•••••••••••
ASK' • Complete the Interview about Martina Hlngls. Use the words In
brackets to write questions. Then write short answers to the questions using
Infonnatlon from Exercise 1.
1. (How long / she / be / a tennis player?)

Q: ~H~o~w~'~O~~6~.~h~
a~e ~e~h~
e ~b~
ee=,n~a~u~n~n~le~p~
la~
y~er~?___________________________________
A: Since ehe wae two. •
2. (How long / she / live in Switzerland'?)
Q:
A: •
3. (she / win any competitions / since the outdoor Swiss championship?)
Q:
A:
4. (she / go to school/since 1994?)
Q:
A:
5. (How much money / she / earn / since her career began?)
Q:
A:
6. (How long / tennis / be important to her?)
Q:
A: __________________________________________________
EDIT· Read this student's paragraph. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of the
present perfect, and since and for. The first mistake has already been corrected.
roa'ie been
I am in /\As dark's physical educatIOn class since two months. I enjoy it a lot and
have only miss two classes since the beginning of the term . I espeCIally like tennis
but since September We don't play because the Weather have been too cold . I also
like volleyball and my team has win two matches since we have started to com pete
with Lincoln School. I'm looking forward to the next matCh.
••
• •
T
nt e ct:
Irea ust and Yet
As you can see,

• . .
the flu season has just

begun . Have you had your flu
jab yet? It's never too late!
ICHEC POINT
Well, Circle T ITr"e or F I False'
almost never ... T F The flu season will start soon.
CHART CHECK 1 AF STATEMENTS: ALREADY AND JUST

T* r-
_
"
*'~ . . \.i, ree L SUBJECT HAVE ALREADy/JUST PAST PARTICIPLE
They have developed I a new flu vaccine.

To say that something alreadyliu!t
has happened It has saved three people's lives. .
before now,
o use t:o or st. NEGATIVE ST YET
o •
use •
I SUBJECT HAVE NOT PAST PARTICIPLE I YET
To say that something - - ----1-1- - - - - - - -
They haven't ,
has not happened - yet.
-
--- - - , the interview
before now, . It hasn't ended
I
,
- I
l Ouse llread or J st.
I
o use not . • . ye .
- -
. - -_.
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS: YET
Circle T (True) u( HAVE PAST PARTICIPLE YET
F (False).
Hav_
T F Yet is used in ----
the new vaccine
questions.
- Eo
- yet?
Has it had
-_. -----_._----- ~~----~----- "
approval
•
50
Present Perfect: Already. Ju t and Yet _ 51
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS
AFFIRMATiVE NEGAIIVE Uns(ramble these words to form a question.
... Answer the question .
they hav • they 't.
Yes, No,
you • have • yet • lunch. had
it has. it 1 h sn't .
-------------------------------?
-
Gr mm r Expl n Ion Ex mpl 5
1. We often use the pr I with

A: Is your daughter going to get her flu jab?
01,., dy and /w
to talk about things that have
8: She ' (Iret ely • ( it. And I' v Just had it, too.
happened before now.
AI,., ad)' means' at some time before now'.

Just means 'very recently: a moment or two
ago'.
BE CAREFUL' Do not use the present perfect DON'T SAY:

with alrea when you mention a specific time
in the past.
Already and ju. usually come between " ve

• Researchers have already discovere cures for
and the p st p ,
many diseases.
• I've just reco 'erec. from a bad cold.
Alreo . can also come at the end of the clause.
• They've made a lot of progress read,'.
-~---
2. Use the . . ~ with .' ". to

• They aven't d'sco 'e eo a cure for the
talk about things that have not happened
before now. common cold yet, but they hope to discover
one in the future.
Notice that '; usually comes at the end of
the clause. • The flu season hasn't arrived yet.
can also come between ve and the

•
• They haven 'et discover a cure for the
common cold .
3. We usually use ! . to fi nd out if

.
• ~ your son a. his flu jab . ?
something has happened before now.
USAGE NOTE: Sometimes we use

• . he II d h d his flu jab? The flu season
q . to express surprise that something
hasn't begun yet.
has happened sooner than we expected it to.
4. In spoken American English, people often use

• I I, ad)' that book.
alreudy, J t and
. with the past simple to
talk about the recent past. • We , back from l os Anqelf's.
• • you the shopping . '}.
52 • Unit 12
•• • • ••••••••••••••••••••••
MATCH. Watch the cause with the appropriate res ult.
r se Result
e Tom has just had his flu j ab, so is really hungry.
he probably
b may get flu .
Dr Meier has already finished
his interview, so he e has left the TV stud'
10.
3 Dr Meier hasn't had lunch yet, so h e d isn't very hungry.
. Steve hasn't had his j ab yet , so h e e. won't get flu this year.
5 Steve h as just had lunch, so he
COMPLETE. Read these questions and answers from a magazine artic/e. Complete
ther ith the present perfect form of the verbs in brackets plus already or yet.
Use short answers.
smallpox tetanus flu polio measles world smallpox last case AIDS cancer malaria common (old
• • • • •
vaccine vaccine vaccine vaccine vaccine vaccination programme •
of smallpox vaccine vaccine vaccine vaccine
•
1796 1880 1945 1954 1963 1966 1980 NOW
Q: We plan to travel to the rain forest next year. _ _ _--=-H....:.:a::::~:.::e~_ _ they

_ _ _..,:.~~o~u~nd~___ a malaria vaccine ___--.:y=--e_t_ _ _ _ ?
1. (lind)
A: _ _ _-.:....N:.:::o~_ _ _ , they _ _-----=.h.:. =a:. .:,v=.:en:. :. '. :. t_ _ _ • Talk to your doctor about ways to
2.
prevent this disease.
Q: My doctor told me I won't need another smallpox jab. I was surprised.

- - -- - - - - smallpox completely _ _ ~_ _ _ _ _ ?
3. (dlsappeclr)
A: - _____ _ _ , it _ _ _ _:--_ _ _ .
4.
Q: They ----::---,-,---,-_
5 (d,·" lop!
_ _ vaccines against flu. What about the common cold?
A: No. Because there are so many different cold viruses, they _ _ _ --,,.---;-,::-;- - to
6. (not be able)
develop a vaccine _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
Q: There has been so much cancer research. _________ anyone

--~=--:,.--:--:----
7. (m ke)
a successful vaccine _________ ?
A:
- - - - - - - - they - _ _~----. Researchers have made a lot of
8.
progress in recent years, however.
Preeent Pe..-otJ AI,.d)I JutJt
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Dr Helmut Meier and his wife, Gisela, are planning a party. Look at their
To Do lists and the pictures of their kitchen and dining room. Cross out the things
they have already done. Then write sentences about each Item on their To Do lists.
(
,
To Do - GIsela
To 00 - Helmut
vacuum the carpet
• -ttl buy flowers
be e the uke . wash the windows
put the turkey In hang the balloons
the o~en wrap the present
mop the floor
,
, wash the dishes
~j
I,I
. -----.-....
, ... .....
.. " .
'
- "'l. t.. •
-. ~-~
~ .... .
, .. •
1. Helmut has already bought film.
2. Gisela hasn't vacuumed the carpet yet.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
EDIT • Read this note from Gisela to Helmut. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of
the present perfect with already and yet. The first mistake has already been corrected.
}ee
Helmut -I'm in a hurry, I haven't went shopping already but I'll do it on the way home. RitCl
have just had dinner and she's already had her bath. Have you call Mr JacofJsorl yd? He':,>
called already three times tOday. His daughter has had het" flu shot yet. Is if roo Ilt l"? ~)t:t:
you later.
( J.
TUne in to Channel l/ tonight ~---.... . . . .
I've moved
at 8:00 and find out! in with my
parents.
I've been
to India! , HEC POINT
I've met
'r, ,~o\l
someone new.
, .. Agai n. The cast of 'Family' is talking
I
Have you ever ':.',
, . ~ about things of importance to them
met anyone like
us before'? o now.
o in the past.
1.
CHART CHECK 1 I
<0 ( , r I SUBJECT HAVE (Nor) PAST PARTICIPLE I
F (F( ,
They ave 2.
T F You can use appeared
(not) on TV.
the present It has been
perfect without
mentioning a For a complete presentation of present perfect forms,
specific time. see Unit 11, pages 46-47.
-
I -
CHART CHECK 2 STATEMENTS WITH
Tick UI(1 (Ort ( SUBJECT • HAVE (Nor) ADVERB •, PAST PARTICIPLE
answ('r , ,."
,
I They have
Never comes: I
, never
I appeared on TV.
o before the past It has
participle
o at the end of the i They have (not)
red on TV
statement It has (not) h en
- i
-
54
Present Perfect: Indefinite Past _ 55
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
3
arc/e T (True) or PAST
F (False). HAVE (EVER) PARTICIPLE AFFIRMAIIVE NECATIVE
T F Ever must be Have they ? they have. they haven't.
used in yes/no (ever) •
Yes, No,
questions. Has she won? she has . she hasn't.
WH- QUESTIONS
WH- WORD HAVE SUBJECT PAST PARTICIPLE
• •
I How often have they act d on this show?

I Why
• -
has it won an award?
I
. ~
7 _
EXPRESS
Um "ramble tllese words to form a question. Answer tile question.
you • watched • Have • 'The Simpsons' • ever
-------------------------------------? ------------------------------------

1. Use the pr to talk about things _ They've won several awards.
that happened at an indefinite time in the past. _ I've interviewed the whole cast.
You can use the present perfect when you don't _ She's been on a documentary.
know when something happened or when the _ I've seen his chat show.
specific time is not important.
2. You can use . . with the " . '. . - - _ to A: HiiI Ie you . on an award?
ask questions. It means at any time up until now. OR
Have you ever 0 an award?
Use nev' to answer negatively. B: No, I've nel'er Non one.
OR
No, never.
3. BE CAREFUL! The past participles and .ne _ Tom hiU bee.. to India.
have very different meanings. (He went and now he's back.)
_ Tom . ~ gOl . to India.
(He went to India and he's still there now.)
--
4. Use the ,'.' .·rfeet
•
with ' or y !cently sl_I" a contract to write a book.
to talk about events in the very recent past. sn't had time •
BE CAREFUL! Do not use ' , or '. with • I' · ecently 9 back from Los Angeles.
the present perfect and a specific past time NOT I've recently got OdelE (,-om l.os Angt'les
expression. last Monday.
. . 56
............. ,. ........ .
Uni 3
TRUE OR FALSE. Read co " numbered sentence Write T (True) or f (Folse) for the
follows.
1. I\'e recently joined the programme. Someone asks you, 'Have YOu
any good books lately?' read
T I am a new member of the cast.
They want to know b
2. I haye never been to Scotland. a book you read last Out
year.
I went to Scotland a long She's visited New York several
time ago.
This is her first visit to
He's gone shopping. New York.
He's shopping now. She has become very popular.
Have you ever seen this film? She is popular now.
I ":ant to know when you
saw the film.
CHOOSE & COMPLETE. "lead this script from a scene from 'Family'. Complete it with the
e 1 cl. O. I , of the verbs in the box.
try (x2) have eat want (x3) be travel
CAROL: This is a nice restaurant. _ _ _. . H.:..:a:.:v.:::.8

:. _ __ you ever _ _ _..::..:tr~ie:...:.d,--_ _
the steak? J
JIMMY: No, but I _ _ _---=_- - - - the spaghetti. I always have it. Actually. I
-
- - - - - - - - never _ _ _----::---_ _ _ meat. I think it's cruel to
animals. I bet you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ never _ _ _ ----:;-_ _ _ out with a
4.
vegetarian before, have you?
CAROL: No, I haven't actually. Tell me, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you ever _ _ _-;:----
S.
to live out of London? You know, out in the countryside somewhere.
JIMMY: Out of London? Are you crazy? No, seriously, I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ never
---~----
6
to leave London. I love it here.
CAROL: But - - - -_ _ _ _ you ever _ _ _----;:;--_ _ _ to move to another
7.
country or another city at least?
JIMMY: No, why should I? I've got everything I want here. You like London too, don 'tyou?
1
CAROL: Well, yes, it's OK. But I all over the world and other
8.
I
places are just as nice.
JIMMY: You may be right. Anyway, - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you ever 9. -
the new Mexican restau rant on the High 8tl'oot? How about going there
Pr_nt Perfect: Indefinite Past til
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
, • Complete the Network Online (NO) Interview with lake Stewart, the
octor who ploys the part of Gary. Use the words In brackets and the present perfect
form of the verb.
NO: Welcome to Live Studio, Jake. You've become very famous.

How many onllnl!t,!nti!!rylewe have you done! __ ~.-::-::-::_•.-:-;-;-:-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
1. ll~, w m, ny urol,r'lf' In1 (rvlew I (j",>
JAKE: None! __
.______'--;;'-:-:::',-:-:-::-',--_.--;-;:':'"':"';:--:--:---:--------. Very exciting!
2, (n VI r r • '1 ' Iu I Itl d tiMl Illorll)
NO: -----------------.-------~~~~~----~~-------------------
J. (How I (hilllg! /lS 1'1 detor')
JAKE: I work with a group. so -------~-;;-_____--=:-:-~~'"'77"-------

• 4. (becolne , mar' toluant)
NO: AR 11 comic actor, ________--;:~_:____;_;_--;--_._:_-__;_;:;:---------

5. (who I be I your rolf mod n l7)
JAKE: Hard to say _________~~~~~~--~~~~----~-----------

6. (Charlie Chaplin I have I gr€'at influence on mt·)
NO:
7. (What I be I your best moment on this showl)
JAKE: Well. you know, _ _ _ _ _---=--;:--;--:--:-:-_ _;:--_ _ _ _ _ • That was fantastic.

8. (I I win I the award)
NO: All in all, _ _ _ _ _---=--:--:-_-,,--.,-,--_ _---:-:_-:----:-_ _ _-=-_ _ _ __

9. (what I find I most rewarding about the experience?)
JAKE: Free coffee! No, really, _______-=-=--;-_:-:-_--;---:--:-:-_---:~-------

10. (meet I some fantastic people)
EDIT • Read this message from an online message board. Find and correct seven mistakes
in the use of the present perfect. The first mistake has already been corrected.
,
----- --
---
, ,
-
---.-- .. "--
-- - "-
--
- .
,
----
- - - - , - Family Fan Chat
Subj.: Re: Gary's Blind Date

From: Yikes123
, :aughed
I ve never laugh so much in my life! Did you see the blind date episode on
Family? Have you never seen anything so funny? I LOVE the show! It's the best
Show I have ever saw in my life. I really enjoyed it lately. By the way, have you
notice that Gary and Alison are beginning to get on? I think Gary have started to
fancy her. Last night, Alison has moved next door to Gary but he doesn't know
yet! I can't wait to see what happens in the next episode, Does anyone know
When Gary's book is coming out?
• •
and
- 1
,.
- Yes ...
I can't This month has been
stand this commuter bad ... But last month was
marriage! I've only seen you J- better. We saw each other
twice this month. four times!
I
C EC POINT
Circ/o T I i •• f'. 0, ;:. ;:alse).
T F The husband and wife

live in different cities.
- - - - - - - - - -,
CHART CHECK 1 AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS
It:' correct PRESENT PERFECT I PAST SIMPLE
Use t o for to ne the business since 2001. I She the business from '01 to '03.
met twice this month. They e twice last month.
o the past ,
I
simple.
NEGATIVE ST
o the present
perfect. •
I I
PRESENT PERFECT
__ _ P~ST_S~::P~LE=--_ _--",
She "n ' own the business for long . . She 't own the business for long.
They ven't me this month. They .dn 't me t last month. •
- - - - • 0 -
I
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS

Tick the corr .
PRESENT PERFECT
,wer: ___._.!:P~AS~T--=S~IM~PLE~.'-~_ _ _'
Questions in the she t: it for long? I D' she wn it for long?

present perfect are H v they e this month? they me t last month?
formed with: ,
I
L-_
-- - :
o have + base form WH-
of verb
PRESENT PERFECT
o have + past PAST SIMPLE
participle How long has she owned it? 't 7
How long did she own I . t/I?
How ~ften have they met this month? How often did they meet last /'110
11
. ~ ------------
58
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXl'RESS
Circle the correct word to omp/eff' these sentences.
They in 1999. They married since 2000.
Gr m Ex I n I n xml
1. The P rf c is used to talk about • Thcy'v d cld d to live apart for a few years
things that started in the past, continue up to (We clon't know when they decided; the time is not
the present and may continue into the future. important.)
• They t • v • liv d apart for the past three years.
••• (They started living apart three years ago, and
t ···e····· ....··········.. ········!······
•
, .
.... ··············· ....... Futur they are still living apart.)
•
have lived i • They've I"v d apart since 1998.
(They are stil/living apart.)
The p s Impl is used to talk about • They rYe apart until 2000.
completed actions in the past. (They don't live apart any more.)
2. The present pe is used to talk about • I' e ad three cups of coffee hh mor ing.
things that have happened in a period of time (It's still this morning. I might have more.)
that is not finished, such as ,', ,
thi or.
The p st is used to talk about things • I had three cups of coffee y sterdoy.
that happened in a period of time that (Yesterday is finished.)
is finished, such as . . I ' •I
• I had three cups of coffee ' . g.
lost year and Imin when it is
after 12 p.m. (It's now 2 p.m. This morning is finished.)
60 • 14
•••••••••••••••••••••••••
..nple verbs .
and Maria, for example, Q:!ave bee1y married since 1995. Mter their wedding, the
couple settled
__ _ down in Ipswich, where Maria opened an accounting business. Th .
en,ln
consider moving. Joe never found a new job in Ipswich but in 1998, he got an eXC1lng
't'
offer on the other side of the country - in Bristol. The couple have lived apart eVer
since. How have they handled this 'commuter marriage' up to now? Joe notes, 'It
certainly hasn't been easy. We've been geographically separated for a few years but
we've grown a lot closer emotionally. For that reason, it's been worth it.'
TRUE OR FALSE • Now write T (True) or F (False) for each statement.
F 1. Joe and Maria are divorced.
2. Maria started her own business in Oxford.
3. The couple used to live apart.
4. In 1997, they thought about moving.

5 The couple are now closer emotionally.
COMPLETE • Joe is calling Maria. Complete their conversation with the correct form of
the verbs ~n brackets and with short answers. Choose between the present perfect and
the past SImple.
JOE: Hi, Maria. ---~=---

Did ___ you finish that report yesterd ay.?
MARIA: No, I didn't 1. (finish)
--~~~~--. I'm still writing it and I _ _ _ _ _......,.--- worrying
3. (not stop)
about it all week.
JOE: Apart from that, how
5. (slet'p)
night.
JOE:
6. (nol II .. t·)
much rest this week. Listen - we
each other only twice this month. I'll come tomorrow-
7. (,,(,()
MARIA: OK, but I'll still have to work L t t' aDY
. as Ime you came I .
work. 8. (not do)
true, but it __ us at all, remember?
you relax now? _ ' '_ _ _ _ _ _ you _ _-:::-::'--::--:--__ that
10. (try)
tea yet?
_ _ _~____ . In fact, I _'-::-:~~-:--:---:-__ five cups so far today and it's
11. J
only 3 o'clock. Yesterday I _ _---.:-:::---:--:-___ at least six cups.
1 J (."" l
ASK' ANSWER· Lif tyl Md9Min (l M) I ;nl rviewing/oe and Maria. Complete the
Interview u i"9 Ih word in #Jrac k ts and Information from Exercise 1. Choose
between the pr sent p rfc t and till' po I simple.
When did you get married?

LM: ,• 7 7
F.. =
JOE: We got married In 1995.

• 7 ,
2.
LM: Did Y0l:l_lIve1n Ipswich after that?
3, ,I, I
Vee. we did.
4.
LM:
S. (st rt your busmess I bEfore your marriage 1)
6.
LM:
7. (How long I own your own bus,ness?)
8.
LM:
9. (When I you I f,nd your job In Bmtol?)
JOE:
10.
LM:
11. (your commuter marrrage I be very difficu' t?)
MARIA: I
----------------~-----------------------.
12.
EDIT· Read this entry from Maria's diary. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the
present perfect and the past simple. The first mistake has already been corrected.
28 December
'6 bee
It's 8:00 P.M. It tt'tlS a hard wcck and it~., l10t over!Jet! / sMI havc to ji'nish tlmt report. /'Vt' started
it last Monda!! hut so far I'v<~ wrote 0110 ji've pa.!lt's. And it's due He;d ,t'tJt·k! Wvrk W.lS SV di/l,'.,llt
late(y. I've worked latc cvcr.,o/ n(ght this Il'ak. I'm tir.·/I ,wd I /wvm't 3<7t mll.h .~/t't'1' hlst 1I~,ht.
I miss Joe. I've seen him lust wt'ekclld tltlt it s,'ems like ." 10113 timc n"qv,
-, .-
• ••
•
ect
ntinuous
We've been
ng with Bea
Babies since we
were four!
leH POINT
Tick the correc c e eI'Jre
D The girls don't play with Bearue

- Babies any more.
D The girls are still collecting
Beanie Babies.
Jane, Lou ise and Sarah have been collecting Beanie
Babies for years.
CHART CHECK 1 STATEMENTS

C 'c e T (TrUe) or BASE FORM OF
F (Fe '"e SUBJECT HAVE (Nor) BEEN VERB + ·INC SINCE/foR
T F The present l/WelYou* /They have (not) •
perfect collect toys since 1992.

been
can tin uous is He/She/It has (n't) playin with them for a long time.
always formed
with the word *You is both singular and plural.
e .
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS

Chec/< he (0 n.
BASE FORM
answer HAVE 1 SUBJECT BEEN + ·INC . SINCE/FoR
In questions, which - . . -
Hav i you
parts of the verb come •
been collecting toys since 1992?

I
. ?
after the subject? Has for a long time.
I he i playing with them
o have been I
o been + SH ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
we have . we
V , . haven' t .
No, - .
he has . he hasn't .
- . _ J.
62
~
,
.............••.•.•.••••••••••••• ••
• <
; .
~
BAn FORM
WH- WORD HAVE SUBJECT BEEN + -INC
•
have you coli cttn9 toys?

How long pi ylng with them?
has he
EXPRESS
Compl tt til n.
A: How long _,______________ he been living here?
B: =' ,
_ L. , n long time.
A: I've collecting coins since last year.

B: Renlly? Have you been foreign coins?

1. Use the pres - . to • I've een col e ...tin Beanie Babies for four years.
talk about things that started in the past and (/ started collecting them four years ago, and I'm
continue up to the present. The situation is still collecting them.)
usually not finished, and it will probably
continue into the future.
•
v·..·
••
.,................................(.............................~ 'uture
•
.?Qve been coilect\r~

REMEMBER! Stative verbs are usually not used in • I· 'e . f>this doll for years.
the continuous. NOT I've been owning this doll for years.
2. Use the to • The kids , . •. e _ »yln~ here. Their toys

describe things that have stopped very recently. are all over the room.
The action is not happening now but you can • It > -1'1 • The streets are still wet.
still see the results of the action.
Check it out!
For a list of common stative verbs, see Appendix 2 on page 337.
For the. difference between the present perfect and the present perfect continu()u!'1.
see DOlt 16.
()4 • Unit 1
•
... ••••••••••••
.rl \i atCftlCllt. rll 'II cil /£' the fr tt C'r of til· SCflt(';,C('
~ ) tlwt !Jest de u e~ If
•
(iinn hns bU'Jl collecting' HLHll1pl::l Hillel'
naJlir·1 look(!u ouL of" lhe wi 1
Hlli d , ' tL'H bO<' 1l ruining.' n(ow f~nd
8tH' waH <-It. Hch()ol.
niun stop ped coil cLing sLU1l1JJs. lL'/; HLiII raining.
bJ Gi nu s till collocLs sLn mps. b lL Htopp('d rnining a fi horl who

ago. li()
Edward has been writing un urticle

n bou t. t.oys. 5. Ws been raining since 6:00.
The articie is finished. It's s Wl raining.
The article isn 't finished yet. b It stopped raining a short while
ago.
3 They've beon selling a lot. of Pok.6mon toys.
6 They've been playing for houTs.
a People are t.iLl buying Pok6mon toys.
a They've s topped playing.
b The Pokemon craze is over.
b They're sLill playing.
COMPLETE • Edward Simpson (ES) interviewed the manager of Toys and Us (TAU)
ecently. (omp/ete the interview with the present perfect continuous form of the verbs
in brackets. Use short answers when appropriate.
ES: So, ____h_av_e_ _ _ you _ _b_B_e-:-n-;6_B-;;:II_ln....:{3=--_ a lot of toys this season'?

I (',lll)
TAU: _ _Yt_e6_, _w_e_h_av_B_ _ , Edward. In fact, Pokemon toys and games
..
---:-;-~---
( .f II)
very fast. They're our most popular item at the moment.
ES: In case one of our viewers ___~-;;:--:-___ on Mars, could you explain
4. (IiVl)
what Pokemon toys are?
TAU: Ha ha. I bet the company _ _---;-;-'--;-:_ _ _ Pokemon to Mars. too. This product
\. (wnd)
st.arted out in Japan as a computer game. Since 1996, the characters
---:-7'::--:---
, . (, ppt .Ir) in collectors' cardR, board games - you name it.
ES: Why . - - - - ____ this cruze , people all overthe
7 ("rtr <l I)
world?
TAU: Well, my husband . c. several
----;i'IT:::::7---
H. (buy)
theRe products for our chIldren Jor
years becau~e the characters ure not violent. Maybe that's why.
ES: up
- - - - -__ people •
for them?
TAU:
- - - -lUO
'. - - _.. , People --11'"i:::~~-- for Power Rangers very
much lat.ely. 11. (nnl 1 k) ,
Pre. .nt Pel reot Contlnuoua _ '8
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Look at the two plctur~s of journalist Edward Simpson. Write sentenus

describing what has been going on. Use the present perfect continuous form of the
verbs In brackets. Choose between affirmative and negative forms
1:::1
He's been doing re search on new toys.

1. - , ~----~----~~-------------------------.----
(, j , reward) on new toys)
2. _ ________________________~~~~~~~----__- -__________------_
(tHt the roller blades)
3.
(play basketball)
4.
(eat plua)
5.
(drink Coke)
6.
(build a racing car)
7.
(play video games)
8.
(send emails)
EDIT· Read the thank-you note. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the
'Jlelent perfect continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Dear Aunty Sally, •

pia y' 11£1
Thank you very much for the Pokemon cards. My friend and I have been
w ith them all day. So far , 1 am been winning. I really love Pokemon. Mf} mum been
buying the toys for us because she thinks they're fun, too. All my friends were
collecting the cards for months now. Tonya loves the computer game you sent.
too. She've been asking me to play with her but I've been having too much fun
with my cards.
1 I hope you are well. I've been thought about you a lot I hope yo u c an co me
i, and visit us soon. Love.
_ . . ... - ---~-----
--
a- ~
•
o 01'. 9 .... a - ..
5 . - ',"
•
- ", '
- 5 - ...
.. .... ;,..e ... _ . .
::;.' " ~ a - ' - ~ ;',.-:,:
- !) ....... ..
r.;(=u.=-r.ClI POINT
T •
The w man ha-s -mshed

T F following the elephant.
T F taking 100 rolls of film .
~
CHART CHECK PERFECT

c Eleph nt h v the e rt f rt
1 ut eJe hant .
In :;001 rtt article'
~. ntence:. \ ' OU
•
can u -e eith r In man c untri .
the present
perti t or the PRESENT
present pene t
continuous. EI phants h "
n
- ' " mce 1 ndd .
She
article ince 1 O.
e "Ii In Fran e f r a ear.
- - ----~
66
Present Perfect, rid Present Perfect • 61
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • •••••
EXPRESS
Complete this conversation wi th the correct form of a,e verb eat and one short answer.
A: He's been _____", ____ all morning!

B: What ________, ___ he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ eating?
A: Peanuts. He _,"_. ________. eaten five bags of peanuts!
B: _ _ _ _ _ _ '~_ he eatcn the whole supply?

A: __._______ , he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . There are still ten bags left.
Grammar Expl n tions Examples

1. The p often shows that _ I'vt' - .<'if a good book about elephants.
something is finished. It focuses on the result (I've finished reading the book and now I know a
of the action. lot about elephants.)
Now _ She's riten the article.
•
••
P t ................'\: ................. ~................................. Future (She's finished writing the article.)
••
•
have read •
The :,- ' often shows _ I've been reading a book about elephants.
that an activity is unfinished. It focuses on the (I'm still reading it.)
continuation of an action.
_ She's been writing an article.
" ,
••
(She's still writing it.)
•
Pd! .................................. ~... ~ ......................... ~ ,-'uture
2. We often use the to talk about

- how much someone has done. _ I've read a lot about it.
- how many times someone has done something. _ I've been to Africa wee.
- how many things someone has done. _ She 's w 'itten se"er really good articles.
We often use the 5 _ I've been readi g books on elephants 0
to talk about how long something has been two months.
happening.
BE CAREFUL! We do not usually use the present _ I ' r . that book t ''- .
perfect continuous when we mention a number NOT ~
of completed events.
3. Sometimes you can use either the 'esent _ She tudlr elephants • two years.
perf OR the ntinuou~ . OR
The meaning is basically the same. This is • She eleph.mts Ir two ye,l/'s.
especially true when you use verbs such as (In both cases, she ~IC1l ted ,\ (!ldYIIIC] t'lt'pllant\
live, work, study and : I with or ICC. two yean ago and \he i\\till ,ltwfyillC] thl'II1,)
•
, ... . 68
. ....... .
Unit 16
.,.
TRUE OR FALSE. ' cad eac" numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (Fal se) for the
~ • t III follows.
P ro fiessor 0 wen h as been r eading a book about elephants.

F She has read the whole book .
She's read a book about elephants.
She h as read the wh ole book.
3 She's written a magazine article about th e rain forest.
She has written the whole article.
'. She's been waiting for some supplies.
She has got the supplies now.
5. They've lived in Uganda since 1992.
They are still in Uganda.

6. They've been living in Uganda since 1992.
They still live in Uganda.
CHOOSE· Here are some statements about Professor Owen's work. Circle the correct
form of the verbs to complete these statements. In some cases, both forms are correct.
, Professor Owen is working on two articles for National Wildlife Magazine. She
these articles since Monday.
2. National Wildlife Magazine has published / has been publishing its annual report on
the environment. It's an excellent report.
3. Five hundred and sixty African elephants have already died / have been dying this year.
•
4. Professor Owen has given / has been giving many talks about wildlife preservation 111
the last few years.
5, She has spoken / has been speaking at Ollr school many times.
6. Professor Owen was late for a meeting. When she arrived, the chairperson said,
'At last, you're here. We have waited / have been waiting for you.'
7. Professor Owen has lived / has been living in England for the last two years.
8. She has worked / has been working with environmentalists in England and
Fr8Ilce·
9.
endangered animals. The group has already met twice.

Present and Present Perfect Contlnuoua • 69
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Read this entry from Dr Owen's field Journal about an elephant she calls
Grandad. Use the present perfect or the present perfect continuous form of the verbs
In brackets.
. __·_V6_. _be':""e_n::--,,~h_-:
We ____ ea~r_ln....;g~._ _- about Grandad sInce we arrived here in
1. (hl' r
Amboseli Park. He is one of the last 'tuskers'. tWO days ago, we finally saw him. His tusks
are more than two metres long. I __ _ never _ anything like them.
2. (·-'·f·)
Grandad ____-~_.~.._ __ _ _ _ here for more than sixty years. He
3.lb'.!·)
_ ___.~:----"__;_-"-- everything and he _ _ _ _--=---:_ _ _ _ __

4.( P '"'' ,) S.(\urvl\ll'}
countless threats from human beings. 'foung men _ _ _ _----::----:-----:-_ _ _ _ their I
6. (test)
courage agaInst hIm and poachers him for his ivory.
7. (hunt)
His experience and courage ------=---c,..-.....,------ him so far.
8. (save)
For the last two days, he -------=--:--""""7"---- sloWly through the tall
9. (move)
grass. He _ _ _ _----::-:::--:---:-:--_ _ _ _ and -------=-=---0-------.
10. (eat) 11. (re:.'_)
Luckily, rt _ _ _ _----:::-::---:---:--:-_ _ _ _ a lot this year and even the biggest elephants
12. (rain)
_ _ _ _---=-=---=---::-_ _ _ _ enough food and water.
13. (find)
EDIT • Read this student's report. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the present
perfect and present perfect continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.
living
Elephants a.nd their ancestors have been mre on this planet for 5 million years.
SCientists have found their bones in many places, from Asia to North America.
Present-day elephants has also survived in different kinds of environments, including
very dry areas in Niger, grasslands in East Africa and forests in West Africa.
Because of their great size and strength, elepbants have always fascinating
hUmans. Our fascination has aJmost caused African elephants to become extinct. Poachers
(illegal hunters) have already been killing hundreds of thousands of elephants for the
ivory of their tusks. After 1989, it became illegal to sell ivory. Since then, the elephant
population has been grown steadily. Recently, several countries have been protecting
elephants in national parks and herds have became large!' a.nd healthier.
•
•
••
By the time I was

twelve. I had already dec ided
on a career. I wanted to
be paid to talk!
--:;
CHEC POINT
Tick the everf ho hapfJened iirst
o Oprah had her twelfth birthdavo

•
o Oprah decided on a career.
Chat show host Oprah Winfrey with her TV audience.
CHART CHECK 1
•
STATEMENTS ,
,•
c ~C/e "T" (Tr' eJ o. SUBJECT HAD (NOT) PAST PARTICIPLE
F (Fa'se,
I/He/She/We/You* /They 'd decided by then . .
T F The past
perfect uses had (not) •
It been easy. ,
or. for all hadn't
I
subjects. *You is both singular and plural.
CHART CHECK 2 YES/ NO QUESTIONS SHORT

ir k
e c ) . ·e<.
I HAD SUBJECT PAST PARTICIPLE
r 'wer -
.
she
. .
- . . - .
In past perfect decided by then? she she !hadn t

Had . .
. - ---- -- , Ye , '----, had. No,
questions, where it
-
it
been easy? it
does go? . .
. ---- -
o before the subject

WH- QUESTIONS
o after the subject
WH- WORD HAD J
-- - - - -
- ~ ~
-.-
---- -. .
PAST PARTICIPLE
.
- -
hOst?
Why
sh e decided to be a chat shoW
had
it been easy?
- ---- ------
• 70
Paat • 71
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS
Complete this conversation with the \I rb arrlv
A: Had she _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by 9:00'1
B: No, she _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
G r Explanat ons Examples

1. Use the t p rf ct to show that something • By 1988, Oprah Winfrey I b come famous.
happened before a specific time in the past. • It was 1985. She already ) -en in a
Now Hollywood film.
became
famous ••
P t •. u •• *............*.......... ~ ................................ Future
••
•
1988 •
2. The past p always shows a relationship • In 1990, Oprah 'nv;fe Matt on the show.
with another past event. He had been an author for two years.
(He was an author before 1990.)
Use the past perfect for the earlier event. Use • By the time Jill got home, 'The Oprah Winfrey
the past simple for the later event. Show' had finished .
BE CAREFUL! In these sentences with • When the show ended, she e· .

notice the difference in meaning between the (First the show ended. Then she left.)
past simple and the past perfect.
• When the show ended, she . , •
(First she left. Then the show ended.)
3. Already, yet, e\' and ' .. ' are often used • I saw The Color Purple last night.
with the to emphasise the event I ad never seen it before.
which happened first.
• Jason had alreaay se , it.
4. When the time relationship between two past • Ali ' Oprah h pp ' . in The Color Purple,
events is clear, you can use the she go a part in another film.
for . The meaning is OR
usually clear when you use , or • ~, Oprah in The Color Purple,
as soo I to connect the events.
-.-. she a part in another film.
--,---~--
5. We often use the st p rfee with by • By J 9C! ,Oprah d d cld on a career.

(a certain time).
--
72 • u t 1r
... " .................... .
TRUE OR FALSE. ?ead each numbered sentence. Write r (True) or F (False) f or the stot
ernerlt l/Jot
When I got home, 'The Oprah Winfrey Show' started.

F First the Oprah show started. Then I got home.
2 When I got home, 'The Oprah Winfrey Show' had started.
First the Oprah show started. Then I got h ome.
Oprah's guest had lost 25 kilos when she interviewed him.
The guest lost th e weight before the int erview.
i. By the end of th e show, I had fallen asleep.
I fell asleep aft er the show.
When I went to bed, I had turned off the radio.
I turned off the radio after I went to bed.
6 By midnigh t, I had finished the magazine article.
I finish ed the article before midnight.
I
1954 1957 1971 1973 1983 1988 1998
1985 1986
,•
••
• By 1958, Oprah had already given
I
her first speech.
•
!
•
2. By 1971, sh e
•
her first TV job.
•
• 3 By 1972, she
,
•
her first radio job.
4 By 1973, sh e
, her first TV job.
s. By 1985, she
her own TV show.
6. By 1986, she
in a major film.
7. By 1987, she
her own studio.
8. By 2000, she
Paat Perfect _ 73
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
ASK &ANSWER • Look at this typical 7:00 a.m. Arrive COIl st/.uAio
timetable for a TV chat show host.
Complete the questions about IJIs 8:00 Review dav~ filming
•
timetable. Use the past perfect and

give short answers. 2:00 p.m. Hair ana make-~Qoo __ .
2:30 Meet the day's g!4ests o . _ _ _ _• _ _ _
3:00 Recora the show '--
4:30 Work out with trainer
1. It was 7:45. The host was on schedule.
A: Had he arrived at the studio yet? B: Yes, he had.
2. At 7:30 the host was at his desk.
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the day's filming yet? B:

3. At 10:55 he was having coffee.
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the day's filming by that time? B:

4. It was 2:00. He was on his way to make up.
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the day's guests by then? B:

S. At 4:00 he had a late lunch.
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the show yet? B:
6. He went to bed at 10:30.
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ with his trainer that day? B:
EDIT. Read this student's report. There are six mistakes in the use of the past perfect.
Find and correct them. The first mistake has already been corrected.
had
Oprah Winfrey is an aroazing personl By the ti roe she was twelve, she has already
decided on a career. Not long afterwards, she got her first radio job. Although she hadn't
have any experience, she beca.me a news reporter. When she got her own TV chat show,
she has already acted in a major Hollywood film. By the late 1980s, 'Oprah Winfrey'
hM became a household word. Then in 1994, she decided to improve the quality of
chat show themes. She also made a personal change. She had always had a weig'ht
problem but in 1995, TV viewers saw a new Winfrey. She had losed almost 40 kilns
as a result of dieting and working out. She had also oompet,e In lL 11111.1'lltlU)l\.
She has really been an inspiration to many people.

•
•• •
ct
- u
on In
By the time
- th,e ,Ia~t runner crOSSed
the fmlshmg line. he had b
.
runnrng orf 7 hOurs 16 .....,·In een
. '" utes
and 24 seconds, .
Circle T (T~t , ur ,False.

T F The race' fini hed.
I
I CHART CHECi'; -..
•
TicK lI,
BASE FORM OF
r
VERB + -INC;
- I' •
SUBJECT HAD (NOT) BEEN I

- 1 ' - 1- - .----- - - - - - - - - l
What form of e
does the past ad (no) , running
I/He/She/lt/We/You* /They I been all day.
perfect continuous had(n't) working
- - -----~--~~--------~--
always use? *You is both singular and plural.
.
o or ere
D is, " or are YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT
,
o been ,
•
BASE FORM
I
I
•
J ; HAD i SUBJECT BEEN + -INC; AFFIRMAnVE NECiATIVl
-
running
Ha she been all day? v s, she had. No, she had" l
working
WH-
WH- WORD HAD BEEN
. . 7
BASE FORM + -INC;
How long
she running?
Why been
- working?
74
Past Perfect ContlnUOUtl • 18
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS
Complete this conversation witiJ the past perfect continuou\ form of the verb practise.
k How long ____________ she when she entered
the race?
B: She _._______. __._._. ~__."_.____ for more than two years.
. _ _ _ alone?
she _________ "" __
A: 50 •
..
_ _ _ .She _ __ ~_______ with a partner.

B: No, she ---------~---
Gr mm r pi n Ion Example
1. Use the past p rf ct con 'f to talk • It was 2:00 p.m. The runners had been running
about an action that was in progress before a since 10:48 a.m.
specific time in the past. The continuous • I finally saw Rob at 4:00 p.m. I had been
emphasises the continuation of an action, , . in for hours.
J
• One runner fainted during the race. She hadn't

not the end result.
t:'n - nldng enough water.
Now
• ••
10:48 2:00 •
•
•
p st ...............)(............... ~.............................. ~ Futu r€'

•
REMEMBER! Stative verbs are not usually used in • It was 5:00 p.m. He ad had a headache all day.
NOT He had been having a headache all day.
the continuous.
2. The , J . always shows a • She haa been tra'ning for three years
relationship with another past event. when she entered the race.
(First she trained. Then she entered the race.)
Use the past perfect continuous for the
earlier event. Use the past simple for
the later event.
3. We often use the . • She was out of breath. It was clear that she
to draw conclusions about past events based n g.
on evidence.
• The streets were wet. It " d been raining. ~~
4. BE CAREFUL! In these sentences with ., • . 'I . the race started, it . s raining and the
notice the difference in meaning between streets were wet.
the past continuous and the past perfect (It was still raining during the race.)
continuous. nlng
• , in the race started, it
J
and the streets were wet.

(It wasn't raining dUring the racc. It had
already Slopped.)
76 . s
. .....
•• • • ••• • •• • • • • • ••
•
• 'th the correct couse.
MATCH •
atch each resu It WI
Cause
Result
H e h ad been reading.
She wa_ t
ou 0 fbreath.
b. She had been running.
2. The ground ".. as wet.
c. They had been '·'atching thE: r~
3. Her eye wer e red.
She had been crying.
4. There wa fl
t . box on the oar. e. It had been raining.
5. There wa an emp .)
f. They had been eating pizza.
6. The T\- wa on.
. rna aZI'ne article. Complete it with the past perlec

p . for.m of the verbs m brae e s.
ogfesllve
,
-
BY BERNA£> t
n 23 October, I ran '+-e 805' ~
Marathon wi a parmer, rca Dc 5
had been training

We -~":':"'::"---;-1-
, -::,.::::---=---
tose er for a ear. In fact,
2. ' ,~
the race ever since e wa ched

the Wasnlngton Marathon. The start of the race was dramatic. Up to that poin I e
---::---;------- but we were very senous when we lined up. I was so
3, for
I CO\..J!dn't breathe, MarCia and I on those same streets a
. tr d 1 ill
Couple of weeks, so at the beginning we did well. By the time we got to Hea
we S. '.J for almost three hours and I really believed we could

finish. Then, halfway up the hill, MarCia stopped. She Just couldn't run any more.
• 00 or ar )
7. d} for me for two hours. First we cried. Then we started

about next year's marathon.
Past • "
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••• •••
, • The magazine Runner's World (RW) Is interviewing marathon

winner Paolo Esposito (PE). Complete the interview with the past perfect continuous
form of the correct verbs from the box. Use ~hort answers where appropriate.
go out expect live run
RW: You've just won the mara th on. Con gra t u Ia ti 0 n s! ___H_a_t:l~y:.o...:
.: . u..:t-7:e:.e:..:..
.: . n..:t..:.:ra:.:l.:.:
n:.:.:
1 n:.:!g~_
1_
for it for a long time'?
PE: _ _ _ _ _-.;.
'VI;ee
:;..." ','='I....;.h.;..:a.;..:t:I. :-_ _ _ _ _ • For more than five years. First in Madrid,
2.
then in Rome.
RW: You tripped during the race. How long _ _ _ _ _ _--::-_ _ _____ when
3.
that happened?
PE: It was in the last hour. Luckily it didn't keep me from winning.
RW: I understand that you recently married your trainer, Emilia Leale. How long
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ together when you decided to get married?
PE: About six months. We met in Rome and knew straightaway that we wanted to
be together.
RW: _______________ in Rome for a long time when you met?
5.
PE: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . In fact, I had just moved there.
RW: You looked very calm when you crossed the finishing line.
_______________ to win?
7.
PE: _ _ _ _ _ _---,-_______ ! I was really surprised. And very happy.
8.
EDIT. Read part of an entry from a runner's diary. Find and correct five mistakes in the
use of the past perfect continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.
1.9 Odober
I'vejust!fat back fom the marati10m I'm tired but very IlapP.!l When I crossed the ft~li.slllj~q
"
-.
line, I hd-Yc been runnri1!f for four hours and twellf:!J-ftve minutes, jerem.!f was stmuiJi!tJ
fi1ere. He had been waii:J1d for me the whole time. We were both soahi~tJ II'd - /, b"~"/llse I
11I.:,d been sweatti1!f; he, because it has beel1 rdillli!!J./ust a little wll/fL' btf~r<" J U'''s -"'.1/1.1,1 f,'
see him. I had beell look /ortl'<mi to this dt1.!f /';1" sa 1(}I!tJ tlflll h''Pli!'1 fll,1I I ""11/.1 ft~J1:,11 flit"
race if[ less t/l&W /ollr tUld tl Iwl(110111":;. /1/11"1/ ' ! /Llt Ilvll"', , .-al/,·" 1I!111',,,-,·III.,. TII'?I h,l.I
,·Ii'.'.' lit,' /1~JJ:.JlIi~,/ IJild
, watching tlte tlltlralll/JlI Otl TV and It"d lldll,r/(tI'">"OJ JJJ, '
______~i__~~________--__--~__ -___----__--.___._, ___-'''~--____----
•
•
to complete each sentence.

Om th lett r of til torrect answer .-
__ _ -
- -~ -.~-
EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never ____ coffee.
(e) is drinking
(A) drink
(D) was drinking
(S) drinks
7 •
- --- --~~~~
He for the Olympics since 2002.
(S) practises (D) was practising

We've known Sally _ _ _ _ a long time.
(A) since (C) while
(S) by (D) for
We've been living in London since we . ABC D

(A) have graduated (C) graduated
(S) have been graduating (D) graduate
. They haven't _ _ _ _ an AIDS vaccine. ABC D

(A) yet developed (C) developed already
(B) developed yet (D) already develop
- - - - you reserved your hotel room yet? ABC D

(A) Did (C) Do
(B) Have (D) Has
She hasn't _ _ _ _ very often. ABC D
(A) flew (C) flown
(B) flies
(D) flying
It - -__ and the ground was still white.
7. ABC D
(A) snows
(C) would snow
(B) had been snowing
(D) has snowed
8 Tina _ _ _ _ last week.
ABC D
(A) has arrived
(B) arrived (C) has been arriving
(D) arrives
ABC D
(A) live
(B) have lived had lived (C)
have been living
(D)
10. The show has
- -- - Won an award. ABC 0
(A) just
(B) ever (C) lately
(D) yet
78
• 19
•••..••••••••••••• . ....
~
"- Professor Kidd - -__ three books since 1999, and she's working A C D
on her fourth.
(A) has been writing (C) wrote
has written (0) writes
12. We to buy that car yet.. A C D

(A) haven't decided (C) have decided
(B) decided (0) nre deciding
13. - Has Maria called yet'?

- Yes, she ... . Hut sht' didn't, h'nvc a message. ABC D
(A) did Ic) hmm't
(B) called (0) has
14. Since I __._._~

.. _ university, I haven't had much spare time. ABC D
(A) started (C) have started
(B) was starting (0) start
ISECTIONI TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of
the sentence are marked A, 8, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word
or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.
• • . . .. -
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks. ABC D I

A C
I
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -_ _- -_ _ ~I
1 S. When she was younger, she has played tennis every day. ABC D
BCD
16. It~ already 10:00, but Jane hasn't finished her homework already. ABC D
B C D
17. I've been worrying about you because you haven't been seeming ABC D
A B C
well lately.
o
18. I've read a good book recently, but I haven't finished it yet. ABC D
A _ C 0
19. Did you done your homework, or have you been watching TV? ABC D
A B C 0
20, Karl has been driving since ten years. ABC D

t 0
21. We've been here only one day, but we've three rolls of film. ABC D
A <:
22. This hotel has been already in business for fifty years. ABC D
" C )
23. How much coffee did you been drinking last night? ABC D
A -
24. I'ye been stndying French since I've started school. ABC D
A ~ u
25. Before she became a film star->.. she has been a stand-up comedian. ABC D
ABC [
Future:
•
Din to and ill
Oh, no.
It's going to ra in!
1'/1 get wet!
, ,'
II .
'("1
' .,"
"l, •,• ' ,
• I," 'I , . It I
" I. ',':, I' I I : I • I', '( ",,/, 1,' _ I '
I , ~
,,
I I(
"." ," 1, ,I,' I"
\ ,I'\"" ' I"( l l t,' til' tI
"", 'It ( l '" I ~ I.fC' "' ~.!/
, I
I I ,I(
,',
I
Itl\ I " " el\
~
• I
"~' I ,'
". , f.. . \
t .
POINT
,,
I
I t, (I
, "_ ' , ,
.
'I 1 1, " ' t
,, Tick the main POin' of the ~
c .. I ,I' C~rtoor
'lIlfc\
IUII I ' I I , t l \ , / ,
Ie
o The man has forgotten hi
s umbrella.
"(( I , lit!
o
CHART CHECK 1 STATEMENTS: BE GOING TO 1

T C e correct BASE FORM I
SUBJECT BE* (NOT) GOING TO OF
How many forms am
does be have in I (not) going to
'm
I
e g o? ,
o one He/She/It
•
IS
(not) going to leave ', soon. '
,
's
o two
! I,
,,
o three We/you* /They

are
(n't) going to
're I
I CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS: BE GOING TO SHORT

Ci rele T (True) or BE NE~nvt
SUBJECT GOING TO BASE FORM AFFIRMATIVE
F (Folse). ~ ,
. ..j..
I L
Am I you arel1
T F In questions, you are.
•
a form of be he bill.
Is he going to leave soon? Yes, he Is. No,
goes after - .
'111 1101.
the subject. Ar' you am. I
I
------- - --- - -
-
WH- BE GOING TO
80
Future: B gOIng to and WIN • 81
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
3
Circle T (True) or SUBJECT Will (NOT) FORM
F (Folse).
will (not)
T F The fOlm of I/He/She/lt/WeIYou/They leav soon.
(won't)
is the
same for
all subjects. YES/NO WILL SHORT ANSWERS
~-
W,LL SUBJECT BASE FORM AFFIRMAnVE NEGAIIVE
l Will he I soon? No, he won't.
WH- ONS: WILL

I WH- WORD WILL SUBJECT BASE FORM
When will he Ie
EXPRESS l":~~~
Unscramble these words to form two sentences.
to • rain • It's • going ---------------------------.

an • get • I'll • umbrella _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

1. You can use e . - to talk about future _ Professor Fox .s going to atte a conference
plans and intentions. next week.
_ I'm gomg to go with him.
You can use " to say what you think or guess _ I think it ill e very interesting.
will happen in the future. _ I suppose he II a - about his new invention.
_ The cars of the future 0 .- on petrol.
I
2. Use be going when something in the present _ Look at those dark clouds! It _ -ain.
leads you to predict something in the future. NOT
•
_ Watch out! You' . ~O l
Use will to give information about the future. _ Professor Fox's books on sale at the
conference.
Use w I when you decide something at the
moment of speaking. A: Professor Fox is speaking at noon.
B: Oh. I think 1- I to his talk.
Checlc it out!
There are other ways to talk about the future. See Unit 20, pages 84-85.
82 . t
.........................................
READ. ook at ProfeHor Harry Fox's email message.
Harry's Travel Plans

0
-~
Ir
Greg - Just a quick note to let you know my plans. I hear you're going to be in L 4
, h
next weekend. Unfortunately, I won t b.e t ere. Th t I ' b ondo
a ~~ans won t e able to go fish In n
Transport conference. I go every year but this IS the first time I m gOing to speak t.
The conference finishes on Saturday but I d on 't th'
In
k I' . a
m gOing to go back to Lond It.
h " d
until Sunday night. I'm probably going to take t e train Instea of driving so I can get on
some work done. So, it doesn't look as if we'll get to see each other this time. I hope
next time works out better. Harry ~
IL
•
- ;;;:;;-
ANSWER • Tick all the things Harry Fox is going to do next weekend.
o be in London 4 0 attend a conference 7. 0 drive to London

2. IZI be in Newcastle 5. 0 give a speech 8 0 see Greg
3. 0 go fishing 6. 0 return on Saturday
DESCRIBE • Look at the pictures. They show events from a day in Professor Fox's life.
~ 'rite predictions or guesses. Use the words below and a form of be going to or
not be going to.
answer t he phone drive give a speech :. "" ( go on a journey watch TV
-- - - ----
---
- .- ,/
1. It'e going to rain. •

2. 3.
4.
s. 6.
Future: Be going to and Will •
•.•••..•••••••••••• , •••••••••••••••••••• ~
• After his speech, Professor Fox answered questions from the audience.
Complete the questions and answers. Use the words in brackets and will or won't.
1: My question is this, Professor Fox: ____W

~II.:...-
1 _ __ the car of the
future _ _ _-=-'""'
ru;:..:.n~--_. on petrol?
1. (llIll)
Fox: No, it won't . It ________ probably

2.
_ _ _=--:---::--_ _ solar energy.
3. lU\p)
WOMAN 2: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ we still _ _ _-:--:,..--,,--.._ _ flat tyres?

4. ('1"1)
Fox: No, we _ _ _--=-____ . By the year 2010, tyres _ _~~_ __
5. 6. (hllvC)
a special seal so that they _ _--=::-:-_,...,-_ _ themselves.
7. (rep,)ir)
MAN 1: In what other ways ___ _ _ __ _ cars _ _ _--=--,--_ __ different?
8. (b,·)
Fox: Well, instead of keys, cars _ _ -----,=---:-:_..,.--_ _ smart cards. These
9. (hav(-)
_ _---=--=---=::--:-:--_ _ a lot like credit cards. They _ _----,-_ _ _ _ _ doors
10. ' look) 11. (or,en)
and they _ _----,-_-,..-_ _ _ the seats, mirrors and steering wheels. They
12. (.ldjust)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ even _ _--,,--,,----:-_----::-_ _ the inside temperature.
13. (control)
MAN 1: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ they _ _-::-:---;--_-,-:--__ car thefts?
14. (prevent)
Fox: Yes, they _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ! Next question? That gentleman at the back.
15.
MAN 2: How much _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ these cars _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ?
16. (cost)
Fox: I don't know exactly but they certainly _ _-----::=-::-:-_ _ _ cheap. Nothing
17. (be)
ever is!
EDIT. Read this email message to Professor Fox. Find and correct nine mistakes in the
use of the future with will and be going to. The first mistake has already been corrected.
-- -
He: Travel Plans ,• .
.
•
.-C_ - _
---- ---
. . . -----
,__• . _.-------- 08
-.-- • • _
______ --
_
-- ._-_._----
.-_.--------------
--
- --
.- - .-- -
- - -- - - - -
- .._- --
- -
,
- - -- -- - . -- --.~
won't,
Harry - I' m sorry that we will A& be able to get together in London. Martha will misses
you, too. Perhaps we can get together sometime next month. Martha and I am going to
be in Birmingham until 15 July. After that, we are going visit our son in Brighton. His
wife is pregnant and will have a baby in July. It's hard to believe that we going to be
grandparents!
How exciting that you going to talk at the conference! I'm sure it wills be great.
I've got to run now. The sky is getting really dark and th ere'll be a storm. I want to get
out of this office before then. More later. Greg
Putu...., ContraM •
.•....••.•••.•••••• ••••
~
EXPRESS
Tick the sentences that refer to the futl"e.
LJ I'm leaving in five minutes.
LJ What time do you nOl'mally leave the office?
LJ Are you going to the conference in May?
LJ I'm working on a report at the moment.
1. Use be gomg to, 1/1, the • I'm q I to fly to Mars next week.
and the pr nt imp to talk about things in
• By 2080, people 0 ' t drive. They' I fly
the future. everywhere instead.
ow
•
1 fly • Pete's got his ticket. He' flying to New York on

•
•
Pt ·.. ·······························.;.········· . ..................~ future Tuesday.
• •
j• next week • The plane es ($ at 10:05 and and~ at 16:15
•
2. USAGE NOTES: Sometimes only one form of the

future is appropriate but in many cases more
than one form is possible.
a. Use be going to to make predictions when • Look at that spaceship! It's oing to land.
something in the present leads you to NOT It'll land.
predict something in the future.
b. Use will to say what you think or guess will • In the future, people spem' their holidays in
happen in the future. space.
c. Use be going to to talk about future plans • We're going to listen .o Dr Green's speech
and intentions. tomorrow.
d. Use the -v J _. ' . to talk about • Dr Green Is giving a lecture at 10 o'clock in
fixed arrangements that have been made for Lecture Room A.
the future. You often mention the time
and/or place of the arrangement.
e. Use will to talk about information about the A: fill Dr Fisher be at the conference?
future. B: No, he but Dr Green •
• Each lecture ,I ~ one hour.
f. Use will when you decide something at the A: Dr Green is giving a talk tomorrow.
moment of speaking and to make offers. B: Oh! Maybe I'n . 'l .
A: Great! I 'll . you a ticket.
g. Use the pr . . to talk about • The shuttle to Mars at 10:00 a.m.

scheduled future events, especially • •
timetables, programmes, etc. • We I r at midnight.

6 . rit
••••••••••••••••••••••••
1/ G tJ; ott Tldlflg a COIlf! I fl ee this we k, Read he

I \ r. otl tJ \ It J ro e fotor
e,
, · . t)' l' \ '(){l c\J't;: YOU pre~enting a poper this week').
RrS8: Ellvll. I t 8 ml'l' ::; " .. .
. D '.J '~,
GREEN: HI. anti. lC't'.
r11 f",l' l't. my. talk stnrts at two o'clock. I
Rl ss: h . mayb I'll come, \\lU1t are you going to talk about? Robots?
, - I' d 1'1 with P rs nul robots for h u ... ehold work.
y
1·
GREEN: .1. s. mall £.
Res~: I'd like on of those! \\11er 's yom' son. by th way? I he here with you?
'nO
1 . 'T'011\' ~tay ~ in orfolk ",ith his grandparent in the summer. I'm go'lng to
.1.'. • ~.
yisit him aft r tb conI' renee. So, what are you working on these day?
Rrs~: I'm still "ith the Mars Association. In fact \ e're holding a new conference
next month about the lVIars huttle laLUlch.
4.
GREEN: That's exciting. Ia~Tbe I'll ... ee you there.
Ru~s: Great. The conference begins at noon on the tenth.
(HOOSE • Circle the most appropriate words to complete these conversations.
GREEN: ,,\Yhich proj ect on next?

Rrss: I haven't decided for sure. Probably the Spacemobile.
2. Russ: Look at those dark clouds!
GREEN: Yes. It looks as if it's raining / it's going to rain any minute.
7
GREEN: I'd better get back to my hotel room before the storm.
Russ: OK. I'm seeing I I'll see you later.
• DESK: Professor Green, your son has just called,
GREEN: Oh, good. I'll call / I'm calling him back straightaway.
5, GREEN: Hi, Tony. How's it going?
ToNY: Great. I go I I'm going fishing with Grandpa tomorrow.
6. GREEN:
Have fun, but don't forget you still have to finish your project,
ToNY: to
I know, Mum. I post I I'm posting it tomOITm\'. I've already got the
envelope.
7. ToNY: How's the conference?
GREEN:
It's great. I'm giving / I'll give a talk this afternoon.
8. ToNY:
(}Qod luck. When are you / will you be here?
GREEN: you
at about 8:00.
Future: •
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Read these conversations. Complete them with an appropriate form of the

verbs In brackets. (There Is more than one correct answer for some items.)
1. A: Hurry up! The shuttle _ _ _ _ _ _.:.;:Ie;=a~ve::..:e::....-_ _ __ _ in just a few minutes.

(I( ,'If£')
B: Oh, I'm sure they for us.
(w.lit)
2. A: Look at those storm clouds! Do you think it _ _ _ _ _ _-:--_ _ _ ____ ?

{r dIll}
B: I don't know. I - - -_ _ _,....,.....~---.___ the weather forecast.

(th ck)
3. A: When - - - - - - - - we - - -_ _~:____:_----- the shuttle?

(1)",1[0)
B: We _ _ _ __ _-;;;--;--_ __ _ _ _ first class, so we should be among the first

(fly)
to board.
4. A: Wow! This suitcase is heavy.

B: I _ _ _ _ _----,;----:-_ _ _ _ _ _ it for you. Give it to me.
(carry)
5. A: What time _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ we _ _ _ _ _ _--;:-----::-_ _ _ _ _ _ on Mars?

(land)
B: According to the schedule, at 9:00 a.m., but I think we
- _ _ _----,-_ _ _ _ _ a little late.
be'
6. A: I'm hungry. I hope we _ _ _ _ _ _--;---::--_ _ _ _ _ _ some food soon.
(get)
B: Me too. I _ _ _ _ _ _.".------,-_ _ _ _ _ _ the seafood special. I ordered it
(have)
in advance.
7. A: Look! The flight attendant is getting ready to announce something.
B: Great. That means we ______----:--:---:~------ boarding soon.

(start)
EDIT • Read this flight announcement on the shuttle to Mars. Find and correct seven
mi5takes in the use of the future. The first mistake has already been corrected. (There is
often more than one way to correct a mistake).
'Go 15
od evening, ladies and gentlemen. This vnll be your captain speaking. We be going
to leave the Earth's field of gravity in about fifteen minutes. At that time, you are
able to unbuckle your seat belts and float around the cabin. Host robots take orders
for dinner Soon. After these storm clouds, we are having a smooth trip. The shuttlt.'
arrives on Mars tomorrow at 9:00. Tonight's temperature on the plmwt is n mild
minus 20 degrees Celsius. By tomorrow morning th e tcmperatu 1'(' il'l 18 dt'gn'ps bu tit
is feeling more like 28 degrees. Enjoy your flight.'
•
•
Future la u
;
)
When I grow up.
I'm going to be a
ballet dancer. ,,
J
•
Ic EC POINT
o The child is talking about a present ha~.

o The child is planning her future.
•
CHART CHECK STATEMENTS

CIrcle T (True) or MAIN CLAUSE I TIME CLAUSE
F (Fe'
I I m go ng to be a ballet dancer when I grow up.
T F The verb in the I I I
main clause is
,
She •
)0 a ballet company I after she eaves school.
in the future.
T F The verb in the YES/NO S
time clause is
in the future. MAIN CLAUSE I TIME CLAUSE
1
I
you oing to a ballet dancer whe you grow up?
~-------------------------
she ' , a ballet company I aft r she leaves school?
________Lt ____~ ___________-
•
SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
- - -- .. .
I am.
I Yes, ..
No,
I' m not .
,,
she w II. she won't.
- ....
WH- QUESTIONS
M AIN CLAUSE TIME CLAUSE
- - •
are you going to b when you grow up?

what ,--- -
! will she do after she leaves school?
, « ,
- •
88
these words to form a question and an answer.
be • What • grows up • she • when • will • she
----------------------_._------.------------- . •
she'll • scientist • a • I • think • be
---------.-----.-.--------~---------------.~.--.----- ..----------.
Gr I r
1. When a sentence about future time has two m.:nrl"u If, I"
clauses, the verb in the main clause is often in • He'll look for a job when he leaves school.
the fu ur (will or be going to). The verb in the
time clause is often in the pr s nt .
l~jl:.;,'·'J,j· ('I'~f
CAREFUL! Do not use will or be going to in a • I'm going to work aher I leave school.
future time clause. NOT
The tim se can come at the beginning or • Before she applic5, she'll visit different schools.
the end of the sentence. The meaning is the OR
same. Use a comma after the time clause when • She'll visit different schools before she applies.
it comes at the beginning. Do not use a comma NOT She'll visit different schools, before she
when it comes at the end. applies.
2. Here are some commo 5

you can use to begin future time clauses.
a. Wh n, after and . often introduce • Whe'. I leave school, I'll look for a job.
the event that happens first. • Ahel I leave school, I'll look for a job.
• .' . j" I leave school, I'll look for a job.
• (First I'm going to leave school. Then I'll look for a

~• leave look for a job
•
P ~t ······· · ··~········· · ························· f ······· ......... ~ Future

job.)
•
•
••
•
b. Before, until and by t often • Bef I get a job, I'll finish school.
introduce the event that happens second. • Unt I get a job, I'll stay at school.
• . .. I get a job, /'11 be out of school.
I' ow
• (First 1'1/ finish school. Then 1'1/ get a job.)
~• finish school get a job
Pc. st .... h •••• ~ ••••••••• , • • • • • • • • "/' ••••••••••••••••••••••••• • ••• • •• ~ utLJrc
••
••
c. While introduces an event that will happen • . I look for a job, I'll continue to study.
at the same time as another event. (I will look for a job and study during the same
time period.)
"'ow •
•
Pdst ·· ........ i· ................................ .........,,........... ~ Future
•
•
•.t ...
••
•
•
• ook for a jOV
COntinue to stu6i
90 Unit 21
•• • • •• • • • •• •• •
TRUE FALSE. Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
( follows.
1 Amber will open her own business when she finishes school.
F Amber will open her own business. Then she'll finish school.
2 Derek won't resign until he finds another job.
Derek will find another job. Then he'll resign.
John will retire as soon as he is sixty.
John will retire. Then he'll be sixty.
, Marisa will call you wh en sh e get s home.
Marisa will get home. Then sh e'll call you.
While Li-jing is at school, she'll work part-time.
Li-jing will leave school. Then she'll get a part-time job.
6. By the time Carol gets her degree, she'll be twenty-one.
Carol will be twenty-one. Then she'll get her degree.
. COMBINE· Read about Sarah and Jeff. Combine the sentences.
1. Sarah and Jeff will get married. Then Sarah will graduate from university.
_S_a_ra_h_a_n_d....:J:..-e_ff_w_il .....::g-!.....e....:.t_m-.-::..:.ar:....:.r....:ie....:.d~_ _ _ before Sa ra h grad uates.
2. Jeff is going to get a pay rise. Then they are going to move to a larger house.
------------------_____ as soon as __________________------

3. They're going to move to a larger house. Then they're going to have a baby.
-
4. They'll h ave their firs t child. Then Sarah will get a part-time job.
-
S. Their ch ild will be two. Then Sarah will go back to work full-time.
6. Sarah will work full-time. At the same time, Jeff will go to university.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - _ while
7. Jeff will graduate. Then he'll find another job.
".,.
...... 4.... . .... .
• Look at this student's worksheet. Complete It with the correct form of the
wrbs In brackets.
OAL PLANNING WO SHIIT

- - • - • =
_. .
• •
I. Write your major goal.

I 'II set a job after I
(q t)
II. List three benefits of achieving your goal.

1. When I _ _ _ _..,...-___ a job, I _ _ _ _-,-___ more money.
(1 I) rillY!')
2. When I ___--:--.___-_ enough money, I ___ ----:-:---_ _ _ _ a car.

(q t) (buy)
3. I _ _ _..,...--;-:--___ happier when I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a job.
(have qol)
III. How will you reach your goal? Write down smaller goals.
1. As soon as I ________ in the morning, I _ _ _----:-;-____ the
'CI,t \':,) (buy)
newspaper to look at the employment ads.
2. When I _ _ _ _----:--_ _ to my friends, I _ _ _-:--;-:,------_ _ them if they
\ SDl',l~ I (ask)
know of any jobs.
3. I ________ at the job noticeboard when I ---.....,........,....------ to
(go)
,
-
. " ,
the supermarket.
4. Before I ___---:-----:-_ _ _ to an interview, I __-------::,----_----:--__ my
(go) (improve)
computer skills.
EDIT. Read this dancer's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the LIse of future time
clauses. The first mistake has already been corrected. Don't forget to check for commas!
Tof!!orrow is m!lf/rst dance recital! By the time / JPi/1 write mfJ next d/~1J:jJn";'k it 1l'!II,dml'!1J.
be over! A---s !!.OOJ/ as we finish tlu: performance .!.h!!.'t: tIre ,qL'!!.i~q to .be a fl.!q pm1.. Lj.;" 11.... R"I,<"Tt''''''
I
_wdl be thereL when we el1ter the 1'00111. WIllie we w,ll a:lt'brtlfti tf,t' Prt'SS Il'dl,itft"l'lli-lI' 1IIj"/It"I"~'
ofthe dance.'1roup, As SOOIl as 1.'1et 1If! 011 SWllft!LJ /IIIJrllli!tJ 1'1111t!LJ tl't'I"'I" ·"''''.1 1',"'.1 tl,,'
. interviews , We'n'.'/vif!q tv pe'forlll thi.~ .~//tJ1I' /'1" til") 11',',-/.;.." I I.- " ,),'11 ,'.' if:, I'~II:'''I',I, w,' /",11111
a new pro.9n:unmt', 1'111 sa <"Xc/h,d EVL"I" ,..,i,.-/" /11'1/., lift/.', I'~t" 11 ,/111,''( I" I,,' 1/ /','//"1,1./11,-,,).
1
-------
-- . , - -_ .. -
-
ure Inuous
I'm sorry.
I won't be here at
12:00. I'll be taking
the dog for a wa I
I HE POINT
~'c/' the cO ....Pc a 15 'er
~
o,
When will Robo take the dog for a walk? ,
i -
o before 12:00
o at 12:00
o after 12:00
-,
CHART CHECK STATEMENTS
C :c.c ..,....,... e/ or I
. BASE •
~ "~
a se . SUBJECT W,LL (NOT) BE + -ING
T F You form the will (not) working •
I/You/He/She/lt/We/They
•
I future be • ,' tomorrow.

continuous won't commg
i
with • plus
e and the YES/NO QUESTIONS
base form of
the verb + W,LL SUBJECT BE BASE FORM + -ING
•
Will I/you/he/she/it/we/they working tomorrow?

be •
commg
SHORT ANSWERS
- _. - ' _ -------
I
1_
Yes, /
I you/he/she/we/they will. No, h
I/you/he/she/we/t ey won ·
II _
--
-- ' - - - - -
WH- QUESTIONS
WH- WORD BE/W,LL
-- BE + BASE FORM + -ING
Where
When will she be working?
Future
•••••••••••••••••••••••••
Unscramble these words to form two questions. Answer the questions.

working • be • Will • tomorrow • you
------------------------------------------------.
you. be • What • doing • will
------------------------------------------.--------------------?
------------------------------------------------------.
Grammar Expl n tions Examples

1. Use the futur tinu
with I ( ) and _ Robo III be takim the dog for a walk at
won 't to talk about things that will be in progress noon.
at a specific time in the future. _ He '0 't be cleanh the house.
No •
1
•
12:00
•
•
Past ··································i···········
•
J ••••••••••••• , •••
•
~ 'uture
•
•
1 .- ~\fo~
1 will' be to
2. USAGE NOTE: We also use e.:+ A: Robo 5 going to be taki '. the dog for a
"
be + base form + .' . but the structure with walk at noon.
~
wiJ is more common. B: He Isn't go ns to be cleani the house.
REMEMBER! Stative verbs are not usually used in _ I'll know my test results next week.
the continuous form. NOT
3. Remember that if the sentence has a _ I'll b(; coo In the robot •
, use the present simple or present NOT I'll be coolting ..... hile the robot will be
continuous in the time clause, not the future or
future continuous.
94
••• • •••••••••••
IDENTIFY. Read this paragraph. Underline all the fu ture continuous forms .
,.',
•
Todav we find most robots working in factories around the world. But wh t .
_ . ' . . a 'Nl11 the
robots of the future be doing? One deslgner predlcts that m Just a few ye
. ars, small
intelligent robots will be dealing wlth all th e h ousehold chores. This is g . \
. . Olng to mak
life a lot easier. While one robot is cooking dmner, anoth er one will be vac . e \
. . uurnIng the
wars? Scientists aren't sure. What is cer tain, however, is that robots will be 1 .
P aYlng a
more and more significant r ole in our lives.
(OMPLETE. ead these conversations. Complete them with the future conti I
a • ~c ords in brackets and with short answers. nuOUs form
1. STUDENT: _ _ _ Will _ _ _ you

~~ be having t d 3.
a. (Will ha"e, S u ent
hours today? I'd like to talk to you about my robotics paper. 4.
TEACH 1m: Yes, I will .I s.

b. - - - - - :c=-.7:
(W1
:::i·,",,;-:g=-=-o-;-
) ---- to lunch
6.
at 2:00. But drop in anytime before then.
7.
2. MRS GEE: When - - - - - - - - you - _ _ _::--;:-:-::;-;--;-:-------:____ the office?
MR a. (will {leave)
GEE: At 2:00. Why? Do we need something?
MRs GEE:
- - -h""r:::;:::::---:-:--;-:-----
b. (wont get)
home until late.
3. ToNY: Dad, what time I
- - - - -_ _ you _ _ _ _ _.,---~--
home t d ? I . iI. l will come)
o ay. need some help wIth my science project.
MR GEE: I _ _~~;;-::-;-;-_ _
b. (will takt-) Mia to the dentist after work but
I'll be back by 4:00.
ToNY:
- - - - - -__ we _____~~~-----runneroofure
Mum comes home? c. (WillI hJ e)
MR GEE:
d. . You know we always wait for MuIll·
4 SALESMAN: I'm caIl'mg from Robotronics Ltd. I _yout
•• (will / VI It)
area soon to de
monstrate our new robot
ROBO: I' .
for a while. b. (won't I buy)

Puture
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •
• Look at Robo and Robota's schedules for tomorrow. Complete

the statements.
Raba Robote
8:00 make breakfast 8:00 pay bills
9:00 dust bedrooms 9:00 vacuum sitting room
10:00 do laundry 10:00 repaint kitchen
12:00 make lunch 12: 00 recycle the rubbish
1 :00 give Mr Gee a massage 1 :00 Ghop for food
5:00 help Tony with homework 5:00 cook dinner
7:00 play chess with Tony 7:00 Lake the dog for walk
ie_m_a_ki_n~g_b_r._ea_k_f_a_st_ _ _ , Robota ____w_i_lI_b_e.Jp_a.::!y_in--"g~b=---I_1I6::......_ __

1. While Robo ____
2. Robo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the bedrooms while Robota _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
3. Robota the kitchen while Robo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

4. While Robo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ lunch, Robota _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
5. Robo a massage while Robota _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

6. Robota dinner while Robo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
7. While Robo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ chess, Robota _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4~ EDIT • Read this student's paragraph. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of the
L. future continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.
performing .
In the future, robots will be popfopm more and more tasks for hu mans. This
will be having both positive and negative effects. On the one ha.nd, while robots
will be doing the boring and dangerous jobs, humans will be devoting more time
to interesting pursuits. In this respect, robots be making life a lot easier for
humans. On the other hand, the widespread use of robots will creating a lot of
future unemploy ment. There is a risk that robots will taking on jobs that hu ma.ns
need in order to earn a living. And some robots could even become dangerous.
I'm afraid that in the not-too-distant future, robots will be operating nuclear power
stations! And before too long, robots will to be fighting in wars. Although, on
second thoughts, that will be better than hll rna,ns kllling each otherl
ure
ure e
ontinuous
By February,
I' ll have swapped
Piggy for a shi ny
By February, new car!
he'll have been saving
for three years and
I'll be rich!
ICHECKI POINT
.
.' Tick the correct answer.
•• o It's February.
o He hasn't been saving for three year
S•Yet
I
I FUTURE PERFECT STATEMENTS
CHART CHECK 1
,. ~c e ~ C e, or
r
- SUBJECT WILL (NOT) HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
F (Fa'se . 1-
will (not)
T F Both the future I/He/She/lt/We/You* /They have saved enough money by then.
I
perfect and the (won 't)
future perfect *You is both singular and plural.
continuous use
euee . FUTURE
SUBJECT W,LL (NOT) HAVE BEEN + BASE FORM + ·INC
will (not) have been saving for three years.
(won't)
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT

Circle T (Tru ) or NEGATIVl
F (Forse).
WILL SUBJECT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
- ----------
Will he No, he won t
T F Short answer have sav enough by then? Yes, he
forms are - -- - - - - - - -----------'
r--- - - -
,
I
the same for PERFECT
the future YES/NO QUESTIONS
perfect and the
future perfect HAVE BEEN +
continuous. W,LL SUBJECT AFFIRMATIVE
FORM + -INC
-_. -'-.--------~-----
Will
------------------
he
have been saving for long? Yes, he will.
------
96
. ..... . .. ....... .. .............•...........•.......•.••••.••••••••••••
Future
. Perfect
. .. . . nd Future Perfect ContlnUOU. • "
Complete these sentences with the v rb d r ive. U t' onE' word (or each gop .
• By June, I'll have been " my new car for a year.
• I'll have -"---~- -~ ~ ~- 10,000 miles bv t.hen . ~
Gr xpl tI n x mpl
1. When we use the fu , we imagine • By June, he will h v p Id his debt.
a certain point of time in the future, and we • We won't h v ,av d enough by then.
look back at events that will be completed by
that time.
N
••
( .......... , ..... y .................
•
~. . . . . .} ( • • • • • • • • • •
•
*............ Futur
1 paid June
i debt
Use by tim x to identify • y Jun , she " I h; '~ a car.
the point in time in the future. • She 'll he lfe ookf>;" at a lot of cars ')~I th~n.
Use "a to emphasise that an event will • By May, he T have already sav ~ £1,000.
have happened by a point in time.
.
2. When we use the . ,
, • We moved here in 1998. By next December we

we imagine a certain point in the future and will have been r ..·ng here for several years.
we look back on things already in progress.
• We're moving to Paris next year. By 2009, we
will have been I'lfan9 there for several years
1998 •
••
•
December
Past ................ ...... ~ ·uture and it should feel like home.
u •••••••••
· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . "1110.....-
~
. .- -- ••
-•
'
--- -
living
The . focuses on • You 'll have been speaki S French '0
how long and often includes the length of time. ten years by then.
REMEMBER! Stative verbs are not usually used in • By May, he 'll la e ed his car for a year.
the progressive. NOT he'll have been owning his car ...
3. Use the future perfect or the future perfect • By the time you am e, I II II ve "sh dinner.
continuous . to show NOT By the time you will arrive, I'll have
the order of events:
FIRST EVENT: future perfect (continuous) • By the time you jve, I'll have been reading
for an hour.
SECOND EVENT: present simple
, , .
•
~• finish start
•
~dinner to read arrive
:
Pas.t ................ ;........:, ..............." ..............., .......... futtJre
~
, .'
••
98 Unf 2
• •• • • •••••••••••
TRUE OR FALSE • Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (Folse) for the
ot follows.
1 By this time tomorrow, I'll have decided wh ich car to buy.

T I haven't decided yet which car I'm going to buy.
We'll have finished the shopping by th e time you get home.
You will get h ome while we are shopping.
•
• By next year, Mary will h ave been wor king at the school for five years .
Next year, Mary can celebrat e h er fifth anniversary at the school.
By ten o'clock, she won't have finished marking books.
She will finish marking books at ten o'clock.
5. We will have moved to a larger office by the year 2015.
We will move to a larger office after the year 2015.

6 By next year, we'll have been publishing the newsletter for fifteen years.
We started the newsletter less than fifteen years ago.
COMPLETE • Look at the time line and complete the sentences about Tom and Linda's LIJ
futLire accomplishments. Use the future perfect or the future perfect continuous form of
the words in brackets. Choose between affirmative and negative.
TC
I I
1
2010 2011 2012 2013 2015 2017 2018 2022
• •
1. By 2012, they _____',_,~ha::.:..:v~e___=b:..:o:..:u~g:..:...ht=____ _ _ _ a new car.

(bu. I
2. By 2015, they 'II have been living in their own house for three years.
(II '<')
3. By Steve's first birthday, Tom _ _ _ _ _--:----:-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
(qrarlll It oj I
at university for four years.
(study)
(buy)
another car.
(drive)
(open)
her business.
( " e) for two years by 2020.
(accomplish)
~~~~ ~~I. !~.C:~. ~d Future Perfect _ "
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Read Linda Leonard's (lL) Interview with Teenage Couples Magazine

(Te). Complete the Interview with the correct form of the verbs In brackets. Use the
continuous form when possible. Use already when appropriate.
TC: You two amazing! By the time you ______~~~et=-::-_-____ mal'l'ied,

1. (<)1 t)
you _ _ _'I_I _h8_"'_.B_8-;;I:-N-;-a-;-d~'J:-'-f?_18_.,"_"_B_d_._

..._._ your whole life together!
2. (pldn)
LL: Well, we've been going out together since school. By the time we
. from university, we __
,
J. (ql.ldll, ld
our mal"riage for a long ti me.
TC: When Steve _ _ _ _ _~;:-:'";':-::-:-::-_;___---
S. (be born)
, Tom ----6:::"'.~(r-
,,.,--:-
t ·-
CJ-
r ·~
rjl-
' )-, -) - - - -
• from university. How will you manage with Tom still studying?
LL: It won't be cn~y but we've got a plan. Tom _ _ _ _ _--=~---:------- most
7. If~'~h)
of his courses by then. He'll stay home with the baby during the day and go to
evening classes.
TC: By the time you _ _ _ _ _- - = - - : - - : : - : - - - - : - - - - - - your tenth wedding anniversary,
8. (celebrate)
you _____--=--;---:--:--:-;_ _ _ _ _ _ yonr business. You have a lot of patience.
9. (nol ~l.lrt)
LL: Not really. I _ _ _ _ _---::,..".-.,.--:------- years of practice in my job

10. (get)
by then. When I the doors of Linda Ltd,
11. (open)
I _____-=-=--::-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ a very experienced web page designer.
2 " ~
TC: Well, good luck to you and thanks for the interview.
EDIT. Read this diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the future
perfect and the future perfect progressive. The first mistake has already been corrected.
('? it;; t7
By August l'll -l7e- a secretary for ten years . Ana I'll eam almost the same salary for three
years I That's Why I've maae a New 'lear's resolution to go back to GOllege this year. First, I'm
gOing to write for GOllege maga2Jnes ana start saving for tuitIOn . By March, I'll have work out
how much tuition will cost. Then I'll start applying . By summer, I had received acceptance
letters. In August, I'll talk to my boss about working part-time ana going to college part-time.
By that time, I'll have saved already enough to pay for a term's tuitIOn . By next New 'lear's
Day, I'll have been study for a Whole terml

~"
ONE
mplete each sentence.
I I th I tter t tilt orrect answer to co __
- -- -
EXAMPLE: coffee.
Jennifer never _ _ __
(C) is drinking
(A) drink
(D) was drinking
(B) drinks
- ---~-~
1 It - - - - tom on-ow. . t .
(C) 's gomg 0 ram
(A) rains (D) 's raining
(B) rained
. The package will _ _ __ on Monday.
A 8 CD
(A) arnve
•
(C) arriving
•
•
(B) arrIves (D) be going to arnve
Goodnight. I _ _ _ _ you in the mormng.

• of
A 8 CD
(A) '11 see (C) 'm seeing
(B) 'm going to see (D) see
, Hu fry up. Th e n ext bus at 7:15. A 8 CD
(A) leave (C) leaving
(B) leaves (D) will have been leaving
Bill will be _ _ _ _ to Taipei tomorrow. ABC D
(A) flies (C) fly
(B) £lying (D) have flown
1
6 We a new DVD soon. ABC D
(A) have owned (C) 're owning
(B) '11 own (D) own
7 They'll be making copies while he the report. ABC D
(A) finishes (C) 'll finish
(B) 'll be finishing (D) 's been finishing
21
8. She'll almost £1,000 by then. ABC D
(A) save (C) have been saving
(B) have saved (D) be saving
9. By next year, Roger will _ _ _ _ here for ten years. ABC D

(A) live (C) have been living «.
(B) be living (D) be going to live
~.
10. Will you buy an electric car when they available?
(A) become (C) are becoming
(S) became (D) will become
100
••••••
She'll be man'ied ____ June. A 8 C D

(A) already (e) since
by (D) until
A C D
12. Where _ - - - be living?
(e) will they
(AI they
(D) are they
they will
ABC D
u. Look at those cars! They ._ - - - !
(AI will crash (C) 're goi ng to crash
(S) will be crashing (D) will have crashed
ABC D
14. How for college?
(A) should pay (C) she pays
(S) will she pay (D) she's going to pay
SEcno
Each ntence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
of the entence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT. ..
-
_ _ _ _ _ L __ ===---~-~----,
-- --~
-~ -
EXAMPLE: C D'
A
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
A
-- ~-- ~--------------------- ----------'
•
to the supermarket tonight?
ABC D
1 S. Will you been o
A
ABC D
16. The film starts at 7:30, so I think I gQ.
c 0
17. We are going to tonight until we will finish this chapter.
ABC D
f e D
ABC D
18. By April, I'll have been driven my new car for a year.
A
ABC D
19. We'll travel for a couple of days, so you won't be able to call us.
, C
20. Jan finished school by next summer, so we're going to visit her.
ABC D
ABC D
21. Which project will he works on after he finishes this job?
ABC D
22. BY
A
January, he'll have yet saved £1,000.
-
ABC D
23. Where you will be staying when you gQ to Morocco?
ABC D
24. I'll be studying while Anna will be sleeping.
A -
ABC D
25. She will not graduated Qy June.
I
- • uestions:
What happened
on t.he night. of 12 May?
--.. ""-_.
Where did you go? Who did
you see? Who saw you?
Why did I
ICllEe POINT get out of bed
"'ick ~he correct a·lswers. this morning?
The lawyer wants to know

o the events on the night of 12 May.
o the witness's profession.
1. VJhen
o the names of people who saw (Usually
the witness. who
word
QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SUBJECT

CHART CHECK 1
C CIt. T \T e/ or 3. When
WH- WORD
VERB PREDICATE (usually
F (False). SUBJECT
T F , - questions Who saw you? order
about the
subject have
the same ANSWERS (STATEMENTS)
word order as
SUBJECT VERB PREDICATE
statements.
He saw me.
CHART CHECK 2 QUESTIONS ABOUT THE ICATE b. a

· Circle T (True) or WH- WORD AUXILIARY as
~ F (False). PREDICATE SUBJECT VERB
•
•
I T F Wh- questions Who(m) did you see? 4. USAQ
about the
predicate have about
the same ANSWERS (STATEMENTS)
•
word order as
SUBJECT VERB PREDICATE
statements. --- ---- --, - - "
- -
T F Questions I saw him .

--
about the
predicate can
include a form
of the verb do.
102
-------------.------___________ 1
• • OU ___._
--- . _---------------_1
I
for tnfonnatlon _ lei you
Jld you q th r )
begin with
w m 'I f opl \dW you th rt'?
- H I ( dl you \ tily th 'r ?
When you re I t Someone saw you.

the first part of the entence), us a
who que tlon word In place of the ubject. The • Who saw you?
word ord~r i the a in a tatement.
J. When you are t c t You saw someone.

(usually the last part of the sentence), the Did you see someone?
question begins with a wh- word, but the word
order i the same as in a yes/no question.
• Who did you see?
~ BE When you ask a who question about

something in the predicate, you need either
•• a forlll of the verb b .
OR
b. a form of an u Ii ry ('helping') verb such

as
4. USAGE Non: In very formal English when asking VERY FORMAL

about people in the predicate, whom is • Whom d id you see?
sometimes used instead of who.
INFORMAL
• Who d id you see?
CAREFuL! If the main verb is a fon n of , • N OT

. the next witness?
Whom is the ne)(t witness?
you cannot use rhom .
104 • Uni 24
••••••••••••••••••••••••••
. oes with an answer. Match each ques tion with th
MAT(H. Each que lion 9 e
an wer.
Answpr
lie t •(\n
1
f Who did you see? a His wife saw me.
Who saw you? h Sh e hit a car.

•
What hit her? I gave the money t LT
o n.arry.
What did she hit? A car hit her.
Which man did you give the money to? e Harry gave me the m
oney.
. Which man gave you the money? I saw the defendant.
COMPLETE. Read this cross-examination. Complete it by writing the barrister's questions.
What time did you return homer

1 BARRISTER:
(What time / 'ou I return home?)
WITNESS: I returned home just before midnight.
2. BARRISTER:
(How / you I get home?)
WITNESS: Someone gave me a lift.
3. BARRISTER:
(Who / give / you I a Iitt?)
WITNESS: A friend from work.
4. BARRISTER:
(What I happen I nexP'
WITNESS: I opened my door and saw someone on my sitting room floor.
5. BARRISTER: •
(Who / you I ee 7)
WITNESS: Deborah Collins.
6 BARRISTER: •
(Who I tw I [)f>bOrdh (olllnsJ)

WI'l'NESS: She's my WI'fi' b ' d d noW.
e s oss. I mean she was my wife's boss. She s ea
7. BARRISTER:
(What I you I do?)
WI'l'NESS: I called the police.
8. BARRISTER:
(How m,)ny I people I call / you?)
WITNESS:
Noone called me. Why?
••• • ••• ••••• •
statements. Then ask questions about the underlined words.

recognized Adalfis.
Who l"IooenlZ&'J Harry Adame1
The witness recognized

Who did the witness ,..,c06nlz81
The court session begins at 9:00 a.m.

• " 7
4. Fiye witnesses testified.
, ' 7
5. The jury found Adams guilty because he didn't have an alibi.
6. Something horrible happened.
7. The trial lasted two weeks.
8. The jud~ spoke to the jury.
9. Adams paid his barrister £2,000.
10. The prosecution questioned
EDIT • Read this list of questions. There are

six mistakes in the use of wh- questions.
What trme "the suspect retum home?
Find and correct them . The first mistake
has already been corrected. Who all:l see him? Were there
any wrtnesses?
Whom Was at home?

Why ala he call A. 5mIth?
What ala happen next?
Where he eM go?
How mUch money he took wrth hlm ~

\.
•
,.. -
- - ,..
" r""
It's a nice
, .
day, isn t
, POINT
T:C'" the corree 0 '~wer
o The man is asking about

the weather.
I
o The man is commenting on

the weather.
WITH BE AS THE MAIN VERB
CHART CHECK J. ' AFFIRMATIVE I NEGATIVE I NEGATIVE

(,me 7" ""'": e) or STATEMENT I QUESTION TAG STATEMENT QUESTION TAG
F 'Folse
You e from York, aren't you? You're not from York, are you?
T F If the
statement
is affi I"lOative, I -
the question
tag is WITH All AUXILIARY VERBS EXCEPT DO
a ffi I'mative.
AFFIRMATIVE " NEGATIVE TIVE
I
, STATEMENT QUESTION TAG STATEMENT " QuESTION TAG
. You " moving, ,
aren't you? \ You're no moving, I are you?

I -
••
H: been here, I hasn't he? He hasn" been here, has he?

I , •
They c move, ' can't the?y can they?
I They can't move, ~
• - __ --1 - • •
WITH DO AS AN AUXILIARY VERB

~.
-, - E •
I
NEGAnVE
L STATEMENT
- ! QUESTION TAG ' I
• .
, You liv here

.
t -, " . ---
I , don' you? You don't live here, do you?
II They mOved
- I
did theY?
. "---_.- ,
didn't they?
..
•
They didn't move,
106
these words to form a sentence with a question tag.
?•
Grammar E pi n I n
often use question tags to:
e. check information we believe to be true

• Tom lives in York, doesn't he7
OR (The speaker believes that Tom lives in York and
wants to check this information ,)
b. comment on a situation • It's a nice day, i\n' it?
(The speaker is commenting on the weather.)
,1,11"11" III - 'JE'sllon tog

2. Question tags follow t t m . The • You're not from York, ' re you?
statement expresses an assumption, The • You're Jack Davies" . 't you?
question tag means Is that right? - You don't drive much, Jo you?
- -
lrtlrma -IV' ,I' -
a. If the verb in the statement is affirmative, the _ You work on Fridays, ) , you?
verb in the question tag is negative.
negative
b. If the verb in the statement is negative, the - You don't work on Fridays, do you?
verb in the question tag is affirmative.
3. The ques always uses a form of f or _ It's a nice day, isn t it?
an auxiliary verb ( , or or a _ You've lived here a long time, ite you?
modal such as I , 'ou or _!) . _ You come from London, do you?
_ You can drive, can't you?
USAGE NOTE: Notice the question tag for m. _ I'm next, a 'en I?
NOT I'm ne)(t, amn't I?
BE CAREFUL! In the question tag, only use _ Tom works here, doesn't he?
pronouns. 7•
NOT
When the subject of the statement is or _ That a good idea, isn't ?

that, the subject of the question tag is . NOT That's a good idea, isn't that?
4. When you use a question tag to eck A: It's getting warmer, .s ?

inf ) i - . or to -, B: Yeah. Seems more like summer.
your voice falls on the question tag. You expect
the listener to agree or just show that he or she
is listening.
A: You ' re not moving,
--...;"7
Question tags can also be used to
B: Yes. We' re going back to York .
. As with yes/no questions, your
OR
voice rises at the end, and you expect to get an
answer (Yes or No). No . We're staying here.
-
108 • Unit 2
••••••••••••••••••••••••••
t · n Underline all the question tags.

IDENTIFY • ead this converso 10 •
. , .t?
KAy: Hi Tom. It's a nice day, Isn t 1 .
, . . N t I d in the sky. How are you doing?

TOM: It certamly IS. 0 a c ou
Yi d 't know of any flats to rent, do you? My Son is 10 ki
KAy: Fine, thanks. ou on 0 ng for
one.
TOM: Is he? I thought he was staying with you .
.KAY: Well, he really wants a place of his own. Do you know of anything?
TOM: As a matter of fact, I do. You know the Simpsons, don't you? Well, I've just
found out that they're moving to Cheltenham next month .
.KAY: Are they? What kind of flat have they got?
TOM: It's a one-bedroom flat.

KAY: It's not fu rnished, is it?
TOM: No. Why? He doesn't need a furnished flat, does he?
KAY: Well, he hasn't got any furniture. But I suppose he can always buy some, can't he?
TOM: Why don't you give your son my number and I'll give him some more information?
KAY: Will you? Thanks, Tom.
MATCH • Each statement goes with a question tag. Match each statement with the
•
correct question tag. •
Statement Question Tag

•
I
•
You've phoned the removers , a. can't we?
I,
,
,,
,
2. They're coming tomorrow, b. do we?

3. This isn't going to be cheap, c. is he?
4. You haven't finished packing, d. isn't it?
S. We don't need any more boxes
, e. are they?
6. Paul is going to help us,
f. have you?
7.
g. isn't he?
8. Jack isn't bUying Our bookcases
, h. is it?
9. The removers aren't ki
pac ng the books for us , I. haven't you?
10. Moving is hard ,
'0
tf'NIlo chat show host Is Interviewing on~ of her guests, a
th' Int~rvlew with approprlat~ fags.
You've lived in London for many years, haven't !fou 1

1.
Since I was eighteen and came here to write my first screenplay.
HOST: You didn't know anyone here at first, ______-__-:::._______ ?

2.
GuPI': No. And I didn't have a penny to my name. Just some ideas and a lot of hope. It
soundscraz~ _____. ___. ______~------------ ?
~.
HoST: But things have worked out for you, _______--,,--______

. .?
4.
You're working on another screenplay now, ____________________ ?
5.
GUEST: Yes. It's a comedy about some kids who become invisible.
HOST: Speaking of kids, you've got some of your own, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ?

6.
GUEST: Two boys and a girl - all very visible!
HOST: I know what you mean. Do you ever wish they were invisible?
GUEST: Now, that's an interesting thought, ______--,::--_ _ _ _ _ _ ?

7.
EDIT • Read this part of a film script. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of
question tags. The first mistake has already been corrected.
hae;n't
Ben: It's been a long ti me, Joe, h&van't it?
JOB: That depends on what you mean by a long ti me, doesn't that?
Ben: What are you doing round here, anyway? It's da.ngerous.
JOB: I can take care of myself. I'm still alive, a.mn't I?
Ben: Yes, but you're still wanted by the police, are you?
JOB: Look, I need a place to stay. You've got a place, haven't you? Just for one night.
Ben: I have to think of my wife and kids. You can fmd somewhere else, can you?
JOB: No. You've got to help mel
Ben: I've already helped you enough. I went to prison for you, haven't I?
JOB: Yeah, OK, Ben. You r ememb er what h a ppened last June, do y ou?
Ben: OK, OK. I can make a ph one ca ll.
eit er an . .
HI R. \ lJ) S l,; "I
ICHEC POINT
Tick the correct ans 'e"
Mark likes hunting, fishing and Chinese food. a The men like different things.
So does Gerald. a The men like the same things.
WITH BE AS THE MAIN VERB
CHART CHECK A NEGATIVE

,.. " P
_ _ T T _u e, or STATEMENT ADDITION STATEMENT ADDITION
F (Fe ' e .
and so s Sue. eit er is Sue.
T F There is more Amy s a twin very tall
and Sue is, too . Sue 'sn , eith r.
than one way
to make
an addition. WITH ALL AUXILIARY VERBS EXCEPT DO
T F Use or ' •
,
with negative I AFFIRMATIVE •
statements.
I STATEMENT ADDITION STATEMENT
I
~A~~D~D:IT::IO:N=-_-;::.
T F When a - -
statement does ' Amy i and 0 n Sue. •
and neither can Sue.
I sWim Amy n 't ski and Sue can't, eitllel'·
not have a an Sue o.
form of ' or I ____ _
an auxiliary
verb, use a WITH VERBS USING DO AS AN AUXILIARY VERB
form of do in - _- -- ~--- ..
the addition. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

,-. -_. ----- .
STATEMENT ADDITION ADDITION
-. . . - STATEMENT
Amy likes does sue.
and so does Sue. Amy doesn't and neither tftet.
dogs n 't ei
and Sue does, too . like cats and Sue does
110
ml
• Is a firefighter 10 al MarIe.
(Gerald is a firefIghter and Marie is a firefighter.)
• Gerald Is a firefighter and so Is Mark.

OR
• Gerald 15 a firefighter and Mark Is, too.
If the addition • Gerald didn't get married. NeIther did Mark.
or DOt
OR
negative statement.
• Gerald didn' t get married. Mark didn't, eIther.
Notice the word order after so and • So is Mark. NOT So Marlt is .

. The verb comes before the subject. • Nor did Mark . NOT P.~or Marlt sis.
always use a form of be or an

verb (be, have, do, will or a modal
verb such as can, could, should, would}.
• I'm a twin and so Is my cousin.
.. If the statement uses a form of be, use a
form of be in the addition, too.
• Gerald had resigned and so had Mark.
b ••f the statement uses an auxiliary verb,
• I c n 't drive and neither can my twin.
use the same auxiliary verb in the addition.
• Gerald owns a dog and so does Mark.
c. If the statement has a verb that uses do as
• Gerald bought a jeep and so did Mark.
an auxiliary verb, use the appropriate form
of do in the addition.
A: I've got a twin sister.

4. 'n conversation, you can use short resp nses
s: So have I. O R 1 have, CO) .
with so, too, neither/ nor and not Ith r to A: I haven 't got any brothers or sisters.
agree with another speaker. B: either h ve I. OR hayent , either.
I
A: I'm left-handed.
USAca NOTE: In informal speech, people say
Me too and Me nelth r or Nor me to express B: 1\ .
A: I've never heard of these twins.
similarity or agreement.
B: II ·it I.:r .
112 • Unit
• •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• •• •••••
I l converso t10 • n between reunited

• twins. Write T (True)
TRUEOR FALSE· cod thele S lor Ii /lows each conversatIon.
• ... , the statement tllat 0
1. MARK: I like Chinese food.

GERALD: So do 1.
T Gerald likes Chinese food.
2 ANDREA: I don't want to go out.

B ARBARA: Neither do r.
,;
Barbara wants to go out. \•

5
\1
3. JEAN: I'm not hungry.
JOAN: I'm not, either. •
I /
Joan isn't hungry.
, .
4. AMY: I've always felt lucky. 7 NORA: I can t SWIm.
KERR I 1':: So have r. DINA: Nor can 1.
Kerrie has felt lucky. Dina can swim.
s. MIA: I don't eat meat. 8. JACK: I shouldn't work so much.

BOB: Nor me. TIM: Neither should 1.
Bob eats meat. Tim wants to work less.
6. JIM: I've got a headache. 9. JASON: I'd like to leave now.

BIU.: So have 1. TYLER: Me too.
Both Jim and Bill have got Tyler wants to leave.
headaches.
CHOOSE • Circle the correct words to complete this paragraph.
Sometimes being a twin can cause trouble. At school, I was in Mr Jacobs's history
class. Neither
1.
IrS,9Jwas my brother. One day we took a test. I got questions 18 and
20 wrong. My brother did, so I too. I didn't spell hippopotamus correctly and
in the test and so did I got my brother. We tried to convince Mr Jacobs of our
Guess what? Nor I So did my brother. Our teacher was astounded. So I Too w8$ the
6. 7.
headmaster. We weren't. We were just amused.
with
••••••••••••••••••
and Carla are twins. They agree on everything. ComplM.

(tHIVlfSation with responses.
I'm so happy we finally found each other.

am~I---.
So ____ 1.
I always felt as if something was missing from my life.
So 2.
. I always knew I had a double somewhere out there.
CARLA: I can't believe how similar we are.
Neither J. • It's like always seeing myself in the mirror.
CARLA: Not only do we look identical but we like and dislike all the same things.
That's true. I hate lettuce.
CARLA: I _ _ _-:-_ _ _ . And I detest liver.
4.
MARTA: So . I love pizza, though.
5.
CARLA: So . But only with tomato and cheese. I don't like pepperoni.
6.
MARTA: Neither _ _ _----==--___ .
7.
CARLA: This is a II) azing! I feel as if I've always known you.
~TA: Me ____-=_______ !
8.
EDIT • Read this student's composition. There are six mistakes in the use of sentence
additions. Find and correct them. The first mistake has already been corrected.
My brother a.nd I
My brother is just a year older than I am. We have a lot of things

•
ill common.
16 he
First of all, we look alike. I am 1.Bm and so he is. I have straight black
hair and dark brown eyes and so does he. We share many of the sa.rne interests,
too. I love playing football and he, too. Both of us swim every day but I ca.n't dive
and either can he.
Sometimes being so Sjmilar has its problems. For example, last night I
wanted the last piece of chocolate cake and so does he. Often I won't feel like
dOing the washing up and neither won't he. Worst of all, sometimes I'm Interest.ed
in a particular girl and so he Is. However, most of the Lime I feel 0111' $lmllnl'ltles
are really nice. So does my b!'other.
ONE
Circle the leUter UI HIt correct answer to complete each sentence.
- -- -.- - - - - - - -
r
I Jennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee.

(B) drinks (D) was drinking
- - ----,'---
.
7 7
•
- •
-
Where _ _ _ _ ? ABC D
(A) does she live (C) she does live
(B) she lives CD) she lived
• _ _ _ _ has lost this wallet? ABC D

(A) Whom (C) Who
(B) Whose (D) Who did
You're Cynthia, _ _ _ _ you? ABC D

(A) aren't (C) didn't
(B) are (D) were
Laura loves soap operas and _ _ _ _ . ABC D
(A) Jane does, too (C) Jane loves too
(B) so Jane does (D) so loves Jane
s. I didn't like sports and my brother. ABC D
(A) either did (C) so did
(B) neither does (D) neither did
6. That isn't Sam, is it? ABC D
-N 0, . Sam's taller.
(A) it is (C) it wasn't
(B) it doesn't (D) it isn't
7. We didn't eat here last week, _ _ _ _ we? ABC D
(A) didn't (C) do
(B) haven't (D) did
8. Who _ _ _ _ your bike? ABC D
-Mike did.
(AI did give you (C) you gave
(B) did you give (Dl gave you
9. Who _ _ _ _ at the party? ABC D
-I saw Stefan.
(A) saw you
(C) you saw
(B) did you see (D) you see
114
hat& cabbage. A
Me ,
, i" ' . I can't even look at it.
(A) too (e) neither
either (0) do too
11. washing up tonight? A C D

(A) Whose (e) Who are
(8) Who's (0) Who does
12. Liam was born in Ireland. So _._ _ _ hit,; brother. A C D

(A) was (C) wasn't
(8) didn't (0) did
Each entenc has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
of the entence are marked A, 8, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.
- -.- --
EXAMPLE:
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks. A C D
A B C D
- - - - -- --~-------------------------------~------------_--_ _~I
13. This is f! good school, wasn't itl ABC D
ABe 0
14. Yi~ went to Stan's party last year, hadn't we? ABC D
B e D
15. Kevin has always been a great student and so his brother has. ABC D
e D
16. My sister has never skiing and neither I. ABC D
e
17. Where you worked last year when you were going to school? ABC D
A B e D
18. That sign is too small to read, isn't ? ABC D

B e
19. English isn't an easy language to learn, is it..!-
ABC D
BeD
20. My parents are both good cooks and me, too. ABC D
, r D
21. Tom and Fred hadn't been to Italy then, had he? ABC D
c
A C D
22. I'm usually right about the weather, amn't 17
A ~ C D
ABC 0
ABC 0
24. ~ere did they went yesterday?
ABC 0
25. WhyA
you call
,
me so late
-
last night?
D
•
, Be able to
P
Ca n you d o "" .
-G
I
spreadsheets'? I
I POINT
Circle T {T_ PI 0 {-
r o l.p
T F The father Wants t

know if his daugh~r
has permission to do
spreadsheets.
CHART CHECK 1 STATE NTS: CAN/ COULD

,. ~ -; (True) or BASE FORM
F (F( . .;: SUBJECT CAN/COULD* OF VERB
-+
T F The form for can
c and c . cannot do spreadsheets now.
I is the same for can't
all subjects. I/He/ She/lt/We!You/They
could (not) use
I a computer last year.
couldn't ,
*Can and could are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular.
YES/NO QUESTIONS: CAN/COULD ANSWERS

•
BASE
CAN/COULD SUBJECT FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Can she do them? she an . • she can .
Yes , ~--- No, ,
Could they use one? . they could. . they couldn't. ,
r
•
·
WH- QUESTIONS: CAN/COULD
I . I
WH- WORD CAN/COULD SUBJECT BASE FORM . !
~ ~ ~ --.-'-~ -~---
ca 1 I
• •
she _ ~ _ _~ _ _ ~ spreadsheets?
How well - - -. -
.
cou
--
ld
- -- --- ~ they
-- use J. a computer?
-
--- --- -- -
~
~- . ~
-
~--. ~ ~ - - - .,
I CHART CHECK 2 AFFIRMATIVE: BE ABLE TO NEGATIVE: BE ABU TO
Tkk I he correct answer. BASE BASE
SUBJECT BE
Which part of be ~
- - ---- ABLE TO
-- -
FORM
-- SUBJECT BE + NOT AILE TO FoRM
able to changes for I am
am not
different subjects? 'm I
'm not
o be 0 able to He/She/It
Is
able to
c_ - - -
Is not
-
's do graphs. graphS-

He/She/ It Isn't able to do
WelYou/ are 's not
They 're
t-~- -
are
WelYoul aren't
They 're
116
Oan, Could,
••••••••••••••••••••• ••
3 Sf
Qnswer. BE SUBJECT ABLE TO FORM

AFFIRMATIVE
with be 1------
In Are you
I am . I'm not.
to, what comes able to do spreadsheets? Yes, - - - No, t - - - - -
before the subject? Is she
she Is. she Isn't.
o a form of be
o a form of able to WH- : BE ABLE TO
WH- WORD BE SUBJECT ABLE TO BASE FORM
-- f- -_ _ _ _ _
arc you
How well -... .. .
able to do spreadsheets?
Is she
----.. -- •... . -- -_. - --- .• --- __. ..l.. _ _ _ __
EXPRESS ~~
Complete these sentences with can or be able to. Use one word for each gap.
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ she already able _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ use a computer?

B: Yes, she _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , and she _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ type and do spreadsheets, too.

1. Use ca or able' to talk about ability in • She can do computer graphics.
the present. • She's able to do computer graphics.
In everyday speech, ::. . is more

USAGE NOTE:
common than . e _ ~ . in the present tense.
2. Use either 'J' or ' ' . ' ,e " ..

Ie . to talk • Sam could read when he was four.
about ability (but not a specific achievement) in • He was able to use a computer, too.
the past.
BE CAREFUL! Use .. or /' ~ p • She managed to delete the virus from her
ablr.: ' to talk about a specific achievement or computer.
a single event in the past. • He '} ble to ix his computer when it broke
down.
NOT lie could filE his computer when it ...
,
Use either _. or I / In • I ,-ouldn'l dG spreadsheets.
negative sentences about past ability. • I wasn't abl (0) 0 one problem .
3. For forms and tenses other than the present or • len wants be ble to wr softw.UL'
past, use •
(infinit ive)
• By June ~h(' II ,Ie to com pi ' bpI
computer c la~\. (11Itllfl')
lIB • ~
"" " " """ "" """"" """""""""""
IDENTIFY. Rwd part of an at tide ahout WnIC lCllented yOllng business people.
rlin the w rd that express ability.
n amazing number of tee nagers have enjoyed most: playing computer gam
es. In I
managed to set up highly successful 1999, he was abl e to sell five games he'd I
internet businesses. Take John Davidson, for developed t o a famou s software comp
. an~
example. Joh n could surf the net Now Jim can earn up to £1000 a
WEB USINESSES
by the time he was six and by the week by selling his programs.
FOR FUN
age of eight, he could design web Katy Fischer, an enterprising 18-
AND ROFIT
pages of his own. It wasn't long year-old from Manchester, was
before he was able to persuade the bank to also able to break into the dotcom world.
lend him enough money to start up his very Although she says she can't understand why
own business. At the age of sixteen he she's been so successful, her parents certainly
managed to persuade his parents to allow can. 'Katy was determined to prove she could
him to leave school, and his first business, start a business when she was just fourteen',
'Webmasters', was soon up and running. says her father, 'and through hard work, she's
Another teenager, Jim Leicester, very quickly managed to do just that.'
realised he could make money doing what he
COMPLETE • Read each description. Complete it with a name from the article. •
1. ____J_i_m____ sold games to a software company.

-
2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ got a bank loan.
3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ wanted to start a business at the age of 14.
4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ left school at sixteen.
• Read these paragraphs. Complete them with can, could or be able to.
Use can or could where possible. Choose between affirmative and negative.
. Steven is enjoying his computer class. Two weeks ago, he couldn't even
use the mouse but now he edit his homework. By next week, he
- -- - - - - _ do research on the internet.
2. Eleni misses her family in Greece. She _ _ _ _ __ __ visit them for years, but
they've just got an email account, so now they keep in touch dailY.
3. I work out how to set up a presentation. The software
instructions don't help. I think I'll take a professional development course. In a feW
months maybe I - -_ _ _ _ _ _ do that presentation.
4. Mike and I get on since we started this business. He
group (l have to work alone). I hope we

AbIlity: Can Could. Sti lab"
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• R~od this odvertlsement. Complet~ It with the opproprlote form of can,

could or be able to plus the verbs in brackets, Use can or could wh~n possible,
B. py®
I Bevel t
,
Time Management Presentations
,
-
Career Development Teamwork
Were al118 to. pr8pa,:,

Think about your last presentation: - - - - - you • • it on time?
1. (prep 11)
you your ideas?

2, (communlQtC')
Will B, Happy® has helped others, and he _ _ _---::--,--_ _ YOU!

J. Ihp1r)
'Before I took Will B. Happy's course, my work was always late because
I _ _-:---:-::---:--- a schedule. I also had big piles of papers on my desk

4, lkllow)
because I __--::--:-:----:--:---_ _ what was important. Now I _ _-::--:--_-::-_ _

5. ( It (.d, 6. (manage)
my time effectively. Next month, when my workload gets heavy, I
________ it and do the important things first.' Scott Mathis, student

7. (OrQanlSe)
') didn't use to _ _--::-----:------:--,------_ _ in front of groups. Now I can!'

8. (speak)
Mary Wells, sales manager
EDIT • Read this student's diary. Find and correct seven mistakes in expressing ability,
-- - -Ioda¥.in my 'Will B. Happy: teamwork course, I learnt about work styles - 'Driv
, ~
l ' .Enthusiasts: I'm a Driver so I can make decisions but I'm not able"listen to
people:sldeas. The Enthusiast in our group can communicates well but you canl ,
---- - ...rlepend..on her:...N.ow I understand what was happening in my business classJast year,
1-- _
--> hen I couldn't.got au wjth my j.elilll•...I thought that tb.e.y all talke.d..tQQ tnLiCh and didn't
" - - ab~ to work efilciently~ J could get an A fur .the course but it was bard, l can do a lot
, .. - - more.on myoWY1 but some jobs are too big for that Our instructor says that soon the.
DrbJers-will able to IlliteI'] and the EnthJ.lsiast could be m or e depend£lblc.

ission:
a .... auld, •
? f
.... 0 if. . • •
I POINT
I
Tick the sentence ~/IQL describes what's
happpning in the ("Mto,.. ...
o The student wants to know if his eye
will be better tomorrow.
o The student is asking the teacher to
allow him to take the test tomorrow.
CHART CHECK 1 QUESTIONS: MAY/CAN/COULD

...- r e( <?ct MAY/CAN/COULD* SUBJECT FORM OF VERB
I -+
-
May
Which modal is used start now?
Can I/we/he/she/it/they
in questions but NOT
in short answers Could
about permission? *May, can, and could are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular.
o
ANSWERS
o can
o could _ . _ _•__ _ _-11
,
may. may not. •

you/he/she/it/they
can .
you/he/she/it/they I can't. •
1
- --- . . _.. _ _.. - - - - l l
.. ,,- .-. -. I
CHART CHECK 2 SHORT ANSWERS
circle T (True) or ,
~ Do YOU MIND IF SUBJECT VERB . AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
F (False). I -_ .. --
I/we/they tart" ot t
T F you Mter 0 Do you mind
•
mind if . ? he/she/it st. rts? No, I don't . Yes, I do.

the verb is the . -
same for all ... -
subjects. STATEMENTS: MAY/eAN
:
T F The answer SUBJECT MAy/CAN BASE FORM
• -
Not at all gives
• •
permISSIon. I/He/She/lt/We/You/They may (not)
start.
----------.-------- can{not)
120
Pet m18810n. May n Could Do yo mlncllf
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••
EXPRESS
Circle the correct word to complete this conversation.
A: Do you mind ifhe help I helps me with my homework?
B: He can help I helps you, but you should do most of the work.
1. Use m y, Jld and n to ask for permission. . My l .1 you next Friday?

• Co If we se your car?
• C he ( to class with me?
USAGE Non: M is a little more formal than • MDY I cave the room, Professor Lee?
can and could.
BE CAREFUL! Requests for permission always A: I I take the test (morrow?
refer to the present or the future. When you use B: Certainly. The test starts at 9:00 a.m.
ould to ask for permission, it is not past.
2. We often say when we ask for • Could I ask a question, p.ec 5 ,?

permission. Note the possible word orders. OR
• Please could I ask a question?
3. Use _ to ask for permission A: Do you mind if I clean up tomorrow?

when your action might bother someone. B: Yes, actually, I do mind. I hate seeing a mess.
BE CAREFUL! A negative answer to the question A: Do you mind if I leave the room?
gives permission to do B: Not at all.
something. It means /t's OK. I don't mind. (You may leave the room.)
4. Use or . in answers. Do not use '1IId. A: Could I borrow this pencil?

B: Yes, of course you can.
NOT Yes, you Eould.
BE CAREFUL! Do not contract Jy not. • No, you m - o .

NOT No, you mayn't.
We often use instead of A: 0 I I close the window?

modals to answer requests for permission. B: 'S, co JI'Se.
·rtalnly.
Sure.
Go ahead.
No, please don . It's hot in here.
S. When people , they often A: Can I please have a little more time?
give an apology and an explanation. B: , •
If :he rules are very clear, someone may refuse DRIVER: Can I park here?
Without an apology or explanation. OFFICER: f
-
, •
122 • Un t 28
•• •• •• • •• •• •• •• •• • •••• • • ••
MATCH. Each reque5t for pertni siol1 goes with a response. Match each request with the
( rrecl re pOllse.
Rea uest ReSDon se
May we come in now? a No, you can't. It's a bus stop.

Could I see your tickets, please? Not at all. There's plenty oftime.
3 Please may I speak to Harry? Yes, of course they can. We've at
plenty of room. g
4. Could they come with us? d Yes, you may. The test starts Soon.
5. Can I park here? e. I'm sorry, he's not in.
6. Do you mind if I have some more tea? f. Certainly. Here they are.
a test. Complete his conversations with his

• Mr Smith is supervising
s ·ude'1ts. Use a pronoun plus the correct form of the words in brackets and
short answers.
AHMlm: _ _ _ _----=:C,=.o. =:u: =ld.:. .,:. :w.: . e-=c,=.o..:..:m..:..:e=----____ in to the tes t room now?
1. (Could come)
MR H: Yes, ______c_e_rt-;;:a_i_n,=.ly_ _ _ _ _ _ • Please show your registration form

2.
•
as you come m.
SOFIA: My brother isn't taking the test. _ _ _~----;;::::_ _--;--:-:------:-____ in the
3. (Do you mind I stay)
room with me?
MR H: Yes, -----_--:;-_ _ _ _ _ _ . Only people with tickets are allowed

4.
inside.
ROSA:
-----.5'.r.(M
:Aa::-y:l/:-:-u:::-se~)----- a pen to write my name on the test
booklet?
MR H: No, - - - - - ----:;::--_ _ _ _ _ _ . You must use a pencil. And everyone

6.
please remember, - -_ _--;;~-.::;;--,--;-;~----- the test until I tell you to.

7. «(,m 't I start)
8. (do you mind If / borrow)

JAMIE:
. - - - - - - - . Take it. I've brought several.
- - - - - -Q9:-
MIt H: OK, ----lO:""r;;:;;;~~----
10. (m<lY I open) your test booklets and read the
instructions now.
JEAN: I'm late because my train broke dow in?
n. ________~~~__~-------
MIt H: No, - - - - - - -12: - - - - - - - 11. (Can / come)
12. . We've already started the test.
Ml him right
to in front of th um.
con rt, om r. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~---
ob up a fi w rows. Bob asks an usher.
All mpty. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-::--:.~------.-'- -

( Id)
to record th concert. Lucy asks the usher first.

brought a tape recorder. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _=-________
(Can)
Lucy the mu ie. he wants to leave.

mu ie i giving me a headache. _ _ _ _ _ _-:-:::-_ _-:-...,...., - - - - - - -
(Do you mmd I
EDIT. Find the mistake in each item and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter
of the incorrect word or phrase. Then correct the mistake.
come
1. Can he eomes on the train with me or does he need a ticket? ©®
B (' n
-
z. I'm sorry, he couldn't. Only passengers can board the train. ®®©®
B [)
3. 90uld I swapped seats with you? I'd like to sit next to my son. ®®©®
B C [)
4. Ye • you could. Go ahead. I'm getting off soon. ®®©®
s ( n
S. Mum, may I to have some sweets? I'm hungry.
-B ®®©®
( U
6. No, you mayn't. I'm sorry, but you've already had enough sweets. ® ® © ®
I ( D
7. Do you mind if he play his computer ga roe?

B ( 0
8. Yes, I do. He can play ifhe wants. It won't bother me. ®®©®
A !. ( [)
9. rm still hungry. Can we'll get a sandwich soon?

A L e 11
10. Not at all. We can go and find the buffet car. ®®®®
ABC II
e uests:
ill, , I I
•
aul In .... • • • ?•
-.::::::...:- - - --'- - - -~.- --
~ .
Ic EC POINT
Tiek the corree. an~. 'er.
The businessman is
-
1 o giving an order.
I
o asking someone to do something.
•
-.- o asking for information.
NOTE: 999 is the emergency telephone

number in the United Kingdom.
'Miss Fleming. would you mind dialling 999 for me?'
CHART CHECK 1 QUESTIONS: WILL/CAN/WOULD/COULD

C""',e T . Te • 0. WILL/CAN/ BASE FORM
F (Fc 're . WOULD/COULD* SUBJECT OF VERB
T F You can use WI
and \ Can
coul in
questions but
I
Would
you post I this for me? •
NOT in short uld I
answers to .
- - ,
,- __ _ p. __
.- . .
requests. *These words are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular.
------- I . - '.
SHORT AN
Yes, sure
-- -
, (I will).
Of Course (I ,n).
- . -
---- '- -
I'm sorry, but I an 't .
Certainly.
l .__
-----.- -. -- -_. ----

--
WOULD YOU MIND . .• 1
WOULD YOU MIND CERUND
Would you mind posting this for me?
124
: n /I 1I1d.
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••
TICk the carre t an w r. AFFIRMA liVE NEGATIVE

Not at all means: No, not at all.
LJ OK LJ no I'm sorry, but I n' .
I'd be glad to.
EXPRESS
ompl t till tJ
A: __-__.'____~_ you mind filing these reports now'!

B: "
---- -. - - -___ ,_ _, at all.
~
A: Thanks. And ___ ,_._ _ _ _ _ you answer the phone, please?

B: Son·v. but I
o . My hands are full.
•
r ... ions Exampl s

1. Use I , ( r., would and cou to ask someone
to do something.
We often use will and ('( for informal requests. SISTER: you swe the phone?
you n l.o ' , the TV?
We use ' and u to make requests Boss: you this report?
more polite. you , ten copies?
2. We also use with and • Please co you close the door?

to make the request even more polite. OR
Note the word order. • Co you close the door, " ?•
3. We also use
A: for a few minutes?
(without please) to make polite requests. Mr Collins is still at a meeting.
Note that a means that you B: •
will do what the person requests. (OK. I '/I do it.)
4. People usually expect us to say to polite A: you take this to Susan Lane's office
requests. When we , we usually for me?
apologise and give a reason.
B: "an . I'm expecting an important
phone call.
BE CAREFUL! Do not use ou or uld to A: I'm cold. you shut the window, plea~e?
answer polite requests. B: •
NOT Yes, I would.

126 Unit 29
• •••••• • ••••••••••
IDENTIFY. Marcia has got a new co /league . Read their conversations. Underline aI/ th e
) )1 t (Jests .
1\5. ~
ll'.l.JU1.CIA: H'
1.
'\.T
.lOU
t
mus eb the new office assistant. I'm Marcia Jones. Let me kn Ow if
you need anything.
LORNA: Thanks, Marcia. Could you show me where the photocopier is?
MARCIA: Certainly. It's over here.
2. LORNA: Marcia, would you show me how to use the fax machine?
MARCIA: Yes, sure. Just put your fax in here and dial the number.
3 MARCIA: I'm going to lunch. Would you like to come?
LORNA: Thanks, but I can't just now. I'm really busy.
MARCIA: Do you want a sandwich from the coffee shop?
LORNA: That would be great. Can you get me a tuna sandwich and a coffee, please?
MARCIA: No problem. Will you answer my phone until I get back?
LORNA: Of course.
4. MARCIA: Lorna, would you mind making some tea?
LORNA: I'm sorry, but I can't do it now. I've got to finish this letter by 2:00.
(HOOSE • Lorna's flatmate, Jane, is having problems today. Tick the appropriate
response to each of Jane's requests.
1. Lorna, please would you drive me into town today? My car won't start.
ct. ___ Yes, I would. b. --=-_ I'd be glad to.
2. Would you mind lending me five pounds? I'm getting paid tomorrow.
ct. Not at all. b. Yes.

J. Lorna, can you take these books back to the library for me? I'm running late.
ct. I'm late, too. Sorry. b. No, I can't.

4. Could you lock the door on your way out? My hands are full.
a. Yes, I could. b. Of course.
s. Can you turn the radio down? I need to study this morning.
ct. Certainly. b. Not at all.
6. Will you pick up some milk on the way home this afternoon?
a. - __ No, I won't. b. - - Sorry. I'll be at work until 8:00.
Will. Can. Could )l04J ffJInd
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••• • • •
& • Use the appropriate Imperative from the bax to complm

these requests. Use please when possible, and make any necessory changes.
some cereal. Can back later.

File these reports. Shut the door. Tum on the
1. Can It's frl'ezing in here.

2. Could ~~ ~~~~ I'Vt' finished rending them.
J . Would you mind - - - ---. 7 7 It.'s too dark in here.
4. Will ___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - We don't, have any left.
5. Could _ _-_. ____________ Ms Blake is on another call just now.
6. Would There's too much noise in the hall!
EDIT. Read these requests from Marcia'l boss and Marcia's answers (in bold type). Find
and correct six mistakes in making and responding to requests. The first mistake has
already been corrected.
....
--------
_. --.
•
..- . .. ---
.. --
_- -.. - -------...- - - ---
7
~
_ _
"
_
SUBj: Sales Meeting -Reply

DATE: 04-11-0312:14:39 EST
FROM: MarciaJones@dataline.com
To: JohnStone@dataline.com
CC: AnnChalke@dataline.com
>>> <JohnStone@dataline.com> 04/11/03 10:37am»>
could you
The meetings are going well but they have been extended by a day. Please you eould call
Doug Rogers to try to reschedule our sales meeting?
Not at all. I'll do it straightaway.
We'll need three extra copies of the monthly sales report. Would you ask Ann to see to
that?
Yes, I WOUld. (Ann Could you do this?)
I hate to ask but would you mind to work on Saturday? We'll need the extra time to go over
the new information I've got.
Sorry, but I COUldn't. My in-laws are coming to stay. But Rob Dixon says he can come
in to help out.
One last thing. I was gOing to pick up those new business cards but I won't be back in time.
WOUld you mind doing that for me?
Yes, \ WOUld. \'11 stop at the printer's during my lunch break.
T
' .. vice:
:...ad better
I really don't
-
mind starting at the
bottom and working my
I POINT
C ' -,. e rOt
o The interviewer is suggesting a Maybe you
type of job for the applicant. ought to consider
o The interviewer is telling the a job as a lift
applicant how to be successful. operator.
•
i
I
CHART CHECK 1 ~ STATEMENTS: SHOULD/OUGHT TO/HAD BETTER
r
'- ' C "T ( "T e, o. SHOULD/OUGHT TO/ BASE FORM
F (Fr r SUBJECT HAD BETTER* OF
•
T F The same form should (not)

I
of the verb I
I/He/She/We!You/They ought to look for a new job.
follows 0 ,
J and had bette (not
i
had be *Should and ought tlJ are modals. Had better is similar to a modal.
These forms do not have -s in the third person singular.
NOTE: For contractions of should not and had better, see Appendix 24 on page 346.
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS: SHORT ANSWERS

,:rk hecorrer· SHOULD
I
( I 5 Vier.
BASE
In questions about SHOULD SUBJECT FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGAnVE
- ,
advice, we usually use: ,
- i - - _ . - _ -.- ,
I
I ~ you
Shoul
o sho I
•,
he
10 7• Yes, ,
' he , hould. No, : you , shouldn't.
o ought to
•
1 - - he _:,_---'J
- . _.. -- .
-
o had better I
WH- QUESTIONS: SHOULD
- - I
WH- WORD SHOULD SUBJECT j BASE FORM I. __ ----~--
I I
Where should look for a new job?
he
--
,
~-- - __.._- __ L. ______---'
128
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • •• •
EXPRESS
•
Complet fIJi conversal/()n
A: They're looking for a cashier at McDonald's. _ _ _ _ __ __ I apply for the job?
B: __. _ - - - - - - . ,you ~_______.. __ . You can get more money working at

the bookshop.
1. Use h I and t to say that something _ Mark hould get a new job.
is advisable. _ He )uldn't leave school yet.
USAGE NOTE: hould is more common than - He . the job ads.

tt . NOT COMMON lie ought not to quit.
2. Use ad for urgent advice - when you _ You better lea' . now you 'll be lote.
believe that something bad will happen if the
person does not follow the advice.
USAGE Non: We usually use the contraction for _ You et . ' apply for more than one job.
had better. NOT You had better apply ...
The negative of had better is d better not. _ You ' be late.

NOT You'd not better be late.
BE CAREFUL! Had better always refers to the _ We euer a e the bus •
present or the future, never to the past (even _ You better ca them back . mOflow.
though it uses the word had).
3. Use for questions. We do not usually use _ ..) Ilul l ap I for that job?
ought to or had better for questions. _ When oul I ?•
4. It is usually considered impolite to give FRIEND: I hands with the

interviewer?
(such as friends or bosses) unless they ask for it. You: Yes, you •
Boss: Where I ta our client to lunch?

You: I think you ould to Luigi's.
When we give unasked-for advice, we often _ Myra, r you ght 0 for this job.
soften it with , or .
f30 • Unit 30
•••••••••••••••••••••••••
READ • L( ok at these job search tips.
• You should tell all your friends that you are looking for a job.
• You'd better not leave your present job before you fmd a new one. I
• You shouldn't tell your boss that you are looking for a new job.
• You ought to apply for several jobs at once.
• You shouldn't immediately ask an interviewer about job benefits.
• You should always give the interviewer accurate salary information.
ANSWER. Tick the things that are OK to do, according to the tips.
1. f2J tell your friends about your job search 4. 0 leave your job during your search
2. 0 tell your boss about your job search 5. 0 apply for several jobs at once
3. 0 ask about job benefits straight away 6. 0 tell the interviewer your real salary
CHOOSE • Read this advice for job seekers. Complete it with the correct words.
Reader's Vo lu mell ~l~ss~u~e~23~ _____________________________________________
t or need a new job? When's the best time to start looking? Right now!
You 'd better not delay, or you'll start to feel 'stuck in a rut' .
1. (ought to / 'd better not)
These tips will help:
.. A lot of people wait until after the holidays to look for a job. That means there's less
competition for you at this time of year. You _____ --=----,-.,----,-,-_.,.......,-_ _ _ _ ___ wai t!
2. (shouldn't . should)
.. Too busy at work lO go lo imerviews? Early morn ing interviews have fewer inlelTIlptions. \Oll
-----:,--;-;::-::-:-:;-:;;-;-;-:;-;--:-:-----:7----
3. (. hould / 'd better not)
ask for i merviews before nine 0' clock.
.. If you are laid off, you - - - -:4I;::Ji:::;;-:::-,..-,-----;--;-;:-;----- take a lower-paid job just to get
4. ('d better ' shouldn't)
work. If your new salary is low, your employer won't appreciate your skills. If possible. you
-------;5•.'(';::;d:Lb~e::
tl-:-
er-r-:
lo-:-t~/-;sh-:o-u-;-ld::-)---- ask for a salary that matches your skills.
.. However, money isn't everything! YOll _ _ _~--;-:---:~--;-:-:-.,--_ _ _ _ _ _ take a position
. 6. (ought to 'd better not)
WIth a company you dislike, or you won't do a good job there .
.. Don't talk about salary too soon. You _ _ _--;;:-;;-;-;-_---:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ wait _ Jearn about
7. Cd better I houldn't)
the job and talk about your skills first.
Advice: Should OUght to. Had beffm- • 1ft
.........•...........••..•...••••.•••••••••••••••• ; , ,~
• Ken Lang's boss has Invited him to dinner at his home. Complete Ken's
conversation with his friend, Scott. Use should, ought to or had better and the
wordS (n hrackets. Choose b tweE't1 affirmative and negative.
KE N: How eh~ul,~ I dreee? _- 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _, _ _ _ • _ _ _ In a s uit?

-' 1.(H,1 Llr 1)
ScOTT: You don't have to wear a s uit. _,___ '_________-:;--;;-:-:-:-.-:-~-::-_-_.___-_ ,

2 (lu(,k, n ~I)
but you can wear casual clothes.
KEN: ---------.- -;
-,;-:'7('--w·" 11 '~,:;; "~I i\
SCOTT: It's really important to be on time. Your bOAS and hi s wife are expecting you
at 7:00, so ------.---=-~--:-:-__:__;_---_-_
4. ( .II',! " 1 " .'
. It's OK to be a little
II I I ,I'
late but don't make them wait too long for you!
KEN:
5. (II t .1 \jl:t''i
SCO'l'I': Yes, but get something small. _ _ _ _ _ _::;--;;::--_ _--:--:-_---;:-:______ .

6. (buy an expensivE- gift)
It would embarrass them.
KEN: ___________~~=-~~~------------
7. (What I buy?)
SCOTI': I think ------~---:--____;;_-""7"_------.
8. (gel some flowers)
EDIT· Read this letter. Find and correct six mistakes in expressing advice.
We.are.ro to . 11.£1 jIMt Y<

't};lf work too wd. T~ uwrt . ~ jIMt Mur i£your rt.
Maybe.you- bettu work ° two ilutetui ofthree-. Auo) ~ )'oU:d
better Mkyour borr for ~ offduriltj ~ ~x.t:tm£. w-ay you:a of
~ to rt. . You- would better Jive- thM tV tot of car, tlwUj~ OK? pteM~ tak.e-
Jood C4.Y~ ofyourrelf You-'d Mt better rtart s . tUU.iyou- . ely
rho 't worked P.i: ~kt. Atyour ~~ you- rltaLt ofs . Do you- r Jee
Ited AAf fr0~ Iwut.e-? slwuLd ~ reitd aI1f' ofyour boola? Lee 1M /oww;
w~tov-e.J
M~ tu-t.d. Dad.·
ion ••
•
? .,
.... owabout.
--- •
r --
, Let's
Going to Germany?
•
HOS'II' LU NG
INTIlRNATIONAl. ,
Why not stay at a youth hostel?
How about a magnificent one

POINT
like Altena Castle? Altena is also
fun and cheap. So, why don't T F The questions in the

you make our castle your home?
advert are asking fo
. £ r
1\1!('l1cl (I'.. t Ie ( CI tncll' V
III ormation about
youth hostels.
,
~
I
CHART CHECK 1 COULD

~
e co 'ect
IG III
S e
(MAYBE) SUBJECT COULD* BASE FORM
(Maybe) I/he/she/we/you/they could stay in a castle.

The verb after rolo d,
do , n not, *Could is a modal. It does not have -8 in the third person singular.
I 'e or el-'s
WHY DON'T?
'I 0 changes for
different subjects. WHY DON'T SUBJECT BASE FORM
does not change for don't I/we/you/they
I different subjects. Why stay in a castle .
doesn't he / she
WHY NOT? LET'S

I
WHY NOT BASE FORM LET'S (NOT) • BASE FORM :
- f - - - - - ._- _.' - --- ------. -- ~
hy no stay there . _e_s lot) I there.
- - ,
•
--- -- =====----
CHART CHECK 2 HOW ABOUT? SHALL WE?
,
Circle r ( 1It U'/ Of

F (Fa/se).
,
I
How ABOUT GERUND/NoUN SHALL WE . BASE FORM IL-- -:-
- -- . -- - at Altena?
T F Suggestions in a castle? Shall we stay •
How about
with How a castle?
about? have --- - - -
only one form.
132
,n, ,
• •• • • • • • •• •• •• • •• •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •
Add the orrect pUll t{lotio",

Let's take the train _ _ Maybe we could take the train _ _
Why not take the train _,- - How about the train _ _,
1. Use " A: L t ' 0 somewhere this summer,

I
, t and ut to B: M yb we ould qo to Germany,
make suggestions. A: , 't we sk Luke to go with us?
B: Good idea, Why doem't Tom call him
tonight?
A: him right now?
B: ;)wabout " at a youth hostel?
A: ow ab Altena Castle?
B: II e by train?
BE CAREFUL! When someone uses and SUGGESTION

h n to make a suggestion, these A: ' ..
you . ' Jill in Hong Kong?
expressions are not information questions. The B: That's a good idea.
speaker does not expect to receive information
INFORMATION QUESTION
from the listener.
A: 7 you "i! . . meat?
B: Because I'm a vegetarian.
2. t and ' . always include the speaker. • e to Hong Kong.

5
They mean: Here's a suggestion for you and me. (I suggest that we go to Hong Kong.)
• I f> 5 Jill?
3. Note the o to use with BASE FORM OF THE VERB

these expressions.
• ... the train.
• May we the train.
• Wh} we the train?
• J 1t1l -~ the train?
GERUND OR NOUN
•• How about the the train?

7,
4. Notice the i at the end of each STATEMENTS

kind of suggestion. • stay at a hostel
• we stay at a hostel
QUESTIONS
• we stay at a hostel
stay at a hostel
• Why
• Shall stay at a hostel
• How staying ilt il hostel
• How bo il hostel
134 • Unit 31
• •••••••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. Emily and Megan are visiting Hong Kong. Read their conversation. Underline
suggestiollS.
EMILY: Why don't we go to the races? I hear they're really exciting.
MEGAN: I'd like to but I need to go shopping.
EMILY: Then let's go to the Temple Street Market tonight. We might even see some
Chinese opera in the street while we're there.
MEGAN: That sounds like fun. If we do that, why not go to the races this afternoon?
EM I I.Y: OK, but let's get something to eat first in one of those floating restaurants.
MEGAN: I don't think we'll have time. Maybe we could do that tomorrow. Shall we get
dim sum at the Kau Kee Restaurant next door? Then we could take the Star
Ferry to Hong Kong Island and the racecourse.
EMILY: Sounds good. For tomorrow, why not take one of those small boats - kaido - to
Lantau Island? When we come back, we could have dinner at the Jumbo Palace.
MEGAN: Let's do that. It's a bit expensive but at least it floatsl
COMPLETE· Read these conversations. Complete them with the appropriate expression
in brackets.
1. A: I feel like having seafood for dinner but we went to Tai Pak for seafood last night.
B: Why not go again? The food's great and so is the view.

(Why not I Let's not)
2. A: I'm really tired. _ _ _ _----;;---:-;---:-:::---::----:--_ _ _ _ have a rest before we go out?
(Let's I Shall we)
B: That's a good idea. I'm tired, too.
3. A: I want to explore downtown Hong Kong.
B: ----;;-:-:-~~;-;;-~--;:-____;---- take a minibus? We'll see a lot more that way.

(Lt-r . not I Why don 't Wf':)
4. A: A group of foreign students has just checked in at the hostel.

B: ----,;-;-::--::-;:----:--;-;-~;__-__,:_::_-- ask them to join us for dinner.
(How ,liJ')ut I MdybE <Nf' could)
5. A: I still need to buy some souvenirs before we leave.
B: -----;;~_;_;:;:-;-;-;__---- go shopping after dinner.
(Let", I Sh,ill <Nf:)
6. A: I don't want to go home tomorrow. I'm having a really good time here.
B: SoamI. _______~~~\.n.~~----___ leave tomorrow.
(Let'~ not I Why 110t)
Suggestions: Could. Why don·t? Why not? Let's. Shall we? How about?
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • •
& • Read these conversations. Complete the suggestions with phrases

from the box. Add pronouns and change the verbs a5 necessary. Punctuate correctly.
take a trip together try that new seafood place

go to the beach buy another one
1. A: There's an Oasis concert at the Hong Kong Convention Centre next weekend.
B: We're near there now. Maybe we could buy tlckete.
------------------
2. A: It's going to be hot tomorrow.
B: I know. How about ---------------________
3. A: These jackets are in the sale. Maybe we could buy one for Brian's birthday.
B: We got him a jacket last year. Let's not ___________________
4. A: I don't know what to do next summer. I'm sick of doing nothing.
B: Me too. Shall we _________________________
5. A: I'm hungry.
B: Let's ________________________
EDIT· "'ead these notes. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of suggestions.
The first one has already been corrected. Don't forget to check the punctuation.
3:00 4:00
Megan
Emil.!!
7:00 for dinner i5 fine.
I'm going shopping. /'11 be back at
r:>a Shall We going to 5ee a film afterward5.
5:00. Let's 661til1.1 at 7.'00. OK?
See you later.
Megan
E..
Emil.!! 5:00 M- 6:00
I'm going to be too tired for a flm. Let'5 nat eat at the 5ame restaurant
Maybe we couldjust hanging around tonight? Why don't we trymg a new
the hostel after dinner. Let's talk ahout place? How about Broadway Seafood.
it later. I'm !}Oin..9 to have a nap. I'll meet you downstairs at 7:00 .
M.
E..
reference •• I
aul rather
I
~----------------
I d Teen Pastimes Around the World
~ 80~----------------------------~
Q)
00
'"
~ 60 ------------------------j
~ POINT
'"-
o 40-f-
Q)
00
T:~I- tr" main £) A thp hnr ~_,..
:J
'" 20 - - - - - - - -
1: o Teenagers like watching TV
~ '--
.... reading books and listening'to
~ 0 - L _____________________ '--' '--
•
watch TV read listen to shop mUSIC.
•
musIc
o Teenagers like watching TV more
Teenagers around the world prefer watching TV to all than they like doing other things.
other leisure-time activities.
,
•
CHART CHECK 1 STATEMENTS: PREFER/WOULD PREFER
I ro 'ect SUBJECT (WOULD) PREFER NOUN/GERUND /INFINITIVE
r -
I/We/You* /They prefer . -;e, : (to magazines).

Which word(s) can
readi _ newspapers (to reading books).
you use with all
subjects? He/She prefers (not) ~
newspapers.
o ~ ee
I/He/She/We/You/They
would prefer newspap (to magazines)
,
o would prefer 'd prefer (not) to r _' newspapers.

-------------------------------- -- --.~---------
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS: PREFER/WOULD PREFER
•
ICi< fl€,r!'J
DO/WOULD SUBJECT PREFER NOUN/GERUND/INFINITIVE
an,: 'rr - '-t --- ,
- .. --
o you/they ne r ?
Which two forms
of the verb can
-- ---- - readi
Does he/she prefer
follow ef r ? to
---
o the base form or Would you/they /he/she i
news 7•
the gerund
'---
,
1-
_ 1 to re_ newspapers?
--- -----
,0 the gerund or
,•
the infinitive SHORT ANSWERS
!
- AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I/we/they
,
- • -
do. I/we/they don't.
- . -- - -+
v s, he/she doe . No, he/she doesn't.
-
-
I/we/they the/she would. I!we/they/he/she wouldn't.
136
Pr.f....nce.: p" " r W ulcJ
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
SUBJECT WOULD FORM OF VEIlB

-
would rl1th r d newspapers (than read magazines).

I/He/She/We/You/They 'd .. th j (not) r d newspapers.
YES/NO WOULD RATHER SHORT

I
WOULD I SUBJECT RATHER I BASE FORM I
AFFIRMAnVE NEGAIIVE
i,
Would ' she n: d ? No, she wouldn't .
I J Y , she would ,
She'd rath r not .
EXPRESS
Clrc!t' til ' rr t word t - letc n I nr e,
I'd rather rend I to rc{!d than / to shop, but Jo prefers shop / shopping.
m r pi n ons E
1. Use p r, ' and _ We usually . efE· /to ill fo u/ to French.

to talk about things that you like more than _ I' ' . ' 'r ' , Chinese food tonight.
other things. _ I' · er ("00 ( at home than at Jane's place.

USAGE Non: We often use for a general _ Which 0 you ,roe , - chicken or prawn?
preference and or _ you e chicken or prawn curry
for a preference in a particular situation. tonight?
noun
2. Prde may be followed by a noun, a gerund or _ I usually p 'efer vegetab 'e:> to " eat.
an infinitive. geru
_ Does Bill p 'efer stay; '!> in or . i, out?
.
Inlln, , e
_ I prefer to re 'C' whenever I have any free time.
Wo may be followed by a noun or an _ I think Sam . 'ould prefer the bo . ' to the CD.
infinitive. infini tiVE
_ We d both refer to go 01 tonight.
~ s e ro 'T
, can be followed by only the _ I'd rather stG at home tonight.

base form of the verb.
USAGE Non: We often use , by A: Would you like some dessert?

itself, to refuse an offer, suggestion or invitation. B: e, . I've had enough to eat.
• BE CAREFUL! The negative of I'd rather is

I'd rather not.
- NOT
• ..,. have dessert.
1 ,r
3. For . we can use after _ Jack f comedies action films.
prefer + noun or gerund. .11 ! If ,
• •
_ I'd pret walking sWimming.
I 1 ,
We can also use after • I . to stay at home tonight qo to a

would prefer + infinitive. restaurant.
We can use after • I' d raU wdtch football 111 pl"y it.
would rather + base form of the verb.
I
138 nit 2
.
" """ . . . ..
" " "" " "
TRUE OR FALSE. ;m ranked wmc activities (rom 1 to 8 accord ing to his preferences
e). Look at his /i.5t. Iflen read each numbered sentence a nd write
•
,.•
r (True) or f (Foi'ie).
I
Preferred Activities
T He prefers listening to music to playing the guitar.
:? listen to music
• • .. He'd rather go hiking than go swimming.
5 go sWImming
4
J' He prefers swimming to cycling.
go cycling
1 4. He'd rather not watch TV.

watch TV
8 cooking
He prefers cooking to reading.
G play the guitar

b. He prefers watching TV to reading.
7 go hiking
7. He'd probably prefer a concert to a walk in the
countryside.
2 read
CHOOSE & • Jim and Anna are discussing their evening plans. Complete the;r
co. e "so Ion. Use ould rather (not) with one of the verbs in the box or by itself;n
short answers.
have cook see ~4

J go
.ANNA: Would you like to go to the cinema tonight?

JIM: I'd rather stay at home and watch TV.
1.
.ANNA: Sounds good. Maybe we could make some dinner later.
----------;;:-_ _ _ _ _ _ tonight. I'm too tired.
2.
a restaurant instead?
JIM: Let's order some pizza .
.ANNA: How about a pepperoni pizza?
JIM: 4. . Pepperoni gives me indigestion.
r mushrooms than pepperoni if that's OK.
.ANNA:
JIM:
l. • I don't like his films .
.ANNA: Well ... there's a comedy on at 8'00 a d d
. n a ocumentary at 8:30.
JIM:
7. the comedy. I need a laugh.
Praferen
•••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••
• Read these conversations. Complete them with prefer, prefer or

would rather. Use prefer to state general prefer nee. Complete the compa,1 on
with to or than.
1. W...:.o.::.u=ld~,_ _ you
k We're going to Rome again next week. _"__.__. _.__
prefer to take the train or .. to fly this time?
B: You know me. I always __.__,_________. - - - ' the plane __"'~_._____._._ _ the train.
2. k I _ - - - - - - - - - have the aisle sent ____._______. the window scat.
B: Thnt's fine with me. I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the window scat. That way I can look out.
. A: Where would you like to stay? In a hotel or n pcnsiulU'?

B: Oh,l _________ to stay in a pensione this time. It's more personal.
4. A: I _ _ __ _ _ _ _ eating in small trattorias ________ eating in
big restaurants.
B: Me too. They're less expensive and the food is always delicious.
s. A: Speaking of food, you make the best spaghetti in the world.
B: Thanks, but I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ order it in a restaurant - - - - - - - -
make it at home!
6. A: When in Rome, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . g tea or coffee?
B: I definitely coffee _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ tea. You know what
they say, 'When in Rome, do as the Romans do!'
EDIT. Read Anno's report. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of prefer and
would rather. The first mistake ha5 already been corrected.
For my research, I interviewed fifty men a.nd women. There was no

difference in men's and women's TV preferences. I found that everyone prefers
watching TV taa<R going to the cinema. Men and women both enjoy news
programmes a.nd docllrnentaries. However, men would rather watching adventure
programmes and science fiction, while women prefer soap operas. Men also like
to Watch all kinds of sport but women would rather see ga.me shows to sports.
Readin g preferences differ, too. Men prefer to reading newspapers, while women
Would rather read magazines and books. When men read books, they prefer read
nOU-f"lCt·lon and adventure stories. Women are preferring novels.
ONE
t t ect answer to complete each sentence.
EXAMPLE:
/':
Jennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. ABC D
(A) drink (e) is drinking
(B) drinks (D) \-vas drinking
- -
-Would you shut the door, please? ABC D
(A) Certainly. (C) Yes, I could.

(B) No. I can't. (D) Yes, I would.
2 Why a movie tonight? ABC D

(A) about seeing (C) not seeing
(B) don't we see (D) we don't see
Sonia can't speak German yet but after a few lessons ABC D
she speak a little.
(A) can (C) is able to
(B) could (D) will be able to
In 1998, Tara Lipinski win the gold medal in ABC D

figure skating at the Winter Olympics.
(A) can (C) will be able to
(B) could (D) was able to
s. I make new friends since I moved here. ABC D

(A) can't (C) haven't been able to
(B) couldn't (D) 'm not able to
She _ _ _ _ better not arrive late. ABC D

(A) did (C) 'd
(B) has (D) would
7. Do you mind if I borrow a chair? ABC D

- . - - - - Do you need only one?
(A) I'm sony. (C) Yes, I do.
(B) Not at all. (D) Yes, I would.
8. Would you mind _ _ _ _ me tomorrow? ABC D
(A) call (C) to call
(B) calling (D) if you call
9. I'd rather the film. I hear it's very good. ABC 0

(A) watch (C) watching
(B) to watch (D) not watch
140
VI.
10. You _ - - - miss the deadline or you'll have to pay a fine. A C D

(A) better not (C) 'd better not
(B) 'd better (0) had no better
11. - take the train instead of the bus? It's faster. ABC D
(A) How about Ic) Why don't
(B) Let's (0) Why not.
12. Could my sister -.-----. -- - to cluss wi th tomorrow'?

Illl' A C D
(A) come (C) coming
(B) comes (0) to COIl\(!
n. I _ _ . _ . hnvt' dessert. I'm tryi ng to lose Home weigh l. ABC D

(A) 'd ratlwr (C) 'd prefer
(B) 'd rather not (0) 'd prefer not
14. Jamil~ prl'fers working at home _ _ _ _ working in an office. ABC D
(A) more (e) that
(B) than (D) to
ISEC .IIONI TWO

word or phrme that is NOT CORRECT.
.. - - -----------------------~-.~ ------~, .
I
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks . A B C (~

•
- .
1- When I was ten, I could swim but I wasn't able dive. ABC D
. 8 C D
r A C D
1 Why don't we have dinner and then gQ and see Possible Dreams.:..
- J e D
17 You drove for seven hours today so maybe you'd not better drive tonight. ABC D
~ C D
l' Will you mind . . your ca mera to the party tomorrow 1 ABC D
C 0
b Dad, may Jim borrows the car tomorrow or does MUlTI need it? ABC D
~ D
20 I can't h~lp you so maybe you should to ask Mary. A C D
•
2 - Should I bring flowers to Lisa's or should I giving her chocolates? A C D
c r-
22 Maybe you ought than just bring flowers. ABC D
- ~
2 ... Sarah celebrated last year because she could win the race. ABC D
, D
24 l~'s really late so let's w.e gQ out to dinner tonight. ABC D
2:.. Why would you rather stay at home to go out tonight? ABC D
I r - 0
ece ••
I •
an ust
I
POINT
Tick the correa answer.
Using a seat belt is:
o a requirement
o a choice
You must fas en your seat belt
It's the law.
CHART CHECK I AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS:

(lloe T (True) or HAVE (GOT) TO
F (Fa'se) HAVE TO/ BASE FORM
T F We use ~ a 'e SUBJECT HAVE GOT TO OF VERB CONTRACTIONS
•
go em
I/We/You/They have (got) to Have got to ::: 've got to
affirmative
go. I
and negative He/She/It has (got) to Has got to ::: 's got to
I statements.
STATEMENTS: HAVE TO
SUBJECT Do NOT HAVE TO BASE FORM
I/We/You/They don't
have to go.
He/She/It doesn't
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS: HAVE TO I

I• SHORT ANSWERS
T"ck _. e correa
,,
•
•
I n:, ''1er BASE
•
• Do SUBJECT HAVE TO FORM
•
•
- r- NEGATIVE
•
••
,
In questions with Oo
-
---
,
•
•
I ave ,what comes we

you don't.
•
•
, ~
have to you do.
••
,
-
,, before the subject? go ? No,

,• Does he doesn't . .
•
he does. he
•
I,0 a form of do -- " - , -- ' - - - - - -= -

, r-----~~~ ", ._
I
,,
0 a form of Iwve to STATEMENTS: MUST
, - --- --- -_._-----
SUBJECT ON
- . ------ MUST*
_. -
--
(NOT)
---
BASE FORM CONTRAcn
I/He/She/It/We/YoulThey must ( t)
-. - - -._----
- -- -- - '--, --. -'- '------
- -
no must not =
go. mustn 't
*Must is a modal. It does not -take' .s in- t'h--'-e--- 'tW-;:d person singular.
142
Necessity: Have (got) to and Must
••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS
complete this conversation. UH' one word for each blank
A: Why - - - - - - - she - - - - - - -- - - - - -_ _. wear her seat belt?
B: It's the law. Everyone - - - - - - - - - wenr a seat belt.
r E pi I n
1. Use hoy to, ha t to and InU t to

express necessity.
a. Hav t is the most common expression in _ Everyone I · ( a driving test before
everyday use. getting a driving licence.
b. Hav got to often expresses strong feelings more slowly. I'm afraid
in speaking and informal writing. he's going to have an accident.
c. Must is used in writing (forms, signs, notices). _ You completely at a stop sign.
Mu is used in spoken English, when

• the speaker is in a position of power. _ Jamie, you must ea your room today.
(mother talking to her young child)
• there is urgent necessity. _ You really must ta ( to your boss about a pay rise.
(friend talking to a friend)
BE CAREFUL! ' and _ You don' :> . a . here.

have very different meanings. (See Unit 34.) (It isn't necessary to park here.)
_ You MUS not pa here.
(You can't park here. /t's not allowed.)
2. Use the correct form of ve for all tenses _ After his accident, Gary ad to take time off
and forms. work. (past simple)
_ Sheila a glasses since she was
five years old. (present perfect)
_ I ~ 0 tomorrow. (future)
Use • I 0 wea
glasses all the time.
. . and only for the present !:JO
or the future. • Everyone m st an eye test tomorrow.
?•
3. Use . . for most questions. • Paul 1 to dr
0Ne rarely use or for questions.) • When he . ve to IC"'''' ?
144 . I
• • •••• •• •• •• • • •• •• • • •• •••
IDENTIFY. (n Leonord Imovlnq from London to Califomia. Read his telephone

n with ti,e Department of Motor Vellicles (OMV) . Underline the words thal
t Ik ubollt neceHity.
DMV: Department of Motor Vehicles. May I help you?

BEN: I'm moving to the States soon. Will I have to get an American licence when I move?
DMV: Yes, you will. Residents must have an American licence.

BEN: When will I have to get my licence?
DMV: You have to replace your old licence ten days after you become a resident.
So come in and apply for your licence when you get here.
BEN: Do I have to take any tests to exchange my British licence for an American one?
DMV: Since you already have a British licence, you won't have to take the full driving
test. You will only have to take the written test.
BEN: How about an eye test?
DMV: Oh, everyone has got t o take an eye test.

BEN: OK. Thanks a lot. You've been very helpful.
• 'lead this conversation. Complete it with the correct form of have to or

e go 0 and the verbs in brackets. Use have got to and give short answers
whenever possible.
BEN: When _ _ __ do_ __ _ you ______h_a_ve_ t _o_u.:..:5--=e_ __ _ _ the car?

. 'SI:
ANN': I - - --_::;-;---;----:-_ __ _ _ Jim's football gear pretty soon. Why?

2. (pI( k up)
- - - - - - - - you still _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the oil?
BEN: No, - - - -_ _--:-_ _ _ _ _ _ . I did it early this morning. Oh, and
4.
I bought some film.
ANN': Oh, you _ _ _ _ _-.:--~___;_:_----- that. I bought three rolls yesterday.

5. (not cia)
BEN: We
--------::--:-,-:-.- , - - - - - lots of pictures on the trip.
- - - - - -__ Jim still _ _ _ _ _---=_--:-______ ?
say goodbye. Why?

BEN: He
9. 'I. II ' me clean out the car. It's full of his stuff.
ANN': I'll call him again. It's difficult for him to leave his friends.
I -----~IO;;O•. T.:(r-:;dl7>I)- - - - - - him to come home twice already.

• •••••••••••••• • •••••••••••
, • Look at th ;gflS {J f' th from Ih bo to th~

t.nten 5 ahoUI 11I1"g\ you mu d and mu n c/o
EEP
RKJfT LEFT
ONLY 45
turn drive ride walk
~~~m
..:_~u et turn _ _ left.
1. You -
2 You _ _ _ _~______ dght.
. You _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ over 40 mph.

4 You _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ over 55 mph.
s. Cyclist:-; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ on the left.
6. Pedestrians _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ on the left.
EDIT· Read Jim '5 letter to Sora. Find and correct seven mistakes in expressing necessity.
TIle first mistake has already been corrected.
Dear Sara,
How are you doing? We've been here about six weeks. It's strange living in
the United States.
There's no public transport, so you've get to drive everywhere. I had to signs up
for driving lessons so I can get my licence by the summer. It's the law here that
everyone musts Wear a seat belt. I used to hate wearing a seat belt but with the
traffic here, I have changed my mind. There are a lot of motorways and you've got
know how to change lanes with a lot of fast traffic. Even my mum have had to get
Used to it. Dad works from home, so he hasn't has to do a lot of driving.
Have you beaten those computer games yet? I'm having a lot of trouble with
'Doom'. "(ou got to write to me and tell me how to get past the fifth level!
Jim
hoi •• -,on't ave to
o oice: ust not
an
- -----
we
don 't have to
stop and ask for
I ,
L:I ::::..:..:::E;:::C:.:.:... POINT

("ee" the correct a'15Wer
The driver can choose to
o park on the zebra crossing. o stop to ask for directions.
~,--------------~i -'------__________________________________ ~,
CHART CHECK 1 DON'T HAVE TO

I flek tne correct SUBJECT Do NOT HAVE TO BASE Fo RM OF VERB
----- -~--
I/We!You/They don't stop
Which part of t
have to - here.
e changes for He/She/It doesn't
different subjects? park
- • I
o do 0 luve
-
- - --- --- -
CHART CHECK 2 MUST NOT
Circle T (True) ()f I
F (false).
,
I
SUBJECT
II MUST* NOT I BASE
.
FORM
+ __---1
T F The form of must not 1stop _"_~ __ L-
he_r_e._
must not and
can't changes CANT
for different
subjects. SUBJECT CAN'T*
._------- FORM
I/He/She/lt/We/You/They can't
---- stop here.
"These words are modals. They do not take -s in the third person singUlar.
146
•••••• Don t to No 1I0t
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••••• ••• •••
CHECK
unscramble these words to form two sentences.
stop • He • have • here • to • doesn't
••
"0
must • fast • You • not • drive • too
- ------.----'-----'".--.~-------~--.--------------------
- • =
" -
G In
1. Ho and mu t have similar meanings. They

t • You hav to stop at the stop sign.
both express the idea that something is • YOll mu\t stop at the stop sign.
necessary or required.
IJ t Ira to and mu t no have very
different meanings.
•• n t hav to expresses that • You ( on't have to drive. I can do it.
something is not necessary. It means that • He ( ()' ' i ( 0 ' ) turn here. He can turn
there is another possibility. There is a • at the next junction .
b. expresses . It means • You ) ,c the car without
• •
that something is not allowed or is against my permission.
the law. There is . • You so· e without a licence.
It's against the law.
2. Must not is used to express prohibition • You must not u"e your hooter unnecessarily.
in writing, including official forms, signs
and notices.
USAGE Non: In spoken English, we do not • We ca 't p- .. here. There are double yellow
usually use must not when talking to or about lines.
another adult. We use ' instead.
Sometimes people use .. to tell a child • Jane, you s , t '. . your seat belt
that there is no choice in a situation. while the car is moving.
3. You can use .ot have for all tenses • You n't have to driv _. (present simple)
and forms. • She '1 rem her driving licence
next year. (future)
• We 1 ...
a lot of parking fines
this year. (present perfect)
• They . ..' a written test
last year. Now it's compulsory. (past simple)
-
• Drivers on double yellow lines.

I refers only to the present or the
. (
.1 forg .. to fill up with petrol
future, not the past.
tomorrow.
.1 take a driving test when 1
To refer to the past, use I,ad/dldn 't "ave to.
moved here ten years ago.
• You' renew your driving licence next
To refer to the future, use :till/won t have to.
year.
148 • 4
•••••••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY . ad thi article. Underline the words that show that there is a choice about
" thlnq. Circle the word5 that 5how t/wt there is no choice.
• problems , however. Members of c

ANew ternatlve ar-
• sharing groups have a car When they need
to Car () ers I one for either short trips or holidays but
New drivers are usually excited about their they don't have the high expenses of
new freedom: 'My mum doesn't hav~ to ownership. They pay very little to use a
dri ve me everywhere any more! I don't have shared car and they don 't have to Worry
to ask my friends for lifts to school!' When about servicing the car or paying the
you haven 't got your own car yet, any price insurance. Fees for short trips are only
seems worth paying. But once you buy a about £5.00 an hour plus 50p per mile.
car, you can't forge your car payments and Groups do not have strict requirements ,
insurance premiums or you won't be a either. Members must not have bad
driver for very long. You can't leave petrol driving records or poor credit and they
and servicing out of the budget, either. must not return the cars in bad condition
Car sharing offers an alternative to these or they will pay extra.
• Read this conversation. Complete it with can't or the correct form of

ae to and the verb in brackets.
JIM: Austin __..:::d=0.::.e6::.:n:..:..'..:::t...:..:h:;:a:.:;ve~to~6~it~_ in a child seat. Who do I have to? It's not fair.
. (sit)
ANN: Jim, you really -----=--:--::c------ like that in the car. Your father
2. (yell)
needs to concentrate on driving. Ben, turn left for the restaurant.
BEN: I - - - - : - .-_
. I III ..
_ _ _ _ left. It's a one-way street. I'll go round the block .
ANN: There's the restaurant. Uh-oh. You _ _ _ __ _-:--_ __ _ here. It's a bus stop.
. ' uk)
BEN: Maybe I'll park in that car park. That way we about
.,
our stuff while we're eating. Remind me to buy some petr~l after lunch.
ANN:
We 6. 'let) petrol, do we? The tank is still half full.
I know. But we -----;;--;;-::~----
BEN:
7. (uuy)
petrol for a long time. I'm not sure
the gauge is working.
AUSTIN:
JIM:
9 . (l1~teJl)
•••••••• • ••••••••
• Looit at thl sign at the hotel swimming pool Compl.re «1m

not or don't o and the ca"e t form of the verb In braclrns.
• ball playing
Swlmmlnc Pool R and Regulatlonl
• radios
Pool Hours J0.00 8 m.- J0 00 p m NO • diving
Children under 12 years NOT ALLOWED in pool • glass bottles
without an adult.
Towels available al fronl deslr. • alcoholic beverages
1. Children under 12 years old _ _ _ _..:.m~u~e~~~n~!?::...:t:....:e. ~w.:.:i.:.:.m!....-_ _ _ without an adult.

, 'nll
2. You ------7'::'":::7------ your own towel.

I)
. You __,_ _ _ _-:-:-~-_---- ball in or around the pool.

4. You into the pool.
s. Teenagers _ _ _ _ _ _---:--:--_ _ _ _ _ _ with an adult.
6. You _ _ _ _ _~~)_ _ _ _ _ the pool at 8:00 p.m.
ED" • Read Austin s postcard to his friend. Find and correct five mistakes in expressing
n cfssity The first mistake has already been corrected.
~.,
Holiday Hotel
Hi. Janetl
We got to the hotel late this evening because we got lost But we 22p
. : ~_,
. •
~.
_'·A·,
.
__
were lucky - they kept our room so we must Aot tind another
hotel. Jimmy is really happy because he don't have to go to bed

Janet Edwards
until atter 10:00, when the swimming pool closes. We mustn't
55 Amherst Lane
leave until 11:00 tomorrow (checkout time) so we can stay up
Harlow
later. Plymouth is only tour hours away so we won't had to drive
Essex CM20 2EJ
the whole day tomorrow. It's going to be exciting. My parents
say We absolutely must not to go to the beach by ourselves
because there are sharks there. I'd love to see a shark (from a
sare distance). I'll send a postcard Ot one.

Austin
••
ec ion ••
He'd better
Oh no! hurry up wit h these
---
I was supposed pictures. It 's supposed
to prepare a to rain.•
speech!
ICHEC POINT
Tick the correct a e.
The best man is thinking about
I
o something he has forgotten to do.
best man bride's brides- bride groom groom's
parents maid parents
o the usual way something is done
at a wedding.
CHART CHECK STATEMENTS SHORT FORMS

Circle - Tr'ue, or
I
BASE I I BASE
SUPPOSED FORM SUPPOSED FoRM
SUBJECT BE TO OF VERB SUBJECT BE TO OF VBIII
T F You can use I I I I I
e r ppo"e am I
I
in the present -
was I
Iwasn't
-- -
simple and is (not) (not) stand here.
stand He/ She/It supposed to be
past simple. He/She/It supposed here. asn 't
• was be
to
f-. • We!You*/ 're (not)
•
We!You*/ are They weren't
They w ·re I I
-
---.l
r YES/NO QUESTIONS
I
! BE I SUBJECT SUPPOSED TO ! BASE FORM :
I .. .. -- - - -- . ~ - - -- +-1~--
Am
I
Was
Is
he Supposed to stand here?
s
f-- -- - ~
Are
you
Were
150
Be to ••1
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
AFFIRMATIVE
-- --
are. r n 't .
you you
I . isn 't .
Ye , he No, he
w ,, 't .
am. 'm not .

I I
w . !
w sn't.
EXPRESS =-0 '--4:
Compl te tlJ e
A: What _______ we supposed to wear yesterday?

B: Our suits. It _______ supposed to be a dress rehearsal.
A: Oops.
Gr mmar Exp anations Examples

1. Use be supposed to talk about different kinds
of expectation:
a. rules and usual wa of doing things • The groom .. o ' i ' , ·· at the
ceremony early. It's a custom.
b. pr dictions • It not . ,_e ,0 .- . tomorrow. I heard
the weather forecast on the radio.
c. he rs. - (what everyone says) • The beach ~, 0s _ beautiful in

August. Everyone says so.
d. pia or rangements • The ceremony - supposed to begil 'till noon.
2. Use supp"',~~,
only in the esent • The bride posed to we , white.
e or in the • • The ceremony s supposed _. at 12:00.
• It sed _ .
Use the p to refer to both the • I'm supposed to _ at the wedding rehearsal
pr s and the ur . •
NOT
USAGE NOTE: The ,. often suggests • Carl o rl flowers but

that something did not happen. he forgot.
152 • Unit 3 ,
•••••••• • ••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. ead thi article and underline the phruses that express expectations,
IT WASN'T SUPPOSED
-- - - TO-
BE A BIG-
W EDDING
Whe n Bill kissed hi s bride, the cycl ists
r
19 JULY The Strickl ands wa nted a qui et
wedding - that's why t hey we nt t o th e Isle b urst i nto lou d ap p lause and rang thei r
of Skye, an is lan d off the coast o f Sco tl and . b icycle b e lls. 'We were n't supposed to
The is land is qui te sm all so t he have fi fty we dding guests but we love
Strickla nds p acke d t heir bikes for t he fe rry cycling and we' re not sorry,' Bi ll said.
trip. The weather was suppose d to b e Whil e packing t he next day, Beth left
lovely and t hey had aske d th e Registrar to her wedding bouqu et at the hotel. Minutes
marry them on a hill ove rlooking the before the ferry was supposed to leave, Bill
ocean. jumped on his bike, got t he fl owers and
'When we got there, we found a crowd of made it back to the ferry on ti me. 'Cycl ists
cycl ists admiring the view,' laughed Beth . are supposed to stay fast and fi t,' he said .
TRUE OR FALSE. Read the article again, Write T (True) or F (False) for each sentence.
F 1. The Stricklands planned a big wedding.
2. The weather forecaster predicted rain.

3. The Stricklands invited fifty wedding guests,
. There was a scheduled time for the ferry to leave.

5. People generally think that cyclists should be fit.
• Read these conversations, Complete them with a form of be supposed to

and the verb in brackets. Give short answers. Choose affirmative or negative.
1. A: Nessie, Gary called while you were out.

B: Am I supposed to call him back?
,.«(111)
A: _ _ _ _ _N_o..:..,~y_o;_
u . .a---
:. re:..:n---·.:...--.----
t . He'll call you this afternoon.
h.
2. A: The bridal shop rang, too. They've delivered your wedding dress to your office.
- - - - - - - they that?
d . (,ft,)
B: - - - - - --.:-- - - - - - ! That's why I stayed at home today. They
b.
------=--;-:;--;::--:-----_
c. (d, IIv. r)
it here.
3. A: Come on, hurry up! The rehearsal _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in a few
a. (~t<1rt)
minutes.
b . (stand)
You _ _ _' ----:--;:===:------_ here!
Dt not?
k yOu----------'hb~(~--------- Nessie until she gets to the cbmch. It's
bad luck.
5. k Sophie, could I borrow your handkerchief, plenRe? I _"_'_' ____--:~_:__:---_-

( r
something old, something new, sompthing borrowed and something blue. I haven't
got anything borrowed.
8: It ------------..,-b-. -~---------- today. Maybe I should lend you my
umbrella instead.
6. A:. I hear Gary and Ne~sie arc going to Egypt for their honeymoon.
8: Oh. that __
.' _,______---:-______ a really beautiful place.
. b ,)
EDIT. Read Sophie's letter to a friend. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of
be supposed to. The first mistake has already been corrected.
-
D,·",. K"ft/,
•
I'm SL' SOrt:J - / know I t~m~ supposed to let !Jou know about J1t.!;1 plans to visit.
/\1' bft'1/ llwfid(y bus.!). M!J fiend Nessie is !Jettin!J married soon and she's asked me
fl' br Itt'!' cl1I'tlbridesma/d. She and GaY.!f want a bi!] weddin.!l' The.!/re supposed to
/',n"t' "bIJut two lumdred!Juests. I've !Jot a lot ofresponsibilities. I will be supposed to
.'li~t' Nessie- 11 l'ef! purl!! before the weddin!J (that's a part.!J where eveY.!fone bn'n!Js
presnds for the bride). / am a/so suppose to help her choose the bndesmmds' dresses.
n,c best mans name is Jim. Hes !Joif1!J to help Gm:!}!Jet read.!l I haven't met him .!lei
but 11es supposes to be ve'!f nice.
I'd better sa!1 !ftlodb.!fe nou'. I sttppOse~1 to be at the rehearsal five minutes a!f0'
Love,
Sophie
P.S. About "'"1!f visit I'm supposin!f to !Jet some hil1C ofTill Ju&. t Vould that
be COnvenient?
- - -- " -
- -- ••
Future I I I
a ,
EUROPE' WEATHl·.R
-,~ - - -~r - ----
Stockholm -T
.* I
• Moscow -43 I
* -
1 . Warsaw "3
9
,
,...-I"":,London
• 2
•
-4
P.arls -t Budapest ¥-
· 0
-
• Rome 20
cr...;, ~o ".>--
!
Athens H- I EC POINT
·0
- , • 7
, Circle T ITr ~e 0 F Fr-Isel
Temperatures in London may drop as much as eleven degr~es T F It's definitely going
by tomorrow morning. We might even see some snow flurnes to snow in London
later on in the day. Winds could reach 60 kph. tomorrow.
CHART CHECK 1
c. c e T (True) or SUBJECT MAY/M/GHT/COULD* BASE FORM OF VERB
F (Fa/se).
• may (no)
T F , n. cold.
and co have I/He/She/lt/We/You/They might (not) get
only one form coul I
, - _, _, - ------------"----..1
for all subjects. *These words are modals. They do not take -s in the third person singular.
....' --'-- -- .. - -
.-. - - -_.' ----- -
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO SHORT ANSWERS
Tick the orf' t I
Are you going to fly to Paris? ! may (not).
answer. I
When do you use I ! Are you taking the train? I/We : might (not).
I could.
may, migh or could , '- .
--
for future possibility?
WH-
o in questions
o in answers When are you going to Paris?
- .. . '-
may go tomorrow.
I/We might
How long will you be there? be there a week.
could
154
~~~~~ .~~~~~~!I.~. May. Might, Could •
•••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •••
EXPRESS
complete this conversation witl, might or might not.
A: Are you going home after this lecture?
B: I . It's possible. Why?
A; I call you about the Ul:lsignment. I don't understand it.
B: Maybe you should call Jean instead. I . understand it either.
m r i ns Example
1. Use ma , might and cou to talk about • It may windy later.
future possibility. • It mlgh cold.
• It could ra ' tomorrow.
Notice the difference between
CAREFUL!
may b and . Both express possibility.
Ma is a modal + verb. It is always • He may e late today.
two words.
, is not a modal. It is an adverb. It is • May e he'll take the train.
always one word and it comes at the beginning NOT
of the sentence.
2. Use and to express the • There are a lot of clouds but it ght
possibility that something will not happen.
BE CAREFUL! We don't usually contract • You may no need a coat.
and we never contract ot. NOT
3. are not usually A: When ," it stan snowing?

formed with maYt might or could. Instead, they B: It n; igh sta 1: around lunchtime.
are formed with the future (will, be going to, the A: A you cr • to work?
present continuous) or phrases such as B: I h the bus instead.
Do you think . .. ? or Is it possible that . .. ?
It's the that A: When you c ?
B: I . in about an hour or so.
often have v, m.. or I .
A: Will your office close early for Christmas?
In short answers to yes/no questions, use Jr,
or . alone. B: It 111 .
is the main verb, it A: t, our train going to be late?

USAGE Non: If a form of
•
IS common to include in the short answer. B: It . .
----
, .. ... . 156 Unit 3
• ••••••••••
IDENTIFY. Alice is a university student wllo works part time; Bill i~ ?~r boy!riend. Read
..;. >fenatlon. Underliue the words that express future possIbIlI t y or Impossibility.
ALICE: I've just heard that it may snow today. Are you going to drive to work?
BILL: No. I'll take the 7:30 train instead.
ALICE: I'll take the train with you. I've got some work to do in the library.
BILL: Great. Why don't you miss your afternoon class and have lunch with me, too?
ALICE: Oh , I couldn't do th at. But let's meet at the station at 6:00 and go h ome
togeth er, OK?
B ILL: I might h ave to work until 8:00 tonight. I'll call you and let you know.
ANSWER • What will Alice and Bill do together? Tick the appropriate box for each activity.
Certain Possible Impossible

Take the train at 7:30 a.m. o o o
1. Have lunch. o o o
3. Meet at the station at 6:00 p.m . o o o
• Alice is graduating from university with a degree in Early Childhood Education.

Complete this paragraph from her diary. Choose the appropriate words in brackets.
I _ _ _:;--;=:-::L'm:-:=--::g~o:.::in~gLt.::.:o~-:-:--_ _ _ graduate in June but I still haven't

1. (m'ght not I m going to)
got any plans. Some day-care centres employ stUdents before they graduate so I
- - - - - - :2;-.-:(c=-=0..,...
uO:;ld--:'-c-ou""7ld7"n"7't-:--
)---- apply for a job now. Or I
- - - --;-
3.-;':-::
'n:-:J::;:-t..,...
:- 'gT -, n
- o,--t)- - - - apply to do a master's degree . I'm jUst not
... . r- II'--
h
C !~
sure though - these past two years have been hard and I
- -- - - 4A.- ;'-;-:-
" :-::
,,I:-:
,. -, r=Il-,j -.'-l' -=-
lt)- - - - - be ready to study for two more.
At least I !Am sure about my career: 1 _ _ _--;::--:-_ _ _ _:-:----,_ _ _
. . 5. \',,) l()lflq to III I Jht
work with Children . That's certain. I've made an aPPOintment to discuss my plans with
my tutor, Mrs Humphrey, tomorrow. I talk
7. (won't' mll)h!)
have an idea about
What to do.
Futur•
••••••••••••••••••••• •
• Look ot, Alice's timetable for Monda"T' She's put a ques tlon mark n
mayor y. certain.
for things that are possible and be going to flor thlngs th at are
MONDAY
call Bill at 9:00 go to work at 1:00
buy some stationery ? go shopping after work ?
go to meeting with Mrs Humphrey at 11:00 take 7:00 train '2•
have coffee with Sue after lectures ? pick up pizza
---------------------
AIiGe ia going to Gall Bill at 9:00.
1.
She may buy aome atationery.
2.
3.
4.
5. ____________________________________________________
6.
7.
8.
EDIT • Read this student's report about EI Nino. Find and correct eight mistakes in
expressing future possibility. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Every few years, the ocean near Peru becomes warmer. Called El Nifi.o, this
. . may
varlatlOn in temperatllre maybe cause weather cha.nges all over the world.
The west coasts of North and South America might to have heavy rains. On
the other side of the Pacific, New Guinea might becomes very dry. Northern
areas could have warmer, wetter winters and southern areas could become
much colder. These weather changes affect plants and animals. Some fish
mayn't survive in warmer waters. Droughts could causing crops to die a.nd
food may get very expensive. El Nifi.o m80' happen every two years or it
Could not come for seven years. Will EI Ninos get worse in the future? They
could be. Pollution holds heat in the air and it will increase the effects of
El Nino but no one 1s sure yet.

uction:
a, i ht, ... ould, ust,
~ave .... at to, .... an't
Hmm. Right again!

You mU6t be This man ha6 got
Gina Lemont. to be a genius!
o
Ie POINT
o
The famous detective, Sherlock
Holmes, is
o guessing.
o talking about an obligation.
CHART CHECK 1
I
- - True) or i SUBJECT MODAL ,
BASE FORM OF VERB
I
F (Fe' 5
may (not)
T F The third be right.
might (not)
person singular
modal does not I/ He/She/lt/We!You/They could (not)
end in - . must I work there.
, I
can't
• ,
TIVE STATEMENTS: HAVE (GOT) TO
SUBJECT HAVE (GOT) TO BASE FORM I
I/We!You/They have (got) to be ', right.

•
He/She/It has (got) to work there.

. -- .
-- -----
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO ONS SHORT

Circle T (True, or
l , I,
,• I MODAL/
,, ,,
F (Fa/se). COULD SUBJECT BASE FORM , SUBJECT HAVE (GOT) TO
- - - I
! . - -- '------ - - - I
-
. --
T F All modals Could he
of deduction I •
1-
- - --- . - - - .
,
j
there? ,
,I
mu t .
are used in may (not).
NOTE: For contractions with could not and might (not) .
'--___ __ qu~~o_n_s_._-.Jl cannot, see Appendix 24 on page 346. He
could{n't).
can't.
has (got) to.
158
........•....•:.:v!....":!'.Qht auld Mu t. H ve (got) Csn't ltf
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS
Circle the correct words to compl te this on\' notion.
A: I heard a sound coming from the basement. What could I must it be?
B: I'm not sure. It ~an I can't be the dog. The dog's upstairs. It cnn I mi~t be the cat.
Gr m I n x I
1. We often make I n or 'best guesses', 100% certain
based on information we have about a present AHiRMATlVE NEGATIVE
situation. The modal that we choose depends couldn 't
on how certain we are about our deduction. have (got) to may not
may might not
might, coul«
0% certain
2. When you are almost 100 per cent certain that Holmes is a brilliant detective.
something is ,use, ' or DEDUCTION
ha go . • He . solve a lot of crimes.
USAGE NOTE: We use ' in informal • He's got to be a genius!
speech and writing and we usually contract it.
When you are less certain, use r.. , "'gn Watson knows a lot about medicine.
or could. DEDUCTION
• He mlgh be a doctor.
3. When you are almost 100 per cent certain that • He can't be a doctor! He's only sixteen!
something is , use or •
Use "" or 'gh' , when you are • He may no .no about the plan. His boss
less certain. doesn't tell him everything.
BE CAREFUL! Have to and have got to are not • It ;Jn true!

used to make negative deductions. NOT It doesn't have to be true!
4. Use could in questions . • Someone's coming. Who . it be?

• {J J she have gone home?
USAGE NOTE: We rarely use and we never RARE: I he be at home?
use . in questions about possibility. NOT May he be at home?
S. In •
nswe ,use a modal alone or with a A: Ann know Marie?
form of . They're neighbours.
• B: She I
Use .'
. short answers to questions that
In A: Ron still with National B,lnk?
Include a form of • B: I'm nol sure. He ~ I •
160 Unit 37
• •• • • • • ••••••••••
. M atch each fact with the

MATCH. ach fact goes with a deductIon.
duction.
Dpd, ("tion •
Fact
f 1. Her last name is Lemont. She can't be at home. I
He's only thirteen. He b must be married.
Her eyes are red. She c has t o be older than tWenty.

. She's wearing a wedding ring. Sh e d ca n't be married.
5 His initials are M.B. He e. might be tired.

6 The house is completely dark. They f may be French .
She's got grey hair. She g. could be Marc Brunner.
. t ure and cl'rcle the correct words to complete this conversation.

(HOOSE • Look at t hepic
WATSON: Look! What's going on over there?

HOLM f':S: I don't know. It could / couldn't be
1.
some kind of delivery.
WATSON: At this hour? It can't / must be
2.
almost midnight! Nothing's
open now.
HOLMES: Hmm. 27 Carlisle Street. That
can't / 's got to be the bank.
WATSON: It is the bank.
HOLMf':S: Can you see what that man is taking out of the carriage?
WATSON: It looks like a box. What do you suppose is in it?
HOLMES:
I don't know but it seems heavy. It could / might not contain gold.
WATSON: . r?
Look at that man in front of the bank. Could / Must he be the bank manage.
5.
HOLMf':S: He might / might be.
6.
WATSON: But why are they making a delivery at this time? It can / can't
be normal. 7.
HOLMf':S: The manager might not / must want people to know about it. He
8.
couldn't / may be worried about robbers.
9.
~.'!~. .'~':'.:. ~.?:. ~/~~!'. ~. L}!'!....... ~ ...... .lP.<f~.
• Read Sherlock Holmel's conversation with a murder sUlpect. Complete It
with the words In brackets and a modal that sllows the degree of certainty. (There
may be more than one correct answer.)
You muet 17., Gina Lemont.

HOLMES: •
1 Aim';" c ;.taln , , U
LEMONT: - - - - - - - - - -..,...-..:=
-.:ILi·i:-;;--;:-~-~--·
1.. I'fJ1l/bi {I I I I ------ . Who wants to know?
HOLMES: Sherlock Holmes. I can hear something in the next foom.
LEMONT: - - - - --.- - - - - - .
... Pou
I"bl ~--:--:-:,----,.- - - - . - - - - - - - - . I'm alone.
(I' II' I til It)
HoUfES: Alone'? -------:;--;;::-:-:-:-::---:-:~:__-~:__--------

4. Almost certain (YOll ltd loti
. There are two
I (
plates on the table. ----.-.-----;=-:;:---;;-;--;-.7"-;-';.,...--_ _ _ _ _ _ _._ that

5. Possible (,t I bf)
you
•
are mistaken?
LEMONT: No, _ _ _ __ _ _~;--;--___:_;-:---;:-:-:-:---:,.---------. I was expecting
6. 1mI'll" it,/ • (It I bl)
someone but he didn't turn up.
HOLMES: Does your cat smoke? I can smell pipe tobacco.
LEMONT:
7. Almost certoln (It I cornE'l from your own pipE')
8. Impossible (There I be I any other explaNt on,

HOLMES: Oh, _ _ _ _ _ _ _----,,---=------,,:-:-_-.,..,---------. May we have
9. Possible (there I be)
a look at this 'cat'?
EDIT • Read this student's summary of a mystery novel. Find and correct six
mistakes in expressing deductions. The first mistake has already been corrected.
The main character, Moll.!! Smith, ;s a universif:!j professor. She is tr.!fin!J to find her dead
O't·
!frandparents' first home In Scotland. It ma.!f . In a nearb.!f town. The v,jla!Jers there
seem scared. The.!f could be have a secret or thC.!f mustjust hate stran!Jers. Moll.!! has
Some old letters that mi.!fht lead her to the place. ThC.!f are In Gaelic but one ofher
students m(!Jhts translate them for her. ThC.!f !Jot to be important because the author
mentions them at the be.!Jinmi1!f ofthe novel. The letter must contain fimtil.!! St·crt·L..;.
Who is the bad!Ju.!f? It couldn't be the student because he tNIIIL<; to he~1. It m~ll!tt t,l ".,
the newspaper editor In the town.
T I
in
a out h
,
./ ) )
.I J
J ougnt (0
laav(· appJied
. .. •
to college,
' ''-A _,
I : K POINT
Tick till' correct answer,
The man
D is planning his future.
D regrets things in his past.
- --
CHART CHECK 1
( 'c . T \ 7"r. e) Jr SUBJECT MODAL HAVE PAST PARTICIPLE
F (Fo'c - -------- - -' - -- -.~
should (not)
T F You can add
(shouldn't)
G to all
I
modals that ought (not) to I
,
I/He/She/We/You/They have applied ,
express past (oughtn't to)
regret. could
- - might
'--- ------ -_. -------- -- ~.
•
- • - -
CHART CHECK 2 YES/ NO QUESTIONS
r j'f/ ' , (I r/lL:) or
SHOULD SUBJECT HAVE PAST PARTICIPLE
F (False).
Id he have appll d ?
T F In questions •
and short
answers, A
we usually
only use AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
houlrl have. --
I he hould have. No, he 't h ye o
-
WH- QUESTIONS
WH- WORD SHOULD SUBJECT HAVE PAST PARTICIPLE
When ~hould he have applied ?

-.- --.--
162
•••••• ••• •••••• •••••••••••• •• ......
•••••••••• • ••
3
t should have
on we' could have y
Which words are NOT might have ml I 'II
usually contracted'? should not h v •

{ uldn h \I
n hlJUld ha
l1 uld /'0
n t to hu
EXPRESS
l \Jml"c r thH
A: Should I ______ culll'd you y' tel'dny?
H: Yt:;. 'ou _ _ _ _ _ _ , I waited all day for your call.
x I n ions Ex mples
1. Use " hoy • I 've applied to go to university,
and to lalk about things that were (I didn't apply and I'm sorry.)
advisable in the past but didn't happen. These
• I oug to have taken that job.
modals often express regret or blame.
(I didn't take the job. That was a mistake.)
• She uld've gone to a better university.

(She didn't go to a good univers;(y. Now she regrets
her choice.)
• You ,ight ve told me.

(You didn't tell me. That was wrong.)
2. u and not to he are • He shouldn t hay mlsse the exam.

the only forms used in negative statements. • He ought not to have mi. the exam.
houl is more common .
. is the most common fo rm used • Should he have phone, the lecturer?
•
In questions.
,
. ... . 164 • Unit 38
..............
TRUE OR FALSE. Read eacl1 numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
5 t follows "
I shouldn't have called hi rn. Felicia could have been a doctor.
T I called him. ___ Felicia is a doctor.
. I should have told them what I thought. s. I ought to have practised more .
___ I didn't tell them. Now I'm sorry. ___ I didn't practise enough.
3 He might have warned us about it. 6. They shouldn't have lent him the'
Ir car.
___ He knew but he didn't tell us. _ - - They lent him their car.
(OMPLETE. Read this extract from a magazine article. Complete it with the correct
ro '" of the words in brackets and a short answer, Choose between affirmative
and negative.
Regrets . ..
It's not unusual to feel regret about t hings in the past that you think you
_ _ _ __=_s:.:..ho~u::.:l=7_d....:.h.:.:;a:..;_v-=-e...::d:.:::o..:..:n~e---- and did not do - or the opposite, about things

1. (should do)
you did do and feel you _ _ _ _---;;:--;--;---;-;----;--;--_ _ _ _ . In fact, we learn by
2. (should, do)
thinking about past mistakes. For example, a st udent who fails a test learns that
he or she more and can improve on the

3. (should study)
next test. Often, however, peop le spend too mu ch time th inking about what they
------:;-~~_;__----- diffe rent ly. Many regrets are simply not based
4. C Lid dJ)
in fact. A mother regrets missing a footba ll ga me in which her son's leg was
injured. 'I ----~~~:--:--:;------,' she keeps telling herself.

5. (ought to I go)
·I----~~-~~------ h ome. I ________=-________~------
G. I ~tdy) 7. \ ' .! prevent)
the injury The coach - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ at least
IS. . . , ' _Ii) me as soon as it happened.' Did she really

have the power to prevent her son's inj ury? the
coach ----qm~Tt:~~----
9. (Should I cant el) her before looking at the injury? No, of
course, he -------...,-n:-------
10. . There is an Italian proverb that says,
'When the ship has sunk, everyone knows how they it.'
It's easy to be wise ab t th 11 . (tcluld \,})
ou e past; the rea l cha llenge is to so lve the problems
you face at the moment.
·.•••••.•••••••• -...
• Read Lisa's regrets. Rewrite them using the modals in brackets and
between affirmative and negative.
didn't go to university. Now I'm unhappy with my job.

1. I
I should have Bone to unIversIty.
(should) ~.::.:.:.::.:::..:::....:..:.:.:..:...:...~-----=:----------------_
2. I feel sick. I ate all the chocolate.
(~hould) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -_ __
J. Christina didn't come round. She didn't even call.
Imightl ______________________________________________________________
4. I didn't have enough money to buy the shirt. Why didn't Ed offer to lend me some?
(could) ___________________________________________________________
s. I jogged five miles yesterday and now I'm exhausted.

Ishouldl ____________________________________________________________
6. The supermarket charged me for the plastic bags. They used to be free.
I houldl _____________________________________
7. I didn't invite Cynthia to the party. Now she's angry with me.
oughttOJ ______________________________________________________________________
8, Yesterday was my birthday and my brother didn't send me a card. I'm hurt.
Imlgnt l _______________________________________________________________________
,
EDIT • Read this diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of moda/s. The first
mistoke has already been corrected.
75 December
About a week a!J0' jennifer was late for work a!Jain and Dou!J, our boss, told me he wanft:d ttJ.9d
rid {h hiM
o er. I was real(y upset. Ofcourse, jennifer shouldn't It-tttf been late so often Iud 17.: m~tjl1f 17m.
talked t.J her about the problem before he decided to let hergo. Then ITt: wM mt' f(1 IIIl1kt·I't·'J"f,
I o~ht have confronted him r(!Jl71 aWl"!/- Or I cO/lld at 1t'1I.,1 l'eWt' w",.I/t,d felllli/,; "',!IIIC'.!I/. k nlll/"
is .sMI here but now 1'1/1 lVorried ,,,hiJI If 11!lj {1WI!j(1f,.•'>II,JI/I. ( / I,)/' I T>"I!'/' Ill""'? I {{'.'1I1 ("" ,\ I. !I/f,,· 1
.1/ lh'
.should hatle'fle . .. . I 'I ' , , , ,II"
If~'f.\ di!tt'rt'l1f(1j /'1.~f WI-'·t.., lIlt· n1/l11"1I~1/,' 1,'11/1 111'1'" 11<1.' ,111/ '1';'1" 111.' m.IIJ,
u ion
in t
POINT
('l.~_" thp ro .( 1s ~er
The question under the photograph asks

o if it was possible that something happened.
EASTER ISlAND: Could visitors from another planet
o if people had permission to do something. have built these giant statues?
CHART CHECK 1 STA

- r ~
, 0
/ MODAL/ •
PAST
•
I
F Ie. ~
SUBJECT HAD TO HAVE PARTICIPLE
T F The form of may (not)
the modal does
might (not) I
not change I
for different can't
have seen the statues.
subjects. I/He/She/We!You/They could (not)
must ,
had to
CHART CHECK 2 YES/ NO QUESTIONS: COULD SHORT ANSWERS

Tick he cor ec
I answer. PAST I MODAL/
COULD SUBJECT HAVE PARTICIPLE • HAVE
SUBJECT , HAD TO
I
Which modal can be Could he
I
have seer aliens? may not)

used in both questions .
. . .
and short answers for might (not) .

deductions about the can't
past? He have.
could (not)
o can must
o could had to i
I
o might
EXPRESS
Circle the correct word5 to complete these sentences.
Could they carved / have carved the statues? They
166
•••••••••••• •••••••••• •
G I i
t. We often or 'best guesses', 100% c~rt ••n

about past situations based on the facts that we AH'RMMlVE NEGATM
have. The modal that we choose d pends on • u t v ( n'
how certain we are about our deductions t h v c;ouldn '
f m 'I
t v not
ul h v
0% certA.n
2. When you ar Irno t 100 P r cent ertclin that fhe tatlle r very big.
something wa I ,u e ha or Dmu liON
• They must b n hard to move.
you eU less certain, 1I e may ha , The islanders were able to carve the stone.
or ul h DEDUCTION
• The stone may hav b n quite soft.
3. When YOll are almost 100 per cent certain that • The islanders couldn't have the statues!
omething was po sibl , use can 't have or They were too heavy.
ul t ha .
Use m not ha or ight not have when • The islanders might not have moved the
all are less certain. statues over land. They could have taken them by
boat.
BE CAREFUL! We do not usually use had to have
for negative deductions.
4. Use ould h in u stlons bout • Could the islanders ve moved the statues?
ity or use questions without modals. OR
• Do you think they moved the statues?
S. Use b in short nsw rs to questions that A: Could von Daniken ave been wrong?
include a form of b . OR
he wrong?
B: He certainly • have been.
. ?
Use only the odal · in short answers to A: Did the islan d ers · '.: on t helr own.
qUestions with other verbs. B: They '.
.----- - - -
•••••••••••••••••••••
MATCH· Eoch fact goe WI'tl 1 a deduction . Match each fact with the correct deduction
about author Erich VOIl Daniken.
Dpouction
e The original title of Chariots of the •

He must have travelled a lot.
Gods ? was Erinnerungen an
die Zukunft. b They can't have believed
his theories.
Von Daniken visited every place he
described in his book. c He could have learnt about the
subject on his Own.
In 1973, he wrote In Search of
Ancient Gods. d He must have made a lot
of money.
. He didn't have a degree in
archaeology. e. He must have written it
in German.
5 Von Daniken's books sold millions
of copies. f. He might have written other
books, too.
6. As soon as von Daniken published
his books, scientists attacked him.
ANSWER • 50me archaeology students are asking questions in class. Use the modals in
brackets to write short answers.
. A: Do you think the people on Easter Island built the giant statues themselves?
B: They could have . They had the knowledge and the tools.
(could)
2. A: Were many people impressed by von Daniken's theories?
B: (mu·.t)
. His books were read allover the world.
3. A:
these pictures have illustrated anything closer to Earth?

B:
---------;::-::--;---------.
(nJdY)
It's possible that the pictures show
people dressed in local costumes.
4. A:
Was von Daniken upset by all the criticism he received?
B:
(ml,}hl lint)
s. A:
Do you think von Daniken helped increase general interest in archaeology?
B:
(must)
COMnHE • Read port of a review of Erich von DCinllcen ',S boole Chariots of the
complete it with the verb's in brackets.
aould have made

Who -.---'-::"~1;:.7:(.::,·:7Iul~(1~m;-.~'~ll~---~- the Easter Island statues? According
to Erich von Daniken, our ancestors -~ ..-. - - C1.--:----.-;--:;-::-----
' these
structures on their own bt'causc their' culture wen' too primitive. According to
hl'm, they - -
• lh t I
tll'lp from aliens. When he
wrote his popular hook. von D!inikl'n .
about
4. II H" ~r )
the Ensler Island f'XIll'rinll'ntR that !ll'Ovl'd thnt tho ancient. islanders
~ _ _~_ _ _ _ and ____ the. e
. .~ 1·
I" I --~~---~---------
6 (tr ''1 p "I)
St.lltUt'S without. any help from alien visitors. Not only that, the island's population
_.__. _--_-:;----:--::-:-:-;:--;-;::::-;------- much larger than von Daniken believes. One
7. (r~1 ht t I
scient.ist. speculatNl that as many as 20,000 people ________--,-______
H.ldY IIv()
on East.l'r Island - enough people to have done the job. Visitors from another planet?
A more logielll answer i to think that our ancestors _____--::--_________
9. '1' hJVlc:"j
great skill, intelligence and strength to create these wonderful things.
EDIT· Read part of a student's essay. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of modals
for deductions about the past. The first mistake has already been corrected.
have been
In 1927. Toribio Mexta Xesspe of Peru must be very slJrprised to see lines in the
shapes of huge ani I nals on the ground below his aeropla.ne. Created by the ancient
Nazca culture, these forms are too big to recognise from the ground. However, from
about 200m in the air, the giant forms take
shape. Without aeropla.nes, how could an ancient
CUlture had made them? What purpose could
they have had? Author Erich von Daniken
believes that the drawings might have mark a
landing strip for the spacecraft of astronauts
from another planet. ArchaeolOgists, however,
now believe that the ancient Nazcan civilisation might develop flight.
They COuld bUilt hot-air balloons and design the pictures from the air.
-..----.-----......---....--------
tlu: j " , if til c Itrect answer to complete each sentence.
- - -
- --~ - - -
--
EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. A ,,8' C D
--- ---'-- ~ - --~
1. Wasn't that Malcolm in class? ABC D

-It . Malcolm left last week.
(A) couldn't (C) couldn't have been
(B) could have been (D) couldn't have
Frank watches all the United games. He to be one of ABC D

their biggest fans.
(A) must (C) couldn't
(B) has got (OJ should have
: Children under five years old _ _ _ _ swim without an adult. ABC D

(AJ don't have to (C) have to
(BJ must not (OJ are supposed to
Where _ _ _ _ we supposed to go for the test tomorrow? ABC D

(AJ do (C) will
(BJ are (OJ should
Bring yOllr umbrella. It ____ later. ABC D
(AJ II1jght rain (C) couldn't rajn
(B) rajns (OJ might have rained
6. Will your plane be late this afternoon?
ABC D
It . The airport was closed this morning.
(AJ couldn't be (C) maybe
(B) may be (OJ will
7. You told Mark. You knew it was a secret

ABC D
(A) s~ould have (C) couldn't have'
(B) mIght have (OJ shouldn't have
8. They built this temple 3,000 years ago Thi t
· '1'IzatlOn.
a grea t CIVl . . s mus - _ _ __ ABC D
(A) has been
(C) was
(BJ have been
(0) not have been
9. John _ _ _ _ t all M
(A) supposed
o c yra yesterday but he forgot. ABC D
(e) supposes
(B) is supposed
(0) was supposed
170
. .ttreet VII • 11:1
••••• • •• • ••
•
10. 'Could Amy have been at home yesterday?' A C D

'She . I really don't know.'
(A) could have been (C) had to have been
(8) might be (D) couldn't have
11. Chris _ - - - to clean up his room. It's a mess. ABC D

(A) have got (C) must
(8) has got (D) got
1.
2 I JOailed
Ii the test
.. . I _____ studied harder. A C D
(A) should have (C) should
(8) must have (D) may
13. Lisa was in Oxford recently. She might me to say hello! ABC D
(A) call (e) have called
(8) has called (D) be calling
Is oNI TWO
Each sentence has lour underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
. .- •,
•
EXAMPLE:
I Mike usually drives to school but today he walks. A C D
{;
14. Tom didn't wave to me so he must have known I was here. ABC D
C D
15. We'd better hUITY or the train might leaves without us. ABC D
t B C D
16. His English is excellent so he had to has studied hard. ABC D

, BCD
17. We ought to have look at more cars before we ours. ABC D

~ s C
1 . You ~t get dressed because Sasha may be here soon. ABC D
I< B C D
19. You have to fasten your seat belt now or you couldn't drive. It's the law. ABC D
. C
2 . You don't have to drive faster than 40 kph or you get a ticket. ABC D
. . C
21. Hardy and Co must has gone out of business A C D
I I: I('
22. It must rain tonight so I'd better home. ABC: D

A n c
2~. Jason will be supposed to be there tomorrow but he can't attend. ABC D
I .
24. It must be almost 11:00 so we really has to leave now. ABC D

I<. '
25. You should had seen that film with us because it m~'y nQt be Iwl't\ long. ABC D
I<. '
-ectives an
The ad
descri bes it
perfectly.
P#
--
ICHEC : POINT
Tick the correct answer.
The owner thinks the flat is:
o perfect
o warm and cosy
I CHART CHECK ADJECTIVES ADVERBS

Circle T (True) or They are quiet tenants. They work quietly.
F (Fa/se). There's a fast lift. It moves very fast .
T F Adverbs often The flat sounds nice. She described it nicely.
come before It's absolutely perfect. It's absolutely perfect.
nouns.
The flat felt warm. The owner greeted the tenants warmly.
, T F Adjectives often
come after
action verbs.
T Adverbs often
F
end in ·Iy.
'----_._--- - .
EXPRESS
Complete these sentences with the correct form of slow.
A: There's a - _ _ _ _ _ _ lift. It moves very _ _ _- - --

B: It's not - _ _ _ _ _ _ . It just seems _ _ _ _ _- -..
172
and
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •
noun adjective
adjE'ctiv(' pron .
1 Use adjectives to describe nouns or pronouns • The houses are beautiful. They are new.
• (for people, places and things).
drfJl.'C tIV(' noun
Adjectives usually come immediately before the • This is a small flat .
noun they describe.
vpr!J .ldIHtlV€
Adjectives can also come after stative verbs such • This flat seems small.
as be, look, sound or seem.
verb Lldvl'rb
2. Use adv r to describe verbs, adjectives and • They furnished it nicely.
other adverbs.
adjec' IVf
adverb
Adverbs that describe adjectives and other • It's an extremely nice house.
adverbs usually come immediately before adverb advE"rlJ
the word they describe. • They found it very quickly.
3. Use to describe action verbs. • It'll sell quickly.

These adverbs often answer How? questions. They (Quickly describes how fast it will sell.)
come after the verb they describe.
verb direct object
BE CAREFUL! Do not put an adverb of manner • She'll rent this flat quickly.
between the verb and its direct object. NOT She'll rent quicl<ly this flat.
adjective
4. ,
e are often formed by • We need a quick decision.
adding to adjectives. adverb
• You should decide quickly.
adjective
BE CAREFUL! Some adjectives also end in -Iy, • It's a lovely flat.
for example, silly, friendly, lovely and lonely.
S. Some
on adverbs of man do not
end in -fy.
~dJE.ctlve ld\ -rb
a. The adverb form of good is ," • • She's a 9 writer. She writes II.
b. Some adverbs have the same form as their
AOJECTlve !\OvfRL
related adjectives, for example, , , Bob was I e . Bob came e.
., and • She's a h rd worker. She works 1 rd.
BE CAREFUL! is not the adverb form of
. • She hasn't met any new people .
late. Lately means' recently'. is not th e
adverb form of hard. Hardly mea ns 'almost not'. • There's hdr /1 enough time to prep.lIl tor IWI
classes. Her part-lime job t<lke., up 1110 \l 01 h l'1 limt'o
Check it outl
For a disc . . . •
USSlon of a d ve r bH offrc qu e ncy, HC'e U nI t 2, pllgo 7.
174 Unit 40
• • •• • • • •• • • • • •• • • ••• • •• ••
IDENTIFY • R ad thi notice about a flat for rent. Underline the adjectives and circle th
adv rb . Then draw all arrow from the adjective or adverb to the word it e
i describmq.
/~------------------------------------------------------- ~ ~
FOR RENT V
Students! Are you looking for a special place to liVe?
Come to 140 Grant Street. Flat 4B. This flat is
for two serious students who are
looking for a quiet neighbourhood. just 15 minutes from
campus. This lovely flat is in a new building.
It is a short walk to the bus stop. The bus goes directly
into town. At night the bus hardly makes any stops at
all. You can walk safely through the wonderful parks on
your way home. The rent is very affordable.
Call us on 020 551 6116.
Don't delay! This flat will go fast.
· Wany people went to see the flat described in the advert above. Complete
'''e·.· co .. ments about the flat with the correct form of the words in brackets.
. I'm very interested. I think the flat is ______ext

__re
__m_e....::ly_n_i_ce_____ •
2. I was expecting much bigger rooms. I was _____----:-___=-__ .

(ternble , d JPpo' lted)
3. I thought the flat would be hard to find but it was _ _ _ _ _ _--:_ _-.
urpn Ing eJ
4. I was happy to hear that the park is ____________ .

Jfe)
5. It's a great place and the price is reasonable. It will go _____--:-::-;-~~--.
low
7. The advert said it was quiet but I heard the neighbours _ _ _ _ _---::;:::.,----..
8. I heard them, too. I thought their voices were _________-::-_ _ _ .

unu ual
9. All in all, it's an ---;-:-:--:-:-:-:---;-:---;-_-:---__ place.

AdJective. and Adverba • 11'
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
CHOOSE • Complete Maggie's letter with the correct word in brackets.
--;--;-_e:-x_
cl_tl--,
ne~--;-:_, (JruJ and J ~ 't UI/le. ute'd /;lee,
t, (I ,,111111 ( """
wJ"a _-:::--;---:-~-
2. I.u.~ 1111/"
, die 't 't
4, 11",ppy I hdPpdy)
't w.t at aiL! Jm d~
a Jt ----~~--~------_I 't it? Jt~ ~
6. (nice I nicely)
__~________~____ we ~ ___~~__~~~---
7. " '. 8. (ha·· • hdrdly)
U u.eIUf _---::-:;-;---:-----:-_' 4t '

9. (ntce I • ,icll ) 10. (shy I shyly)
I
/1,()W. we IJ.e ------:=-=--:--~_:__---:c:,____--

11.rgoocl "l'l
EDIT. Read this student's diary entry. Find and

COl reet seven mistakes in the use of adjectives and
adverbs. The first mistake has already been corrected,
. funny
WP.me adv:erlsji2Ljln is.nnLSQ ,'i.mw'lg! One advert de.scnbfIfi aplaee. as 'warm(y alld L-Il.s.!l~ 1t
was...r~ -.f/J1.d~rnmpd I:w.t t..h.ft QJ.I/tJer il1sistaltlurc ii sJdi&a I11fjlU-frc1j was flC'pi{rf - -
-- -
--- -
•
-~
saw was sMppQ.Sitd 10 be 't/feit Ill1d /Ij:fl{;~/ W h at 11 /1If~.>.'.' / left 11m! pllln' '-"'.9 fi" ,t(t/. I. I. '. /'111
-- , , l1J)ia.sking for thit m(JPJJ/ / ''''(I} w md 11 ~Jllflllpion' ill (/ rlmJl bl/i/dJi!,/w/fl, ji'fi"lId(t/
'\ n~!JhhoJ4rs. 1'11'1 IppkiJ!1j Ht IIJIllfh"r pIHCI' fp/IIpmJII'. r/,,. IId' t" t _"!'/'" '{ k,ill'/Ild /r,!i,hl. .' ",.tli
- ...1..f:u.d:~()nYJ:nktJt jJHl W'l
"-,,,,;:,:, iPVc/ljl f/llli'f{tJ ,.. 11'1'' '' : / II'I'Jld n wl lill fllr,! "'It/filll/t'IIII.,!
-~---------
Participles used as • 111
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS
Complete the chart.
•
•.- • .--- - .
-ING ADJECTIVES -ED ADJECTI VE
interested
frightening
-- --
amused
,. "
tiring
- -"-- p'-
Gr ar Explan tions Examples

1. Participles us : ' . are adjectives A: The last Star Wars film was a azing !
that end with ·i or · . They usually describe B: I know. I was amaze by the special effects.
feelings or reactions. The two forms have
different meanings.
2. Pa .. •
that end in • That actor is always amusing.
-in describe someone or something that (He causes amusement.)
s a feeling or reaction.
• These directions are confusing.
(They cause confusion.)
3. P ,. that end in • We were amused by that actor.

. e describe someone who . a (We felt amusement.)
feeling or reaction.
• I'm really confused by these directions.
(/ feel confusion.)
4. To the right are some common pairs of annoying annoyed

Pilrticlp . boring bored
depressing depressed
embarrassing embarrassed
exciting excited
frightening frightened
relaxing relaxed
shocking shocked
surprising surp d
Check it outl
For art d '
18 of common pa rticipl es used as adj ccLivel:!, se(~ Appt' n IX
11 Oil
' , :1'39
page • .
178 • Unit 41
••••••••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. cad thi artie/e. Underline ulllire ed participles used us cuJjec tive . CirCle
participial adjectives.
.
14 • S 1';( "1'1 ON " • L1FI':~'I'YI.Jo:S
- - •
•
Not Personal Enough? and wanted to make friends fast. The

personals provided me with a quick Wa
· ' . y
r11 some countries, people who are () F meeting many lJ1tcrestll1g people in a
interested in meeting Olhers turn For help lO short period of rime.' Others arc not so
personal ads in newspapers and magaz.ines, impressed. 'I think it's kind of d<.:pressing
and online. A surprising I1lllnbel' of busy when peopk need to resort to placing ads
people view these ad as a practical way of to make friends,' observed one man. 'A
increasing their social circle. 'I've cried hard friend of mine tried the ads several times
to meet people on my own,' said one and was really disappointed with the
satisfied customer. 'J was new to rhe rown results. Il's just not personal enough.'
--
(HOOSE. Read this conversation between Martin and Louise about their friend Alice.
nrc/e [he correct words to complete the conversation.
MARTIN: What's the matter with Alice?
LOUISE:
-
Who knows? She's always annoyed / annoying about something.
1
TIN: I knOw. I try to understand her but this time I'm really puzzled /., puzzling.
LOUISE: Reany? What's so puzzled / puzzling this time?

;s
TIN: I thought she was happy. She met an interested / interesting guy last week.
LOUISE: That's nice. Was she interested / interesting in him?

•
I thought she was. She said they saw a fascinated /--fascinating
. film together.
••
LOUISE: Well, maybe she was fascinated / fEl:~ci~ating by the film but
disappointed/ disappointin.,g with the guy.
TIN: I don't know. It's hard to tell with Alice. Her moods are always very
!,u~prised / surpri!:!ing.
'J .
LOUISE: I'm not surpri!:!ed / surprising at all. That's just the way she is.
10.
Partlclplea utNId ••
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••• • •••
• Read this conversation between Alice and her date, Jake. Complete it
with the correct form ?f t?e words In bracket . Choose between oed and -Ing
participles used as adJectives.
E: That was a very ---:--:-:---:~--

Interesting fil
1 m.
Wh at did you think?
ALIC 1. (jI,t r I)
JAKE: To be honest, I found it rather - - - ----:;--;;::::::-:-___ . I'm not that

2. (I or 1
__--::--:--:-~::-:\--- in sci ence fiction.
ALICE: Really? I find it --~::---~-_ . What kind of films do you enjoy?

4. (11 In It )
JAKE: Mostly comedies. Have you seen Home Again?
ALICE: Yes, but I wasn't _ _--:-_ _:--__ at all. In fact, I thought it was
", ". , ,
" .
_ _--,--:--____ . The story line was and I couldn't

6. (hor . 7. i, "'i'" .. )
find any humour in the characters' problems. When I left the cinema, I felt
kind of _ _-::--;-:-_..,-__ .
8. (depr· s)
JAKE: I'm _ _-::--;-:-_:--__ that you felt that way! I thought it was very
9. (arndtf')
---=-::----,---- .
10. l musf')
ALICE: Well, I guess it's a matter of taste.
JAKE: Speaking of taste, would you like to get a bite to eat?
ALICE: Thanks, but it's late and I'm _ _-:-=---:---;----:-;---.

11. (exhaust)
EDIT. Read Alice's diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of participles
l sed as adjectives. The first mistake has already been corrected.
: .. - - "" """ -
Just !Jot home. I'm with the evenin.!f. At first / thou!lhtjak.e was lUI
interested.!fu!f but toni!Jht / felt somewhat bored with his coJt1l'aJl.!l We saw a Vt't~'f
entertained film butjak.e didn't like it. In foct, it seems like we have cOl11l'h:tt'i!/
different tastes in thin.!fs. A/b:r the film, / tried to l11a"': CIJIJVL'I'S,1fiofl lutl 41// / I"t'tfl(tj
wanted was to !JO home. 50, / told J1Jiu I was e)d1t1lfshi~tJ tllIIl dld,,'t Wt1llt f"!ld
home late. Ifhe asks me out a.!fain _ I'm l10f il1ttn·sfti~tJ. Tt:'fli!!J f,} JIIt't'f /IL't'l'k ,"~1II
he very fustraf:ed.
ectives and •• ,\
s . . . as . . .
. ~ -
.'-
~
-
he cycles as fast as he does. She controls her bike just as well.
~
But her shoulders aren't as wide and her arms aren't as long as his.
Why should she ride a bike

designed for him?
ICHE POINT
Tick the things L7e boy
and girl have in common.
o cycling speed
o width of shoulders
- made to fit you. o control of bike
o length of arms
CHART CHECK AD
I
TJC .. the correct VERB* (Nor) As ADJECTIVE As
an~ verso
The girl fast the boy.
Which words are
always used in She •
IS good he is .
comparisons with as as ~
as ... as? Her bike isn't big his.

- -.- I,
IO n t The girl's bike heavy the boy's. !
I 0 a erb
- ~
- - - . ._- - -
*Stative verbs like be, look, seem
o an adjective or - --
an adverb
VERB* (Nor) As As
- ~ - --r - _.-- ---------
~ - ~-~-- ~-
The girl fast the boy.

- ~- -- -~. -~---
--,----
She cycles well he does.
-.~- ~~--.. -.~--
as ~----i as
Her bike doesn't cycle smoothly his.
- - -~
• -
The girl's bike consistently the boy's.
- ~ ~----- - ---~.
*Action verbs
180
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • ••
EXPRESS
complete these sentences with as ... as and the words in brackets.
A; MyoId bike wasn't my new one. Of course, it
didn't perform ------;----::~----_
(WI I\)
the new one.
B', And it didn't look ------::-:-:' = -:;~---_ the new one, either.
«()ood)
Grammar Explan ti n Examples

1. You can use 05 cfj ct" as to compare • Trax bikes are ' '> exp nsive as Gordos.
two people, places or things. (The Trax bike costs a lot of money. The Gordo bike
costs the same amount of money.)
• The Trax bike isn' as U9 a the Gordo, though.

(The two bikes are not the same weight.)
Use as + to compare two • This helmet is as good as yours.

people, places or things that are equal in • It's just as expensive as yours, too.
some way. Use . to emphasise the
equality.
Use t: - c . to talk about two • The new adverts are not as effective as the old
people, places or things that are different in ones.
some way. • They aren't as funny as the old ones, either.
2. You can also use + adverb -+- to compare • He rides as fast as she does.
two actions. (They ride equally fast.)
• He doesn't ride as safely as she does, though.

(They don't ride the same way. She rides more
safely than he does.)
Use - =. - to talk about two actions • Kleen brightens 'U thoroughly Brite.
that are the same or equal. Use to • It removes stains just as effecti ' . Brite.
emphaSise the equality.
Use , . verb to talk about two • Kleen doesn clean swell l Brite.
actions that are not the same or equal.
3. You do
not always have to mention both parts • Trax and Gordo are bo1l1 qreal bik{'\ bul 1'1',1.
of a camp . . . . is h (il~ Gordo) .
I anson. Sometimes the meaning IS
c ear from the context.
• Jake ,mel ( hristoph( r both rid(' fil\t but
Christopher docs I (,1\ Jclk£').
182 • Unit
• • ••• •• •• •• • •• • • • •• •
IDENTIFY· ead this article on washing powders. Underline all the comparisons with
\ . Circle tile comparisons with adverbs.
PRODUCT REVIEWS .. WASHING POWDERS
o you were riding the trails this weekend and you hit the dirt. Now your clothes look
I ('- as bad as your bike. Never mind. They'll look as good as new next weekend. We
checked out three major brands of powder and we can tell you which ones clean best and
which ones don't remove trail stains as effectively as others.
Overall, Brite and Kleen aren't as expensive as Trend but they didn't perform as well
,
either. However, they were almost as good in particular categories. Trend removed both
mud and grass stains effectively. Brite removed mud just as effectively as Trend but it
didn't remove grass stains as well. Kleen was effective on grass stains but not on mUd.
Brite cleaned clothes as thoroughly as Kleen but again, Brite and Kleen weren't as good
as Trend in this category. On the other hand, Brite came out on top in brightening. Colours
washed in Kleen and Trend just didn't look as bright as the ones washed in Brite.
COMPLETE • Read these conversations. Complete them with (not) as ... as ... and
the correct form of the words in brackets.
1. THOMAS: ___D_O_8_5___ your new bike __h_a_n-=-d_I;;:8~a_5--:c_o_m_f_o_rt_a_b--,-l.=...y_a_5_ the old one?

a. (hilr :Ie <.u n ""
DIANA: It's great. The handlebars _ _ _---.-_-:-;-_ _ _ _ _ _ and the brakes
b. lot bl . It.
---~t.::~:JL:_::::;;;___---
c. (not bf' I hard)
to reach. This bike was made for a small
person like me.
2. CHARLIE: We need a name for this product. It should show that this washing
powder ---';-7;~~~~;___-
•• (rio ffectlve)
,II) •
the others bu t ----;--;---::--;---:--:-::::~;;M-
unfnendlv)
to the environment.
EVA: I like 'GreenKleen'. It _ _ _-::-;~::-;----:--:::-;---- other product names

c. ( ""l)! t ,,, q)
and it - -______ the message _ _ _--;---:----=-~~::\---
clear)
theirs, too.
3. SAM: The last group I cycled with a herd of
a. (b,· no; y)
elephants. I prefer to cycle alone but I know it's dangerous.
JACK:
• a
b . (pedal quiet)
mouse, I promise.
~~J~~.t"~~~ .~?~ .~~erba: As " as.. • 183
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
& . • Read the chart comparing several models of bicycle. Complete
the sentences With (not) . as .•• as an~ the correct form of the words in brackets.
Choose between affirmative and negative.
PRODUCT RATINGS + BICYCL

KEY: BEll ER ~ ~ ~ 0 WORSE
BRAKING SPfF D, BRAKING rrID, liG;:EA=R:-:C=HA::NC=JHG=-' --=---='-::-=:"":":"":":':=
PRIcE CoMfORT DRV GROUND
wrr GROUND EASE HAHDUHG HANDlING
Trax £999
Huff £550
Gordo £225 o o
1. Th e G ord0 -----L..-.-;-l~~~-
doesn't stop as quickly as th e Trax an d th e H uff..
(I.,p qUit I·)
2. On wet ground, the Huff - - - _ ; - - _ : - - :_ _ _ _ the Trax.

(\top slow)
3. The Gordo -------::--_ _ _ _ _ _ the Trax and the Huff.
(be f expensive)
4. The Trax _ _ _---,:-:-----=_:-:--:-_ _ _ the Huff.
(feel I comfortable)
5. The Trax _ _ _ _--::----:--:----,--____ , either.
(be I cheap)
6. Even the Gordo _ _ _----,-.,--_--:-----:-:--_ _ _ the Trax.
lride f comfortable)
7. On the road, the Gordo the Trax.
(handle / good)
8. Off the road, the Gordo and the Huff _ _ _---;:-_;:---_--;:-_ _ _ the Trax.
(handle good)
9. The Gordo's gears _ _ _-:;--_ _-----,:----:-_ _ _ the Huff's but
(be eas> to change)
--~~~---:-~--:---- the Trax's.
10. (be f easy to change)
EDIT • Read these forum postings. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of
comparisons. The first mistake has already been corrected.
-
--- --.
--~
- 0 . .-
. .... .
Mountain Bike Forum .....
RE: Not as many bruises!
Inexperienced cyclists should try the South Trail at Deerstalker Park. The scenery is just as
-
Otai../.-+ ~.
but its cycle track isn't as unfriendly than the North Trail's. The slopes aren't as
steep and you won't fall as frequent because there aren't as many rocks. It isn't as short like
the North so you'll still get a good ride and you won't feel as discouraged at the end of the day.
RE: The (expenSive) new Trax
Does anyone have any experience of this bike? I tested it in the shop car park and I'm not
•
Impressed. Myoid Trax changes gear as just easily and it handles as smoothly. too.
Ot COurse, it's not as lightly but then it doesn't cost £999, either.
ive • aratives
• -
1
@IPNIMOWl
UNDER. NEW
,•
I' HEC POINT

Longer
C"eck the correct (Inswer. ~ queues!
The new restaura nt will be
o differen t from t h e old restaurant.
o the sa me as th e old restaurant.
------------------~I I ------------------------------~~-----------------\
~
CHART CHECK COM TlVES
r C e T ( Tr ue) o r COMPARATIVE THAN

F ( Fa se I
brighter
T F The comparative
better
adjective form The new restaurant is than the old one.
always ends more comfortable I
I
•
In -er. I less beautiful I
T F You can use the
sa I ne comparative
REPEATED COMPARATIVES
adjective twice
in a statement to COMPARATIVE . AND I COMPARATIVE
show a change in -+ ,
a situation. ,
better better.
I I ,
worse worse.
i The food is getting and
,,
more more delicious.
less less Interesting.
COM
THE COMPARATIVE THE COMPARATIVE
-_ .... _- ----- ---
-'--- - -- - - - - - ~----
--t- - -
The more crowded the restaurant, the slower the service.
_________________ ' - -_ _ _ _ _ _- . - J ~
EXPRESS
Complete tlJis sentence.
Mo's is bigger and ________ popular _______- Val's.
184
186 • Unit 43
•••••••••• •• ••• •••• •••••••
TRUE OR FALSE • Look at t/lese two restaurant ads. TiJen read the statements below and
t<.. I ~ 1fe True (T) or False (F) .
-4
Italian Restaurant istorante taliano
Family-style eating since 1990 Established in 1990
Open Tuesday - Sunday, 12:00-9:00 Relaxed dining in a romantic atmosphere
open seven days a week - dinner only
EARLy-BIRD SPECIAL
reservations suggested
(full dinner for £ 10.95 if ordered before 6:00)
No reservations necessary all credit cards accepted
No credit cards 12 Broad Street
87 H igh Street one free drink with this ad
F 1. Luigi's is older than Antonio's.

2 . Antonio's is more romantic than Luigi's.
3 . Luigi's is probably less crowded.
4. Antonio's seems cheaper than Luigi's.
s. On Tuesdays, Luigi's has shorter business hours.
& COMPLETE • Look at part of Luigi's menu. Then complete the comparisons.
Use the comparative form of the words in brackets.
• Spaghetti Primavera (with lightly sauteed vegetables) ......................£6.95

\. Spaghetti Arrabbiata (with hot chilli peppers and tomatoes) ............ £7.50
Fettuccini Alfredo (with butter and cream) ..................................... £8.95
Linguine Aglio e Olio (with garlic and oil) .................................... £5.60
• low fat . low salt hot and spicy
1. The spaghetti primavera is _ _ _ _c_h...::.e7af;-pe:....:r_t~h..:.:a.:.:.n~--_ the spaghetti arrabbiata.

(che<lp)
2. The linguine aglio e olio is the fettuccini Alfredo.
(expl'nsive)
3. The spaghetti arrabbiata is and
(hot)
-------;--.,.---.,.-----
(spiry)
the linguine aglio e olio.
4. The fettuccini Alfredo is ------,;7::'::::--~---- the spaghetti primavera.
(folltenlOg)
s. The spaghetti primavera is ------:=:;:-;-7"'"---- the fettuccini Alfredo.
(healthy)
• ••••••••••••••••••
• Read these comments about a restaurant. Complete them with the

comparative form of the words in brackets to show cause and effect or a change.
1. k I can't believe the size of this menu. It's going to take me forever to choose.
_ _.:..
Th~6~lo:::;nf~:.....6_
r _ _ the menu, the more difficult " the choice.
B: (Ionq) (Jlflle ult I
2. k They say the food here is getting ' - - -_ _ _ _ _. and _ _--;-_-:--_ _ .
(good)
B: And --~-' ;:-'
(I) xi)
- - the food, ----'1:'::-:-::-:-:--:--- it is.
3. k The service seems a little slow tonight.
B: Yes, _ _---:-___~~-- the restaurant, ---""7:""---:---- the service.

(popular) ( low)
4. k The cigarette smoke here is getting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _-;:---;:--___ .
(bart)
B: ----;-----:-.:-:7- - - the room, --_-::----:-:-_ _ _ my cough gets.
( moky) (bad)
5. A: It's pretty loud in here.
B: the restaurant, it is.

rowde! (noisy)
6. A: They certainly give you a lot of food. I can't eat any more.
B: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the portions, _ _ _----::-----::,-----___ it is to finish.
, hlq , (hard)
7. A: Their desserts keep getting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _---:-:---,,--,-----,___ .
(delicious)
B: And I keep getting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _-----,::------:-:___ !
(heavy)
• Read this restaurant review. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of the
comparative of adjectives. The first mistake has already been corrected.
• •
In In tomato sauce in town, And leave room
By BRUCE NEWHART for dessert, They just keep getting good
Pete's Place has just reopened and better

The waiters are friendly but not able to
looks b' bri hter
Igger. ' ~ and prettier as the handle large numbers of people - the crowded
old one, Although the food isn 't better, it ;s the restaurant, the slower the service, At
,
lUst as good , The menu is more varied and dinnertime, the queues outside this popular
less ex penslver.
. Try on e of th eir pa sta I I
restaurant are getting longer a m more ong,
.... dishe s, You Won't find a mo re fres her Try lunchtime for ;'1quieter <lI1el IL'lclX :i
l L'! mea
I
ctives:
Who just
happens to be
my wife! ICHEC POINT
HAPPY Tick the correc an:, '-Ve r
VAI.ENTINE'S
The sender of this card thinks his
DAY! wife is very:
o typical
o special
NOTE: On Valentine's Day (14 February), many people send cards to special people in
their lives to tell them how much they love them.
,
SUPERLATIVES ,
CHART CHECK
or-" ,
,C _.le corree: SUPERLATIVE
a 15 'ers. ADJECTIVE FORM •
,
Which word always the sweetest
goes before the the funniest ,
superlative form ,
of the adjective? You are the best person in the world. ,
the most wonderful I

o a or an
the least selfish
o he o most
, the nicest
Which letters do you ! , the loveliest
add to the end of a
short adjective to
1 That's the worst card I've ever received.
the most amusing ,
fonn the superlative?
the least original
o -er 0 -est -
Which words do you

i add before a long
I adjective to form the
superlative?
o more or less
o most or least
188
....................•.•....•••••••••••••• _.
AdJective.: Superlatives •
EXPRESS ADJECTIVE SUPERLATIVE

(omplete the chart.
beautiful
warm
happy
Gr mm r 'x pi nations Examples

1. Use the up rlatlv form of adjectives to
• You are the be.s parents in the world.
single out people, places and things from other
• You are h.., mo~ wonderful friend I've
people, places and things. ever had.
2. There is more than one way to rm the

of It
AOJECTIVl SUPERLATIVE
a. For one-syllable adjectives, or two-syllable bright the brightest
adjectives ending in -y, use . friendly the friendliest
BE CAREFUL! There are often spelling changes •

nice the nicest
when you add . . .
big the biggest
pretty the prettiest
BE CAREFUL! Some adjectives have irregular good the best
superlative forms.
bad the worst
b. For most other adjectives of two or more comfortable the most comfortable
syllables, use .. +
• the least comfortable
c. For some adjectives use either . lIE' , •• -est • The third hotel was the quietest .
or • • . .
•
• The third hotel was the most quiet.
3. The superlative is often used

• You're he best mother · the world.
or , such as in the world • He's he cleve 'e. t one 0 us all.
and of 01/.
4. The Superlative is sometimes .

• That's he nice. card / ,'e .. received.
" ,'. Ohen the clause uses the present • You have he 10 'ell smile ',e ever seen.
perfect with .. ,
•
Check it out!
Or a list of . '. . . , ''''9

8 . irregu la r superl atIve a dJ ectIves, see Appe ndIX 10 on pnge .).), .
Or a hst of some adj ectives tha t form the s uperl a tive.' ill two WIlYH, M(ll' ApPl' lIdix 1:2 Oil png l' :l:m.
•••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. Read thl Mother' Day card written by a young child. Underline all the
upc;rlative adjectives.
- .
•
"\-'"\ .
'too we. the. ~ ~£r
in ~o\e.. "",de.. world.
'1o~ 0.((,. ~ c.\elRcet ,\'V\t.. b<i~h~
~ fuM',W-.fo.t\ MOrtiS \'~ tiler ~OW".
You o.ce. ~ t\ice.r ~~ \'ve. e.ver h~.
You 0.((. w..e. \1\ ~ ~t\lrt.ly
1\\e. :r i leJ\t.
o No in ~ wholL wi~ wor\c \~
o
o YOJ.
'100 Q.\e. \1\t. ~~'rtSt-
CHOOSE & COMPLETE • Read these sentences from Valentine's Day cards. Complete them
with the superlative form of the adjectives in brackets and the expressions in the box.
of all in the school of my life in our family of the year
1. You are so good to me. I am ___t:..:.h.:..::B--;7I.::.uc::.:k:.:..:ie::.:6::.,:t=--_ person _~i~n~t~h~e...:..:w~o.:..:rl=-d-_.

(lucky)
2. The day we were married was _ _ _-::--_ _ _ _ day _ _ _ _ _ _ _-.
(happy)
3. You are a terrific teacher. You are _ _ _-:----:-_ _ _ teacher _ _ _ _- - - .
(good)
4. You make me feel warm even in _ _ _--:--:-:--_ _ _ months _ _ _ _- - - -..
(cold)
S. You are _ _ _ _--:-___ cousin _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
(rlle.-)
6. Grandma, you are _ _ _-:--;--,--___ person _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Maybe that's
(wise)
why I love you the most.
· • Look at these Items. Write sentences about them U th
the words In brackets. . se e superlative
1. The book is the least expensive gift.

(expensive)
2. The painting -----------(=~__- - - - - - - - - - - -

(unusual)
3. The painting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _----,;~;::::;__- - - - - - - - - - - - •
(practical)
4. The book ---------------;:=:ii~-----------

(small)
5. The painting ------------~L:::\-------------
(big)
6. Thescruf _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~~~~-------------
(expensive)
7. Thetoy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~-~------------
(funny)
• Read this paragraph from a student's essay. Find and correct five mistakes in the
use of superlative adjectives. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Rama,d . most serious . . . .

an is the tlll)e m Musbrn culture. Durmg Ra.llladan, we do not eat from
dawn to sunset. This is difficult for everyone but teenagers have the hardest time.
. ately after Ra.madan is the Eid al-Fitr. This holiday lasts three d~s a.nd it's the
Immedi
most happiest ti me of the year. On the morning of Eid, rny fa.mily gets up early and goes
to the mosque. After we've greeted our neighbours by s~g 'Eid Mubarek' (Happy Eid),
We go home. We eat the big breakfast you have ever seen. Our parents give us presents,
Usually new clothes and money. One year, Eid came round the time I graduated from
UlliverSity. 'That year, I got the most beautiful clothes and the fatter envelope of money
Of all the Children in my family. Eid Mela is part of Eid al-Fitr. On that da,y, we all go to
a big park. Last year at Eid Mela , I had the better time of roy 11fe. I met myoId friends
and We all ate junk food and showed off our new clothes.
-------------------
S: omparatives
and
Come on ,
St.eve, try harder,
man
Watcl-! Jordan. \.-' 0 0 0 Un 6 0 0C
The more he plays, o 0 .() 6
the better he gets. o n 00 a0
--Q
~ ) Q', o
1. }0 (\ ~\t._J(ll! r~\ .V
,V'" ;.~ C"" • •
\
Ic EC POINT
Circle T /Ir"e or F (False)
T F Jordan improves every time he plays.
• ,
CHART CHECK COMPARATIVES
~ ( e (orrect COMPARATIVE ADVERB FORM THAN
harder
What do you add to I I
better
long adverbs to form Jordan played I than Steve.
the comparative? more aggressively I
o more or ess less consistently

o -er or -
Which word do you SU
always add to form SUPERLATIVE ADVERB FORM
the superlative? . - - - -- -
he fastest
o m05t
the best I
o the He threw - . of anyone in the game.
- ~ -- • the most accurately
the least frequently
-- .. .
-- -- -
EXPRESS
Circle the correct words to complete these sentences.
Sims threw faster than I of Jones. He played better I the hest of all.
192
verbs: Com
• •• • •••• • •• • •• ••• ••• •• an d S rI
upe atlves • 193
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Explanations
G
e the comparative form of adverbs to • The Bulls played better than the lakers.
1. Us b'
focuS on differences etween actions. • Jordan played more skilfully than O'Neal.
Use the comparative without than when it is • He played less aggressively, though.
clear which things you are comparing.
2. Use the superlative form of to • Steve tried he h rdest .

single out something about an action.
We often use the superlative ns • He scored he most frequently of any player
beginning wi f, such as of any player. on the team.
3. There is more than one way to Im the

( mp r n v of adverbs.
ADVf:RB COMPARATIVf: SlJPfRLATIVE
B. For one-syllable adverbs, use verb + . cr fast faster the fastest
or h -', I s . . . hard harder the hardest
BE CAREFUL! Some adverbs have irregular well better the best

comparative and superlative forms. badly worse the worst
b. For most adverbs of two or more syllables, skilfully more/less the most/the least
use or skilfully skilfully
ost/the least + . • •
c. Some adverbs use either . ~/I~~ or -er quickly more quickly the most quickly
and ~. or e. . -e." . quicker the quickest
4. Repeat the same comparative to talk about

change - an increase or a decrease:
ve compara1:lve • Steve is playing better and bette as the
adverb + and +
adverb season continues.
OR
(His performance keeps improving.)
more/less "I (.... , more/less + adverb • He is shooting more and mo e :JCCU ' e ,.
(His shooting keeps getting more accurate.)
S. Use a double comparative to show cause

and effect:
the ~ (i parative compar tlve • Th ~ at ~ he played, . . .•. he performed.

adverb .. the + (When he played harder, his performance improved.)
adverb
• Th, I 0 • you practise, I • • you become.
Check
F
it out'
•
Or a list of'lrregular comparisons of adverbs, see Appem l'IX 1. 0 on pnge 3'39
, .
• Unlt
.... . . . .. . .. . .. .... . ...................... .
IDENTIFY • R ad thl f( olUr(' .)tOl)' frolll III \porh Sl' finn o( til(! new pOf/cr. U"c/erline
, ((,mporutiv form once . UIl(/er/iflf' 0 /1 111 ' wpcrlo l iv(' (0,", \ twice.
-----, --~~------
::> ction 3 Sports

_.- ---. '-,
Norwic 1 Beat towe!
In th~' lirst ti.)Otb.1I1 ,~al1l~' ur lhe season . ~kilrull) of anyone on the.: tl'am. Ill'
I nt'wich bl' ,1t Stowe. () gn,lls to 5.Thl.' Stowe l'll11trolkd tl1l' ball the.: beM . kkke.:d the ball
(c.lln pl.ned .1 trul) t:lIlt.lst ic game but its the furthest and ran the fa~test of any of the
lIt.'fencl' is still \\l':11 . Norwich I.ktt:nded the players on c:itht:r tenm . I It' plaYl't1 hard and
ball mllch more .lggn.' sshd\ than the Stow\..: hdped the Norwich team look good. In fact ,
(t.'am did . or course , ,Jot' Jackson hdpnl win the harder he played, the b(,·tler Norwich
the g.ltn(,' (~)r Norwich , Norwkh's star play(,'l' performed . Watch Joe this season,
W:lS b.I<.'1. on the fkld today. to the delight of
And watch Stowe , too. They 've got a new
his man) t~lns. He was badly hurt at the end
coach and they 're trainiJ1g more seriotl!ily
or last scaSt)H bUl he has l'l'covcn:d quickly.
this year. I think we'll sec them play hetter
Although he didn't pIa) as well as people
and better as the season progresses.
expected, he still handled the baLI like the
old Joc. He cerrainly handled it the_ most
COMPLETE • Read this conversation between friends. Complete it with the comparative
o superlative forms of the words in brackets. Add the and than where necessary.
BILLY: Did you hear about that new speed-reading course? It helps you read
faster and _ _ _-:------:-:,--_ _ '
1 (lei I) 2. (well)
MICHAEL: I don't believe it! The _ _--:~--:---- ad, the
3. (I.Ist)
_ _ _:--:-;-:-;-,--_ _ you understand .
. (lillie)
BILLY: The advert says that aiLer the course, you'll read ten times
and understand fiv times more. And th best thing is
. rll tell 1
that you won't have to work any _________ ,
6 (h.lId)
MICHAEL: I'd like to sec that, When I was at school, I read _ _-=--;-:---;-:---- of any
7. (~IO\ Iy)
student in my class but 1 also remembered details __--::---;-;--:;:-:0;':----
8. (d elriv)
and ____ __ _ __ of any of my c1m.smates,
f). (IOfl'll
BILLY: Maybe you could read oven -------c~.-~~-___ that und still remember
10 (qui'''lv)
details. That way, you'd havc more time to go to tIl(' gym,
MICHAEL: Did you read the COUl'AC dCl:!cription properly'?
. --::'~'~:_'_--:-__ I rcnd most things,
Bo.l.Y: 1 read it __
11. (Ihoroll'lhly)
Adverb.:
....••....•.••••••.• ~ II
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
, • Look at the chart. Then complete the sentences
with the comparative or superlative form of the words ;n the box.
You will use some words more til an once.
good fast bad slow hIgh
POLl! VAULTING RUN

CLARKE 4.3 m 2.2 m 24 minutes
SMITH 4.2 m 2.1 m 28 minutes
ROGERS 4.6 m 2.3 m 30 minutes
DAVIES 4.7 m 2.5 m 22 minutes
-
. _f~un~her than
1. Clarke jumped ___ Smith.
he_6_ t_ _ _ _ of all.
2. Davies vaulted _ _ _ _t_h_e_h_i.::!,9_
3. Rogers ran _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
4. Smith ran - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Davies.
5. Davies jumped _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
6. Clarke ran - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Smith.
7. Davies vaulted Smith.

8. All in all, Davies did _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
9. All in all, Smith did _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
EDIT • Read this student's report about a basketball game. Find and correct seven
mistakes in the use of adverbs. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Last night, I watched the Lakers and the Bulls. Both tea.ros pla;ved more
·;'--Gi--
aggl'eSSivelYt;I"ve ever seen them. In fact, they pla;ved the better of any game
I've watched this season. In the first half, Michael Jordan spra.ined his left ankle
and ShaqUille O'Neal was out of the game because of fouls. But they still didn't
start the second half any slower that the first. With Jorda.n out, Kukoc scored the
most frequenter of any player. He's been pla;vmg more and more better as the
season goes on. In fact, more he plays, the better he gets. The Bulls won by
97 to 88. The Lakers seemed to get tired at the end. They plaNed little and less
consistently as the game went on.
•
;rd the lett r (If t 1e (orrcct amwer to complete each sentence.

r
ExAMPLE:
(AJ drink (C) is drinking
(B) drinks (DJ was drinking
I've got _ ___ job in the world. ABC 0

(A) a good (C) the best
(B) best (D) the better
This apple pie smells _ _ _ _ 1 ABC 0

(A) wonderful (C) more wonderfully
(B) wonderfully (D) the most wonderfUlly
Our team didn't play _ ___ I expected. I was disappointed. ABC 0

(A) as well as (C) as badly as
(B) well (D) better
I passed my driving test. It seemed much _ _ _ _ this time. ABC 0

(A) easy (C) easiest
(B) easier (D) easily
The faster Daniel walks, _ _ _ _ . ABC 0

(A) more tired (C) the more tired he gets
(B) he gets tired (D) he gets more tired
, Could you talk _ _ _ _ ? I'm trying to work. ABC 0

(A) more quietly (C) more quiet
(B) quieter than (D) quiet
1 Lisa is staying at home. Her cold is a lot _ _ _ _ today. ABC 0

(A) bad (C) worst
(B) worse (D) the worst
. Sorry we're late. Your house is much than we thought. ABC 0

(A) far (C) further
(B) the fu.rthest (D) the further
9. The film was so _ _ _ _ that we couldn't sleep last night. ABC 0

(A) excitingly (C) excite
(B) excited (D) exciting
10. Chris is working very these days. ABC 0

(A) hardly Ic) harder
(B) hard (D) hardest
196
•••••• 4' ••
11. Write the report first. It's more important _ _ _ _ your other work.
A C D
(A) than Ic) from
(B) as (D) then
12. The lunch menu is very short. It's _ than the dinner menu.
ABC D
(A) varied (e) less varied
(B) more varied (D) the least varied
u. Thnnk you! That's - -. I'vl' l'Vl'r received.
ABC D
(A) the nicer brift (C) nicll t gift
(B) a nice gift (D) the nicest gift
14. It's getting more - - - _ to find a cheap flat. ABC D
(A) hardly (C) the most diflicult
(B) ~md more difficult (D) and very diflicult
SE- 'nON TWO

of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
------------------ - -~,-~,-.~-~------- - .. ~

c ,
' - - - - - - - - - - - --,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -~- .----- •
15. The harder Sylvia tries, less she succeeds. ABC D

BCD
16. This has been the best day than my whole life! ABC D
BCD
17. We're always amazing by John's incredible travel stories. ABC D

8 C 0
18. We took a lot of photos because she was such a sweetly little baby. ABC D
BCD
19, OUf new car is hard to drive than our old one. ABC D
I'. BCD
20. Patrick doesn't nm quickly as Lee but he can run further. ABC D
1"\ C 0
21. You did much more better in the last test than in this one. ABC D
.. C ~
22. What's the more popular of all the new TV shows? ABC D
"£ - D
2~. The more I practise the piano the most skilled I get. ABC D
A B ' D
24. The rubbish in the street is more disgusted than the potholes .
ABC D
•
I
25. Today seems as hotter as yesterday but the humidity is lower. ABC D
/..
erun s:
... u "ect an "ect
I'm all
out of breath again.
I real ly need to
- give up jogging!
ICHECK POINT
What does the woman want to give up?
e>.a. o cigarettes
o exercise
CHART CHECK GERUND AS SUBJECT

Tk' .. ne COJect GERUND (SUBJECT) VERB OBJECT
I- -I
os 'er
Smoking harms your health.
What does the gerund
end with? Not smoking makes you healthier.
I 0 oed
o ·;ng GERUND AS
What goes before the SUBJECT VERB GERUND (OBJECT)

I
I gerund to make it
, - --------
...
You should give up smoking.

negative? .. ,,- " , .- ... _ -
....
o not My doctor suggests

._i....._ _
not smoking.
" " . . _ ' -_ _ _ _ __
o don't or doesn'f
-
•
Gerund.: Subject and • 199
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS
mnlete
Co r . this conversation with the co"ect form of tI,e verb drink.
t'
Use the affirmatIVe or nega lYe.
A; _ - - - - - - - too much coffee isn't good for you.
B: I know. I gave up -------"--

, -_ coffee last year.
A; My doctor suggested -, - - - - - -__ fizzy drinks, either.
Gramm r Expl n tions Exampl s

1. A g rund (base form of verb + Ing) is a • Drinklnr too much coffee is bad for your health.
verb that functions like a noun.
A gerund can be the subj of a sentence. • Smokln is also unhealthy.
BE CAREFUL! There are often spelling changes smoke smoking

•
when you add -in to the base form of the verb. Jog jogging
Notice that a gerund is always singular and is • Eating sweets Is bad for your teeth.
followed by the third person singular form of • Inhaling smoke gives me bronchitis.
the verb.
gerund
BE CAREFUL! Don't confuse a gerund with the • Drinking coffee isn't healthy.
continuous form of the verb.
continuous fOlm
• He is drinking coffee at the moment.
2. A ger- can also be the je of • I enjoy exercising.

certain verbs. • I've considered Joining a gym.
To the right is a short list of verbs that can be admit miss

fOllowed by a gerund. avoid practise
consider stop
deny resent
enjoy suggest
finish (dis)like
3. There are many common expressions with • We often y swimming in the lake.
go . . These expressions usually • Yesterday I ~ shopph for a new pair of
describe
" s' actiVities, such as shopping, fishing, running shoes.
sk ling .
, Wlmmmg and camping.
Check it outl
ppendlX 3 on page 337 a nd Appendix 6 on page :l:38.

200 • Unit 46
............................................
IDENTIFY • Read part of an article from a magazine. Underline the words ending in -ing
I: c: gerunds.
,--UR
ING, i great exercise. It's this from personal experience. Last

healthy, fun and relaxing. Because year while I was jogging, I injured
swimming is a 'low-impact' sport, my right knee. I don't go jogging
most people enjoy paJ1icipating in any more. After a painful month of
this activity without fear of injury recovery, I stopped running and
to their bones or muscles. Jogging, switched to water sports. I'm now
which is a 'high-impact' activity, considering joining a swimming
can at times be harmful. I know team and competing in races.
CHOOSE & • Read these statements about health issues. Complete them with
the gerund form of the verbs in the box. Choose between affirmative and negative.
•
increase eat do walk drink sWim run go
1. _ _ _S_m_o_k_in~g~__ is bad for your heart and lungs.

2. - - - - - -_ _ too much fat and sugar is also unhealthy.
3. - - - - - - - - enough water is bad for your general health.
4. Doctors suggest _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the amount of f:rujt and vegetables in your diet.
5. Avoid too many high-impact sports such as jogging and

• •
Jllmpmg.
6. Instead, consider _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in a pool every day. It's an excellent
low-impact activity.
7. Many health experts think that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is better than
- - - - - - - - because there is less stress on your body when your feet come
into contact with the ground.
8. Some people are afraid of the doctor but _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for regular checkups
is a mistake.
• ••••••••
• Read each numbered statement. Complete the following summary using

the verb from the box and the gerund form of the verb In bracbts.
avoId consider go
TOM: Ann jogs but I don't really like that kind of exercise.
1,
SUMMARY: Tom doesn't 6~OY Joeei -!
ne~ _________ _ -~---------- .
(101j)
2. MARTINA:
Oh, no thanks. I don't smoke any more.
SUMMARY: Martina -_.-'- - - - - - -.7(~mo"l

::' : : - 0 ' ; - - - - - - . - - -
)
' _.- '
3, CARL: I'm going to that new swimming pool. Would you like to come with me?
SUMMARY: Carl is going to ----------::--~---'

(\ \lim)
.-.- . - - - -.
4. JIM: I can smell smoke, too. But don't look at me! I didn't have a cigarette!
SUMMARY: Jim ________~___;____:_--------.
(smoke)
5. Izzy: I know I should exercise but I don't want to. I guess you're right. I am lazy.
SUMMARY: Izzy ------------;-;---0---------
(be)
lazy.
6. PHIL: No, thanks. The cake looks great but I'm trying to stay away from sweet
things.
SUMMARY: Phil _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _----;---::-:-;-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ sweet things.
(eat)
7. VICKY: I'm not sure but I may go on holiday.
SCMMARY: Vicky _ __ _ _ _ _ _-;:---:------,---------- a holiday.
(take)
8. MYLES: Traffic jams are what I hate most about commuting.
SCM~lARY: Myles in traffic jams.
(be)
EDIT. Read Jim's notes. Find and correct nine mistakes in the use of the gerund.
5MO"ING
WA'1S I CAN 6IVEUP SMOKE _Q._EfARi:: I ..u::~
Choose a~ e)(ac.t date to 9ive up sWloke-

Stop SWloki~9 c.oWlpLeteL'1 (Cut doWVI is harder t.haVi stoppi~g aLL at. o~c.e.)
A/oid t.o be arOUVId other sWlokers (at. Least at. t.he begiVlVliVlg) .
Start e)(erc.iSIVlg daiL'1 To e)(erc.lse C.aVl reduc.e st.ress .
No driVlki~9 c.oftee Wla,? heLp, t.oo

IWla9i~e beeVi a ~oVl-SWloker POsit.lve Wle~t.al IWlages c.aVl help.
c..o~sider t.o jOIVi a support. group _
I>o~)t deLa'1 t.o ask tor help. c..aLL Dr BurVls right. awa,?1
Keep t.r,?iVlg aVid dOVl't give up!
I•
!nterested in hliprovhl9 life on campus?

TIred of I · "1
complaints and not finding so uttons.
Next Meeting: Mon. 25 March. 8:00 p.m .• Main Auditorium

We 'ook forward to you there.
r-:=:-::=:;~ POINT
Circle T r ~ c F False).
The Student Council is looking for students "ho
T F "ant to make new friends.
T F '.... anl to improve life on campus.
T F like to complain.
CHECK GERUNDS PREPosmONS

the correct PREPOsmON GERUND
• , I
Do you ha ie Ideas for °Improving life on camp s.

Wbat part of speech
i- the word to in We're good at plannOng a ead.
100 forward to?
You can help by tak 109
e no es.
-, pal t of the ! - - ,
infinitive She believes In com promisi 9 ·
-, a preposition
I
•
-- - ,
• ,
Are you tired of •

complamts? •
What f01 III of the verb - - - - - -..- - + 1 - - - - - I , L
follows a prepo ition? Let's work inste d of c omp I 'I 9. _ _ _ _ _- - - -

1--'''------
•
-41-- ---ijl--_~ _ _ _=__ _
-, the base fOI'm They in SISt on com 9 to the meeting·

- -
, . -
-, the gerund I look f orward to to
r-- .- - ,
I .
:-1 the infinitive She's in terested in
I~------------------~ .. ~\___ _- • •
Ing ....,ith other students. -
20 2
,
, • ' .t
Oerund. after • .; I ,
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
complete this conversation with the correct form of the verb loin.
k Are you happy about ' the Student Council?
B: Yes, I am. I'd been looking forward to - - -'---_._.- a group for a while.
Gramm E on x mpl s
nnun
1. A preposition is a word such as about, • The council insists on elections.
flftllnst, at, by, for, In, Inst ad 0(, of, on, proO(,.Tl
10, with and without. A preposition can be • The council insists on them .
followed by a noun or a pronoun.
quund •
Because a gerund (base form of verb + iI1 9) • The council insists on voting.
acts as a noun, it can follow a preposition, too.
2. Many comm n e r s'o are made up of a VERB + PREPOSITION Ao)rcrlor + PREPOSITION

verb or an adjective followed by a preposition. advise against afraid of
believe In bored w' h
count on excited
These expressions can be followed by a gerund. • She's counting on going to university.

• He Is bored with working in a shop.
3. BE CAREFUL! ADECT ' ~ ... 1>: C;>OSITION

VERB + PREPOSITION
a. In the . on the right, ' is a look forward to accustomed 0
preposition, not part of an infinitive form. object to opposed 0

For this reason it can be followed by resort to used to
the gerund. • I'm looking forward to se" ':1g you.
NOT
• She 's used 0 coming top in her class.
NOT She's used to come top in her class.
b. Do not confuse . . " • I u, e u ake the train,

of verb (for habits in the past) with (It was my habit to take the train but I no longer
~e/w' ,~ , " (meaning take the train.)
be/get accustomed to'). • Im u e ,,_ the train.
(I'm accustomed to taking the train.)
/
• I m J' ' ~ . ,. If:. the train.
/ (I'm becoming accustomed to taking the train.)
/
Check it out!
/ For a list f . 7 :nK
F . 0 common verb plus preposition combinutiontl, Sl'e AppendIX Oil pnge " .
/ Or a lIst f d' 8 ' TJM
o cornmon adjective plus preposition combinElti(ln~, Hl't' Appl'll IX Oil pngt " .
20-1 • Unit 47
• • • • • • • • •• • • •• •• •• •• • • •
IDENTIFY. Tile Student Council wrote a letter to the Dean of the university. Read it and
underline a/l the preposition + gerund combinations.
,
We. the members of the Student Council, would like to share With YOU
the thoughts a.nd concerns of the general student body. As you probably know,
many students are compla,ining about life on ca.mpus. We are interested
in meeting with you to discuss our ideas for dealing With these COmplajnts.
We know that you are tired of hearing students complain and that you
are not llsed to working with the Student Council. However, if you really
believe in giving new ideas a try, we hope you will think about speaking to
OlJr representatives. We look forward to hearing from you soon.
CHOOSE & • Read these comments from the university newspaper. Complete the
s ;..denLS statements with the appropriate preposition from the box (you will use one
of them several times) and the gerund form of the verb in brackets.
at on in to about for
1. I don't have any plans for the holidays but I'm not concerned _ _ _a_bo_u_t--.:::..
9et _ t_
in.=.
9_ _
ge'
bored. I can always go for a walk or something. Jim Clark
2. What are my plans for the holidays? I'm very interested _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
sten)
to jazz. I'm going to go to the Spring Jazz Festival. Lisa Smith
3. My friends and I are driving to Scotland. I'm excited ----~~-----
but
,
at night. Emily Latham
,, .
4. I'm really looking forward ---_-;-:---;--____ at home and just
------~~-----. Don Peters

(reldX)
s. I'm driving to Wales. It's fa mous - -_ _-;;----:-_ _ _ _ great scenery. Ed Dade
(hdve)
(Iedm)
my J apanese class over the break . l
Cia,' re n.apan
U
7. M . ' . -
orne
with us. A lot of fun that'll be! Oscar Stephens
8. My girlfriend is keen to the
. ----7:
(r:-:o.l-d)~---
:; and - - - - - - - - - -
Gerunds after Prepositions • 205
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Read these pairs of sentences about student life. Combine them with the
preposftlons in brackets.
1. You can't walk on campus late at night. You have to worry about your safety.
You Gsn't walk on Gam us late at .n~ght wit~~ut worrying apout your safety.
(WlthOlll)
2. We can make changes. We can tell the Dean about OUI" concerns.
_.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .·-------n
(b-v)- - - - - - - - - - .- - - - - - - - - -
3. The Dean can help. He can listen to our concermL
, . ..
(by)
4. In some cases, students just complain. They don't make suggestions for improvements.
•
(in~lead of)
5. Students get annoyed with some lecturers. Some lecturers come late to class .
•
(for)
6. You can improve your work. Study regularly.
(by)
EDIT • Read this student's letter. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of gerunds
after prepositions. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Dear Brian,
I have been attendin.!J Bedford College for a !fear. I'm ve"!:f hapP!f
6tudJil1g
about -sUndy here. At first, it was quite hard!Jettin.!J used to speak En!Jlish
all the time but now I feel ve"!:f comfortable about communicate in I11!J
; second langua.Je.
/'vejustjoined an international student!Jroup and I'm e)<CIted with
meetin!} new people. The summer break is conlli~'l ami a fow Oftf~ art'
planning on do some fravelli"!! f<J..'Jdhl'f: BL'fij rL' {ojoiJl tI,,:\tjJ't}{'jJ1 11f.'..t'J 1,1
spend holida..tjs alone.
Please write. I look fiwward {" I,ctlr /i'om.lft)lf.'

/(,
Infinitiv s •
after ertaln erbs
Lifestyles Section 4
NNIE
Dear Annie, ICHEC POINT
month ago I met this great
woman, Megan, and I asked Tick the correct answer
her to 1I1a I lOY me straight-
, . o Megan wants more time
away. She says things are movmg to consider the marriage
too fast' and she wants me to proposal.
think about my proposal a bit longer.
I've told her I can't afford to wait o Megan thinks 'Impatient'
forever. Am I right? Impatient should consider his
proposal more.
--=:::. ~===--- -- -.---""_.---_.-"'-_.-'..- --"-'-.--
CHART CHECK + STATEMENTS: WITHOUT AN 0

j Circle T (-:-rue) or SUBJECT VERB (NOT) INFINITIVE
F (Fase/.
decided to call
T F The infinitive = They (not) Annie.
agreed to ask
base forll1 + to .
T F The negative
infinitive = STATEMENTS: WITH AN OBJECT
+ infinitive. SUBJECT VERB OBJECT (NOT) INFINITIVE
T F All verbs need
urged john to call
an object before They (not) her.
the infmitive. advised him to ask
STATEMENTS: WITH OR WITHOUT AN

SUBJECT VERB ( OBJECT) INFINITIVE
•
---- -+--_._-
wanted (J ohn) o call
They her.
needed (h im) to ask
EXPRESS
Unscramble the~p words to form a sentence.
to • want • Annie • write • to • I -
206
.
.. i "
Inftnltlv_ after
............•...•.•.••.•••.••• V8f1)e •
~.4~._.
" ,
Grammar Explana Ion Ex mples

----------------
CertJfn wrbJ can be followed by an Intln' Ive • I want to get married.
• I asked Annie to help me.
2. some of these verbs are followed • He d d to write to Annie.

by an Infln • He hop d to get a quick reply.
The verbs on the right can be followed by an 9r plan

infinitive. b gin refuse
f II seem
J. Some verbs need an obi ct (noun or pronoun) ob)C'ct

the .nfinlliv . • I Invited Mary to celebrate with us.
obJt'ct
• I reminded her to come.
The verbs on the right need an object before advise tell

the infinitive. encourage urge
order warn
4. Some verbs can be followed by either:
• an infini ive • He wants to leave. He's tired.

OR OR
• an obiect + infl I 've • He wants you to leave. You're tired.
The verbs on the right can be followed ask need

either by an infinitive or by an expect want
object + infinitive. help would like
s. Form a ~
I't'I . by placing t • Lee remembered not to call after 5:00.
before the infinitive. (Lee didn't call after 5:00.)
• Anna told me no to go to class.

(Anna: 'Don't go. The teacher is sick. ')
BE CAREFUL! A sentence with a negative • Jim told me no to give up.

infInl'rIve can have a very different meaning (Jim: 'Don't give up. ')
from a sentence with a negative main verb.
• Jim did" tell me to give up.
(Jim didn't say I should give up.)
---~ --~ -~
Check it out!
For
F a list of . .. A d ' 1
common verbs followed directly by the mfimtlve, sec ppen IX' on pngt' ,~D. 3·'<.1
r
F: a l~st of verbs followed by objects and the infinitive, Hee Appendix 5 on pngt' :33H.
r
infi ~tl!st of verbs that can be followed either dircctJy by nn infinit.ive or by U1I objl'ct +
nt IVe se A .
, e ppendlx 5 on page 338.
208 Unt 48
••••• • •••••••••••
I IDENTIFY. Head A""ie's response to 'Impatient', Underline aI/the vf'rh + infinitive and
, '1 ' obJ ct ·f I"finitive combinations.
Lifestyles 17 (
Dear Impatient,
low down! You appear to be in too much of a hurry. You've
-
only known this person for a month and yet you 've asked
her to marry you! What's the big rush? Why can't you afford
to wait? Are you afraid that if she gets to know you better, she may
decide not to tie the knot? I agree with your girlfriend. You need
to consider things more carefully. You can't expect her (or yourself)
to make such an important decision so quickly. If you don't want
to regret a hasty decision, I advise you both to get to know each
other better before you hurry to the altar. Annie
• Read this article. Complete it with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Use the present simple or the imperative form of the first verb .
. . . ove
ost people make careful plans when they _ _ _---=cd=e.=..cl=.·d=.e_t:..:o=---::-:h:::.av:..;.e=---_ _ _ a holiday.
1 (decidp hw~)
Yet when they _ _ _--=---:--_ _ _ _ _ _- - - a mate, they depend on luck.

2. (attempt I find)
Edward Driscoll, PhD, _ _ _---;--;:-:-:::-=--;-:---;-_---;-_--:----:---:--:--_ _ love to chance.
3. (warn I singlf peopl!' I not ( lewf')
He _ _ _ _.,---_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ his four-step plan when they search for a partner.
4. ( rgE' ''If!1l I use)
Remember: When you ____--;;--;;:-;:--:---;-_____ , you _ _ _ _ _-..,-_-:-::-::-:-----.
. (fail I plan) 6. (pl •.m I f'lIl.
STEP ON _ Make a list. What kind of person do you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-?
7. l . Ish meet)
Someone intelligent? Someone who loves sports? List everything.
STEP TWO: Make another list. What kind of person are you? --------:-:----:'--;--::-::i~-
8. (Ask I two friends f read)
your list and comment on it. The two lists should match.
STE.P rHREE.: [ncrease your chances. ---..--:;r.:-:-::-~:---:--~--- in activities you like.

9. ( 11OO~(> I parllClpatl')
STEP FOUI(: Ask for introductions. Dr Driscoll _ _ _ _-=-=-_-:-:--__--,-__-:--;~---.
10. (advls,,' Pl uplc ; not i tecl)
embarrassed to ask. Everyone ____-;-:......-;~~:-;-:------ a matchmaker!
11. (wanl I be)
•
••••••••••••••
• Read each numbered statement. Complet~ the summary using the

appropriate verb from the box followed by on Infinitive or on ob/eet + Infinitive.
remind would Invite need
ANNIE: J really think you should take things more slowly, Mark.
1.
SUMMARY: Annie _u~
rg~d Mar_k to ta.k~_th~nge mo~ el~wl=-y_. _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _
KAREN: Tom, could you call me at 10:00"

2.
S(lMMARY: Karen - - - - - - - - - - - - -_________ _ _ _ __ _ __
3. CHRIS: Emily, plellSt' remember to buy petrol today.

SlIM MARY: Cllris ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4. JOHN: Wc'n' going out for coffee, Mel. Would you like to join us?
SUMMARY: John _____________________________
5. JASON: OK. OK, Dad. I'll be home by 10:30 if that's what you want.
SI'MMARY: Jason ____________________________
6. JEFF: Oh, no! It's 4:15. I didn't go to the two o'clock staff meeting!
SUMMARY: Jeff _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
7. MUM: Come on, Lisa, don't be scared. Just try again.

SUMMARY: Lisa's mother _________________________
8. 'fERRY: I'm using the car tonight. I'm taking Sue to the cinema.
SUMMARY: Terry _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
~D/~ ~ ~ead this entry from a diary. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of
infInitIves after certain verbs. The first mistake has already been corrected.
to join
Anole adVised me j,,;~j~6 a club or take a class aod I fioalll" tJitJ Itl I decided become
i .a member of I he Outdoor Adventure Club aod I weot to mv first meeTIog last olgbt. I'm really-
excrted about It. The.club IS plaoolOg a blklog trip next weekeod. I defiortelV want to.-@o -
raftiog iO Ibe s,p.r:ing. At first I taltJO't waot sigolog up but the lea4\eLWas so.nice.
-He Urged me..1oJlat miss th.!s .trJp so-W;>.ut mvo ame 00 tbe. JlsLAfter.tbe meetloq. a group
..a:tp~1e QsketiflJe to 91J out w.rtb. tb.em-.W.e..w..ent to a..coffee. shop and_ta(kea for hours. -
Well. I bop..eGt make..some inenas when I Jowea thiS club but I dlan't expec1 everyooe being so
irteoGtIV· I'm gla.i1Aoole persuaaed me Of) if) give up. _
. -------------------
Infinitives
er ertain djectives
an Nouns
It's hard to find
good chips these days.
-.....::
ICHEC;,.... POINT
Check the correct answer.
o Finding good chips is di fficult.
o The man hardly eats anything but chips.
CHART CHECK INFINITIVES A CERTAIN AD

I
I Tick he correct •
ADJECTIVE INFINITIVE I
It's hard to find . nutritious fast food.
The infinitive is
formed with: We're eager to hear about the new restaurant.
He seemed surprised to find out about the amount of fat in a burger.

of verb
o to + base f01'111 of INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS
verb + -tng
The infinitive follows: NOUN INFINITIVE
.. .
•
I 0 certain nouns and I •

It's time to go .
adjectives
- - - . ---- . . -.
-
That's a high price to pay .
o certain r,• - --- -- --
Does he have
-
I
prepositions I permission to stay I
I
I ------- -
L..-- __ .~_~_
210
Infinitive. C rtam andNoune
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .•.••..•• ••.••••••••••••••••
~
EXPRESS
Un crombie these words to form two sentenCt's
convenient • It's • eat • fast • food • to ____________________ .
pay • a • price • low • That's • to ----'~~-~~------------------------- .
Gr mm r E pi n Ion Ex mpl
'ld) (IIV snhn' I(
1. Certain can be followed by an • They were r to try the new burger.

Inflnltlv (to + base form of the verb).
Many of these adjectives describe a feeling • She was glad to hear that it was low in calories.
about the action in the infinitive.
Adjectives that express praise or blame are often • I was wrong to leave.
followed by an infinitive. • They were brave to tell him.
Adjectives that show the order of actions are • We were last to order.
often followed by an infinitive. • When the bill came, she was the first to leave
the restaurant.
adjective infinitive
2. We often use It s + adjective + infinitive. • It's great to see you again.
When the action in the infinitive is done by a • It was silly of Tom to leave.
person, we often use f or /• • • It's hard for us to get there on time.
If's i . , _is often used to • It's convenient to eat fast food.

make general observations. • It's difficult for students to ork full time.
noun Infinitive
3. Certain nou can be followed by an ,"itive. • It's time to take a break.
• I have the right to eat what I want.
• They made a decision to lose weight.
• It's a high p ce to pay.
• He's got permission to sta ' out late.
The • Robin is the person to as about that.

combination often
expresses advisability or necessity. (You should ask Robin about that.)
• I have a , ~ ud) for.

(/ must study for my test.)
Check it OUII
For a l'IS t af common adjectives th a t ca n be follow ed by th e mfiml1vc,
' . . APPl'1H ,.J. , l)• on ~) IIgl
" '1'38
I-Il'l' •• .
212
.. .......... .
Unit 49
••• -
IDENTIFY. Read this questionnaire. Underline all the adjective + infinitive and
"'0 oj I .f 'nitive combinations. Write A over the adjectives and N over the nouns.
N
Please take a few minutes
' ,
to complete this questionnaire about fast-food restaurants .
Tick (.I") all the answers that apply to you .
. How often are you likely to eat at a fast-food restaurant?
1-3 times a week - 4-6 times a week
more than 6 times a week never
2. In your opinion, fast food is:

: : good to eat l_ a way to save time
, ' fun to order occasionally \ unhealthy to have every day
Which statement best describes your feelings about the cost of fast food?
: : It's a high price to pay for convenience. ,J You get a lot for not very much money.
4. Is it a good idea to include healthy choices in fast-food menus?
I : Yes II ', N 0
• Read these excerpts from letters to the editor of a university newspaper.

Complete them with the correct form of the words in brackets.
Last year, I stopped eating in the cafeteria because the food was so bad and it was
such a terrible ___---Ip'-;-I-;"',-c;-e_to---;-h_"'_V_B_ _ __ a meal. Yesterday, I went back for the
1 (~Ide hav· )
first time. I was ----;;-77'";--;--:--;--;-:---;-;---- Burgers Unlimited there. Fast foods
2. (df' 'ghtl'd , find)
are the - _ _ _~-~--:-----! They're -----;:--:c;---;--...,.,----- and the

~. . Y , gO) 4. (fun I edt)
cheerful atmosphere has made the cafeteria a _ _ _--=--:-,-_._ _-:-:--_ _ _ in. I'll be
5. (pi dSur I ('.It)
eating lunch there every day from now on. Jeff
It was a ---~~:::_:o:~.~::-:----
6. (rnistdke / briO'll
fast-food chains to the campus. It's
----:;--;;::-~=:-~~:_;__---
7 . (outre W'v J~ I Sl' I
the exact same restaurants everywhere you go. The
food they serve isn't ----n-;-:---;-;~_:__---. It contains much too much sugar,
8. (qOGd / 1t)
salt and fat. For students, it's _ _ _......-;;:::::=-;:;-:;-~-._ _ _ a healthy meal every
entidl h vel
day and it's ------;-n-;:;:u:-:-:-:;;:-;-:----
10. (difficult I qO)
off campus to eat. We J'ust don't have the
time. Alice
after ee, lair)
• • • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
& • Read thes~ conversations between colleagues. Complete th,m wIth

thI words In brackets and the mfinltlve fonll of a verb from the boJC.
hear keep work find decide wake up
CHRIS: Hey, Dawn. I've got to talk to you. Have you got ___._ _ t:.:.l:.:.:m~eito=~~ak~e~_ __
1. (til I )
a break?
DAWN: Of course, Chris. What's wrong? You look like you're --'-~----;-;::::;r:;-----.
2, (r ad>,>
Mr Kay's J'ust asked me if I'd be -----~t.:"::i;;::_::::-----_ fr om:
400 p.m.
3. (wIIIIIlq)
to midnight.
DAWN: But lect.ures start early tomorrow! It's -----Ai'i:'::"~---- early

4. (hllrd)
after working late.
When I told him that, he said, 'I'm ----7"""";;:-:-::::::--:;-:----- that, Chris.

5. ('.upri,,·d;
I thought you were _ _ _ _ _-;-;_---;--_____ a promotion to
6. (eager)
shift manager.'
DAWN: It's _ _ _ _~:;----:---:---;';:__--- your work up, too. Did he give you
7. (important)
----~~------?
8 ." •
r"O"'\ •
".c,.
"
CHRIS: He just said, 'OK. I'll ask Steve. We'll give him the _ _ _ _--..-=:-:-:-::~---
9. (chance)
his loyalty to the company.'
DAWN: Fast-food jobs are _ _ _ _~:_;_-:;____:---. Don't worry! Just concentrate
10. (easy)
on university,
EDIT· Read Mr Kay's journal. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of infinitives.
. Ti . c,O?15k 'f T Ll
. OVlIghUJ'Y)3de the dec.-l$ioVl ~skecl Chris to do the Vlight Shl t,~r~ '1--.-
thoug..ht- ~he was ~iVlg to De gLad for gettil1g the oner, She h3$ her - -
O't>l11 reVlt_pa.\(1 ~Vlc.! lJs.Ylow jt's hard for she 1;..Q.. meet ~~Lher e)<.peVlses . --
.LooJ<.s LiKe she wa.s t~he wroVlg perS_oVl l as}<.edl The probLetvl was/she -
waS-Yl't wiLliYl£) to said '1es or No aVId r.'Wl afraid r got a little
imP~tieYlt ...rt w.a5 wrOYlg of me to t,.nre~teVl to asl<. Steve . r c.olALcl teLL
.th3t She was pr ett'1 up.set to near th~t... l.'lL tniVlI<. 3bOL~t glviVl 9 her the
-PIQmo_tiOYL3Yl'1W3'1, She ~eserves gettiVl£} ~ breal<..
~,---
.. .. ..
I I I
with
I POINT
Circle T (True) or F 'False)
T F The rna n's parents
want the man to oIYet
them a drink of water.
T F The man wants his
'Son, your mother- and I think that y ou are now old enough
parents to get h j m a
to get your own drink of water-.' ~I
IL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . of water.
, ,
CHART CHECK INFINITIVES WITH TOO
I
Tick the correct ADJECIIVE/ (FOR + N OU N/
answer. Too ADVERB OBJECT PRONOUN) INRNITlVE
Which word comes We're (not) I young (for people) to trust us.
before the adjective I
or adverb? The teacher talked too quickly (for me) to take notes.
,
- - - ..j. - I I
00 It's (not) hard (for us) to decide.

:::J enough
.
- . I
INFINmVES WITH ENOUGH
2 14
Infinitive. with r. . •...
••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••
••
unscramble these words to form two sentences.

She's
• • to • young • too
vo te
"
m rEx i n mpl
G
1. Use too dJ ctl\' I rb infinl f to • I'm , yo r J to drive.
give a reason. (I'm nol seventeen yel so I can'l drive.)
• She is ' 'Y' 0 drive.

(She's over seventeen so she can drive.)
• She arrived ( ) 0 (ke the test.

(She arrived twenty minutes after the test started
so she couldn't take the test.)
• She didn' arrive to oke the test.

(She arrived only two minutes after the test
started so she could still take the test.)
" ,
2. You can also use • I'm old enough to go into the army.
enoug , I' to give a reason. (I'm over eighteen so I can go into the army.)
• He isn't old '0 go into the army.

(He isn't eighteen yet so he can't go into the army.)
• I ran fast enoug to get into the final.

(I ran very fast so I managed to get into the final.)
• She didn' run ·ast e o " , "e

.. into the final.
(She didn't run very fast so she didn't manage to
get into the final.)
3. Notice that you don't need to use the infinitive • I'm seventeen years old and I can't vote yet.
when the meaning is clear from the context. I'm :00 :> n . I'm not ') ~ ,
~ BE CAREFUL! Note the position of

and > ,
•
00 comes before the adjective or adverb. • She's I 0 Qld .

comes after the adjective or adverb. • I'm not Id enoug . NOT
4. Som et'Imes We use fo, • We are too young or our parents to allo us
for.. .
or
,no before the infinitive. to go out alone.
(Our parents won 't allow us to go alit alone.)
em
u~ go out
• We are lao young 0 ""
alone.
(They won't let us go out alone.)
216 • 0
•••••••••••••••••••••••
CHOOSE. P ople Ilavt; different opiniom about things. Read each numbered statement ,
<, , ·on. rll n circle tile letter of tile sentence (a) or (b) that best summarises that
•
• •
0pullon.
1 T~enagers are responsible enough to stay out past 10:00 p.m.

a Teenager should have permission to stay out past 10:00 p.m.
b Teenagers shouldn't have permission to stay out past 10:00 p.m.
2. Teenagers are too immature to vote.

Teenagers should be able to vote.
Teenagers shouldn't be able to vote.
Teenagers are responsible enough t o u se t h e internet without censorship.
a. Teenagers can use t h e internet without censorship.
b. Teenagers can't use t he internet without censorship.
4. Adults are t oo afraid of change to listen to children's idea s.

a. Adults listen t o children's ideas.
b Adults don't listen t o children's ideas.
5 At the age of seventy, people are not too old to work.

a. At the age of seventy, people can work.
b. At t he age of seventy, people can't work.
6. Sixteen-year-olds are not experienced enough to drive.
a. Sixteen-year-oIds can drive.
b. Sixteen-year-oIds can't drive.
I Gina wants to drive to Milton Keynes for a concert but her mother thinks
•
she s too young. Make sentences with the words in brackets. Then write G (Gina) or
M (Mother) to show whose opinion each sentence represents.
1. You're too young to be out 50 late. M

(too I You'r!: / youl1g I to / out I be I so I late)
2. •
(qrt lit's I to I hy ten I u~ I too I home / far / for)
3. •
(lake care of I maturE' / my E'lf 11'111 / to I nough)
4.
(d,lflqerom I too I I1lght lit' I to I dnve I <It)
s. •
(too I give I worry I I I much I to I permission I you)
6.
(thdt I experien ed I drive I 't I far I enough I to I You)
•••••••••••••••
• Some teenagers are leaving a concert. Complete the sentences. Use the
words In brackets with the Infinitive and too or enough.
Idn't hear that last song. The guitar was . too loud for me to hear the words.
1. I COU (loud I fl1f' I hlar)
t's get tickets for the concert at Hampton. They're ___--;-.-___~_:__:;___,___- -.

2. Le (rhr 'P I u\ I dfford)
--.- --(I.HeW -hulJ)- -

I
- . all the fans!
I hope my mother lets me go. ThiH concert is going to be ___._--;:--.--;-:-_-;-.,.-.____ .

4. (q(JlJd , me I ml\S)
5. Let's get a pizza at Luigi's. The large ones are _____-;;-:-:--;--;-__~.:--_ _ _ .

(blCj I ~harE')
6. It's 9:30 already. It's ------::-::--:----:------ for pizza.

(I'lle / \top)
7. I hate this! I think we're - ----:-:-:-;---:--____ out past 10:00!

(old / stay)
8. Tom didn't get out of work ---_----:------:--:------,_ _ _ _ tonight.

(early / come)
9. Zak. I'm playing basketball tomorrow. Are you still _ _ _ _----:-:-----:--:-----:--____ me?
(slow / beat)
10. Let's find out. But I want to walk. Your car isn't -------:--:----c----:-:------.
(safe / drive)
EDIT· Read this student's diary entry. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of
infinitives with too or enough. The first mistake has already been corrected.
I
to sleep
! Now-l't.-u,too ~xcited . . TW Mike,
. ? I'li to M Ii; fO ! welt, I 'd betier f ry to jet- fOHa ,dnp (II'

I'll . .
----.- ... -
/
Personal Digital Assistant £99
Use me \.
to look up words
to check meaning and pronunciation
V to store names and phone numbers
V to add and subtract
V to write down ideas
V to surf the net!
ICHEC POINT
What can you use the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) as?
o an address book 0 a telephone 0 a dictionary o a note pad o a radio
CHART CHECK AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

rrcle T ( .L (; r)r
I put his number in my PDA I put his number in my PDA
F (Fu ". ( ) '0 save it. 1 ) it.
T F There are two I made a note (I or'der) 0 I made a note r ot to
ways to form r · •. our meeting, . . our meeting.
the affirmative I left at 9:00 (In rdet) I left at 9:00 ' r 0 to
infinitive of early. 'v late.
I
purpose. I I ran I 'Ir ) 0 catch the bus. I ran 'n ) not to miss the bus,
T F There are two --- ---------
ways to form
the negative •
infinitive of
purpose,
~ -.~
j
218
EX,RESS
le these words to form two sentences.
Unscrom b
• addresses • use • I • a • PDA • to
store
in order • I • not • set • oversleep • my • alarm clock • to

n n
r Expl ns Examples
1. Use an Infinitive (to + of the verb) A: Why did you go to Lacy's?
to explain the purpose of an action. It often B: I went there to huy one of those PDAs
answers the question Why? I saw in an advert.
USAGE Non: In spoken English, you can answer A: Why did you go to Lacy's?
the question Why? with an incomplete sentence B: To buy a PDA.
beginning with To.
2. You can also use the longer form I ero +

. • I bought a PDA in order to store names and
base f r of the verb to explain a purpose. phone numbers.
USAGE Non: of the verb is • I bought a PDA to store names and phone
more common in informal speech and writing. numbers.
3. Use in ' of the verb • I use my PDA in order not to ma · t.: mistakes in
to express a negative purpose. pronunciation.
(I don 't want to make mistakes.)
4. You can also use '" afinitive • I need a PDA to help me remember
to express the purpose of an object. my appointments.
• I need 1 0 help me remember my

appointments.
...... ~
220 • Unit 1
.................. .
IDENTIFY. ead this conversation. Underline all the infinitives that express a purpO~e.
JUI>J1'U: It's 5:00. Aren't you going home?

Lr';E: No. I'm staying late to Gn ish this report. What about you? Are yOu going
straight home?
JUDITH: No. I'm going to stop at th e bank to get some cash. Then I'm going to Lacy's to
take advantage of the sale th ey're having.
LEE: Oh, what are you going to get?
JUDITH: One of those new PDAs th ey're advertising. I've been looking for something to
help me with my wor k.
LEE: What's wrong with a normal organiser?
JUDITH: Nothing. But sometimes I need to surf the n et.

LEE: What else a re you going to use it for?
J UDITH: Oh, t o store important names and phone numbers and to do my accounts.
L EE: What did we do before they invented all these electronic gadgets?
JUDITH: We made a lot of mistakes!
ANSWER· Look at Judith's Jist of things to do. Then write a phrase to answer
each question.
To Do
- Check tyres
- Make dental appointment
- Buy batteries
- Withdraw £ 100
- Invite Rick and Tina to dinner
- Buy milk and eggs
1. Why did she ring the surgery? To make a dental ap,p olntment. •
2. Why did she go to the bank? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _- - -

3. Why did she ring her friends? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _- - -.
•
5. Why did she go to the electrical shop? _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - .

6. Why did she go to the petrol station? _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - -"
MATCH. Find the correct purpose for each action.
Action Purpose
1. He enrolled on the course because he a. didn't want to get any phone cans.
•
"
2. She caught a bus because she b. didn't want to be late .
•
3. She went to the shop because she c. wanted to store information .
. '
4. lITe
VY'
disconnected our phone because we d. wanted to listen to the news.
oJ
5. He tunwd on the radio because he c. didn't want to worry me .

•
6. He didn't tell me he was ill because he f. needed to buy some pasta .

•
7. She bought a PDA because she g. wanted to learn a new language.

. '
REWRITE. Combine the sentence parts above. Use the infinitive of purpose.
He enrolled on the course to learn a new language.

1. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~==~---------------------------
2 . 5he took a bus in order not to be late.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--------------------------------------
3. _______________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________
nflmtlve of purpose. The first mistake has already been corrected.
to get
\I
Yl,as a note on
................ In J
{;II ' - , n ·· · " I .
• { '1'~ ' 1'
To
." U 7 I
····...r:Y..t;.n/l.?fj yp ' f. 'I/... I

I {.. .. ..... '''' ..I1..ff:1.f.IP!."l!/Jt:f."Wlf.l~. if Ir.l:.t.ep~ {.I.j!"t ".11/ Ii IfO :<f/~ r!J.I(,~/. (( 'I!, D. I !! !........ !!l!!.(:..J~~I/~... ...... .
,,'" iV.,edwlt.l7,IJ..I1.t jt./.
-"'_";;:':=~;':;" '...... " ••• • •••••••••••••••••.••••••••••.••••.••••• • ••• , ••••.••••.••••••••••.••• - ,1""'" .. .... ...................... '....
. ; 0 ' • . • • • • • , • • • • ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- - -
erun s an 1"1 IVes
I'm so ---- How

embarrassed . could you
I didn't remember forget?
meeting Bob.r-
o
I I CHECK POINT
I
Circle T (True) or F (Fa'se)
T F The woman had an appointment

with Bob but she forgot to go.
'>-
T F The woman forgot that she had

met Bob once before.
I CHART CHECK GERUNDS INFINITIVES

I ::: c e ~ (~ Je) or Joan enjoys going to parties. Joan wants to go to parties.
F (FC'· e
She loves meeting new people. She loves to mee new people.
T F Some verbs
can be followed She stopped buying ice cream. •
She stopped to bl! Ice cream.
by either the
gerund or She's worried about forgetting
the infinitive . people's names.
•
I T F The ·tive Meeting new people is fun. It's fun mee new people.
I
sometimes
1
follows a
preposition.
T F A gerund can
be the subject I
of a sentence.
- ~
EXPRESS
(umplete these sentences with the correct form of the verbs go or talk.
• Phil wants to the party.
• - - - - - - - - to parties is exciting.
• Phil enjoys - -_ _ _ _ __ about a lot of different things.
• It's fun - - - -- - -- to new people.
222
Gerund•
•••••••••••••• •••• • •••
--ar
Gra.. •.. • Explanations Exampl
are followed by • gerund.
• Joan enloys meeting people.
• She ml s 'going to parties.
2. Some verb are followed by n Inflnltlv .

• Joan w nts to m et people.
• She 'd Ilk to go to parties.
3, S0 me verb can be followed by either • Joan loy ,meeting new people.

gerund or an .nfinlliv . OR
• Joan loy s to meet new people.
4. BE CAREFUL' A few verbs can be followed by • Joan \ oppel ,in!) ice cream.
either a gerund or an infinitive but the (She doesn't eat ice cream anymore.)
me nlngs re ry . f .
• Joan \ () ) ) () e, ice cream.
(She stopped another activity in order to eat some
ice cream.)
• Richard remembere os' 9 the invitation.

(First, he posted the invitation. Then he
remembered that he had done it.)
• Richard remembere 0 0 5 the invitation.

(First, he remembered. Then, he posted the
invitation.)
• Joan never forgot Richard.

(Joan met Richard. It was an important meeting
that she still remembers.)
• Joan forgo o . eet Richard. . ,

(Joan had plans to meet Richard but she dldn t
meet him because she forgot about the plans.)
S. A gerul ~ ~posltlon
is the only verb form that n
fOllow· • Joan's worried aLout forgetti, _ names.
> •
6. To rnak
e eneral statemen ,you can use:
• as subject • Meeti new people is fun .
OR OR
• It'
S + adjective/noun + Infinitive • It fun t ~. new people
Cbeck it out!
For a 1" t f d ' 3 on page 337.
F IS a common verbs follow ed by th e gerund , sec Appen IX 338
Or a list of . . , , Appendi x <1 on puge . ,
For · common verbs followed by th e IOfiniLlVe, sec . . . . , •• \) wndi: G Oll pagl' ;13ti.
a hst of verbs that can be followed by the gerund or til<' IllfillltI V ( , tlc( i II
24 • J
••..•...••.•... ...• ~
TRUE OR FALSE. fkad (l h {I(I",I, Icd H-,II(('II e. Wlile 1 (fllle) or I (false) for I/'('
J( I (ollow\ .
1 ,JoHn l'l\l\l(\lnh(\J'(\d tl1l'<.'iing' Mr ,Jnek:-;oll .
T ,Jon" haH nll'l'ndy meL Mr ,JackHon .

2 Wellard sioPPl'd smol ing.
" Richard doesn't smoke any more.

" She didn't remember to buy a cake for the party.
She bought a cuke.
She topped euting desserts.
She used to eat desserts.
Richard forgot to invite his boss to the party.
Richard invited his boss.
Richard never forgot seeing Jane for the first time.
Richard forgot about Jane.
, Richard thinks giving a party is fun.
Richard thinks it's fun to give a party.
Joan likes going to parties.
Joan likes to go to parties.
CHOOSE • Circle the correct words to complete these ideas from a book about memory.
- ~ .
1. Get into the habit of re atin / to r eat things aloud.

2. Never rely on someone else's memory. Learn trusting / to trust your own.
3. It's easy forgetting / to forget what you don't want remembering / to remember.
4. Study immediately before going / to gQ to sleep. You'll remember a lot more.
s. Our memories are filled with things we never meant remembering / to remember.
6. Make it a habit to look back at your car every time you get out and you'll never
forget turning off / to turn off your headlights.
7. Playing / To play games is a fun way of improving / to improve your memory skills.
• Read each numbered statement or conversation. Complete the
stotement using a gerund or an Infinitive.
RoGER: Hi, Richard. I brought the drinks. Where do you want me to put them?
1.
SUMMARY; Roger remembered _ t_o_t1....r..:...fn.:.!e!..t.:..:h..:,:e:..:d:::,r:,.:ln:.:..:k.::s::..,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
JOAN: You're Natalie! We met last year at Richard's party! How have you been?
2.
SUMMARY; Joan remembers - - _ .---------_____, '_.__________
3. ROGER: Don't look at me! I didn't spill juice on the sofa!

SUMMARY; Roger denied ______ u_'._._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.. _ _
4. NATALIE: I'm so glad Richard plays jazz at his parties. I listen to it a lot at home, too.
SUMMARY: Natalie enjoys ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
5. LEO: Would you like to go dancing some time?
JOAN: Sure. I'd like that very much.

SUMMARY: Leo suggested _________________________
Joan agreed _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
6. NATALIE: Joan, can we give you a lift home?

JOAN: Thanks, but I think I'll stay a little longer.
SUMMARY: Natalie offered _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Joan decided _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
EDIT· Read Joan's diary entry about Richard's party. Find and correct seven mistakes in
the use of the gerund and infinitive. The first mistake has already been corrected.
•
gome
What a !freat parf:!j! I usualI.!; avoid i:o!J" to parties because it~<; such a problem for me to
remember people's names. I'm so!llad I read that book about improve !four memo'!!. TIlt,
author sU!l!fcsted to do exercises and thC!f real(1f h elped. I stopped to wor'!! about wl,at
people would thiflk o!nu: alld I tried to pa!f attention to what people. wert' S"!f,f!LJ. As.,
result, I had a !fruit time! /'11"1 t'Vell planmi'!l.!J0lf'!} dmlCli'!}ll'ifll tlll~o;!p'.!/ Lt'I' flt:'{ wed.:.
I / have an £fI.!JlisI1 u 'st {mlllwrcJw s o I ';/",I/Id :;fPI' wrihi~9 111'11' ,lI/,{sf,,,1 .'III'~lli~".
The hook evell Itad .'ion·u ·.rJ/Jo~{ tip.\ ,,/J(lid -"ltI,{,} fi~r till /~\','II1. 1111'1'" / ,...,J/eJllf,c',.II."i~'I·.. ,·II1I·
I ofthem tofli.!Jht !
,
a L t,
and et
Oh nol
She's not going to
'T us leave when th
bell ri ngs!
She'll
make me do my
•
essay aga In .
ICHEC __ POINT
Circle T (True) 01 F (False)
T F The teacher in the picture
has very strict rules.
Alice Roberts with two of her students.
CHABTCHECK -+ MAKE, LET, HELP

I
I
ere e T (T!, e) or BASE FORM
F (False). SUBJECT MAKE/LET/HELP OBJECT OF VERB
T F and make
'e are always us
The teachers (don't) let do homework.
followed by the students
base form of the help
verb.
T F Ge can be GET, HELP
followed by SUBJECT GET/HELP OBJECT INFINITIVE
either the base - ---
form of the
-
:
The teachers get us
verb or the (don't) to do homework.
help students
infinitive. '- - - -
T F fe/p can be
followed by
either the base
form of the
verb or the
226
Maire, Let,
••••••••••••••• • •••••
(omplete these sentences with the correct (orm o( the verbs correct or stay.
A: Did the teacher get the students -"_.- - -_ _ _ their essays?

B: Yes. He got them - - - - - - - - . their essays in groups.
A: Do you think he'll make them . _ late again today?
B: I don't think so. But he'll let them - _ _ late if they need help.
ar Expl n tions Examples

1. Use make and I t followed by I ( se • The teacher akes his students do homework
form of the verb to talk about things that every night.
someone can require or permit another person (He requires them to do homework.)
to do.
• He Ie s t hem choose their own essay topics.
(He allows them to choose their own essay topics.)
You can also use mak to mean 'cause to'. • This will make you become a better student.
(This will cause you to become a better student.)
2. Help can be followed by either:
• obje ase for of the verb • She helped me understand the homework.
OR OR
• obje • She helped me to nderstand the homework.
The meaning is the same.
USAGE NOTE: . + base form of the verb is
more common.
3. e has a similar meaning to make but it is • The teacher got us to . e.lp the weaker students.
followed by . " , not the base NOT •
form of the verb. (The teacher persuaded us to help the weaker

students.)
• She always ge 'l11!' . my best.
(She always motivates me and I do my best in her
lessons.)
228 Unit 3
•••••• • ••••••••••
TRUE OR FALSE. Read eae" numbered lentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
5 (. It (OI/OWl.
M teacher made me rewrite the report.

r I wrote the report again.
Ms Trager let us use our dictionaries during the test.
We h ad to use ou r dictionaries.
~ Mr Goldberg got us to tr anslate a short story.
We translated a short story.
Pa ul helped Annie do her homework.
Paul did Annie's homework for her.
5 . Ms Bates got the director to arrange a class trip.
The director arranged a class trip.

6. Professor Washington let us choose our own topic for our essay.
We didn't choose our own topic.
(HOOSE • Circle the correct words to complete this article about Bill Roberts.
day Bill Roberts arrived to start his first sing the school song, whether they wanted to
teachjng job at 5unnyfields, he was or not! By the time each lesson began, he had
amazed to see that the other teachers made / et got / made his students to pay attention to
1.
students hand in their homework late and ever{' word he said. Bill knew his methods
miss classes altogether. Even in sports lessons, were unconventional but he couldn't
no one made / let students take part: they make / let his students miss out on an
2.
8. h
could just sit on the grass and chat if they education. He believed in them too muc to
wanted to. But Bill believed in teaching too help / let that happen. He intended to
much to help / let his own students waste their
J.
education. 50 from the start, he decided to
10. x
that's exactly what he achieved. As an e •
help / make them to achieve their best. Every student of Bill's once said, 'He made / le~
4. 11.
morning, he got / let them to do five minutes me realise that I could do anything if I really
s.
of aerobics exercises, then he made / let them tried.'
6.
Me"., l.Att,
••••••••••••••
• Read each numbered statement. Complete the summary with the correct
form of the verbs In brackets. Choose between affirmative and negative forms.
Ms ALLEN: Peter, you can rewrite this essay but only if you want to.
1.
SUMMARY: didn't make Peter rewrite h'
Sh e _-_'-,,-....;:.;.:..:.;.;..;.-=--;-~..:.;:.-..:...;:~~=.:..;:..=.=..____ IS essay.
(llh1k I rf'Wflte)
2. Ms ALLEN: I know you prefer working alone, Anna, but you really need to work in a
group today.
SUMMARY: She - - - - - - - - .--;---;--' -""7:""-----
(l11.lk( ", \-VOl k)
- - in a group.
3. Ms ALU~N: Listen, everyone! No dictionaries during the test, please. You should be
able to guess the meaning from the context.
SUMMARY: She _ _ _ _ _ _ _-::---;_-:--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ dictionaries.
(let / use)
4. Ms ALLEN: Freddy, could you do me a favour and clean the board before you leave?
SUMlIIARY: She _ _ _ _ _ _ _--,-----:---:-----:-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ the board.
(got / clean)
5. Ms ALLEN: Simon, show your teeth and say e -, ecole. Yes! That's it!
SUMl\.1ARY: She _ _ _ _ _ _--:----,,---_ _--:--_ _ _ _ _ _ a French e.
(get / pronounce)
6. Ms ALLEN: Julie, please use French in class!
SUMl\.1ARY: She _ _ _ _ _ _ _-,--_---,-,------_ _ _ _ _ _ in English.
(let / speak)
7. Ms ALLEN: Janet, you can take the test in the classroom. Just move your desk to
a corner.
SUMMARY: She _ _ _ _ _ _ _:--:--:-:------:-_______ the room.
(make / leave)
4~ EDIT • Read this student's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of
&
make, let, help and get. The first mistake has already been corrected.
W play
I
hen I Was a teenager, my parents never let me to pl61V until I haa finishea all my
homework.. They even made me helping my brothers with their homework before
I could have any fun. On the one hana, they certainly got me learn a lot. On the other
hand, they made me became too serious. I wish they haa let me to have a little more
also I WoUld Want to let he or she have fun. As Ben Franklin said, 'All wOY'k and no play
makes ~Qck Q dull boy'. I want to aVOid that mistake.
-.-- .-.- - -. - --
ONE
I II til I tt r of tile correct answer to complete each 'ientence.
--- -- - . --~-
EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never _~__ coffee.
(S) drinks (D) was drinking
- ----- - -
Maria's going to stop _ _ _ _ dinner so she may be late. ABC D
(A) eating (C) to eat
(S) for eating (D) eat
My glasses are in my bag but I don't remember _ _ __ ABC D

them there.
(A) putting (C) I put
(S) to put (D) put
I asked hi III ____ but he went anyway. ABC D

(A) not to go (C) not going
(B) to not go (D) he doesn't go
_ __ _ in a foreign country is sometimes difficult. ABC D

(A) I live (C) Live
(B) Living (D) Lives
-. He's not used to _ _ _ _ up so early. ABC D
(A) wake (C) wakes
(B) waken (D) waking
6. We're eighteen so we're _ _ _ _ vote. ABC D
(A) too old to (C) old enough to
(B) young enough to (D) old enough for
. I don't think Tom enjoyed me study for the test. ABC D
(A) helping (C) helped
(B) to help (D) helps
8. I bought this new software Chinese. ABC D
(A) for learning (C) to learn
(B) learning (D) learned
9. We got a new card holder lose our credit cards. ABC D

(A) in order not to (C) not to
(B) not (D) for not .
10. It isn't difficult this textbook. ABC D
(A) understand
(C) for understanding
(B) in order to understand (D) to understand
230
Ate yOU ready? It's time - - - - . A
(81 to go (0) go
ABC D
(AI he said (C) h~s saying
(81 he saying (0) him to say
I talked to the students about working harder but I couldn't - - -- A C D
U. d
them to stu y.
(C) got
(A) make
(8) get
(D) let
14. My mother ____ do my homework before I go out. ABC D
(A) makes me (C) gets me
(S) helps me (D) lets me
SECTION TWO
, .

A B
15. I decided changing jobs because my boss makes me work overtime. ABC D
A B C D
16. Most students appreciate their head teacher try to improve school conditions. ABC D
A B C D
17. I succeeded in to find a job so my parents didn't make me gQ to university. ABC D

A B C D
18. G;t more exercise appears to be the best way to lose weight. ABC D
B C D
19. In order to not forget things, I put a string around my finger. ABC D
BCD
20. Harry' nl ABC D
18 0 Y fourteen but he seems enough old to stay out until ten.
BCD
21, I know '
you re too busy to stay but I look forward to see you again. ABC D
A e C D
22. I forgot b .
uymg petrol but I got to a petrol station before I ran out. ABC D
A b C 0
2J. Gettin
A g enough sleep is important in order not fall asleep in class. ABC D
24. Let's sto D
A P to watch so much TV and r ead or gQ Ol!t instead. ABC D
2S. I'm t . J
ABC D
s:
• - -
• Maybe
I we should
eat out.
• •
POINT
Tick ~""e 'o ~ rp (' "wer
Where does the woman
suggest eating?
- - {II 'II( II
o at home
•
I
o in a restaurant
o in a park
CHART CHECK EPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS

I Tic I~ e cor 'ect SUBJECT VERB PARTICLE DIRECT 0
ans 'er
came back .
Where does the
particle go? gave up.
o before the direct They ate out. I
object ...J
o after the direct ran into his teacher.

object stuck to their decision.
EXPRESS
VII c.rumble the~e words to form two sentences.
into • We • Bob • ran
out • was • He • eating
232
•••••••••••••••••••••••
mm r plana 10
'ul • • pMII( If
1. Aphr.... verb (also called a multi-word verb) We often eDt out.
of a verb + e.
v rb • pI! I' I 1\1')11

2. ,.rt'e look the same as prepositions. • She r. n Into another runner because she
However, particles are part of the verb phrase wasn't paying attention.
and they often change the meaning of the verb. (She collided with another runner,)
vuh i p. I I I' I,·
• I .,,' () John at the supermarket.

(I met John by occident.)
J. The verb and particle are usually common words • Please . I didn't mean to interrupt.
but their separate meanings may not help you (Please continue.)
guess the nf g .
• We go bac after dark.
USA&E NOTE: Phrasal verbs are very common in (We returned after dark.)
everyday speech.
• They called off the meeting.
(They cancelled the meeting.)
direct object
4. Most phrasal verbs are nsiti . (They take • You should go after your goals.
direct objects).
direct obJec
Some transitive phrasal verbs are . • She ran Into - er men· at the library.
This means that both noun and pronoun objects NOT
always go after the particle. You cannot separate
the verb from its particle. direct ob,ect
• She ran Into he .
NOT She ran her into.
S. Some phrasal verbs are used in combination • She Clme up ,, 't a brilliant idea.
with certain prepositions. These combinations • I ro ped out school and got a job.
are Usually
•
Check it out!
For a list f
'D 1 a some common inseparable phrasal verbs, see Appendix 17 on pages 341- 342.
o earn ab t
au separable phrasal verbs, see Unit 55, pages 236- 237.
234 • Unit 54
•••• • ••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. R ad this article. Circle all the phrasal verbs .
•
rt 0 UI
Da-ming's new restaurant was failing. His customers rarely
~ame bj"cRl. Why? Mr Ho contacted a feng shui consultant to find out.
Feng shui (meaning 'wind and water') is the ancient Chinese art of placing things in Your
surroundings. According to this art, the arrangement of furniture, doors and windows
affects our health, wealth and happiness. Mr Ho was concerned about his business but
he didn't give up. Following the consultant's advice, he remodelled and redecorated his
restaurant. His actions paid off. Soon business picked up and Mr Ho became rich. 'It
was the best decision I ever made/ he says happily. And he isn't alone in his enthusiasm.
Feng shui has caught on with modern architects and homeowners everywhere.
MATCH • Write each phrasal verb from the article next to its meaning.
Phrasal Verb Meaning Phrasal Verb Meaning
1. has become popular 4. learn information
2. came back returned 5. stop trying
3. were worthwhile 6. improved
CHOOSE • Complete this student's diary entry by circling the correct particles.
'-.,.V I've jUst finished reading an article about feng shui. At the end, the author suggests sitting
•
(down); up in your home and thinking about how your surroundings make you feel.
1.
So, today when I got ~ 1 back from university, I tried it. I noticed that my flat is
2.
realty quite dark and it makes me feel down. I think with the addition of some lights,
My flat is small but I think it will look more spacious if I JUst tidy out 1_up more often .
.. - --
tt's certainty Worth trying on! out!

8.
, • R~ad this article about the architect I. M. Pel. Complete It using
form of the phrasal verbs In the box.
wfth give go back go up carry on pay off
Born in 1917, leoh Ming Pei (hf'tter known as I. M. Pei)
1.
n
seven tee , he went to the Unit(ld States to learn about building.
As it _------:;;~.-'-- - - - , Pei bl'came one of the most
2.
famous architects of thl' twentieth century.
Pei is famous for his strong geometric forms. One of his
most controversial projects was his glass pyra mid at the Louvre in Paris. The old museum
had n lot of problems but no one wanted to destroy it. Pei had to _ _ _ _--=-_ _ _ __
3.
a solution, Many Parisians were shocked with his proposal for a 71-foot-high glass
pyramid. It _ _ _ _--:-_____ anyway, blending with the environment. Today
•
many people say that it is a good example of the principles of feng shui.
Pei - -_ _~-----
- despite criticism. He strongly believed that 'you have
~.
to identify the important things and press for them and not _ _ _ _ _:--_ _ _ _ '.
6.
His determination _ _ _ _---=:--_ _ _ _ . He continued to build structures that
7.
reflected the environrnent. Pei received many prizes for his work. He used some of the
•
pnze money to start a scholarship fund for Chinese students to study architecture in .
the United States and then to to China to work as architects.
8.
~4 EDIT. Read Bob's note to his flat mate. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of
a'Jeparable phrasal verbs. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Sorry the flat is such a mess. I got down- late this morning and didn't have time to tidy out. I'm
gOing to th
e gym now to work off for an hour. I should get across before you and I'll clean up
then. How ab t .
ou eatlf1g tonight out? Afterwards, we can get together with some of the quy:-;
and maYbe 8 .
ee a film. Or maybe we'll come over with a better idea. Bob
P,s.1 ran Tom'
Into at the library. He'll drop off to see you laler.
••
"'e ara Ie
Glove sticks to burr.

r Burr sticks to fur.
Why? Work this out!
"-...
Uh-oh. I can see

another weird invention
" coming . George is dream ing
it up rig ht now!
Ie EC POINT
The dog thinks that

/ ,
;1'-
• o George is dreaming.
13urr
o George is getting an idea for
an invention.
SEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS
CHART CHECK NOT SEPARATED

- ,
SUBJECT VERB PARTICLE DIRECT OBJECT

c .
dreamt
o Direct objects ,
,
He
up the idea.
that are nouns I
,
,
worked out the details.
can go before or -' -
after the particle.
SEPARATED
o Direct objects
that are pronouns SUBJECT VERB DIRECT OBJECT : PARTICLE
always go after ,
-t
,
----- . . - --
I
the particle. I I dreamt the idea
-_._-. . --- J
,
it
up.
He
the details
worked out.
them
-.
- -
EXPRESS .'-
Comp / te these sentences with th correct form of the words in brackets.
--~~:::-;-;-;:-::--:-:;--:--_? ------::-:-:-::-:-:::/'T.~--- .
?
Who (dr 1m up lil ,. tel 1J
Did you dr up It nl
236
She up lft
but • H~ up at the sky

(Ht looktd In tM dlr«tlon of 'hi sky.)
of the
I
• up the information on the
(Ht found the informatIon on the ;nt~rn~t.)
The meanIng of th and particle • They turn d down my application.
may be very different from the f (They rejected my application.)
Most phrasal verbs are transitive (they take

direct objects). Mo t transitive phrasal verbs
Ire
This mean the di c bl can go:
v rb p rt d d • 0 J (t
L after the particle • I just dreamt up a new Idea.
(verb and particle are not separated) OR
OR
" rb t d H'<' {J bJE'( t pi rt -I
b. between the verb and the particle • I just dreamt a new Idea up.
(verb and particle are separated)
dlr { O '
Notice that when the direct object is • She reamt up an unusually complicated
I P it comes after the
I I ( evlce.
particle. NOT
device up.
~ II CAR£Fult When the direct object is a • She I
•
pronoun, it mus go between the verb and NOT

the particle.
3. With a small group of phrasal verbs, the verb

and particle mu t b P r t .
• Ke , J I ) .
NOT Keep on your hat.

talk someone into
• She • ,"} .> in 0 (giving her) a pay rise.
NOT
ChecIc it outl
For a list of
1>
r~ali Common separable phrasal verbs , see Appendix 17 on .pages 341-342.
. st of common
FOr Inform . phrasal verbs that must be separated, see Appendix 17 on pages 341-342.
ation about inseparable phrasal verbs, see Unit 54, pages 232-233.
238 • Unit
•••••• • •••••••••••••• •••
IDENTIFY. Read tlJis article. Underline the phrasal verbs. Circle the direct objects.
,
•
id you know that two universit y dropouts thoug~t up t he ideajOf the first
personal computer? What's more , t hey put it together in a garage.
Inventi ons don 't have to come out of fan cy laboratories. Average people in classrooms ,
kitch ens and home workshops often dream up new and useful ideas.
The ab ility to think of something new seems like magic to many people but in fact
an yone can develop the qualities of an inventor. First, inventors follow the ir curiosity.
The Swiss inventor George de Mestral wanted to find out the reason it was so hard to
remove burrs from his dog's coat. His answer led to the idea for Velcro®, now used to
fasten everyth i ng from trainers to space suits. Second, inventors use imagination to put
t hings together in new ways. Walter Morrison watched two men throwing a pan to each
ot her and thought up the Frisbee ®, one of the most popular toys in the world. Perhaps
most important, successful inventors don't give up. They continuously look up
information about their ideas and try new deSigns out until they succeed.
CHOOSE & COMPLETE· Read about one of history's greatest inventors. Complete the
information with the correct form of the appropriate phrasal verbs from the box.
fill up keep away bring about !r:y euf set up carry out pay back pick up
As a child, Thomas Alva Edison (1847- 1931) _ _~tr~ie~d~o~u~t_ _

1.
almost everything he heard about - he even tried to hatch goose
eggs by sitting on them! Before he was twelve, he
-------:;;--_ _ _ his first laboratory using money he had
2.
earnt himself. He had hundreds of bottles and he
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ them with chemicals for
3.
his experiments. He labelled the bottles 'poison' to
- - - - - - -- his family . When he was fifteen, Edison
4.
- - - - - 5=
.
- - -- a new skill. He had saved a child's life and the grateful father, a
telegraph operator, _ _ _ _ __ _ _ Edison _ _ _--::;-_ _ _ by teaching bim
7.
experiments during the day.
•
In 1889, Edison made a piece of equipment for a company that
.- for which he received $40,000. He was then able to spend all his time working on
his neW inventions. During his lifetime, Edison was issued with 1,093 patents!
• Read tllese onver at/om that tak place In a schoo/laboratory. Complete

them with phrasal verbs and prof/oum.
1. k Please put on your lab coats.

B: Do we really have to put them on ? I t's hot in here.
2. k I can't figur out this problem.
B: I know what you mean. I can't _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ either.
3. A! Remember to fill in these forms.
B: Can we _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ at home or do we have to do it now?
4. A: Are you going to hand out the next assignment today?
B: I ____________ a few minutes ago. Weren't you here?
s. A! I can't get this to work. We'd better point the problem out to the teacher.
B: OK, I'll to her.
6. A: Are we supposed to and'n our lab reports today?
B: No. Please next week.
EDIT. Read an inventor's notes. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of phrasal
verbs. The first mistake has already been corrected.
, wit:fv P.l1/ al'f'icai:DY tiJce, tIte- kind fMedfor shoe,
, ~wIw{e,
I .
er: ['it ctJ.it Uf' ~ tI.J1.Ii order swerat ty[JM so I ~ try trwu" m.
3 [ tI.J1.Ii ported ifyedeniay. ['it be, p);{e, to set: (t, rtroltj aJtd-
C() • • de#wfUtra.titJn- of f:Ite, product Uf' SOOf~.

30A . dt't"
. 11jUM: 1 deHwfUtrai:ed f:Ite, product at P.l1/ e,xhi.bitWn-for d.earttfors. [ WfUtted to POUlt- out" mil I S very
clea.n- tb (Me, so I put W"lrfte, jLoI/M for thb deJ,t,wfUh-a.iUJf~. It weJr.i Imy urplL.
(orrect answer to complete each sentence.
-,-
E
Jennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. A'S:; c [)
-- -~--
Come in. Please sit _ _ _ _ . ABC [)

(A) down (C) it down
(B) down it (D) up
Your mother called. She wants you to call her _ _ _ _ tonight. ABC [)
(A) in (C) back
(B) off (D) over
Could you turn _ _ _ _ the music so we can sleep? ABC D

(A) down (C) over
(B) away (D) up
Please put your lab coats before you leave the laboratory. ABC D
(A) off (C) up
(B) away (D) in
5 Mark works so hard that he's sure to _ _ _ _ . ABC D

(AI give up (C) turn over
(B) work off (D) get ahead
6. Kevin is going to _ _ _ _ from holiday tomorrow. ABC D

(A) call back (C) get back
(B) give back (D) get along
7. A la Illp will this corner nicely. ABC D

(A) turn on (C) put up
(B) blow up (D) light up
8. Instead of arguing about the problem, let's _ _ _ _ . ABC D

(A) look it over (C) take it away
(B) charge it up (D) talk it over
9. That's very original. How did you dream _ _ _ _ that idea? ABC D
(A) about (C) of
(B) down (D) up
10. That kettle is hot. Don't pick _ _ _ _ ! ABC D
(A) it up (C) up
(S) up it (D) it
" .It, cold outside. You need your jacket. c
-OK. I'll put .
(A) it on (C) on it
(8) it over (0) over it
12. She ran _,_ -- on the way home. ABC D
(A) him into (e) into Jason
(B) into (0) Jason into
n. Slow down. I can't keep up - -_ _ you! A C D
(A) of (C) after
(B) with (0) to
SEC liON
the sentence are marked A, 8, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word
---------- - --- ----
- -- ---- - -~,.

A
L _________ .•• _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _----'
,=- - --- --- - -------
14. Could we talk over it before you turn the whole idea down? ABC D
BCD
15. I know I let Andy down when I forgot to pick his suit out from ABC D
A E D
the dry cleaner's.
16. I ran into him while I was getting the bus off. ABC D
B C D
17. As Soon as I hand in my report, I'm going to take all these books ABC D
M. B C
on
o to the library.
18. We'd better get the bus on now or we're going to miss it. ABC D
~ c D
ABC D
until next week.
20. If you don't use out the milk by Monday, please throw it away_ ABC D
}
21 J'1m h ad to cheer up her after the company turned down her appl'lCatlon-
. A C D
~ #
22. Do - ak .. , ABC D
you want to get up by yourself or would you lIke me to wake up you.
I
23 Tom as kt ed me to pIck . at the post 0 ffilce uQ.
- some stamps for hIm ABC D
24. Did you find out how Jane talked int.o Meg workjng on SaturdilY'? ABC D
A
25 W
. e got over
·
well after we found out. we were bot.h ('rom I
) hI'
II m.
A C D
A -.---- - -
•
ouns
ACROSS THE ATLANTIC ATLANTIC OCEAN

ON A REED BOAT
- MorOCco
BARBADOS 17 May 1970. Norwegian
North equatorial current
explorer Thor Heyerdahl, along with AFRICA

,
an international crew, has crossed the •
Atlantic Ocean on Ra II. The reed boat, I

-- -- -
Barbados RA 11
modelled on those of the ancient

SOUTH AMERICA
Egyptians, made the journey in 57 days.
POINT
r:c" the co ....ecr answer
The name of Heyerdahl's boat was: o Ra II 0 Reed Boat •
CHART CHECK 1 PROPER NOUNS

c. c.e - -:rue) or Heyerdahl sailed II across the Atlantic.
F (Fe 5e ,
T F Com lOon nouns

COMMON NOUNS
are written
with capital The explorer sailed his boat across the ocean .
, letters.
--_._-------
CHART CHECK 2 COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNT. NOUNS
Circle T (True) or ARTICLE/
F (False). NUMBER NOUN NOUN VERB
T F Countable
-- .. -~.~ -. -- -~----t
A •
nouns can be One
sailor IS Fire
plural. - ..
brave. --~ " - '-----1
•
IS dangerous.
T F Uncountable (The)
sailon are Salling
nouns can Two
be plural. '~'--"--
EXPRESS
The boats made of reed. The voyage was I Were bard.
242
•••••••••••••••••••••
Explanations xamples
are the names of particular People Heyerdahl, Egyptians
placeS and things. On the right are some Places Africa, Morocco, the United States
and examples of proper nouns. Months September, October
capftalise the first letter of most proper nouns. Monday, Tuesday
Holidays Easter, Passover, Ramadan
We do not usually use an article (a/an or the)
Languages Arabic, Spanish
with proper nouns.
Note that the is used with some nouns of places. • Heyerdal sailed across the Atlantic .
2. (ommon nouns refer to people, places and People explorer, sailor, builder, doctor
things but not by their individual names. For Places continent, country, city, mountain
example, explorer is a common noun but Things pots, eggs, fish, honey, table
Heyerdahl is a proper noun.
3. Common nouns are either countable or • a sailor, he sailor, two sailors

uncountable. (oun able are things that • an island, t e island, three islands
you can count separately. They can be singular • a ship, he ship, four ships
or plural. For example, you can say a ship or
three ships. You can use a/an or the before
countable nouns.
Form the p ,. of most nouns by adding ship ships potato potatoes
·s or ·es to the noun. There are sometimes watch watches country countries
spelling changes when you form the plural.
~ BE CAREFUL! Some nouns are irregular. They do foot feet man men
•
not form the plural by adding -s or -es. child children mouse mice
~-
4. Unto _ are things that you Abstract words courage, education, time
cannot count separately. For example, in English Activities exploring, sailing, farming
Fields of study geography, history, medicine
you can say gold but you cannot say a gold or
Food corn, chocolate, fish, meat
two golds. Uncountable nouns usually have no
plural forms. We usually do not use a/an with Gases air, oxygen, steam
Liquids water, milk, coffee, petrol
uncountable nouns. On the right are some
Materials cotton, plastiC, silk, leather
categories and examples of uncountable nouns.
Natural forces cold, electricity, weather, wind
P rtl.l . dust, sand, sugar, salt, rice
advice furniture jewellery money

Some common uncountable nouns do not fit
Into t h e ' . clothing rubbish luggage news
se categones. You need to memorise post work
nounss uc h as the ones on the right. equipment homework
food information
• kcc:d 1 a good material for boats .
BE CAREFUL! Uncountable nouns take singular
verbs and pronouns. • It floa in the heaviest storrn .
Check
F
it out'
•
Or a list of
some common irregul a r plura l noun s, s oe
A r
ppel\( I X
· 1H (Ill pUgl' :l·t:t
244 • Unit
..............................................
IDENTIFY. ead this article about Thor Heyerdahl. Circle 0/1 the proper nouns.
,mce all the common countable nouns. Underline twice the common
uncountable nouns.
Was ~o lu mbu~ rea lly the fi rst el m lorer t o honey, oil , eggs, nuts and fresh frui t. Ra, the
discover the Americas? Thor Heyerd ahl exped it ion's boat, carried an intern ational
did n't th ink so. He believed th at ancient grou p including a Norwegian, an EgyPtian
,
people were able to build boats that could an Italian, a Mexican and a Chadian.
cross oceans. To test his ideas, Th e fi rst trip failed but
he decided to build a copy of
Who Really
everyone survived and wanted
t he reed boats that were
Discovered
to try again . Depa rting on
pict ured in ancient paintings
erica?
17 May 1970, under t he flag of
and sail across the Atlantic from North Nrica the United Nations, Ra II crossed the
t o Barbados. Heyerdahl 's team also copied Atlantic in 57 days. The exped ition proved
ancient Middle Eastern pots and filled them that ancient civilisations had the skill to
with food for their journey - dried fish, reach the Americas long before Columbus.
COMPLETE • Megan and Jason McKay are planning a

hiking trip. Complete their conversation with the correct
form of the words in brackets.
JASON: There --..:'6~---::--;;---:-_ _ _ still a lot of

1. (bE')
work
2. (- .'Nk .
to do this evening.
We have to plan the food for the trip.
MEGAN: You're right. _ _--;:;:---;;:-----;.,.--_ _ certainly
3. (Food)
---~.,.----- important. I've been
4. fI IE')
reading this book about camping. There _ _ _-=-:-;----,_ _ _ some good

s. (bE')
------:~_:__--- in it.
6. ('C), ")
JASON: Oh? What does it say?
MEGAN: We should bring a lot of ---:;-'7.:'"":---7'--- and _ _ _ ,----:-___ .

7. (bt'dll) 8. (roce)
JASON:
--~9.~(-;;-
PO-:-tcl""'t-:
() --- - - - - ,1;';0'. -;';
(1:-) 7'"
) --- good on camping
--~..--=:-;---_ , too.
11. (trap)
No, fresh ----.;;o-;~_:_:__;_;_:__-- _ _ _~---;;::~_ _ too heavy to cauy. Maybe we

MEGAN:
12. (veqt'tdhll') 13. (Ul')
can get some when we go through a town.
14. (Be) ready? We should go through
the list.
I've done that. We need --1i~-;;;:-::-7""--
16 (I lit , ) for the radio.
ASON: Why do we need a radio? I thought we were runnmg . away from civilisation.
J
1l.f"'GAN:
l'P'J
But the 17. (n w ,
- never 18, ( toP) .
.
I stIll want to know
what's happening.
9. I 'I I I,
It gets chilly in the mountains.
\ old)
me at night.
21. (br.l "
JASON: But we've got warm sleeping -----:;:;;-;-;~--_.
22. (bJg)
~ Tina Jameson sailed ~round .the world alone on a small boat. Read her diary
entries. There are fifteen mIstakes In the use of nouns and subject-verb agreement.
Find and correct them. The first two mistakes have already been corrected.
27 October I've been on the -6anarr Islands for three days now. I'll start back home
. L .
when the weal'her5- Qfe better. I was so surprised when I picked up my posts
today. My family sent me some birthday presents. My girthday is the :?lst.
Iwon't open the presents until then.

29 october I think the Weather is getting worse. I heard thunders today but there
wasn't any rain. I stayed in bed with my cat, typhoon. Every time it thundered,
1Whoon and I snuggled up Gloser under the covers. I started reading a Novel,
'grave New World I.
wind and plenty of sunshine now. I travelled 500 kilometres .
.( . we((eries
Opened my presents. I got some perfume and pretty 51 ver Je .
1N at muc.h until I get near
oVember The e(ec.tnc.lties are very (ow . l'd better n use
(( ct d waters for woklng .
plymouth. ('(( need the raolO then. It rained today so I wee
I
• u nt iers
I'm glad
I bought a lot
of batteries.
Are there
•
weve
~ / enou h POINT
TICY th c _c. u lSWPr:
The child wants to know if

they\e got
o chocolate.
o a good supply of chocolate.
QUANTIFIERS QUANTIFIERS AND

CHART CHECK NOUNS
COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNT
C"c -; (r;"('I:, o·
f (false). QUANTIFIER NOUN I QUAN IIFIER I NOUN
I T F e is used some some
with both enough enough
countable and
uncountable a lot of a lot of
I I've got I 've got
nouns. I a few batteries . a little coffee.
T F t! 'e is used several biscuits . a great deal of water.
with
uncountable any any
nouns. I haven't enough I haven't I enough
T F is
f» got a lot of got ,
a lot of
used with many I much
countable -
nouns.
T F Ir is used
in negative
sentences. EXPRESS
Complete this conversation with much or many.
A: We didn't buy batteries.

B: Well, we didn't have _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ time before the storm.
246
.•.••.••••••••• •... ,•.
nations Examples
are expressions of quantity such as • We used a lot of water last summer.
many. They are used before a noun.
There aren't many sweets left in the bag.
Q antiflers can also be used alone, when it is A: How many eggs do we have?
Not a lot, just a few.
of Is dropped.
('ountablr. uncountable
2. Use some, enough, a lot of and any with both
• We've got some batteries and some petrol.
countable and uncountable nouns.
uncount ablf' co' Hltablf-
• We've got enough water and eggs for a week.
countabJr. UfICOur, t,ablp

• We've got a lot of beans and rice left.
uncountable countable
Use any in questions and in negative sentences. A: Have we got any milk or eabags?
B: No, and we haven't got any coffee or
paper plates, either.
Use some when you make an offer. • Would you like some coffee?
3. Use a few, sever and I • with A few people got ill.

plural countable nouns in affirmative sentences. • Several children went to hospital.
Many people agreed.
Use a i t e, J
re ' e o and
r with • They had a little trouble with the radio.
uncountable nouns in affirmative sentences. • They threw away a great dea 0 ad.
• Much planning went into the rescue.
USAGE NOTE: In affirmative sentences, " ny is MORE FORMAL: Many rescue workes arrived.
more formal than a lot of, r is very formal. LESS FORMAL: A lot of rescue worke arrived.
VERY FORMAL: He showed much cour •
LESS FORMAL: He showed a lot of e.

BE CAREFUL! Don't confuse and • They received a I It' last night.
with
, few and little. and usually mean (not a lot but probably enoug h)
not enough'.
• They received /I , last night.
(probably not enough news)
4. Use
, with count abl e noun s and f A: many p opl did you '~'l' )
With uncountable noun s in qu('~tions dnd B: We Idn 't sel' rna .
negative ~entcn((',>.
USAGE NOTE: In qU(',>Uons i.lnd rll ' Cjd liw' \(' n\(' n< (,", A: How mil hfoo did II H'\' l, II IV
Ihony and much em· lJ ~( ·d ill bot II for Illdl "lid B: Not m" /•.
Informal English.
248 • 7
••••••••••••••••••••••••
. for notural dlwsten. Underline the

quonti!; r + COLIn table nOLms. Irc e J
d '
re you ready? Mal}}' peop Ie on t rea I I"se that some natural disasters such as earthquakes
. , . -.... I k
can strike wlth \!.lttle warning'. t may ta e several days for assistance to reach you. Prepare your
disaster kit in advance! Here are a few tips.
Water may be unsale &

to drink . Store enough water for several days. Each person needs
five litres per day for cooking and washing.
You will also need food for several days. It's a good idea to store a lot of of tinned meat,
fruit, vegetables and milk. However, also include several kinds of high-energy food, such as
peanut butter and raisins. And don't forget some 'comfort food' like biscuits and chocolate!
If you haven't got any electricity, you might not have any heat, either. Keep some blankets,
sleeping bags and extra clothes for everyone.
Prepare a first aid kit with some pain killers, several sizes of plaster and an antiseptic.
The cash machines might not be working. Have you got any cash? You shouldn't keep much
money in the house but you should have a lot of small notes and a few larger notes, too.
(HOOSE • Circle the correct words to complete this radio interview between This Morning
a. d food psychologist Angie Webber (AW).
TM: Dr Webber, in a crisis, a lot 0 / much people crave chocolate. Does comfort food have
1.
any / many real benefit?
2.
AW: Yes. Several 3./ A little types of food help give emotional balance. Chocolate gives an
emotional lift because it contains a great deal of / many sugar, for example .
•
TM: What about mashed potatoes? When I'm down, I cook a lot of / much potatoes.
5.
AW: They remind you of childhood, when you felt safe. Much / Many traditional foods
6.
comfort us in this way.
TM: I have a few /7a little friends who eat comfort food to celebrate. Why?
AW: We have much / many changes in our lives today and a few / few ways to calm
8. 9.
down. Comfort food tells us, 'Don't worry. Some I A little things are still the same.'
TM:
11 .
AW: Strawberry ice cream. I always feel better after I've eaten a few / few spoonfulS.
12.
Quantifiers _ 249
................................
•
• Read these conversations. Complete them with the correct words.
many, a few, a little

A:. Hi, Barbara. Did you and Jim lose many trees in the storm?
•••
D: Just one. And the house is OK. We only lost _ _ _---;-____ windows.
b.
How about you?
A: We didn't have - - - - - - - - problems either. We didn't have
_----:::;-----
d.
time to shop before the storm but, thanks to the disaster kit,
we had - - - - - - - - candles and _ _ _-::--_ _ _ food on hand .
P f•
2. little, a little, a few, few
A: It's interesting to see what we used up from the disaster kit. I noticed we've only
got hot chocolate left.
B: That's because -----;-_ _ _ _ things taste better in a crisis. I bet there are
b.
more than tins of spinach, though.
c.
A: Six tins. I suppose there's _ _ _ _;--_ _ _ reason to buy more of that.
d.
B: We learnt _ __ _ _ _ _ _ things about comfort foods during the storm,
e.
didn't we?
4~ EDIT· Read this child's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of
qUf'i. :ifiers. The first mistake has already been corrected.
a
We had a big storm last week and we lost the electricitfJ forJew dafJs. Once I got
over being scared, it was fun - a bit like camping. We've got an electric heater so we
didn't have some heat We slept in our sleeping bags around the fireplace. We used up
manfJ wood/ Mum baked some bread in a pan in the fireplace. She had to try several
times but it was reallfJ good when it worked. We ate it with little butter. The first
night we had much problems working out what to do. It got dark earlfJ and we onlfJ
had a little candles - and no TVI Jane is five and she was really frightened until we
made hot chocolate over the fire. Finally, everl:/bod!:l took turns telling stories. I found
out that Dad knows a lot good stories .

icl ••
In nite an
- - -'- ~- -
An evil magician from a universe beyond
ours is trying to conquer the Earth.
--
The magician is Zado.
He has four helpers-
and only YOU can
destroy him!
POINT
According to the advert for the video ga me:

o There is only one universe beyond ours. 0 There is only one Earth.
INDEFINITE DEFINITE
,
~ I SINGULAR COUNTABLE
\
CHART CHECK NOUNS " SINGULAR COUNTABLE NOUNS

Circle T (True) or I A/AN NOUN II THE NOUN I
F (False). I I I
Let's rent a video game. Let's rent game by Playzap.
T F / can I I he ~---~---
be used with It's an adventure. It's adventure • of lado. I
uncountable I
nouns. ~:----------------------~!~------------------------~
: COUNTABLE NOUNS/ ' PLURAL NOUNS/
T F The can be
UNCOUNT NOUNS UNCOUNT NOUNS
used with ,
singular and (SOME) NOUN , THE NOUN

plural nouns.
, Let's play
--- , '
;, -
, ,
I
j
video games. , : Let's play games I we rented.
T F Use the when - - I (some) J ' , __
'- the
you mention a I won gold. It's lado lost.
I gold
nonn for the
second time.
EXPRESS
Circle the correct articles to complete these sentences.
Playzap has a / the new video game. A / The game is called
Space Defender.
250
Articles: Indefinite end Definite _ 251
••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
.,
.... rnar Explanations Examples
Gra ...
. I you use before a noun depends on the
The artlc eun it is (countable or uncounta bl e) and
kind 0 f no
OU are using the noun.
on hoW Y
the Indefinite article n / an with - Let's buy a video game .
1. Use .
. ular countable nouns when you mention a (Any video game. Not a particular game.)
slOg . f h f' t .
person, place or thmg or t e Irs time or w en
h - I'm reading about a magic'an .
you are not referring to a particular person, (This is the first time I've mentioned the magician.)
place or thing.
Also use a / an for singular countable nouns _ I'm a pilot .
when you are classifying a person, place or _ Rome is a iy.
thing. _ A Dalmatian is a type of dog .
Use a before consonant sounds. _ a m agician, a d og, a ch air

Use all before vowel sounds. _ on a uthor, on u mbrella, on o range
• BE CAREFUL! It is the sound, not the letter, that _ a u niverse

determines whether you use or . _ a h ostile army
_ on ho nest man
2. Use . or . . with plural countable _ There are (some) books on the shelf.
nouns, and with uncountable nouns when you (It isn't important which books they are.)
mention a person, place or thing for the first _ I need to buy (some) sugar.
time or when you are not referring to a (I haven't mentioned this before.)
particular person, place or thing.
3. Use the . ,.~ with singular and _ The magician I told you about is on TV tonight.
plural nouns and countable and uncountable (This is the second time I've mentioned him.)
n~uns when you mention a person, place or _ Your glasses are in the kite en .
thing for the second time, or when you are (You know which kitchen I'm talking about.)
referring to a particular person, place or thing
that your listener knows about.
4. Use . h h _ The moon is 250,000 miles away.

. '. w en t e person, place or thing is
unique - there is only one. (There's only one moon.)
_ Jack's in e 9 den .
(We've only got one garden.)
S. Use first video game that had

best . when a phrase or adjective such as first, _ Donkey Kong was
, fight wrong I ' .. . a story.
place Or ' . or on Y Identifies which person,
_ Moonraker is e last Bon I saw.
thing you are talking about.
_ The beach is only pin to be on a hot
summer's day.
252 • Unit a
•• •• • • • • • • ••• • • •• • •••• •• •
. C Ie the letter of the statement that

CHOOSE &DESCRIBE. Read these conversations. /fC
•
~ . <.I' ~ «( "onversotlOn.
1. LIZ: I m bored. Let's rent a video game.

FRED: OK.
Fred knows which game Liz is going to rent.
h Fred and Liz aren't talking about a particular game.
LIZ: Mum, where's the new video game?
MUM: Son'y, I haven't seen it.
a. Mum knows that Liz has rented a new game.
. Mum doesn't know that Liz has rented a new game.
FRED: I'll bet it's in the kitchen. You always leave your things there.
LIZ: I'll go and look.
a. There are several kitchen s in F red and Liz's house.
b. There is only one kitch en in Fred and Liz's house.
4 FRED: Was I right?

LIZ: You weren't even close. It was on a chair in the hall.
a. There is only one chair in the hall.
b. Ther e ar e several chairs in the hall.
5 F RED: Wow! Look at that! The graphics are brilliant.
LIZ: So is the music.
a. All video games have good graphics and music.
b . The game Liz has rented has good graphics and music.
6. L IZ: That was fun. But why don't we rent a sports game next time?
FRED: Good idea. I love sports games.
a . Fr ed is talking about sports games in general.
b. Fred is talking about a particular sports game.
CHOOSE & • Circle the correct articles to complete this paragraph.

\-----------
•
-
------
- -
._- - - - - - - - - - -
-- . ... .
; Board games are popular all over a 1(£h0 world. Mah Jong is an 1 the example of
, I :z.
a / an very old one. I had an / a uncle who had an 1 the old set from Singapore.
3. . s.
He kept a 1 the set in t~e 1 a beautiful box in a 1 the living room. He used to open
6. 7. 8.
the 1 a box and tell me about the 1 a pieces. They were made of bamboo and each
9. 10.
one had a 1 the Chinese character on it. To me, they were the 1 a most fascinating
11. 12.
things in a 1 the world.
11.
Articles: Indefinite dnd Definite _ 253
•••••••••••••••••••• •••• • • • • • •• • • • • • ••• • • • •• ••• •• ••••••
• Read each conversation. Complete it with the appropriote article

(a, an, or the).
1. A; A car has just pulled up. Are you expecting someone?

B: No, I'm not. I wonder who it is.
A; Can we use - - - - - - - - car?
2.
B: OK, but bring it back by 11:00 o'clock.
3. A: Let's turn off game system before we leave.
B: We don't have to. We can just leave it on pause.
4. A; Have you got - - - - - - - - game system?
B: Yes, I have. I've just bought a Sega Genesis.
5. A; Can you see the video shop? I was sure it was on the High Street.
B: I think it's on _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ side street but I'm not sure which one.
6. A; There it is.
B: Good. You can park opposite _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ shop.
7. A: Excuse me, have you got any new games?
B: ________ newest games are over there.
8. A; We'd better go. We've been here for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ hour.
B: That was _________ shortest hour I've ever spent.
9. A: Excuse me. I'd like to rent this game.
B: Just take it to cash desk.
EDIT • Dead this magazine article about video games. Find and correct nine mistakes in
the u:;e of articles. The first mistake has already been corrected.
•
•
I
The plumber ..' .
nce there was a plumber called Mario. Plumber had beautiful gtrlfnend. One day, a ape fell ill
love with the girlfriend and kidnapped her. The plumber chased ape to rescue his girlfriend.
I This simple tale became Donkey Kong, a first video game with a story. It was invented by
Sigeru Matsimoto, a artist with Nintendo, Inc. Matsimoto loved the video games but he wanted
to make them more interesting. He liked fairy tales so he invented story similar to a famous
f.
airy tale. Story Was an immediate success and Nintendo followed it with The Mario Brothers.
The rest'IS VI'd eo game history.
icle and
So how
are you enjoying
the ride'?
Roller coaster
rides are like life.
You just have to
relax and enjoy
yourself.
POINT
Who is talking about roller coaster rides in general?
o the little girl 0 the little boy
CHART CHECK NO ClE (INDEFI THE (DEFINITE)

Tick I he correct 9 + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN THE + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
amwer. ~-----------------------
Do you like Y floss ? The candy floss in this park is great.
You can use " (no
~----------~---
article) for a noun -------- -~-~----
that is: 9 + PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUN THE + PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUN
I 0 indefinite ----- ~ .~.-
~ - ----~-- --------1
Rids can be very exciting. he rides in this park are exciting.
i, 0 definite - - - '"--- ' .- -~--~
t - ~ -- -~~~ - -- ---------,
You can use e for
.
iI THE + SINGULAR COUNTABLE NOUN

i a countable noun - - - - . - - -- --
I that is:
,
The r'de near the entrance is exciting.
I 0 singular
-"-- -- - - .
I
o plural
---- ---------
254
" (No and The _ 255
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
the or (no orticle) to complete these sentences.

'd u enjoy 0 / the roller coaster ride?
},: Dl yo
'tT. I love '" I the roller coaster rides.
B: les,
I don't like 0/ the candy floss. It's always too sweet.

B: No.
Gra Expl nations Examples

1. We often use e (no rtl' before
uncountable nouns and plural countable
nouns that are Indeflnil (not specific).
Use e when you:
•• have no specific person, place or thing A: What do you want to do tonight?
in mind. B: Let's stay at home. We can listen to •
s ( or
watch videos .
b. classify (say what something or someone is). A: What's that?
B: It's candy floss .
A: And what are those?
B: They're tickets for the roller coaster. I bought
them while you were on the phone.
c. make 9 nera. statements . Candy floss is very sweet.
(candy floss in general)
_ Roller coasters are popular.

(roller coasters in general)
2. Use the with uncountable nouns and countable A: Can I taste the c .n )I foss ?
nouns (singular and plural) that are . . _ B: Of course. Have as much as you like.
When you are talking about a .
unique P I . A: Where are e ~ for .
e ic 0 e 7•
erson, P ace or thing that you and
Your listener know about. B: I put them in my pocket.
A: This is rhe be:.. rol e ... c .lSt
•
. tn e world .
1. BE CARE
sta FUll Singular countable nouns cannot • This is delicious .
nd alone y . N OT This is de licious ffical.
art" I . ou must always use either an
Ie e a p
that' ronoun, one or a word such as this, • It's hard to eat just I , isn't it?
nou' each or every before a singular countable • Give m e Iscu I ! You've had enollgh.
n.
• It's I • ult .
256
...... ......... ,. ..
Un t
IDENTIFY. cud tlli announcement for a new tl1eme park. Underline 01/ the common
, .. t 110 no article. Circle 01/ ti,e tlOUI1S witl) the.
Do you enjoy tb~me parks? Tomorrow, Blare Gardens will open to

\the publi C) for the first time . The park features a wide variety of
rides and games that will appeal to both adults and chlldren. And, of course, a theme
park would not be complete without candy floss and hot dogs. The food at Blare
Gardens promises to be very good. Come early, bring the whole family and be sure to
stay for the firework display tha t takes place just after the sun sets. So check it out! You
won 't be disappointed.
CHOOSE • Circle the correct words to complete this magazine article.
hy do people around (the) / 0 world flock to

1
the I 0 theme parks? The I 0 places like
2. 3.
Disney World and Alton Towers offer the I 0 fun, relaxation and escape from the / 0
4. 5.
problems and boredom of everyday life. They offer the / 0 adults and children alike a
6.
chance to take the I 0 risks without the I 0 consequences. Thanks to advances in
7. 8.
the I 0 technology, the I 0 accidents in the / 0 theme parks are now rare. You can go on
9. 10. 11.
the I 0 rides that look scary but are actually safe. You can scream and laugh as the I Q
12. 13.
roller coaster races down toward the I 0 ground and loops up to the I 0 sky again.
14. 15.
leaving your cares and troubles behind. ~----'-"""""
Even though the I 0 roller coasters are the I 0 most

7.
popular of all the I 0 rides, they are not for everyone. But
•
don't worry. Today's theme parks offer a lot more than

th~J 0 thrills and spills. There are train rides through a
replica of the I 0 rain forest. And there are the I 0 games
20. 21.
with the I 0 prizes, too. The I 0 hot dogs ice cream and
22. 23. '
candy floss complete the I 0 picture of this perfect
24.
getaway for the I 0 whole family.
25.
~.!~~... •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
and The • 211
• Read this conversation about 0 theme k C

neon artIcle.
~
~
J. _
to Blare Gardens next weekend. You work th ere. Wh'"
at S It like?
to love 2. ' " rides at Blare Gardens.

A: What's J. most exciting rid \ thero?
B: The python. I've seen people actually shaking with fi'nr he fore they got on it.
., sounds like - ~~4 ~· - fUll. By the way, what's " __ food like? J
flo . s ·
ate
h.. .... . 6.
-. . hot. clogs.
B: Then you might. have a little problem. They sell _'_ _~_~__ hot dogs and
7.
_,_._-:::---- pizza and that's about all. But do you like _ _--:;;--_ _ music?
8. 9.
1.; I love it. I listen to _ _ _ _ _ _ music all the time. Why?
10.
B: music at Blare Gardens is great. They have __._~_ _ best

11. 12.
pop groups in whole country.
•
A; What exactly do you do there? Maybe we'll see you.

B: I dress up like a cartoon character and guide people around _ _--=-::--_ _ park.
14.
ED". Read this postcard from Blare Gardens. Find and correct eight mistakes in the
use of the and 9 (no article). The first mistake has already been corrected.
._---
Blare Gardem Amusement Park
Hi! Blare Gardens is excellent! This
the
isAbest holida!J we've ever been on! 2'!P._,
i I love the rides here. I've been on the roller coasters
, To: Richard Turner
27 Park street
OXFORD
OX26PP
come. The 01'1& prohlem is crowds here. People have to

queue to !Jet into evewthing - even the todets!
See !f0U Soon. Nick.!:!
I IV ronoun and
•
eel ronouns
I I
ICHECKI POINT
-. Circle T (True) or F (~a/re).
T F The man is talking to

'/ will not talk to myself, / will not talk to myself'
another person.
CHART CHECK + EXIVE PRONOUNS RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

C.. :._ r (True) or SUBJECT SUBJECT RECIPROCAL
F (Fa ':;e .. PRONOUN PRONOUN PRONOUN
--t
T F Singular I myself. We
reflexive each other.
You You looked at
pronouns end yourself. •
ne another.
in . efve5 . They ;
I
I
He himself.
j T F Reciprocal
I
pronouns She herself.
always refer looked at
It Itself.
to more than . _. .- - -
one person. We
- - -- - - - . - -~ -- ourselv ~' .
• - - - .
I You
I
yourselves .
themselves .
- -
EXPRESS
Circle the correct words to complete this conver ation.
A: Is someone in there with you or are you talking to
yourself I themselves?
B: No one's here. I'm just talking to
258
Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal p, onouns _ 259
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••
Explanations Ex mple
.01 'l {It" (t
when the • looked at het'S~1f in the mirror.
jnd obJect of a sentence refer to the (Sara looked at her own face.)
people or things.
In sentences use:
_ youne" when the subject is singular • 'Don't push you rJclf so hard, Tom,' Sara said.
_ yours~"'~ when the subject is plural • 'Don't push yo urselve5 so hard, 9 u yS,'
SMa 5clid.
:z. Use a reflexlv pron ur to emphasise a noun. • Tom was upset when he lost his job. The
In this case, the reflexive pronoun usually .0 , I ., wasn't important to him but he
follows the noun directly. needed the money.
3. By + reflexly pronoun means alone or • Sara lives b, . {' f .

without any help. (Sara lives alone.)
• We painted the house ' J ourselyes.
(No one helped us.)
Be + a refle lYe prono means behave in • Just be yoursel~ at your interview.

the usual way. (Behave the way you usually behave.)
• He asn't himself after he lost his job.
•
(He seemed different.)
4. Use a r . . when the subject sublect = ob.ect

and the object of a sentence refer to the • Tom and Sara met each o' . e. at work.
same people and these people have a (Tom met Sara and Sara met Tom.)
two-way relationship. Use - .. when sublect = oblect
the subject is two people. Use either • We all told one another about our jobs.
another or ear . when the subject is OR
more than two people. subject = obleC{

• We ... I told each 0 er about our jobs.
(Each person swapped information with every
other person.)
BE CAREFUL! Reciprocal pronouns and plural • Fred and Jane talked to each ot e .
reflexive pronouns have different meanings. (Fred talked to Jane and jane talked to Fred.)
• Fred and Jane talked to -, e .'.. to.$ .
(Fred talked to himself and Jane talked to herself.)
5. Reciprocal pronour _ have possessive forms: • Tom and Sara took . numbers.
each other's, one a n - . (Tom took Sara 's number. Sara took Tom's number.)
-
Checle it out'
For a list of verbs and expressions commonly used refl exively. Hce Appendix 16 on page ~HO.
260 Un o
••• • •• •• •• •• •• •
IDENTIFY. Read this article about self-talk. Underline the reflexive pronouns once and
ocal pronouns twice. Draw an arrow to the word that each pronoun refers to.
* I
elf-talk is the way we explain a problem to ourselves. It can affect the way we feel
and the way we behave. Tom and Sara, for example, both lost their jobs when their
company laid off a lot of people. Sara kept herself fit and spent time with friends. Tom
gained ten pounds and spent all his time by himself. They were both unemployed so the
difference was the way Tom and Sara explained the problem to themselves. Sara believed
that she herself could change her situation. Tom saw himself as helpless. Later, everyone
got their jobs back. When they all talked to one another back at the office, Tom grumbled,
'They must have been desperate.' Sara replied, 'They finally realised they need us!'
CHOOSE • Tom and Sara's company held an office party. Choose the correct reflexive or
reciprocal pronouns to complete the conversations .
. A: Do you mind if we pour _--;-_o:::.u~r~5~e:..:.:lv:..::e:.:::5~__ a drink?

(myself I ourselves)
B: Of course not. And there's food, too. Please help ----:-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
(yourselves I themselves)
2. A: That's the new head of Marketing. She's standing by _--.-_...,..,....."...,....,.-_,---_.
(herself I himself)
B: Let's go and introduce _~_--:-:--:--_~__ .
(himself I ourselves)
3. A: I'm nervous about my date with Niki. I cut _---;_-,..,-,...,.--_,,--_ twice shaving.
(myself I herself)
B: You'll be fine. Just relax and be
-~-~~---.
(your elves I your "If)
4. A: My boss and I always give the same presents. Every year
. . (ours.. lvE . I t .1(h otlwr)
I gIve hIm a book and he gives me a scarf.
a lot of scarves.
• (yoUr\( If him elf) I
5. A: The new software IS so easy, it just seems to run by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
B R 11? I d (it ell I myself)
: ea y. n our epartment, we're still teaching how to use it.
(them elves / our elve )
• (yourself I yourselves)
B:
-;::::::--:=-~--:-_ _ _ SInCe e .
(one another I ourselves)
Raftextve PI'Olloun. d
••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• George Prudeau Is a French teacher. Complete his tallc to a group of new

Use tWiexlve and reciprocal pronouns
French but the subject ___ .,--=.It:~~=.:el~f_ _~ isn't that important. I think my
I
'ence applies to all subjects, Your firHt year may be hard 0 teach
teacher helps students lenrn by . R 'cenlly, .John, one of my

students, was having trouble teaching -, -~__
" -4~---'~" how to bake French bread.
I encouraged him to keep trying and in the end he succeeded. As far as discipline
goes, I have a few rull's. 1 tell my ~tudcnts, 'Keep , ,,. busy. Discuss
5.
the lessons but don't, interfere with _ _ _--::--_ _ _ 's work.' Keep teaching
6.
materials simple. too. I pride _ _ _-----::;--_ _ _ on being able to teach anywhere,
7,
even on a street corner. Finally, the salary for teachers is not great but
you have a lot of freedom. I run my class by _ _ _---:,-----_ _ _ - just the way I want
,
to. You will all have to decide for _ _ _-----:::---_ _ _ if it's worth it. I can't afford to
9,
travel much but I satisfy _ _ _--=-=--_ _ _ with trips to Calais!
10.
, • Read this woman's diary. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of reflexive
,4
", and reciprocal pronouns. The first mistake has already been corrected.
[ "Jot to cALt s~ o~ /-r.M bir

[
•
wery .. T~
[
her. s~ p-ride£ Iter o~ ~ erutj
[ rMti aJt., p..r~ o~ f, -tttLk. It faid
to . ed ItttLkto ~U
our u£ed to tttLk to u£. I th.oUj~

fAAf., P.J1£i I tred other weLl. Hf!/foYj~ myfe/ffor my mMt~
tJJtd I foYj~ ~for foYj our dbtl1P' datf!/ twt> weeh
ei.vM fO I f
E
r I th -tt r f t I orrect amwer to complete each sentence. Choose fJ when
i " cd d
-----~ --- ~
ExAMPLE:
Jennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. A~C D
(B) drinks (0) was drinking
- - -- ---
I introduced _ _ _ _ to Bill as soon as I saw him. ABC D
(A) himself (C) myself
(B) me (0) each other
The job isn't a problem. It's my boss. ABC D

(A) myself (C) himself
(B) itself (0) it
The students write cards to _ _ _ _ during the holidays. ABC D

(A) themselves (C) each other's
(B) ollrselves (0) one another
What a beautiful bracelet! Is it made of _ _ _ _ gold? ABC D

(A) the (C) 0
(B) some (0) a
I bought _ _ _ _ bottled water before the trip. ABC 0

(A) a lot of (C) twelve
(B) a few (0) many
6. How _ _ _ _ eggs do you need for the cake? ABC 0

(A) many (C) 0
(B) much (0) more
7. She was lonely because she had _ _ _ _ friends at first. ABC 0

(A) little (C) few
(B) a little (0) a few
8 That's _ _ _ _ best film I've ever seen. ABC 0
(A) a (C) the
(B) an (0) 0
9 Sue's in _ _ _ _ Germany on holiday. ABC 0

(A) a (C) 0
(B) an (0) the
10. Frank's astronaut. There are six of them on this mission. A C D

(AI 0 (C) an
(BI a (0) the
262
SelfTe. XI •
•••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••
just rented _ _ _ _ video. A C D

.... Which one?
(AJ the (C) a
(B) some (0) any
12. We haven't got - - - - fruit left. Could you buy some apples? A C D
(A) much (C) little
(B) some (0) many
of the sentence are marked A 8, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
.....------------ -----'-~--------- - -- - .._.'--------------,
-,---~-~.,-
Mike drives to school but today he ABC D ,

B C
L-__________________________________________________________________________I
•
13. There are a lot of food in the fridge so help yourself. ABC D
ABC 0
14. Do your families come for christmas or do you celebrate ABC D

ABC
by yourselves?
o
15. The news are starting so let's watch TV in living room. ABC D
A B C
16. Lee wants to open his business in may and start working ABC D
A B C
for hi mself.
o
17. I myself don't eat chilli but it's the most popular spice in g world. ABC D
A B C 0
18. A money isn't everything - the job itself has to be interesting. ABC D
A B C 0
19. Mathematics isn't Jeff's best subject but he succeeds with the ABC D
ABC 0
hard work.
20. How many times do we have before the film starts? ABC D
A B r: 0
21. Smith was unpopular MP so he had a few friends in politics. ABC D

A (" 0
ABC D
r
23. Vie. didn't know o,ne anothor names before Muria intl'odllt't'd t:H. ABC D
,
24. B: n has to save a few money so that hc! CUll go to Hchool ill til(' IIUt.lIl11ll .
ABC D
II
ABC D
'd A II
881 he'd help me.
- •
sSlve: _vervlew
ICH POINT
Tick the information you can get from the
advert eader's
Digest
o the na me of the founder Reader's Digest was founded in 1922.
o the nu mber of years the magazine Today it is read by people in every country in the world.
Shouldn't you be one of them? Subscribe today.
has existed
o the price of the magazine
CHART CHECK + ACTIVE PASSIVE

IC ce T Je) or I
T"..
OBJECT SUBJECT
F (False/
Millions of people buy it. It is bought by millions of people. I
T F The object of an -4 ..
active sentence oBfECT
becomes the -t
subject of Someone published it in 1922. It was published in 1922.
the passive
sentence. PASSIVE STA
T F Passive
statements PAST
SUBJECT BE (Nor) PARTICIPLE (By + OBJECT)
always have
a form of the It is not/Isn't bought by millions of people.
,
I
verb be.
It was not/wasn't published in 1922.
T F Passive
statements
always have YES/NO QUESTIONS ANSWERS
an object.
PAST
BE SUBJECT PARTICIPLE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
- - --- . ----
---- - -- , ,
---- -
Is •
IS . isn't .
it sold in China? Yes, it No, it
Was was . wasn 't .
WH-
PAST
WH- WORD BE PARTICIPLE
---------.-+--------~r_-------
Where is it sold?
264
The Pe• •lve: OvervIeW • 265
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
this sentence with the passive form of the verb pri n t .
How many copies of Reader's Digest last year?
No
and usually have AUlvl

the same meaning but the focus is different. • Millions of people r ad the magazine.
(The focus is on the people.)
PASSIVE
• The magazine i rCdd by millions of people.
(The focus is on the magazine.)
2. Form the passive with the correct form of be • It I written in nineteen languages.
+ past participle. • It Win publlshe in 1922.
• These copies have just e printed .
=.
). Use the passive when:
•• the agent (the person or thing doing the • The magazine was founded in 1922.
action) is unknown or not important. (J don't know who founded it.)
b. the identity of the agent is clear from • The magazine Is sold in newsagents.
the context. (We can assume that the people who work in the
newsagent's sell it. We don't need to mention them.)
c. you want to avoid mentioning the agent. • Some mistakes were made in that article.
(J know who made the mistakes but I don't want
to blame the person who made them.)
4. Use the passive with ). if you mention • The article was written by a psychologist.
the agent.
Mention the age when:
a. you introduce necessary new information • John Dent is a famous sports writer.
about the agent. He h s just been hired b Sporn illeekly
to write a monthly column.
(The name of John's employer is necessary
new information.)
• The article r.tten by John Dent.

b. you want to give credit to someone who
created something.
c. the agent is surprising or interesting . • Our windows washed r a hot.
.. 8E CAREFULI In most cases, you do not need

• The magazine .' publish ~
•
once.l w{'£'k.
to mention an agent in passive sentences. Nor

OAEC d ..... eel(.
Do not include an agent unnecessarily.
266 • Un t 61
••••••••••••••••••••••••
CHOOSE. Read tile e sentences and decide if they are Active (A) or Passive (P).
P Reader's Digest was founded in 1922 .

Millions of people r ead it.
A large-type edition is also printed.
They also record it.
Reader's Digest is published once a month.
It has been translated into many languages.
Many readers subscribe to the magazine.
8. It is sold in news agents thr oughout t h e country.
I read an interesting article in it.

_ __ 10. The article was written by a famous scientist.
READ & COMPLETE • Look at

the c'1art Then complete
the sentences. Use the verb
Arabic 246
speak in the active or the I
passive form. Cantonese (China) 71

English 508
Ho (Bihar and Orissa States, India) 1
Japanese 126
Spanish
-;:-'----;--:;:--;-:-:-_
417
--=_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ --11
Swahili (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, 49
Tagalog (Philippines) .- 57
- - ---- ---- - - .-----
1. J apanese is spoken by 126 million people •
3.
S.
6.
8.
The Pa_1v •
• • . • . • •• • • . . a. Ove. VJf!JW • AM...tl1
:. ..... th I
• "'- e poss ve form of th ~u
•••••••• ••• •••• • •••••••••••••
e verbs In th II
thls report. Include the agent (f" erst set of brackets to
If (lbsolutely necessary. om the second set of brackets)
o em ea er ews etter
------:.:....:.,:.,:.:~:!:~ TENTH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE
DID You ... ?

wae founded by A " J Thorn peon
1. <found) (A. J rhornp\or1) ten years ago.
t At first it 2'. ~
------;;
wae rlnted
(p:.:n:.:
nt;,.) ifij;~;;;;;:;__--- only in En glish.
t Today it ---3:lfPliEfui1)Ii"Ji(;-m;J~~--
3. (pubhsll) (the plIbhshN) in three foreign-language editions.
• It -------;:i"":7"rP:;;;;ITI~;:;;;\---
4. (read) (readers) .
111 more than ten countries.
•
5. (hire) (ollr international OriICI'S)
6. (purchase) (the company) last month.

t They -----"7:--7i"K.~~;;t;;;;"~--
7. (use) (our writers) to write our award-winning articles.
• Modem Reader ---~8t:-.0(a;;:jd~ve;;:rt;;;is:;;'e)Ii(~ad;:r.-v;;:;e;;'
rti;;:se::::rs~)- - - all over the wo rld.
• OUf editorial staff --~Q7;;:;t:;:;;;-;;o;;:-;-;\;r;;.;:~~~--- last month.
9. (interview) (Live at Ten TV)
• The in terview _ __ ,."..--..,. - ~-,---'
.,
4 E~/T. R~ad an editor's notes for a story for Modern Reader. Find and correct
•
eight mistakes in the use of the passive. The first mistake has already been corrected.
"
are located
Two-thiras of Bolivia1s five million people !oc.,;!~ in the cool western highlanas known as the Altiplano.
For centUries, the gram qwnoa has been grew in the mountains. Llamas brea for fur, meat ana
transvortation. Ana tin, Bolivia1s richest natural resource, IS mining by miners in the high Andes.
The Oriente, another name for the eastern lowlanas, is mostly trOPical. RJce IS the major food
crop ana cows are ralsea for milk . 011 IS also find there .
Although Spanish 1he oTficwllanguage, NatIve American languages are stili spoken by
IS
PeoPle"T: . ea reea pipe.; wt)o"e lone I e.;e.lllble.

. IraartlOnal textiles are woven by nana ana mUSIC plav on "
-IV with adals
Bill, something
should be done about Ed . zZzZzZ
He snores so loudly he's going
to knock us out of orbitl
ICHEC POINT
I know, Carla .
He can be heard According to Carla,
back on Earthl o Ed needs to do something
about his snoring.
o somebody should do
something about
Ed's snoring.
CHART CHECK 1 -+ STATEMENTS
C f'c/e T ( True) or PAST

F (False). SUBJECT MODAL* BE PARTICIPLE
T F Passives with will not/won't
modals always The crew should not/shouldn 't be replaced next month.
use be.
must not/mustn't
T F You cannot use
modals with
the passive to HAVE (GOT) Tol PAST
talk about the SUBJECT BE GOING TO BE PARTICIPLE
future. have (got) to
The crew don't have to be replaced next month.
are (not) going to
L... - -
*Modals have only one forID. They do not have -s in the third person singular.
_.
- ,
CHART CHECK 2 YES/ NO QUESTIONS SH
Tick the correct answer. PAST
What comes MODAL S UBJE CT BE PARTICIPLE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
before the subject Will
in questions? will. won 't .
th ey be replaced? Yes, No,
o be Should
-
they should. they shouldn't.
o a modal or an
auxiliary verb
268
The Pa ••tve with Modals • 269
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
HAVE TO/ PAST

SUBJECT GOING TO BE PARTICIPU NEGATIVl
have to Y I, do. don't.
they be No,
going to they ar . they aren't.
Are
EXPRESS
Complete this conyer oUon with tile pas ive (orm of will •
A: _ - - - - - - - - - - food ____._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on board?

B: No, it _ - - - - - - - - - - . It - - - -_______ " on Earth.
Explanations Examples
1. To form the passive with a modal, use • The Space Shuttle will be launched soon.
modal + be + past particip e . • The launch won't e po po e .
• The crew must be given time off.
• Decisions shouldn 't be made too quickly.
2. Use will or be going to with the passive to talk • It will be launched very soon.
about the future. OR
• It 3 going to be launched very soon.
3. Use can with the passive to express • The blastoff can be seen for miles.
present abir y. • It can't be done.
Use could with the passive to express • It could be seen very clearly last year.
past abili y . • The reports couldn't be filed in time.
4. Use could, may and with • It could be launched very soon.

the passive to express ~Ibility. • French scientists may be nVi e to participate.
• Plants mlghr be gro n on board.
5. Use Should, ough , , (got) to

and mUst with the passive to express:
a. advisability • The crew shoul be prepared to work hard.
• Crew members n rd better be I a day off.
• Privacy Oil I ,e respected.
b. necessity • Reports ave to be flied .
• Everyone lUst be consulted.
270 • Unit 2
•••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. R ad tlri arti Ie about tile Illternational Space Station, Unity. Underline all
with modal .
Living in Outer Space

pace Station Unity will be comp leted within the next decade and international
teams of astronauts will then be sharing close quarters for long periods of ti me.
What can be done to improve living conditions in space? Here's what former
astronauts suggest:
:; ( I It doesn't taste as good in zero gravity. Food should be made spicier to
overcome those effects. International tastes must also be considered.
, 0 r I · ·C Layered clothing could help astronauts stay comfortable. The top layer
could be removed or added as temperatures vary.

" ' Po ·c Because of weightlessness, sleep is often interrupted in space.
Comfortable restraints must be provided to give a sense of stability.

E. OT O . \L 'l'JEEDS People need rest time in space just as they do on Earth.
Time ought to be provided for relaxation and privacy.
COMPLETE· Comet Magazine (CM) is interviewing aerospace engineer

D. Ber'1ard Kay (BK). Complete the interview with the passive form of the verbs
in brackets.
CM: Dr Kay, I'd like to ask how meals _ _~w7il:..:...,1~be:::,..:..::ha::..:n~d::::le~d=----__ in the Space Station.
1. (will handle)
- - - - - - - - - - food on board or
2. (Be going to I prepare)
---~.,...-_ _ ___ from tubes?
3.('1""")
BK: Neither. Gourmet meals --~:--7;;------:-----:-- on Earth and then they
4. (V'ill prepackaqe)
- --;--;----____ on board.
s. (,., .... In·,I'i')
CM: The Space Station will have an international crew. How _ _ _ __ ____-
food -_-;-~____:__;___:__---
6. ( .i,' ,ui,1 . cho )
to suit everyone's taste?
v
BK: An international men u _ _-:;-~~:--:--:-:----:-_ _ . Food _ _ ---:--:-----:--:----:--:-:---.
7. (lldV!' III " 011 "f) 8. «( ,~uld I select)
from food preference forms that the crew members complete.
eM:
- - -- - - - - - - dishes --~...--;;:uiI,..--~--- on board?
9. (Will I II l')
BK: Probably. But utensils
----.1...
0--:
. (:i:'h'-:-:I(;-;
'I-)(,:7 h)- - to the plates so they won't fly
tt -(>r-:'-a-tt -lc-:-
around! Meals
11. (ought to I milk(,) as pleasant as possible.
• 211
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
- Some cientists hove lu t o imulatlon of life n the

complne t#Wlr with th m dol In bra Ie"t and the corr«t
the box
keep remove
simulation till Home probl m . I hope they
1(lfon' the rt'nl thing. For l'xnmpl " the temperature
_ _~-:;--~.~-.~~~~~~-~" at 68°F hut I was uncomfortably warm most of the time.
JOHN: The matl'rinl for our dothing _ _ _ ,.........-,--_•• _ _ _ . Maybe clothing

I I r,)
~. ___.-~---:-;C.
4
----. in layers. A layer _ _ _ _"..,.______~_~ ___ if
5. (l n)
it's too warm.
do deliver -
give store
DAVID: I didn't like the food very much. We _ _ _ _ _...,...----,-___ more fresh food.
6. (ought to)
STEPHEN: Well, fresh fruits and vegetables _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by the shuttle regularly.

7. 1-" ,.,..1 I' .
DAVID: What _ _ _----::::--:--::-::-_ _ _ _ with the rubbish? Litter is already a problem.

8. (will)
STEPHEN: I'm sure it _________ on board and carried to Earth by the shuttle.
9. (W;iJ)
EDrr • Read an astronaut's diary notes. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of
the passive with moda/s. The first mistake has already been corrected.
I Used the sleeping restraints last night and slept a lot better. They ought to make- more comfortable,
tt)ougt'l. I felt trapped. I've jUst looked in the mIrror. My face IS puffy and my eyes are red. I'd better
be got on the exercise bike right CNJay. I can be mIsunderstandIng When I look like thIS. Last nIght,
Max thought I Was angry with him for turnIng on 'Star irek'. Actually, I love that programme. I might
be given eartV lunch shift today. I hope they have more chIlli. It's nice and spicy and the saUce can
actuallV been tasted, even at 7./!.ro gravity. Some of it had better be fly In on the shuttle pretty soon or
tt)ere .
mIght be some unhappy astronautsl Speakrng of unhappy, last night, k'aty called and told me
sne II/as planning to leave school. I think she coula be talk out of it but I'm afrala I'll get angry ana
Shout tP 11/ A'
e CAISClAss it. I might overheard by others. We nee a some pnvacy here!
. .
T
tive
Hi, Emily! ...

Hmm ... Something's
--- •
One week later . .. different. Have you
Bye, Emily, had your hair cut?
I see you
next week.
/'
I CI4EC't POINT
r:c ,· the correct anSi 'er
The man wants to know if his girlfriend
o cut her own hair.
o went to a hairdresser's.
,
CHART CHECK ST
Circle T (True) or I PAST
, F (Faise . SUBJECT HAVE/GET OBJECT PARTICIPLE (BY + AGENT)
T F The causative She has her hair cut by Colin.
always has a
form of the He has had his beard trimmed.
---
verb be. ,
I got my car repaired.
, T F You can form -
I the causative She Is going to get her lawn cut.
with have or - .
get.
YES/NO
T F The causative
always needs AUXILIARY PAST
an agent. VERB SUBJECT HAVE/GET OBJECT PARTICIPLE (BY + AGENT)
Does she have her hair cut by Colin?
Has he had his beard trimmed?
Old you get your cor repaired?
Is she going to get her lawn cut?
272
The Cau8atlva • Z7B
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
this conversation with the correct form of the verb d o
A: Where do you have your hair ________.?

B: I don't have it - - - - - - - - . I - ____
. _ _ _ it myself.
Gra E I
1. Use the cau to talk about services that you • I used to colour my own hair but now
arrange for someone to do for you. I hav i 10 red at the hairdresser's.
• I get my qrocerles dellvere I by Derek.

CAREFUL I Do not confuse the past simple SIMPLE PAST CAUSATIVE
causative (had something done) with the past • . 4) last week.
perfect in active sentences (had done something). (Someone did it for me.)
PAST PERFECT
• I had rl ne Tt before.
(I did it myself.)
2. Form the causatl with the appropriate form • I always have my hair by Colin.
of have or get + 0 -
•
• •
• I haven't had it do e since June .
The causative can be used in all tenses and with • Last year I got my jacket c ea . once.
modals.
• Next week I m going to have my
" 'S cleaned.
• I'm getting them do e by Spotless.
• I had them cleane a long time ago.
• You hould get the co,. S~rvl C •
• You ought to have it do e soon.
3. Use by when it is necessary to mention the • Lynne has her hair done - Colin.
person doing the service (the agent).
7•
Do not mention the agent unnecessarily. • Where does Lynne y "
NOT
Check it out!
For more information about when to use an agent, see Unit 61, page 265.
274 • Unit 63
•••••••••••••••••••••••••
TRUE OR FALSE. ead each person 's statement. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
s c. ( ollows.
1. JACK: I'm going to get my hair cut tomorrow after work.

F Jack cuts his own hair.
2 DEBRA: I'm colouring my hair this afternoon.
Debra colours her own hair.

3. AMY: I didn't pack any nail polish because I had done my nails before the trip.
A my did her own nails.
4. JACK: I'm thinking of getting the floor s polished before the p arty.
Jack might hire someone to polish the floors.
S. MARIE: I had my flat painted two months ago.
Marie painted her own flat.

6. ToNY: I'll wash the car this weekend.
Tony is going to wash the car himself.
FIND OUT & • /t's 15 February. Look at the Davies's calendar and write sentences
about things they had done and things they are going to have done.
FEBRUARY
SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY
+ 7
1 2 3 4 5
at 9 10 11 - 12
carpets
13 Amy-
~
14
r
15 f\ windows 16 17 18 19 20 I 21
nt 23 24 26 27
family photos
ears
1. They / have / photos / take They are going to have phot05 taken. •
2. Debra / get / her hair / perm _-=-D-=-e:...:

pra :..=....:g~o:.:t:....h:...::e:.:r....:h~a::i:...r.r:p~
er~m~e~d~._ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _- -
3. Amy / have / the dog / groom _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - -

4. They / get / the windows / clean _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - -
S. They / have / the carpets / shampoo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - -
6. Amy / have / her ears / pierce _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - - .
7. Jack / get / his hair / cut _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _- -- -.

8. They / have / food and drinks / deliver _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _- - - .
• Debra and laclt Q~ going to hQv~ Q party. Camp/~. 1M
with the pass/v. CQusat/~ of th~ QPproprlQt~ v~rb In th. bo~
Your new dress is a bit long. Why don't you ~e:...-

et_ It.. ..:.__h.:..;
orte ~.,:,;,!:.::.
1 ed ._1
=-_ _ _ _
OK. They do alterations at the c1eanerH. I'll take it in tomorrow.
My blue has a small stuin on it. I huve to ~~-------~-~----- .
I can drop it ofT at the cleaners with my dress.
J. JACK: The house is ready, except for the windows. They look pretty dirty.
DEBRA: Don't worry. We tomorrow.
4. DEBRA: Your hair is getting really long. I thought you were going to cut it .
.AMY: I decided not to do it myself this time. I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
by Colin.
5. DEBRA: My hair's getting a lot of grey in it. Should I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ?
JACK: It looks fine to me but it's up to you.
6. GUEST: The house looks beautiful. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you
-----------------------?
JACK: No, actually we did it ourselves last summer.
• Read Amy's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of the passive
causative. The first mistake has already been corrected.
21 February
The party was last night. It went really well! The house looked great. Mum and Dad had the floors
Whole house painted ourselves last summer. (I'll never forget that. It took us two weeks!) I wore my
new black. dress that I have shortened by Jill and I got cut my hair by Colin. He did a great job. There
Were a lot of guests at the party. We had almost fifty people invited and they almost all turned up!
The food Was great too. Mum made most of the main dishes herself but she had the rest of the
fOOd prepare by a caterer. Mum and Dad hired a professional photographer so at the end of the
party We all took our photos. Dad's getting them back next week. I can't wait to see them!
ONE
if Ie the lettn of th orrect answer to complete each sentence.
- - --- - -
ExAMPLE: 1
J ennifer never _ _ __ coffee.

This book _ _ __ written in 2002. ABC 0

(A) is (C) was
(B) has (D) were
Coffee is _ _ _ _ in Colombia. ABC 0

(A) grow (C) been growing
(B) grew (D) grown
Millions of people _ _ _ _ the film. ABC 0

(A) saw (C) will be seen
(B) were seen (D) must be seen
The meeting won't _ _ _ _ . ABC D
(A) cancel (C) been cancelled
(B) be cancelled (D) cancelled
. Sally doesn't cut her own hair. She at the hairdresser's. ABC D
(A) cuts it (C) has it cut
(B) has cut it (D) gets it
6. That book was written _ _ _ _ Maya Angelou. ABC D

(A) at (C) from
(B) by (D) of
7. The report _ _ _ _ soon. ABC D

(A) publishes (C) will be published
(B) is published (D) will publish
8. When will the work be completed? ABC D
-It be by June, but I'm not really sure.
(A) has (C) will
(B) might (D) won't
9. How often _ __ _ your car serviced since you bought it? ABC D
(A) do you get (C) had you got
(B) did you get (D) have you got
10. I need to get my photo _ _ _ _ for my website. ABC D

(A) take (C) taking
(B) taken (D) took
276
Sewretat XII • 211
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Each sentence has four underlined words or pflrases. Tile four underlined parts
oftht sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underll d
or phrase that ;s NOT CORRECT. ne
to school but A C D
ABC D
Jake uses.
D
12. The reports were arrived late so I had them sent to you this morning. ABC D
ABC 0
n. Some mistakes were made in the brochure but they might corrected ABC D
A B c
before you get back.
D
14. You'll see a copy before they're' by the printer. ABC D

A B 15
15. A funny thing was happened when your office was yesterday. ABC D
A B C
16. Will your stay be extended or will you be returned next week? A C D
ABC D
17. I used to do my own taxes but now I have done them .Qy an accountant. ABC D
A B C D
18. Before a final decision is reached, the various possibilities should A C D

A B
probably discussed .Qy the whole team.
C D
19. The house painted more than three years ago but I'm not ABC D
A
have it done again for a while.
C 0
20. We didn't know about the problem so it shouldn't in time. A C D
A S C
21. A lot of crops can't be grew in the mountains because ~ g~ts too cold. ABC D
ABC D
this area. A-
ABC D
23. D~es the lightbulb have to replaced or is it still wor~ng?
24 H . . t? ABC D
. , ave you had your teeth clean yet Qy the new hYgIems .
A B (..
ABC D
2S. The last payment shouldn't make until all the work has q~en
,,
completed and carefully checked.
( I.
ero ition
,.------- - -- -- Sorry, Sir.

If you don't fit,
you can't board.
I
I
1&..;;C===--..' POINT
T F The man may not be able to board the plane.
CHART CHECK STATEMENTS STATEMENTS

Circle T (True) or IF CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE
F (False). ,
it snows, the airport closes. The airport closes it snowS. I
T F The verbs in If If ,
both clauses it 's foggy, planes can't leave. Planes can 't leave , it 's foggy.
,
are in the -- . ~ -- -
present.
YES/NO S
T F The if clause
always comes RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE NEGATIVE
first.
- -- -. - -- ---- - - ----
AFFIRMATIVE
--
Docs the airport close it snows? it does. it doesn 't.
T F There is always -- - - - - - - - If - -- - - Yes, No,
a comma Can planes leave it 's foggy? they can. they can't.
'--- - - - .. -~ - - - -I- ____ -'-- --- --'
between the
two clauses.
WH- QUESTIONS
RESULT CLAUSE
,--- - ----
IF CLAUSE
Why does air get lighter If it expands?

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -_ _.....J
278
Zero • 219
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
the If clauses with the result clauses.

1. If you hate aeroplane food, ft. they often get jet lag.
2. You might not be able to board
• b. you can order a special meal.
3. If people travel a long distance, c. if you don't check in at the gate .
•
Grammar Explanation mple

1. Use zero conditionals to talk about general Ifcl"U',' f. ,.J!I .1,"1,_
truths and scientific facts. • If it" noon in Lima, it" ~ 6:00 p.m. in Rome.
II (1<l1I'.! r' .ull claU>,"
The if clause talks about the condition and • If air expan Is, it becomes lighter.
the result clause talks about what happens if
the condition occurs. Note: If means when in these contexts.
Use the present simple in both clauses.
2. You can also use zero co 'ti ,s to talk if clause result clause
about habits and recurring events (things that • If Bill flies, he orders a special meal.
happen again and again).
if clause re~u . · c,aL.se
Use the present simple or present continuous • If I'm travelling a long way, I always ~ .
in the if clause. Use the present simple in the
result clause.
3, You can also use oda in the result clause. • If you practise your Chinese every day,
you can improve quickly.
• You might learn more if you listen to
Chinese CDs.
4. Use the im era' in the result clause to give • If you want the seat to recline, the button.
instructions, commands and invitations that • If the seat belt light is on, 0 I v.e your seat.
depend on a certain condition.
• If you come to Tokyo, s ) with us.
S. You can begin condi senten with • If the light goes on fasten your seat belt.
the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is OR
the same. • Fasten your seat belt light go son.
Use a comma between the two clauses only

When the if clause comes first.
280 • Unit 64
••••••••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY· Read this article. In each zero conditional sentence, underline the result
S ,e. Underline the clause that expresses the condition twice.
f .Yo!:!. run into problems on your journey, remember your ri~hts as a passen~. Often the airline
-
company is required to compensate you for delays or damages. For example, the airline provides
meals and hotel rooms if a flight is unduly delayed . However, the airline owes you a lot more if it
caused the delay by overbooking. This can occur especially during holidays if airlines sell more
tickets than there are seats. If all the passengers actually turn up, then the flight is overbooked .
Airlines usually award upgrades or additional free travel to passengers who volunteer to take a later
flight. However, if no one volunteers, your flight may be delayed. In that case, the airline must repay
you 100 per cent of the cost of your ticket for a delay of up to four hours on an international flight.
If the delay is more than four hours, you receive 200 per cent of the cost of your ticket.
SUMMARISE • Read these conversations about Hong Kong. Summarise the advice with
zero conditional sentences.
1. A: I hate hot weather.

B: The best time to go to Hong Kong is November or December.
If you hate hot weather, the best time to go to Hong Kong is November or December.
2. A: I'm travelling with my children.

B: Take them to Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park in Kowloon.
3. A: We need a moderately priced hotel.

B: I suggest the Harbour View International House.
4. A: We like seafood.
B: There are wonderful seafood restaurants on Lamma Island.
5. A: I'm fascinated by Chinese opera.

B: You might like the street opera in the Shanghai Street Night Market.
•
6. A: I'd like to get a good view of Hong Kong.

B: You should take the funicular to the Peak.
-
.
"" .
,
Zero
•••••••••••••••••••••• •
.......... ,. ,•..•,
this Interview between Careers Magazine (CM) and fII ht
Mary Soames (MS). Combine the sentences In brackets to m k 9
sentence. Use the same order. Make necessa h I a ~ a zero
and punctuation. ry c anges n capItalisation
How long are you usually away?

If I eo to the 6ahamae, !,h!iVB a .two-day etopov~r:-~ _
)IS: , 1 (I I I< IIIf b II 1'11.1 I h1 -·-,·~
l ;.;:.1-1..... ,f-l ·-'-1- '1--" - -
' ,- - ... ~ - - - - - - - . - .- - - -
What do you do for two daYH'?
- -----"-_.- _ . 2. - f (I
~ - -
nd 1)1 1 't"n'
--
ill III pool I \1,1)' ",r' } - -'---'-'--
~-
- --_. _ ..
3. (I t,
-~-:'-:.~~-:--:----
v WIth Iri n I. 1 \I)lllcl tIlTl"~
Wllil II rn)
-- - ---_._-------
.-
-_.
Sounds nice.
• =
4. (It'~ ".)1
• •
<l 1110' 1 'let .1 'I), " 'JI.,' flight) "' "
That's when you fly somewhere at midnight, spend four hours, and then fly back.
Sounds like a tough job. Is it worth it?
MS: 5. (II S 'lr rt warding. You don't l~ll1'd I ,I'd 'Nor" .J
CM: Who walks the dog and waters the plants when you're away?
6. \"L-U have three flatmates. You don't have trouble finding dogwalkers )
CM: What's the best thing about this job?
MS: Freetrips. ________________~~~~----~-~~----------------
7. (A flight has an empty seat 1 travel free!)
EDIT. Read Mary's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of zero
conditionals. The first mistake has already been corrected. Don't forget to check
punctuation!
dor t-
Whtlt ,J !Jre~t weekend! t(Lou awl Tot'!1 arcl1't the best hosts in the world, I Wil ;;'t know who is.
I've inviled tl,em to London but {.!:Iou live IiI the Bahamas, .!:lOti nm:(y want to leave. Tomorrow tlt
fflli.(n(gllt, I am doin,9 t'l rOHnd trip FOnt London to Sill!lapore. There's alum.!Js (J price to pa,!!- t(1,qd ,1 ft"~'
weekend, I alwa!fs !Jet a 'Dracula' !1i!Jht afterwards. oft, It'd/. III won't fillla!Jeep, I Cf1f1 1f"'J1tl/~f,'ld <1
Usua /&, {I'll be workil'!}, om: 0l'rlll:m I~" oil t(Fri.sk!f I:" illollt' for I1lo/~q fil1lf, l'l·/lIl1'kt".i" !../. rlllli
the TV is on. Or ma.!J"C I~I iJdfl-'l' ctlll nil tlJIlI iI,.J. . IfL'I,d'l"d 1,(1' tillf,'I,d,!.·, I/il 1I'rI.' ti:()() /,,111. /".", iI/
Sinaanor,
J r
't' .
C, I S 11:00 a.m. ;11 LOlldoll.
First ondition
- - -- --
lCHECKI POINT
Circle T (True) or F n:"/~e)
T F Baker is definitely going

to raise taxes.
T F Small businesses are
•
definitely going to leave .
If Baker raises taxes, small businesses will leave.
CHART CHECK AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS
I . . ·c ,"Ie co .·ect IF CLAUSE: PRESENT RESULT CLAUSE: FUTURE
he 'll raise taxes.

Use the present If Baker wins,
he 's going to fight crime.
simple in ,
o the ' clause.

NEGATIVE ST
,0 the result clause.
IF CLAUSE: PRESENT RESULT CLAUSE: FUTURE
,,Use a com ma between
. the two clauses If he doesn't lower taxes, businesses won' survive. j
L -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ ~.
o when the if clause

comes first. YES/NO
owhen the result RESULT CLAUSE: FUTURE IF CLAUSE: PRESENT
,
clause comes
II-___________ _ first. - . -- -. -- ---------
he lower taxes
if he wins the election?
Is he going to fight crime
.---- - - - ----- ...!---
ANSWERS
- ._- --- ._-- -
will. won't.
Yes, he No, he
15.
_ _ _....L _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_ _ _ _ __
isn't.
282
"CLAUSE:
he do H he wins 7
Whlt II he going to do
Unstramble these words to form a nt nC£'. Add (1 comma If necessary.

fight. she • erim • she'll • If· wins
--
- ----------~--------~------.-.--------------------~-~----
.. o •
•
r I n Ions Examples
1. Use flnt conditional sentences to talk about Ii ,I I I,,' resu lt cldUS~
what will happen under certain conditions in the • If Baker wins , he'll raise taxes.
• (It's a real possibility that Baker will win.)
future. The if clause states the condition. The
result clause states the result.
Use the present simple in the if clause. Use If Dent wins, she'll improve housing.
the future with will or be going to in the • If Dent wins, she 's going to Improve housing .
result clause.
You can also use a modal in the result clause. • If you want to vote, you must register.
• If you don't vote, you might regret it.
~ BE , Even though the if clause refers to • If she ins, she'll fight crime.
the future, use the present simple. NOT If she will win ...
-
2. You can begin condition e with • If you vote for ~nt, you won't regret it.
the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is OR
the same. • You won't regret it · y ' u vote for Dent.
Use a comma between the two clauses only

When the if clause comes first
1. " and I
Un ess can both be used in conditional • ; ' you vote, you'll have a say in the future
sentences but their meanings are very different. of our country.
Use unless to state a negative condition. • I' . you vote, you won't have a say in the
future of our country.
OR
UII'eu often has the same meaning • It you do I' vote, you won't have c1 say in the
as " ... 1I0t. future of our country.
284 • Unit
•• ••• • • • • •• • • •• •• • •• ••
• Each condition will have a rew lt. M utch the condition with the
apPIopriate re ult.
Condition Result
f 1. If Dent wins, she won't stay out of trouble.

•
2 If she Jowers taxes, business people b won't have a say in the

government.
•
• If the education system improves, we
c will have an educated
Unless young people have hope for work force.
the future, they
d . won't be able to vote.
. If crime decreases, t h is
e . will move their companies
Unless you register, you ba ck to the city.
7 If you don't vote, you f. will lower taxes.
g. will be a s afer place to live.
COMPLETE. Read this interview between Politics Today (PT) and MP Daniel Baker
' DB) Complete it with the correct form of the verbs in brackets and if or unless.
PT: What's the first thing you _ _ _.'1-:'d"o.::....-___ __---=---;:,_if---:o~-- you

1. (do) 2. (i f Jnless)
_ _ _-==---;,........,._ _ _ elected?
3. (gel.)
DB: Well, it's been a long, hard campaign. - - --=--;;-:-"""7"7"-;--...,.--- I _ _ _-=---:,-;-~-- ,
4. (It Unless S. (win)
I ------::~-:--7--- a short break before I begin my new job.
6. (take)
PT: Sounds good. Where?
DB: Sorry, but I'd rather not say. _ _-=;;-;~;-;--;----;-_ _ I _ _----,;;--;_ _ _ _ elected,
7. (If I Unless) 8 .. bt.
I _ _ _~;:--:,..__-- to keep my personal life private. Even politicians need
9. (try)
•
pnvacy.
PT: I can understand that. Now, every election has a winner and a loser.
What _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you _ _---:;;-;;-=; - -_ __ ----::-::-~,----;--;,..__-
10. (do) 11. (,f / unle )
you _ _~~~~-- ?
12. (lose)
DB: ----:;;~"""":-;-;---- I - --:;-7""7i-=::;; - - - - this election, I __--:;-;;:-;-:-:-:-:-~ ____- to be
13. (If I iJr,lu,) 14. (lost» 15. (continue)
active in politics. _---;~~;-:-:-~-:---- all parties _ _:;-:;--;--_--:-,-__ , this country
16. (If / Unle~~) 17. (cooperate)
- - - ;1;';;
8;-.T
( n-ot:-:b-,,-:-
) -- as great as it can be. Finally, --1ft~-:-:-:O::-:~-- the people
19. (rf I unless)
---:~~:-:;--:-:---
20. (not pleet)
me to office this time, I ---~iIi::-::7'"---
21. (be)
back next time
to try again!
•
Chatsworth Is trying to decide whe
. . s con Itlonal sentences.
be in debt for years

take out a student loan
not have
on
earn more money to pay back my be able to

go to school? loan quickly pay for my' sister
to go to univers'
go into politics be able to improve
life for others
get elected sit in the House of
as an MP Commons
If I go to law school, I'll take out a student loan.
If I take out a student loan, I'll be in debt for years.
4. _____________________________________________
s. _____________________________________________
10.
----------------------------------
e Irst mIstake
. has already been corrected. Don't forget to check punctuation!
blAsy (;ampalgnlng,
· . I won't have mu(;h time to stut!y. That's a problem, because I'm not going to get a
goOd job if I get goot! marks thiS year. On the other hana, there's so mu(;h to ao In thiS unlvet'srty
. ana
nothiog IS gett·log done If John Healy bewmes preslaent again . A lot of people know that. But WI II I
Know What to do if I'll get the Job? Never mln{;\ I'll t!eal With that problem, If I Win .
- ..--
.
con itionals
DID 'lOU SAY, 'IF' I ADMIT I SA.ID, 'UNLESS~ ..

OR 'UNLESS' ?
I POINT
Circle T (True) or F (False).
T F Schroeder, the piano player, wants to marry Lucy.
CHART CHECK AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

Circle T ( True, or IF CLAUSE: SIMPLE PAST RESULT CLAUSE: WOULD + BASE FORM OF VERB
F (Fa lse ..
he loved her, he would get married.
T F Use the present If
he were in love, he'd get married.
simple in the 'f
clause. *Note that were is used for all subjects with be.
T F Use were for
all subjects. NEGATIVE STA
T F Use a comma IF CLAUSE: SIMPLE PAST CLAUSE: WOULD + BASE FORM OF VERB I
between the he didn't love her, he would not get married. ,
two clauses If
he weren't in love, he wouldn't get married.
I
when the
result clause
comes first. YES/NO QUESTIONS SH ANSWERS
RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE AFFIRMAnVE NEGAnVE
.--- ~--
-------------
I loved her?
Would I gc married If Yes, I would . No, I wouldn 't ,
I wer in love?
------- -- -- - ------- - -
WH- QUESTIONS
RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE
-
you loved her?
What would you do If
you were in love?
, -
286
a
x
,I u r ull I IJ
• If I loved him, I would m a rry him.
Of' (But I don't love him so I won't marry him.)
In the present.
,f I~u , ullcl u
unreal condition. • If I had more time, I would travel.
the unreal result of (But I haven't got lime, so I don't travel.)
/f clau\(' clcluse
r('~ult
in the if clause. • If they had money, they wouldn' t live there.
bIIIe form of the verb in the
'lbe If clause uses the past simple form but • If I had more money now, I would go on a trip
the meaning Is not past. round the world.
fa. Don't use would in the if clause in present • If she knew the answer, she would tell you.
unreal conditional sentences. NOT If she would Itnow the answer ...
Use were for all subjects when the verb in • If I were rich, I would travel round the world.
the if clause is a form of be. NOT ...
UsACil Non: You will sometimes hear native

speakers use was in the if clause. However,
many people think that this is not correct.
You tan also use a modal in the result clause. • If I had time, I could read more.
'IQU tan begin conditional sentences with • If I had more money, I would move.
ifdalJse or the result clause. The meaning is OR
• I would move if I had more money.
a COtnana between the two ciauses only
the if dause comes first .
.beginning with If I were you, ... • If I were you, I'd read Peanuts.
to give advice. Il's really funny.
-~~~----------------
288 • Un t
•• • • •• • •••••••••••
. r i P
TRUE OR FALSE. Read each qllotatlotJ ,rom t lese eanu
ts characters. Write r (True)
the statement that follows.
SNOOPY: If I were a human being, I wouldn't even own a dog!

F Snoopy is a human being.
2 Lucy to SNOOPY: You wouldn't be so happy if you knew what was going to happen.
Snoopy is h appy.
3 Lucy to L INUS: If I were you, I'd sleep un dern eath that tree.
Lucy is giving Linu s advice.
S NOOPY to W OODSTOCK: What would you do if you had forty dollars?
Woodstock has forty dollars.
S NOOPY: If I ate one more snowflake, I'd turn into a blizzard.
Sn oopy plans to eat another snowflake.
6 . L ucy: If we were married, Schroeder, I'd come in every morning and dust your piano.
Lucy dusts Schroeder's piano every morning.
COMPLETE • qead part of an article about the comic strip Peanuts. Complete it with the
colec. form of the verbs in brackets.
What makes Peanuts so popular? Of course, if it _ _--::;-:.w.:::e.:..:re:..:.n.:....'t=--_ _

1 . .~ ,
•••••••••••••••• funny, people _ _--;;;~---:-;:;----- it so mUCh. But Peanuts provides
2. (not li~e
more than just laughs. It addresses such universal themes as love, jealousy, loneliness and
hope. If the characters _ _----,.--:----,,......,-_ __ so real, we _-:--_-;-:-_ _ _ __ with them .

. 'nol bl ) Jul1r .
Take Lucy, for example. In love with the piano-Playing Schroeder, Lucy complains. 'If we
---~S-
. ,.,...
. '- .- - - married, and you ----:---;-,_ _ _ _ golf, I _ _ _=--,.,----,-_ __
),1,1)' 7.111.1'
your golf clubs! If you ---;:--;-;--____ a sports car, I _ _ _-;;---:----;-___ your sports
8. (,jr, ") 9 ",t·)
car ! If you ---,-;;-__- - - a bowler, I _ _---;--;--__- - - your bowling ball: without

10. 'I,.' 11. ,,,1 I
looking up from his piano or missing a beat. Schroeder asks, 'So?' 'I hate your piano!' shouts LUcy
as she kicks it out from under him. Recognisable behaviour? In Peanuts we see ourselves along
with our weaknesses and hopes. But we don't have to analyse Peanuts to enjoy it.
If it ----.-:;~~--- for comic strips like Peanuts, our lives __~;-:;--:-:-:-;-;-~_
12.1',,)1 LJf)
13. (might be)
a little less fun.
Second Condltlona'. •
...............••. , •.•••.••••.••• •.•••••••
• R«.td about these Peanuts characters. What would happen If their situations
Wfff Combine the two sentences Into one, using second
conditional sentences.
,. Schroeder ignores Lucy. She gets angry with him.

If 6c;hrosdsr didn't I nore Lucy, she wEuldn't !ie~ an!3!)' wlt,~ ~Im .
.. _-- -- - -- - • 7
2. Schroeder loves Beethoven. He plays. his sonatas nil the time .
_ ---_.--.
. ~--~ - ~ ~-"~ - .
J. Charlie Brown dopsn't 11:.\\,(' enough fi·icnds. He fl.\cls lonely.
- --_.
-. _
.._.---------- _._----------------- ----------
_. La =_
4. Sally doesn't know her teacher's name. She can't send her a card.
5. Linus is clever. He finds intelligent solutions to life's problems.
6. Woodstock and Snoopy have a close relationship. Woodstock confides in Snoopy.
7. Rerun's parents refuse to let him have a dog. He tries to borrow Charlie's dog.
8. Pigpen doesn't have enough baths. He's filthy.
EDIT. Read this boy's diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the second
conditional. The first mistake has already been corrected.
U ' ,
,I've got to stop staying £.lp..Jate...ceading_'P.eanllts1lf~ wececLt always-saJired.-l will be able
to stay awake in class. When.ever the ieacher asks me. sornetbing,ldan't know. what to say•
. Then I get really embarrassed beca.u se of that nice r~d-baired girl thaU like. I wO£.lld talk to
her if I WOUldn't be so shy. My friend. Jason, says, 'If I was you, 1'd ask her to a party.' but
I'm too afraid that if I asked her, she would have said no. After school, I played football.
NobOdy wanted me in their team. If I play better, I would get chosen sometimes. Life is hardl I
-con really L1nderstand that Charlie Brown character In 'Peanut::>' In fact, If I Jidn't laugh so
----~....:...:..==-~ . ---,-
•
I ition
Section S/ E TERTAJNMENT 4A
• • •
or 01 lewlng
It's a onderful Life

Rating: **** out of ****
would have happened if you had never been

born? George Bailey's guardian angel, Clarence,
shows George that life in Bedford Falls would have been
very different if George hadn't been there. In the process,
Clarence teaches us all how our lives touch those of others.
Highly reconunended for the whole family.
George (seated)
with his guardian angel
ICIIt.:C POINT
T F George Bailey was never in Bedford Falls.
CHART CHECK
TIck the correct •
IFCLAUSE: RESULT CLAUSE:
I
amwen. •
PAST PERFECT WOULD (Nor) HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
- .
Use the past perfect in .
."
"-
•
I I Cld (no) h ' money. I oul o ) have mov away.
,
D the if clause. - - • - - -~
I
•
D the result clause. YES/NO QUESTIONS
I Use a comma between RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE
the two clauses when
Wouh you dve left ,{ you h d h money?
D the if clause - " . "- •
comes first.
D the result clause SHORT ANSWERS
comes first. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
----~---- ". -" ~ ---- •
y , I would (have) . No, I wouldn't (have) .

- - - - _-1
290
Third Condltlonels • 291
•• • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
CLAUSE IF CLAUSE
What would you have done If you had money? would have =would've
would not have = wouldn't have
EXPRESS
(omplete thi sentence with the cortect (orm of the verb study. Add a comma if necessary
I. . .. -- if I had known about the lORi today.
G r Explan tions Examples

IT' .I,u " ,. su't claU~E
1. Use third condition sentences to • I George die young, he wouldn't have
talk about past conditions and results that had children.
never happened. (But he didn't die young and he did have children.)
The if clause presents the unreal condition. • If George 't bee bo , many people's
The result clause presents the imagined result lives would have worse.
of that condition. (But George was born so their lives were better.)
if clause .esult clause

2. Use the past perfe in the if clause. • If the film had won an Oscar, it would have
Use w u I Q ' •
. In become famous immediately.
the result clause.
3. You can also use oda' in the result clause. • If George had gone to university, he mIght have
become an architect.
• If George had become an architect, he 'ould
have deSigned bridges .
4. You can begh with • I h l .. d

on. m on dollar he would
the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is have travelled to China.
the same. OR
• He would have travelled to China he had
Use a co . between the two clauses only
on mill on doll r .
When the if clause comes first.
S. Third d • If I had kno· Mary was back,

con Itlon 15 are often used to express
regret about What happened in the past. I Id .. Iwr to tilt' party.
(I regret Ihal I dido 't //1vilt' ht'l)
292 . Unl ~
••••••••••••••••••••••••
TRUE OR FALSE. ead each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (false) for the
follows.
1. If I had had time, I would have watched It's a Wonderful Life.

r I didn't have time to watch It's a Wonderful Life.
2. I would have recorded the film if my DVD hadn't broken.
I recorded the film.
If Clarence hadn't been there, George might have killed himself
Clarence was there.

George wouldn't have met Mary if he hadn't gone to his brother's party.
George didn't go to the party.
George would have been happier if he had become an architect.
George became an architect.
6. The film wouldn't have been so good if James Stewart hadn't played the part of
George Bailey.
Ja mes Stewart played the part of George Bailey.
• George is thinking about the past. Complete his thoughts with the correct
form of the words in brackets.
I didn't go into business with my friend Pete. If I _ _ _ _ha_d---=9'---o_n_e_ _ _ into

9
·
b usmess WI'th h'1m, I ____
would ;;--_---:-____
have become a success.
(become)
2. I couldn't go into the army because I was deaf in one ear. I ____--:----,-____
(go)
into the army if I ___--:-;---:-:---~---- my hearing in that ear.
(not lOSE:)
3. Mary and I weren't able to go on honeymoon. We ___---;--:--;-----:-____ away if
(c.ln I go)
my father _ _ _ _ _ _---,-___ ill.
(II('! i,1 (l)fT1')
4. Clarence showed me how the world would look without me. I _ _ _--;---:-:-_--;-_ _-
(not know)
that I was so important if Clarence ____-;:::::-:;:=-=-~--- me.
(not show)
5. MyoId boss once made a terrible mistake. If I _ _ _---;----:--:--:---:--_ _ _ him, he
(not help)
------;-----_ _ to prison.
((oW I '10)
6. Mary ---;::::-:--;---:-;-~---
(mdY I ,,(,t I(dd)
a happy life if she ___----:_ _----:-_ _ _ me.
(not marry)
7. L ife here really different if I _ _ _---:---:-:::--:-____ .
(h ) (not live)
Third Conditionals 293
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Read each true sltua~;on. Then write a third conditional sentence to ex ress
how things could have been different. P
1. Clarence wasn't a first-class angel so he didn't have much self-confidence.

If Clarence had "een a first-class angel, he would have had more self-confidence.
2. George was unhappy about his business. He shouted at his daughter on Christmas Eve .
•
•
." •
3. poor people could buy houses because George's business lent them money.
4. Mr potter wasn't able to trick George so George didn't sell Potter the business.
s. George's Uncle Billy lost $8,000. George got into trouble with the law.
6. George's friends didn't know about his troubles. They didn't help him straightaway.
•
7. George's friends collected money for him so he didn't go to prison.
EDIT • Read Clarence's diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the third
conditional. The first mistake has already been corrected. Remember to check punctuation!
Dear DW-Il,
/. hadn't
Itf 1- - I n -
novv
L
S WOYIV
1- ......
out som,etiAM..M. L (jeIJYje. f"t;QI$l{n; ',t..
oft by' e. o~ dtrutuw.£ £~ [ 'Itt never a..I1/ ' rttUt:t

job like,)' . AfUi' he- 't beeI'V so stubboy~, [ would never
tlwUjkt 0 ~ , 0 s/w ' ifv B yd FaiU ut fUm.,. On.e- 0 flu mddut
wIw
bU!i¥c.e.,s to My Potterj tlterv Potter would yented yU/tV' MU/1'& "/.t;{ts to flit t{(O,(f people.
Y%edh.e.r: hadPvwo utI' /?;. J~ W, he. will /IIWe1()1(f t(Jpri.llllC /U!PP{·~/. t'
IUs fr'
: Present and Past
Tinx Fair)' Ta les TIff I \-.~n W H

--------~ ~--------
- -
-
" II
The, •
t
.
' 'zree IS es
ne day, a poor woodcutter was given
three wishes by a tree elf. When his J
hungry wife heard the news, she
said, 'I wish I had some sausages.' - '-- eft .-- .....
--
At once five sausages appeared on a plate.
The woodcutter was furious about wasting a wish. 'I wish those sausages were hanging
from your nose,' he shouted. At once the sausages hung from her nose. The two struggled to
get them loose but they could not. 'I wish I hadn't made that wish; the woodcutter sighed.
At once the sausages were on the plate again. The couple happily ate the sausages and
wished for nothing more. ~Z~
ICHEC i POINT
The woman wanted sausages
o that day.
o the day before.
CHART CHECK 1 WIS ABOUT

Tick the correct MAIN CLAUSE WISH CLAUSE
answer.
had some food now.
In wishes about the She wishes she
present, what tense were* rich.
follows wish?
*Note that were is used for all subjects with be.
o the present simple
o the past simple
294
WIsh: Present and Past _ 29•
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••• ••••
PAn'
(OI1'«t . MAIN CLAUSE WISH CLAUSE
- ... -.~.-.
•
had had some food last night.

In wishes about the He wishes he
~st, what tense h d been rich as a child.
follows wish?
CJ the past simple
CJ the past perfect
EXPRESS
complete tIJc5e cntencc with the correct forms of the verb know .
• I wish I . a good story to tell my next class .
• I wish I more stories as a child.
mar Explanations Examples

1. Use wish followed by a verb in the . ,. .. • • He wishes he hod a yacht.
to talk about things that you want to be true (He doesn't have a yacht but he wants one.)
now but that are not true.
USA'E Non: After wish, you can use .' .!re • Sometimes I wish I we e a child again.
instead of was.
OR
• Sometimes I sh I HOS a child again.
2. Use is followed by the . 7. . to , • They wish they od mo fe .' to the country.

express regrets about events in the past. (They didn't move to the country and now they
think that was a mistake.)
3. Use woul after ,_ to express a desire for • I I you '0 II C 0 breakfast. You've go
•
sor:neone or something to act in a different way. more time than I have.

thiS often communicates a complaint or a regret.
.1 •she aula t more often. 1 really
miss her.
DO not use will after wish.
___ NOT
4. Use I Ish· he Juld car more money.

(ou d or auld ha ' . after wish to • He
express ability.
• He he I, C OU" a better job
wh en he was younger.
Do not Use can after wish. NOI
296 • Unit 68
• •• •• • • • •• •• •• • • ••
TRUE OR FALSE. Read eaell numbered wntl'lIcc. Write T (True) or f (Fohe) far the
I fallow5.
1. I wish I were a princess.
T I'm not a princess.

2. I hated living in a big house as a child.
I wish I had lived in a small house.

3 He wishes he could find a better job.
He likes his job.
They couldn't do computer classes at school so they are doing them now.
They wish they could do computer classes.
Jim's wife plays computer games a lot. He wants her to stop.
He wishes she wouldn't play computer games.
He wishes he had a lot of money.
He hasn't got a lot of money.
• Read this article from a psychology magazine. Complete it with the correct
(or 11 of the verbs in brackets.
PSYCHOLOGY FOR You - . - -
he old saying goes, 'If wishes were horses, then beggars would ride.' 'I wish it
_ _--:-w.....,e,,-re_ _ _ that easy,' says therapist Joel Grimes. 'But we can't just wish
, (! , )
problems ----c:-
} -, ,- :---
, - ,- ,,- ,-, -
~'I-Y)-:---' We have to find our own solutions.' According to him,
complainers are really saying, 'I wish I ___,______ a magical solution. I wish
I _..,---,;---:--_,---,:-:---:-:-_ with this myself.' One client, for example, kept complaining,
4, r ,, h<lVt to I rj(>ll)
"
'I wish I _________ people but my flat is too small.' Grimes urged her to solve
s. (1,111 ,,,!f ":111)
the problem. This year, she gave an open-house party, with people coming at different times.
She still wishes she her whole family last year but she learnt she
I,.II,HI HI"ltt)
could solve her own problems. 'At first clients get angry with me for not handing them
solutions,' says Grimes. 'But when they experience their own power, they wish they
-----:~:___':----
7. (know)
about it sooner.'
In
to children.
tor a
month.
unfit.
too old to go back to chool.

• a I
• E •
lean't smoking.
, ,
7 doesn't phone me.
I. parents didn't, understand me.
Th • Read this diary entry. Find and correct five mistakes in tile use of wish.
e first mistake has already been corrected.
1bQa 1 ' . were . . .

'I, salCi t.o Dr anWles, 'I wish t.here W8S a wa'1 t.o spe~a more time With m'1 b0'1fne~a
easy thiM9 t.o ca"'....

7 vlA
0>
t. I Wish
. I l(~aersta~a .
Its .
mea~I~9. Ma'1De 'It mea~s th · .....
at wls"I~9 wo~ 't
Solv~ J>robl . . .
eWlS. Well, t.hat's wh'1 I wel1t t.o see rum!!! I WiSh he WILL tell me what to ao
•
'l.9ht the" a"d t.here blAt. he reflAsea. Speaki 119 of wiShftll thil1ki~9, I wiSh Mark a~d I c.DlAld
~~th e weeke~a together ~eltt week. M'1 eltamS are over Dut he "s got to fL'1 to Pans
for h'IS JOb
. I:t . . . , .
. WIShes were horses, l'ci ride o~e to Paris. He'1! Mark IS aLwa'1 s sa'1 9, I WiSh
111
~OIAld c.o.... . . . p . " c.. . t

·.. e With me sometimes.' I suppose I c..al1 90 With him t.o ans. vr .. nmes mlAS
t.hat. I c..a~ soLve m'1 011'111 probLems. Now I wiSh I havel1't Deel1 so rude to him.
ONE
if I th letter a the (urrect amwer to complete each .sentence.
- - - -
-
ExAMPLE:
Jennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee.
-- -~-
~ ~-
If you _ _ _ _ a headache, you should take an aspirin. ABC D

(A) '11 have got (C) have got
(B) had got (D) are having
I wish we _ _ _ _ a bigger house. This one is too small. ABC D

(A) have (C) would have
(B) had (D) had had
_ _ _ _ it rains very hard, the streets flood. ABC D

(A) If (C) During
(B) Always (D) Unless
We'll be late unless we _ _ _ _ now. ABC D

(A) leave (C) had left
(B) don't leave (D) have left
What would Tom do ifhe the truth? ABC D

(A) would know (C) knows
(B) has known (D) knew
If! _ _ _ _ you, I'd call and apologise. ABC D

(A) am (C) were
(B) would be (D) was
7. If I you were ill, I would have called sooner. ABC D

(A) have known (C) would have known
(B) had known (D) know
8. If you want to go skiing, _ _ _ _ to Les Arcs. ABC D
(A) you go (C) go
(B) you'll go (D) went
9. Jennifer has trouble with maths. She wishes she _ _ __ ABC D

more at school.
(A) studies (C) had studied
(B) has studied (D) studied
298
Seln st XIII 299
••••••••••••••••• ..... •, ..
10. - If we invited you, would you come?
_ Of course I .
ABC D
(A) do (C) would have
(S) am (D) would
Thomas will win the election if he harder.
ABC D
(A) campaigns (C) will campaign
(S) would campaign (D) campaigned
If you told us about the bad service, we would have ABC D
eaten there.
(A) didn't (C) haven't
(S) wouldn't have (D) hadn't
SE.!:.,IION TWO
the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word
- ,
EXAMPLE:
,
1i If you had been here yesterday, you would have see Jean. ABC D
A B C D
14 I wish our family could of taken holidays when we were younger. ABC D
~ B C D
5 Unless we work harder, we will finish on time. ABC D

A B C D
16, If I will have to make a difficult decision. . I always discuss it with ABC D
~ B C D
my friends.
1
If Lara is older, she would try to get a job in Edinburgh. ABC D
P C D
1~ W ABC D
e could had done more if we had had more time.
D C D
So We ate outside tomorrow unless it rains.
ABC D
2 I would take the job if I am you. ABC D

J ~ r u
ABC D
l. What would you do if you will won the lottery?
A fI
22. It's h t ABC D
~ 0, so you will feel better"J... if you drink more water.
r
ABC D
~. Iflh d' ABC D
A ave to fly, I would get very nervous, so J usually _rIve.
25. Lynn . h . . . ABC D
WIS ,es she had a bigger house and Qan btl~ a Cdr.
e tive I uses wit
"'u
Bill, come and
meet the woman who has
changed my life. :::::::::_ _ _ _ __
!CHECK I POINT
Circle T (True) or F (False)
T F The man is talking

about the woman
holding a report.
RELATIVE CLAUSE AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE
CHART CHECK -+ MAIN CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE

Trck the correct SUBJECT
answers. RELATIVE PRONOUN VERB
Relative clauses
describe: who lives in Rome.
o nouns
o verbs RELATIVE CLAUSE INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE
Relative clauses
can go: MAIN CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE I
(CONT.) i
:0 before the main
I clause SUBJECT
RELATIVE PRONOU N VERB
l Oin the middle of "1
- - .. . . .
"'t
the main clause
who lives In Rome is a dancer.
o after the main . -
-
clause
'-------- ---,- - - - - - - '
EXPRESS
Unscramble these words to form a sentence.
the man • works • who • in the cafeteria • That's
300
Relative CI uses with S b
0 0
Rola.tlvo Pre; oun'
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • J• •J(\C,.t '-' 301
•••••••• •••••••••••••• • •••
""ar
Gra rn ••• Explanations Example~
to identify or give
1. Use . • I know the woman
additional information about nouns or (The relative clause identifies the wom;n we are
indefinite pronouns such as , talking about.)
, , and her(s).
• Rome is a city ("
(The relative clause gives additional inform~tion
about the city.)
The relative clause directly follows the noun (or • Someone is lucky.
pronoun) it is identifying or describing. NOT
2. can be seen I have a friend. + He loves to shop. =

as a combination of two sentences. • I have a friend who I liS O .
My friend lives in Rome. + She paints. =

• My friend who Ii"es n 0 e paints.
3. Relative clauses are introduced by

•
Subject rela ,io,'" "'·onou are:
a. or for people • I have a riend who lives in Mexico.

USAGE NOTE: . is less formal than • • I have a friend that lives in Mexico .
b. or for places or things • New York is the city wfJic . never sleeps.
USAGE NOTE: is less formal than ich. • New York is the CI y tho never sleeps.
C. 'hose + no for people's possessions He's the man whose d .. barks all day.
~ BE CAREFUL! Do not use both a subject relative • Scott is someone •
pronoun
't
and a subJ'ect pronoun (I I
you he she
I J I
NOT
I, we, they) in the same relative clause.
4. Sub]'e t I . lives next door.

c re atlve pronouns have the • That's the an wI
Whether the f . lives next door.
y re er to singular or plural nouns • That's the c m'm
Or to rna scu I'Ine or feminine nouns. • Those are the ople live next door.
~
S. The
• Ben is my . I
ho liv in Leeds.
the sub' is singular if •
ends
noun I]~ct relative pronoun refers to a singular
In
• AI and Ed are my
. t IS plu I 'f' Nottingham .
... ra I It refers to a plural noun
~ 8E . • on her.
CAItEFUl' Wh • Meg is a person
of a relative' en is the subject
With th clause, the verb agrees in number N OT
e sub]' t f on her.
ec 0 the relative clause.
j
302 • Unit
•••• , ........... .
IDENTIFY· . ead thi paragraph about friendship. First circle the relative pronouns and
,he relative douses. Then draw an arrow from the relative pronoun to the
noun or pronoun it describes .
.AU~LQ~t eYer':tol1e has friel1cls 'plAt ieleas a1>olAtJ rj eYlJ;\sh i p y ar'1-fro'tJ:1 l?ers.o~
. I1,-,t"",
. Q,,--_
1
per For r ho) c-hats wit.h ':tOlA ol1J.he i 'r1teI~t. For
- '-'--- -
ot.hers! a friel1el is a perso}1 who has kYlOV'Hl ':tOlA aLL ':tOlAr Life - someol1e V'!hose
famiL':t k}1OwS ':t0lA! too. Others o}1L':tlAse the t.erm for someol1e who k'rlOWS ':tour
j iH1ermost secrets. ALtholAgh eli fferel1t peopLe emphasise eli fferel1t aspe"ts of
friel1clship! there is ol1e eLemel1t whic-h is aLV'!a':ts presel1t. al1c1 that is the eLemel1t of
"hoi"e. We ma':t l10t pe a'pLe to seLec-t OlAr families! OlAr wLLeagues or eye't1 the peopLe
that take the PlAS with lAS PlAt we can c-hoose OlAr friel1c1s. As al1thropoLogist
Margaret Mead ol1c-e saicl! IA friel1cl is SO'rYleOl1e who c-hooses al1c1 is c-hosel1.'
I t is this freeclom of "hoic-e that makes frieYldship slA"h a spec-iaL reLatiol1Ship.
• A magazine, Psychology Today, conducted a survey on friendship.

Here are some of the results. Complete each sentence with an appropriate relative
pronoun and the correct form of the verb in brackets.
People __w_h--,o,--_ ___-----,h.,..-'B'-v--':e____ moved a lot have fewer friends.

(have)
2. People _ _ _ _ _ _ _-::----:-_ _ _ lived in the same place have more friends.
(have)
3. The qualities _ _ _ _ _ _ _-:-;---,-_ _ _ most important in a friend are loyalty,
(be)
warmth and the ability to keep secrets.
4. Someone _ _ _ _ _ _ _-:;---:-_ _ _ a crisis turns to friends before family.
(f,lCe)
S. Betrayal is the cause _ _ _ _ _ _ _-.,,-_ _ _ _ most often responsible for
(bt )
ending a friendship.
6. Many people have friends _ _ _ _ social or religious backgrounds __--;~---
(be)
different from theirs.
7. Most people _ _ _ _ friends _ _ _---:---:-_ _ _ members of the opposite sex say
(IlIL h"It·)
that these relationships are different from relationships with people of the same sex.
8. A survey _ _ _ _ _ _ _.,--_-:-___ in a magazine may not represent everyone.
(appe. r)
9. Someone the magazine might have other ideas.
(not r' d)
Relative Clauses w th ( b
•••••• •••••••••••• •••• )u Jf ct nf Pror Cl,ne
ItlVE 303
• • • • • • • • • • • • • . I
••••••••••••••••••••
;I
... ,.
'OdBIHE.
\., m
'lead
"
each pair of sentences. Use a relative pronoun t b' .
0 com me them mto
(~ e.
1 I have a friend. My friend lives in Mexico City.

I have a friend who lives in Mexico Cit;y.
Mexico City is an exciting city. The city attracts a lot of tourists.
Steph has a brother. Her brother's name is Eric.
He works for a magazine. The magazine is very popular in Mexico .
.. Eric writes a column. The column deals with relationships.
An article won a prize. The article discussed friendships.
7 A person is lucky. That person has a lot of friends.
r. EDIT· qead part of a student's essay. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of relative
ClOt ses. The first mistake has already been corrected.
A writer once said that friends are born, not made. This mea.ns that we
automatically become friends with people who }he¥' are compatible with us. I don't
agree With this writer. Last Sll m mer, I made friends with some people who's
completely different from me.
I
In July, I went to Barcelona to study Spanish for a month. In our group, there
Was a teacher Which was much older than I am. We became really good friends. In
Illy first week, I had a problem which was getting me down. Barcelona is a city who
,I.
....
•
I
Illy clasBeB . I kept writing to
s. ob helped me get back into my studies. After the trlP,
BOb. lie alw . "ding Next summer, he's
ays wrttes stories that is interesting and encourOoO~- .
lea.cu
ng another trip What sounds interesting. I hope I can go.
T
I tive I uses w ith
or hen and here

- -- ----- -
So
Krakow- U wowi,er
•
.
.
UY~ oftJr.,e, tMftU'V >1
wu~
tJr.,e, , wIw'~ [ ~ a1t my

~
. tIth
tiMt& ~yow
. 'aoraeb iM ICHEC POINT

He:> tV writefj J J
rUf{t e»u! I'~ ~ to~! , Circle T (True) or ~ (Fa/~e)

•
3 / LutV
T F Lisa is pointing out
her favourite cafe.
RELATIVE CLAUSE AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE

,
CHART CHECK MAIN CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE

T' e l e ccrt'eet OBJECT
I
a "~ -e,
" -
RELATIVE
PRONOUN SUBJECT
The verb in the
relative clause
agrees with She reads all the books that he writes .
o the noun in the
main clause. RELATIVE CLAUSE INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE
o the subject of the "
, "
relative clause. CLAUSE i RELATIVE CLAUSE , CLAUSE (CONT.) •,
Cirde T (True) or OBJECT

, F (Fo/~e). RELATIVE
PRONOUN SUBJECT VERB ,
T F The relative - - -1-----_._-----<,
clause always I
,,
, 1
follows the I , The book that they borrowe seems very interesting.
I _ ---------
main clause.
'---- ----
EXPRESS
Umcramble these words to form a sentence.
I • the • films • all • he • directs • watch • that

,
304
Relative Clauses with ObjPC"t !=if I t
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••
• • • • •
\.l VE
• • • • •
PrOTl(ll.J. lS ()r
• • • • • • • • •
v'Vhorl ~I ld w....,ere
1t.4.
305
•• •••• ••• •••• ••• •• ••••• ••• • • • • • ••• •
A " can be the
1. of a relative clause. Notice that: Eva is a writer. + I saw 'r . on Tv. =
(>b,
a. The comes
• Eva, vho I saw on I, is a writer.
at the beginning of the relative clause.
b. Object relative pronouns have the • That's the man wh I met.

whether they refer to singular or plural • That's the 0 n 'i I met.
nouns or to masculine or feminine nouns. • Those are the ople I met.
~ub. ,<
c. The agrees • I like the columns vllch he writes.
with the subject of the relative clause. • I like the column h ich they write.
BE CAREFUL! Do not use both an object relative • She is the writer ho s o
pronoun and an object pronoun (me, you, him, NOT She is the writer who I saw her on TV.
her, it, us, them) in the same relative clause.
I NOTE: Object relative pronouns are often left out. • She is the writer I saw on TV.
"
• 2. Object relative pronou are:
a. (;, or for people

Jt.. • She's the writer who I met.
USAGE NOTE: is very formal and is • She's the writer that I met.
rarely used in speech. • She's the writer I met.
• She's the writer whom I met.
b. rh, or for things • I read the book which she wrote.
• I read the book that she wrote.
• I read the book she wrote.
c. ose + no for people's possessions • That's the author hose book I read.
~~~~
3. A relative pronoun can be the Q jeet of

•
He's the writer. + I work 0 ..,• =
USAGE NOTE: In speaking and writing, • He's the writer thor I work •
We put the preposition at the end of the clause • He's the writer' work o .
and We often leave out the relative pronoun.
• He's the writer or who , work.
egl . , told you.
nnlng of the clause. In this case we use • That's the book about'
only ,
, and (not who or that).
4.
and ( can also be used to introduce
relative clauses: ~re. ==
That 's the library. + She works
a. •
rks .
. refers to a place . • That's the library
I remember the day. + I met him
en. =
b. fh him.
Or refers to a time. • 'remember the day
t I met him .
• 'remember the day
306 • 70
•• •• •• • ••• • • ••• • •• •• •••
IDENTIFY • R ad tlli part of a book review. Underline (11/ the relative clauses with object
r n un . Circle tile object relative pronouns and when or where. Then draw
a lin from tile circled word to the noun it refers to.
Section 4 BOOKS
Lost in Tralls/ation: her friendship with the

A life in a New Langlla. . . boy whose home she
•• visited daily and whom
t the age of nine, Eva Hoffnl<Ulleft Poland she assumed she would
with her family. She was old enough to marry one day. Worst of all ,
lql w what she was losing: Krakow, a however, she missed her
city\. .t hat. he loved as one loves a person, the language. For years, she felt
sun-baked villages where they had spent ['1 'tI HO//fII(ln no connection to the
summer holidays and the conversations and English name of anything that she felt was
escapades with her friends. Disconnected important. Lost in Translation: A Life in a
from a city where life was lived intensely, her New Language (penguin, 1989) tells how
father was overwhelmed by the transition to Eva came to terms with her new identity
Canada. Eva lost the parent whom she had and language. It's a story that readers will
watched in lively conversation with friends fmd fascinating and moving.
in Krakow cafes.And nothing could replace
• A school newspaper, the Chelsea Bugle (CB), interviewed one of the

school's international students, Maniya Suarez (MS). Complete the interview with
relative pronouns, when or where and the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
CB: Maniya Suarez is a student _ _ _ _w.,...h_o_ _ _ _ many ofyoLi already

1
_ _----:::-'kc.::-n.:.o::.. w
:.-'--_ __ . Maniya, why did your family settle in London?
2. (k; (' v)
MS: The cousin _________ we _ _ _-:--:---:--___ with at first
~. 4. (SlilY)
lives here. That's the reason we chose London.
CB: What was the most difficult thing about going to school in the UK?
MS: The class in _ _ _ _-:--____ 1_ _ _-=-:.,--_ _ _ _ the biggest problems at first WllS
5. 6. (have)
Lnglish.lt was hard to say the things _ _ _ _-=--____ 1_ _ _ _ __ _ __ to say.
7. 8. (wJnt)
CB: What is the biggest change _ _ _ _=--____ YOLi _ _::-:-_ _ _ _ _ _ so far?
9. 10. (<.'xpt>nen e)
MS: We llsed to live in a house _ _ _----::-=-_ _ _ _ lheH' _ _ _~~_:_--- always
11. 12. (1))
d lot of people. Here I live with my parents dnd l wo younger sisters _ __ --=-=--__-
u.
I- --::-:-:-7-- - = -- - after schooL 1gL't a hit lonely sometimes.
14. (t"ke t. rl' of)
Relative Cia with ObJ"N t 'l( I' t
• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • c.. Ive pronC) ~ WI1(>' c r'" Wf ,err I
I
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • •• • ••
()
-~
••••••••••••••••••••••••
307
•
• Read each pair of sentences. Use a relative pronoun or h

t em into one sentence. w en or where, to
That'S the house. I grew up in the house with my sister Emily.
The house was beautiful. We lived in the house.
j Emily and I shared a room. We spent a lot of time playing in it.
I had a good friend. I went to school with her.
In a
~"
s. I took piano lessons from a woman. I met her at my mum's office.
6 I remember one summer. The whole family went to the seaside then.
7 Those were good times. I'll always remember them.
EDIT • Read this student's essay. Find and correct nine mistakes in the use of relative
clauses with object relative pronouns. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Tai . where OR in Vyhfcn " .

Dong IS the smail city in southeastern Taiwan I grew up. My fa.IOlly
moved there from Taipei the Sl1 m mer I was born. The house in which I grew up in
"
18 on a main street in Tai Dong. My father sold tea and my mother had a food stand
•
Who I a1 A .
Ways chatted with him had a son my age. We were best friends. cousm
Who his f hi
amily I ViSited every Sl1 rn mer lived with us. He was an appren lCe w c h t·
~~ had
er Was teaching the tea business to. On the first floor of our house, we
\I
"
a huge k1 . The
dro oms whe re the farmly

. . slept was upstaIrs.
. h
My two brat ers slept in one
I bedr
oom. I slept in one what I shared with my older sister. My younger sister
,-8hared a b
edroo m with another cousin which my family had "adoPte_d_._ _~_ _ __
•
I T
el tive 1 uses:
Oefinin and
Non Oefinin . . .
Oops!
This must be the
picture file he told me
not to open !
~o
I
I CHECK POINT
Circle T (True) or F (False)
T F There is only one picture file on
the computer.
CHART CHECK DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES I
I
I
T,e < e CO " 'eet SUBJECT I
PRONOUN
Which type of relative The computer which is in the study is broken.
clause has commas
around it?
OBJECT
o defining PRONOUN)
o non-defining The computer (which) she bought last week is not working . .
, Circie T (True) or
F (False). NON- ING RELATIVE CLAUSES
T F You can leave
out a relative SUBJECT
PRONOUN
pronoun only
when it is an The computer, which Is In the study, is broken.
j
object relative ..
•
pronoun III
OBJECT
a defining RELATIVE PRONOUN
relative clause. .. . -- -- ~ _. - . ._- - ---
----- ------~~
The computer, which she bought last week, is not working.
~. . . ... .-- -- , -.
EXPRESS ,,_.
CroS5 out the relative pronouns where possible.
• I gave away my computer, which was only three years old.
• I bought a new one that had a lot more memory.
• It was the computer which we saw at E-Lectronics.
308
Clau es' [)pfl
•••••••••••••••••••••• :.
......... .. .... ...............
r q n'" Non [)E f "'lInn •
~ ,
,
309
m ar Explanations Examples
Gram
Relative clauses can be flni or
1.
•
a Use a to identify • I've got three phones. The phone h is in

. which member of a group the sentence talks hf" ·h· is broken.
about. (The relative clause is necessary to identify which
phone is meant.)
b. Use a to
• I've got only one phone. The phone, hich is in
give additional information about the noun • h( is broken.
it refers to. The information is not necessary (The relative clause gives additional information but
to identify the noun. . . , '
It Isn t needed to identify the phone.)
BE CAREFUL! Do not use that to introduce a • Marl , who introduced us at the party, rang
non-defining relative clause. Use , me last night.
for people and for places and things. NOT Marie, that introduced us at the party, .. .
2. A is separated • The switch, which IS on e ac is off.

on
from the rest of the sentence by a . (The machine has got only one switch. It's on
the back.)
Without commas, the clause is a e Ing • The switch hich is on the bac is off.
. a ·.. e and the sentence has a very (The machine has got more than one switch. This
different meaning. one is off.)
USAGE NOTE:Non-defining relative clauses are

much more common in writing than they are in
speech.
3. You 1 leave out :

a. ~ "lronou in defining • That's the computer rhat I bought.
relative clauses • That's the computer bought.
b. • I remember the day w en I met him.
• I remember the day I net him .
USAGE NOTE: The most common spoken form is
the one w'th .
I no relatIve pronoun.
4. You
not leave out:
a. • She remembers Mark,
•
I in a non-defining •
relative clause N OT
b.
• That's th e author
N OT
t. •
lere • That's th e library
N OT That's the librarY' I worlt.
310 Unit ,n
•• •••• ••••••••••
TRUE OR FALSE. Read each numbered sen tence. Write T ( True) or F (Fa/se) for the
follows.
1
Usc the computer which is in the living room.
F There is only one computer.
2 Press the red button, which is on the right. ,
There is probably only one red button.
•
My sister who mends computers lives in Manchester.
I have more than one sister.
My stereo, which worked yesterday, doesn 't work today.
It's likely that I have another stereo I can use.
A mobile phone which has voice activation is very convenient.
All mobile phones have voice activation.
6 My flatmate, who is afraid of computers, has never been on the internet.
I probably have more than one flatmate.
ADD & CROSS OUT • Read this article about technophobia. Add commas where necessary.
Cross 01 ,t the relative pronouns that can be left out.
,tech · no ·'pho · bi (/loun) a fcarJhEt( some people have about u in!! technolog)
f you have it, you're one of the 85 per cent of about the effects of technology on people
people that this new 'disease' has struck. blames the designers of these devices, not the
Maybe you've bought a phone on which you people who use them. 'The best way to cure
can programme 99 numbers - but you can't technophobia is to cure the reasons that cause
turn it on. Or perhaps you have just read that it - that is, to design things that people can
your new CO player, which you have finally use and design things that won't break,' claims
learnt to use, will soon be replaced by OVO Norman. Michael Oyrenfurth who is a
which you have never even heard of. University lecturer believes we cause our own
Some experts say that things have just problems by buying technology that we just
become too complex. William Staples who don't need. 'Do we really need electric
wrote a book on the electronic age tried to toothbrushes?' he asks. According to Williams,
help a friend who had just bought a new important technology that we can't afford to
stereo. The stereo which worked before wasn't run away from actually exists. To prosper, we
working any more. 'On the front of the stereo, need to overcome our technophobia and learn
there were literally twenty buttons,' says to use it.
Staples. Donald Norman who has written
Relative Clauses' DE f
..... ... ..••••••••••••••••
• ••••••• •• •• ••••• • • • • Pllnq cnd Nor [ .. lJr.tr1n 311
'1')
\
•
• • • •• • •• • • • • •• • • • ••
dBlllE.
C /JI fl.
'?ead these pairs of sentences. Combine them by changl'
I U.
th
ng e second
O •
/olto a relatIve cause. se a relatIve pronoun only when
s ' d fi' " necessary.
Use commas for non e tnlng re atlve clauses.
, I bought a mobile. I can use it to send and receive email.

I ~ought a mobile I can U6e to 6end and receive email.
-
My new mobile has become a necessary part of life. I bought it only a month ago.
3 I remember the day_ I was afraid to use my new computer then.
Now, there are psychologists. They help technophobes use technology.
Dr Michelle Weil wrote a book about 'technostress'. She is a psychologist.
I work in an office. In my office, the software changes frequently.
.. A lot of people suffer from technostress. Those people work in my office .
. Some people dream of a job_ They can do the job without technology.
--
peoPle
EDIT • Read this student's book report. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of defining
onr 'lon-defining relative clauses. The first mistake has already been corrected.
I'~' . Wil
JUst read a book called Technostress which was written by Dr MlChelle e.
lier CO-author was Dr Larry Rosen, that is her husband and a loa
s psychologist.
ACCording to 1 ~T Our mobiles and
the authors, everybody feels stress about techno OOJ'
Pagers th t . Just because they
, a we buy for emergencies, soon invade our prIVacy.
can, PeoPle Contact us at places where we are rela.xIng.. th r problem is having
AnO e
~ ,
leal'Il. to one at a time, now
o mUCh, too fast Technological changes, used to come
QVe .
I'Wh.e . ti s from her latest
it Which. c
an be purchased via her website.
'r ( the I tter t the: rreet answer to complete eoch sentence. Choose flJ when
no word I1UJ J
- -- - -- - -
EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee.
- -- - - - --
That's my friend _ _ _ _ lives in Corby. ABC D
(A) which (C) whom
(B) who (D) where
The plants which in the living room need a lot of water. ABC D
(A) are (C) is
(B) be (D) am
She's the woman _ _ _ _ sister babysits for us. ABC D

(A) who (C) that's
(B) which (D) whose
That's the doctor for Cliff works. ABC D

(A) that (C) whom
(S) which (D) whose
Marie, _ _ _ _ I met at the party, called me last night. ABC D

(A) that (C) which
(S) who (D) whose
6. I remember Alan, _ _ _ _ walked to school with. ABC D

(A) I (C) which I
(S) who I (D) who
7. I used to enjoy the summer, we had a big family picnic. ABC D

(A) where (C) which
(S) when (D) that
8. Take in the roll of film Uncle Pete took at the wedding. ABC D
(A) what (C) 0
(B) with which (D) whom
9. Please pay all the bills are due this week. ABC D
(A) 0 (C) when
(S) that (D) they
10. Let's try to agree on a time we can all get together. ABC D
(A) which (C) 0
(B) where (D) at
312
elfTest XIV • 313
••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
Tell roe about the town - - - - you grew up.

1
(AJ that (C) which ABC D
(BJ where (DI 0
~10 (el she ABC D

(BJ where (DI which
SECTION TWO
E ch sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
- -
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.

,
A C'o
,
,
13. After five hours, we finally got to Glas gow, that my aunt lives.
A B C D
ABC D
1 My favourite uncle, which lives in France.). arrived last night. ABC D
ABC D
15 Paul is someone who he really loves rugby. ABC D
ABC D
16 One singer who's voice I like a lot is Madonna. ABC D
ABC D
17 The stories what I've told you are all true. ABC D
ABC D
18 I enjoyed reading the article that you told me about it. ABC D
A. 8 C D
19 She's read some books that discusses the time when this area ABC D
ABC D
Was undeveloped.
20 San Francisco, that is a beautiful city, has a population of six million. ABC D
. C D
ABC D
ABC D
ABC D
SWim ' A
mIng every day.
2~, Ken h 't ABC D
1 w 0 with I went to school, has become a famous wn er.
Z4 D r
A C D
o You remember the night which we ate at the restaurant that
Bill OWned? J
A C D
Ours, who their daughter Q@~.1ks or us~ D-·-=-
I
T
irect n In irect
eech: 1m'" eratives
-- --
I've been having
Sara! - trouble sleeping. The
What are you doctor told me not to eat
doing?! a heavy meal before bed,
so I'm having it now."
' ~
ICHECK POINT
Tick the doctor'!; exa r + , 'ord~
o 'Eat a heavy meal before bed.'

o 'Don't eat a heavy meal
before bed.'
o 'Not to eat a heavy meal
before bed.'
CHART CHECK DIRECT SPEECH
'ic t ,e correct REPORTING

a"s!er SUBJECT VERB DIRECT SPEECH
Which type of 'Drink milk. '

speech uses He said, ,
'Don't drink coffee.
quotation marks?
o direct speech
IND SPEECH
o indirect speech
NOUN/
Circle T (True) or SUBJECT VERB PRONOUN SPEECH
F (False).
to ld her to d
T F Indirect milk. •
He ------
,I
imperatives , said not to drir coffee. II
I
always use the • - ,
--'
infinitive form
of the verb
(to + base fOIm).
, -- - --- __ J
EXPRESS
• The doctor told me go / to go to bed at the same time every night.
• She said, 'Don't work / Not to work too hard.'
314
Direct and Indlrec
t Speech:
..•.... .......... ........ ........ .... ..... Irn n e r '" tlv e ~
r • 315
...............................................
.. .. .. ...... .. 1"'
•••
.... l11ar Explanations Examples
Gra lll
. s c(>( is the exact words a speaker

1 ,r . k • 'Come early. nd r nn yo' tl
. used. In writing, use quotation mar s. ' ~ a onal
He It h card, said the doctor.
. ( ) 'ch reports what a speaker said • The doctor told her
In ,r
without using the exact words. There are
no quotation marks.
The : . (such as ' or . ) is DIRECT SPEECH

2. usually in the past simple for both direct and • 'Drink warm milk,' he Id .
indirect speech.
INDIRECT SPEECH
• He told me to drink warm milk.

~ BE CAREFUL! Put a personal direct object or
someone's name after . Do not put a • He said I should call him in the morning.
personal direct object after . r' . NOT .
•
=-====
3. Imperatives in direct speech use the base form

of the verb. . ea ' .r speec
use the , ,I i e to report:
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
•
a. 1Istructlons
•
'(orne early,' he said. He said to come early.
b. 'Wait.' He told me to wait.
c. equests 'Could you please She asked him
arrive by 8:00?' to arrive by 8:00.
d. I Itations 'Could you join She invited me to join
us for lunch?' them for lunch.
4. Use a , 'e • .1 E; ( J + infinitive) DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

to report negative imperatives. 'Don't go .' He told her not to go.
S. In
. , make changes to keep the
speaker's original meaning.
a. Change and ssesslves . • He said to Ann, 'Tell me your problem.'

• He told Ann to tell him her problem .
,
b. Change • 'Call me omorrow.
e phrases .
• She said to call her the next day.
C. Change
,
. and reo • 'Sign thl form here .
form ere.
• Sh e told him t o sign ha
Check it out!
F'or
t· Punctuatio 347
For a li n rules for direct speech, see Append ix 25 on page .
Ii' st of C o m . . 340
()r a lillt man reportmg verbs, see Ap pend Ix ] 3 on pAge '. c 340.
of Com . ) , ,AI)pe n d lx 14 on pag
man ti me word cb a n ges in incii rccl f:l p ('CC1. H{(
316 • Unit 72
.... . . .....................................
IDENTIFY. Read thi article about sleep disorders. Circle all the reporting verbs.
Und rlin /I tht direct imperatives once. Underline 0 /1 the indirect imperatives twice.
Being an insomniac myself, I asked

•
Dr Thorpe for some suggestions. He told me
BY CONNIE JAMES to stop drinking coffee. He said to have a
an't sleep?You're not alone. Millions of warm glass of milk instead. 'A lot of old-
people are up tossing and turning fashioned remedies work. Have a high-
instead of getting their beaut)' sleep. Dr Ray carbohydrate snack like a banana before you
Thorpe, Director of the Sleep Disorders go to bed,' he said. But he advises patients
Clinic, ~ays;' 'Don 't think that loss of sleep not to eat a heavy meal before turning in for
is just a minor inconvenience: During an the night. What about exercise? 'Regular
interview he ~olc{'me to think about what exercise helps but don't exercise too close
can happen if people drive when they're to bedtime,' he suggested. Finally, he told me
tired. Every year up to 200,000 car accidents not to despair. 'Don't worry about not
are caused by drowsy drivers. Then he sleeping. It's the worst thing to do; he said.
asked me to think about a recent industrial I don't know. After . g about those
disaster. Chances are that it was caused at industrial accidents, I doubt I'll be able to
least in part by sleep deprivation. sleep at all!
CHOOSE • Connie James visited Dr Thorpe's sleep clinic. Complete her notes with the
"'0'· 'ec ords in brackets.
Last week I visited the sleep clinic. Dr Thorpe rang a.nd asked me _ _~to~::::a!..:rr~iv:.;:e~__
1. ... ",.)
at 8:30 - - - : : - - - - - - _ . He me to bring -----:t~;_:_:~~-

II . . ('. lid I ,Id . .
nightsbi [·t a.nd toothbrush. I arrived on ti [lie. The nurse, Jean Blake, invited me
--;:;--:~:-:---:-_--:-_ TV in the lounge. She _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ to rela.x
s. ! :Vdt~t
•• , ,
7. . ,
while they got Illy room ready. An hour later, Jea.n carne back and
got me ready for bed. She attached electrodes to my body a.nd hooked me up to a
machine. 'Could you please --:;;--~-;-:-:----:-:--:--:-:-:-- what's going on?' I asked. The manbloe
8. "xpllin I 10 (·xpldln)
records brain activity. Jean told me _--;:;--~~_ _ _ _ leave the bed until
9. ({jl)II" 1111 to)
--'-;;;--;-~-:-::::-----;-'-'-XI:---
J morning. To my surprise, I fell asleep at once. In the morning,
Dr Thorpe told me that, apart from some leg movements during the night, I have healthY
sleep patterns. He advised me __-';;---;--;--;-:-_,.,--_ some more exercise.
11. (get I to y<t)
Direct and Indirect S
• .•. . •.. .•.••. .•.•...•.... peach: Irnperat~ves 31",
•••••••• •••••••••••••••••
••
REWRITE. Read the advice !hat a TV reporter gave viewers about the com
roUS problem of feelmg sleepy when driving Rewrit h' d' . mon and very
dana C . e IS a vIce m indirect
5peech.
'Be careful when you stop your car.' - - - - - - - - - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Q 'Don't stop in a deserted place.' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -__
o 'Don't drink and drive.' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
EDIT. Read this student's diary entry. Find and correct fourteen mistakes in the
use of indirect imperatives. The first mistake has already been corrected. Remember
to check punctuation!
+ __ In_class toaay, Jobn re~ .one_of_bis stories. It was w.onc.1ertuL After tbe [essQn,.tbe
to
teacber ~keQ me.<eaa..a slOJY io ~Iass next week._However;.l beggec.1 her no to ask me -
next w.e.ek..bec.ause_l'm haying trou.ble getting ic.1eas. She saLc.1 me not to worry anc.1 she
so.ia to wait for two weeks. Then 1 talkec.1 to John anc.1 I Qskec.1 biro tell me the source af
VOlAr iaeQS. He so.ic.1 that they came from his c.1reams anc.1 he tolc.1 me keep a c.1ream c.1iary
for laeo.s, He iovitec.1 me 'to reac.1 some of his aiary'. It was very interesting 50 I o.skea
him to give me some tips on remembering areams. He saia getting 0. gooa night's sleep
alo.ry by the bee;! ana to write as soon as I wake tAp. He sala to no move from the sleeping
PositIOn. He 0.150 tola me to aon't thlOk abo(At the aay at fIrst. elf yOIA thmk abo(At YOlAr
aay, YOlA mIght forget yotAr areams.) Most Important - every nIght he tells hImself that
In irect ech:
Statements 1
He said
It looks :- -- ,
it looked great on me,
great on you! iQ'~~ 1'1/ take them al/!
,
, ,
I
•
ICHECK; POINT
T'e' , the man's exact words.
o 'It looks great on you!' o 'It looked great on me!'
CHART CHECK ~ DIRECT SPEECH

Tick the CUr rect
REPORTING
orIS ver,:, SUBJECT VERB DIRECT STATEMENT
What can change
when you go from a '/ like the dress.'
direct to an indirect She said, '/ bought it in the sale,'
statement? 'I 've worn it twice,'
o the punctuation I
---- ---
o the word order in

,,
:
- --
SPEECH
the statement
o the verb tense in
the statement
o pronouns in the
I statement
1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
EXPRESS ~
CircJe thl? correct words to complete this sentence.
She said / told the salesperson that she is / was going to buy the dress.
318
Indirect S e
••••••••••••• ~. ech: StdtE.'mentc, (1)
•••••••••••••• 319
Grammar Explan ns Examples ........ . ••
1. An . . reports what a DIRECT SPEECH

eaker said without uSing the exact words. The
sp
word d h ' d'
can intro uce t e In Irect statement • 'It's a great dre ,. he said .
but you can also leave it out.
INDIRECT 'JPH.( H
• He told her that It was a great d

BE CAREFUL! Use as the reporting verb when H I '
• e to d her I wa r'" d ress.
•
the listener is not mentioned. Do not use .
• He that it was a great dress.
NOT lie teld that it was a great dress.
2. When the is in the

, the verb in the indirect speech
statement is usually in a different tense from the
verb in the direct speech statement.
"JDIRECT ~PEECH
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT $PECH
Present simple ast simple He said, 'It's lovely.' He said it wa lovely.
Present continuous ast •
contmuous 'I 'm leaving .' She said she was leaving.
Past simple ast perfect 'I did it.' He said that he had done it.
Present perfect ast perfect He said to her, He told her that
'I 've never lied.' he had never lied.
3. In indirect speech the a of verb tense

•
IS when reporting:
a. something someone has t said A: What did you just say?
B: I said I'm tired. OR I said I as tired.
b. something that is II true • Rick said the bank wants a cheque.

• Rick said the bank wanted a cheque.
c. a . neral tru or entiflc law • She said that everyone lies someti.me.
• She said that everyone lied sometime.
4. When the • 'I a mile every day.'

is in the t
. ' do not change the verb tense in t she runs a mile every day.
Indirect speech. • She says tha
,
S. RE"'E . . k '1 bought ~ dress •
"'BER!Change pronouns, time expressions, • Ann told RIC, h d bought dress

and . in indirect speech to keep the • Ann told Rick that s a
speaker's original meaning. her .
Or a list f . 13 page 340. 340

•• Po . 0 common re porting verbs, see AppendIX on dix 14 on page .
r a hat f .' ch sec Appen
o common time wor d ch a n ges in mdlrect s pee ,
320 • U It 73
••••••••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. ead this article about lying. Circle all the reporting verbs. Underline all the
__ ments once. Underline all the indirect statements twice.
t 9:00, Rick Thompson 's bank phoned and Gaid)t hat his credit card p ayment was late.
The cheque is in the post ,' Rick ~p li ed)q ui ckl y. At II :45, Ri ck left for a 12:00 meeting.
Arrivi ng lat e, Rick told his client that traffic had been bad . That evening, Rick's fiancee
wore a new dress. Rick hat ed it. 'It looks great on you, ' he said .
Th ree lies in one day! Yet Rick is just an ordinary guy. Each time, he told himself that
sometimes the truth causes too many problems. He told himself that his fiancee was
happy with her purchase . Why should he hurt her feelings?
Is telling lies a new trend? The majority of people in a recent survey said that people
were more honest ten years ago. Nevertheless, lying wasn 't really born yesterday. In the
eighteenth century, the French philosopher Vauvenargues was right about lying when he
wrote , 'All men are born truthful and die liars.'
(OMPLETE • Read this magazine article. Complete it with the correct words in brackets.
'Lying during a job interview is risky business,' _ _ _--=.5=a=id=---___ Nikki Mason,

sdld :lId)
director of a management consulting firm. 'The truth always _ _-::-______
, a funny
..... . . ,
way of corning out.' Nikki tells the story of one woman applying for a job as an office
man ager. Th e wo rna n ----:-:--:--;---:---7-;:---- th e i nte rvi ewer _ _ _ _ _---,-___ she

. (s,.id told) hdt)
---=---c::----:-:-----:--- a B.A. degree. Actually, she hadn't. She also said

5. (hds I had)
_ _ _ _ _ _ ___-:;-_ _-:----;--_ _ £30,000 in her last job. The truth was £5,000
(,.', ',' 7., "'/fl"d dmll
less. When the interviewer rang to check the information, the applicant's former boss told
her that the applicant _ ::--:--:--:--:-:--..........,-_. Another applicant, Gwen, reported that she
H,II" h,j 11d,jllld)
--::--::-- - - -___ her current job to advance her career. She got the new job.
9. ( • j "if t 1' . oJ "{ It! (J)
All went well until the company employed Pete, who had worked at Gwen's old company.
Pete eventually told his boss that his old company _-:-::-_ _ _ _ _ _ Gwen.
10. (flf ," h 1(f flf((!)
The new company fired her too, proving, once again, that it doesn't pay to lie.
Indlr ct c
• ••• • • • • •• •• •••• J'tntf rT"~ntr '1) 321
•...•....•..••.•.•••.•. ~
• • ••••
EPORT. I isa and Ben ar~ talking about Ben's job hunt. Use the verbs in brackets
Ct
BEN: I'm still looking for a job.

He told her he wa6 6till looking for a job.
. ~:-==----------=----'~---------________
,[ell _
LISA: I've just heard about a job at a scientific research company.
BEN: I got a B.Sc. in Biochemistry from London.
I ~t • - - - -- - - -- -- -- - - - - - - - - -- -- -- -- - - - - -- -- -- -______________________
LISA: They want someone with some experience as a programmer.

H II
BEN: I work as a programmer for Data Systems in Basingstoke.

I ~II I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
LISA: They don't want a recent graduate.

l ~a TI _____________________________________________________________
7 BEN: I got my degree four years ago.

~Jl l ____________________________________________________
8. LISA! It sounds like the right job for you.

I
, aYJ __________________________________________________
EDIT • Read this student's essay. Find and correct ten mistakes in the use of indirect
ltatements. The first mistake has already been corrected.
When I g told Id h
ot there, she said me that she wants to show me a new bowl. She to s e
has jUst bOUght it. It was beautiful. When she went to answer the door, I pI.eked up
the bowl. It slipped out of th
my hands and smashed to pieces on e floor. When I ny aunt
I t night and th d that I have broken

her ' e next morning, I rang I ny aunt and confesse
bo\'1l. Sh . In oin to buy her
one, We still laUgh about it now.

T
In irect eech:
Statements 2
said it
be windy but this
'-< is ridiculous!
ICHEC POINT
Tick the weather forecaster's
exact words.
i.- : ~..~~
.• . .•' • -
...' .,'.. ......
• •
. '. .
o 'It would be windy.'
...
•
. - . . .. ... .' ,
..' .. -.... . . . . -. ,- .
o
' . ,
. .' ....
.~
. . - ..
""
. ' . . . ." . .
'. .' • "
. . . ''-'-.. .
•
.:....
. """---~-'-'- 'It will be windy.'
CHART CHECK DIRECT SPEECH

•
I
T~. L •• e 0 ·ds hat REPORTING
do not change when SUBJECT VERB DIRECT STATEMENT
you go from direct to
'I 'll leave now.'
~ direc" speech.
'I 'm going to drive .'
o will
'The traffic may be bad.'
o ought to 'She might move.'
o might He said, 'He can help.'
o must 'They have to stay .'

'You must be careful.'
o may
'They ought to buy batteries.'
o should have 'We should have left earlier.'
IND SPEECH
NOUN/
SUBJECT VERB PRONOUN INDIRECT STATEMENT
. . - -. - - - _. - ..
--
he would leave then.
he wa going to drive.
the traffic might be bad.
Jim
she might move.
He told me (that)
he could help .
them
they had to stay.
I/we had to be careful.
they ought to buy batteries.
said they should have left earlier.
322
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -:.:•••••••••••• peech: Statem e'"lt s (2)
•••••••••• .. ........... .... . . 323••
•
EXPRESS
~d,{n
/
. '
5 words. Tick the sentence that correctly reports what he sa,'d.
,
JIM: 'I may move soon.
Examples
As ou learned in Unit 73, when the 9 DIRECT PHCH
.J II r f;ECH
1. Y is in the . , the verb tense She said, She said
usually changes in the indirect speech 'It' windy.'
it wa windy.
statement.
. en chan in indirect speech, too.
• SPEECH INDIREC T ~PtI:Ct1 DIRECT SPEECH I mlPECT SPEECH

•
will would I said, 'The wind I said the w ind

will be strong.' ou d be strong.
can could They told us, 'You They told us we
can stay with us.' could stoy with them.
may might He said, 'The storm He said that the storm
may last all night.' might last all night.
must had to She told us, She told us
'You must leave.' we had to leave.
2. Q. erbs do not change in indirect speech.

a. Do not change , l.
, •
.g and 'You should listen He told us that we
. • '0 in indirect speech. to the weather should listen to
report,' he told us. the weather report.
b. Do not change the . st perfe in indirect 'I had just moved She said she
speech. here a week before,' ha just
she said. a week before.
c. Do not change verbs in the 'If I knew, Jim sa id if he kl 2 ,
I would tell you. ' e me.

sentences in indirect
speech.
'If I had known, He sa id if he
., d , he
I would have old
o me.
you,' said Jim .
d. ?o not change He said that he
..t modals in 'I hould have
Indirect speech. ft.
I .'
1. ilEt.tEt.t8E1t! Ch ,
~nge pronouns, time phrases, • ' I got h ~ f •
I. a d ere
Speake~/s '. In indirect speech to keep the • Sam to ld me had got
anginal meaning. n I I •
324 • Un '4
....•...... ,_ ............ .
CHOOSE. R ad what someone report d about tile weather forecast rhen tick the
that how til(' weather forecaster 's exact words.
\.
She said it was going to be a terrible storm.
o 'It was a terrible storm.'
o 'It's going to be a terrible storm.'
She said the wind migh t reach 170 miles an h our.
D 'Th e wind may r each 170 miles an hour.'
D 'The wind would reach 170 miles an hour.'
She said there would be more rain the next day.
D 'There will be more rain the next day.'
D 'There will be mor e rain tomorrow.'
She t old people that they should try to leave the area.
D 'You should have tried to leave the area.'
D 'You should try to leave the area.'
5 She said t hat they could expect a lot of damage.
D 'We can expect a lot of damage.'
o 'We could expect a lot of damage.'
REPORT. Vou are on holiday in New York. Imagine you heard these rumours about a
.,rr'CQ'1e in Florida yesterday and you are reporting them today. Use They said to
report the rumours .
. 'The hUl'l'icane will change direction tonight.'

They said that the hurricane would change direction last night.
2. 'It's going to pass north of here.'
3. 'It may become a tropical storm when it lands here.'
4. 'They had to close some bridges yesterday because of high tides.'
5 . 'They won't restore the electricity until tomorrow.'
6. 'The schools here may be closed for a while.'
7. 'We ought to use bottled water for a few days.'

Indirect S
...... .. .
•••••••••••• peech: 8t~ teME rts '2)'\
• • •••••••••••••••••
325
••
WRITE' Read this interview with a meteorologist. Rewrite his an '.
RE ,I Change verb tenses when possible. swers as mdlrect
Sf" C 1.
. hurric~n.(' i j .,t i 't it'

I
A: 0 ffil es an hour.
He 6aia that to be a hurricane, a storm must have winds of t I 7 .
•
a east 4 miles an hour.
. c-. to he T' or • of t.h . • bi ,to ~
1 Q•
A; It's true, and they will probably become more frequent.
Q: h 's th t?
A: The planet may be getting warmer, and that can cause more severe storms.
Q: 'nat went wrong after the last storm?

A; The emergency services should have arrived much more quickly.
5. Q: Is there a positive side to all this?

A: The new satellites will help. Ifwe didn't have them, we wouldn't be able to warn people.
EDIT. Read Rita's email to her friend Emily. Find and correct thirteen mistakes in the
use of reported speech. The first mistake has already been corrected.
, .! 9J 8
Re: Hurricane
We had some excitement here because of the hurricane last week. Jim's mother called
•
JUst before the storm. She said sheW!~istening to the weather report and that she was worried
tape on 0 h . . h 'th water He also told

. ur otel windows tonight and that we ought to fill the bat WI .
Jlln that IN . t d My friend Sue
e should buy a lot of batteries before the storm strikes 0 ay.
Called. She . h t she couldn't stay here.
Said that her place was too close to the coast and t a
She tOld d us sooner. I told
ar she sh nd the weather

, auld come now. Then we listened to the weather forecast a
orecaster Sai . . won't strike this area at all! ~
d that the storm is going to go out to sea. He said It
- •
I Sions
Perhaps you
didn't hear the question.
-- - Ms Bentley asked why you
were still single.
?•
I POINT
Tick M~ Bentley's eX.3rt "Yord"
- o 'Why were you still single?'

o 'Why are you still single?'
The Stress Interview
. CHART CHECK 1 DIRECT SPEECH: YES/NO QUESTIONS

I
Cl 'r e or ~ I.. ") or REPORTING

F (Fc'se SUBJECT VERB DIRECT QUESTION
T F You can leave ' Do you spealf French ?'
out f or He asked,
' Can you use a computer?'
.. e er m
•
indirect yes/no
questions. RECT SPEECH: YES/NO NS
. T F You do not REPORTING (NOUN/
use 0 to form SUBJECT VERB PRONOUN) INDIRECT QUESTION
indirect yes/no ------------------~
questions. (Melissa) if she spo e French .
He asked
(her) whether she cou e a computer
I
~Il "-----D-
IR-E-
C-T -S-
P-EE-CH:- -W-H- QUESTIONS
CHART CHECK 2
Circle T (True) (j[ REPORTING
F (Folse). SUBJECT VERB QUESTION
-
T F An indirect i, I ' Whu 01 yo I about the job !'
question always He asked,
'When do yc . I to start ?'
ends in a l --1._ _ _ _ _ _
- --~-----
question mark. I
T F You do not SPEECH: WHo
use do to REPORTING (NOUN/
form indirect SUBJECT VERB PRONOUN) INDIRECT QUESTION
wh- questions. - -
--------~-- --~
He
(Melissa) who had told her about the job.
asked
(her) when she wanted to start.
---~--- ----_ _-L-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
326
Indirect Q 327
.. • .. .. .. • . . . .. .. .. .. • .. • .. .. ...... • .. • ...... .. .... f
•
EXPRESS
.. . these wordr t(l r(l"1(l/ptp the indirect question.
,.... ~
h e • job • his • left • had

why •
Be asked him --------------------------__________________________________
Gramm r Explanations Examples

1. Use , or ether or n to form DIR£CT SPEECH
:t yes tlons .
• 'Can you typ I' she asked.
INDIRI ( jPH i
• She asked I I could type.
USAGE NOTE: et is more formal than •

• She asked whether (or not) I could type.
2. In , the subject DIRECT SPEECH

comes before the verb, the same word order as • ' Can I start tomorrow?'
in statements. INDIRECT SPEECH
• He asked if he could start tomorrow.
NOT
Do not use , _ or to form DIRECT SPEECH

indirect questions. • ' Does the job provide benefits?'
INDIRECT SPEECH
• He asked if the job provided benefits.
NOT
3. Use estion wor to form Ireet DIRECT SPEECH

•
estlons. • 'Where is your office?' I asked .
INDIRECT SPEECH
• I asked where his office was.
4. In
, the subject also DIRECT SPEECH
cOmes before the verb as in statements, and you ' Why did you lea 'e your job?'
do not use ,
or • INDIRECT SPHCH
• She asked me Ie my job .
NOT
In Ind
DIRI Cl SPH( H
th ' the question word is the subject and • Bob asked,' ho go the job?'
e verb fOllows as in statement word order. INDIRI CT PH It
• Bob asked 1'10 had go the job.
s.
I
not a often end in a I poln , • I asked
qUestion mark. NOT
Check it out! F . . ,A ('ndix 1:3 OIl puge 340.

Or a h st of common verbs used to r e port qU CRtlOllS, set PP
328 • 7
• •••• ••• • • •••• • ••• •••• •
IDENTIFY. Read this article about stress interviews. Underline all tile indirect questions.
ntervie Suppose, for example, that there is an accident

--" . -- -'
in a nuclear power plant. The plan t's public
A few weeks ago, Melissa Morrow had a stress relations officer must remain calm when
interview, one which featured tough , tricky reporters ask how the accident could have
questions and negative evaluations. First, the happened. Be aware, however, that in some
interviewer asked why she couldn't work countries, like the United States, certain
under pressure. Before she could answer, he questions are not allowed unless they are
asked who had written her application for her. directly related to the job. If your interviewer
Melissa was shocked but she handled herself asks how old you are, you can refuse to answer.
very well. She asked the interviewer whether The interviewer also should not ask whether
he was going to ask her any serious questions. you are married or how much money you owe.
Then she left. If you think a question is inappropriate, ask
Companies sometimes conduct stress inter- how it relates to the job. If it doesn't relate to
views to see how candidates handle pressure. it, you don't have to answer.
• Tick the direct questions tllat match the indirect questions in the article.
o . Can you work under pressure? o 4. Was there an accident in a nuclear
power plant?
2 Who wrote your application
for you? o 5. How old are you?
o 3. Are you going to ask me any serious o 6. When did you get maI"l'ied?
questions?
o 7. Is it an inappropriate question?
REPORT • Claire's friend lames wants to know all about her interview. Report
his questions.
,
1. 'What kind of job is it?' He asked what kind of job it was.
2. 'When is the interview?' ____ __ __ _______ __ ________-

3. 'Where's the company?' ______ ___________________-
4. 'Do you need directions?' _ _ _ __ _ _ _______ __ ________-
s. 'How long does it take to get there?' ___ ______ _ _________-
6. 'Are you going to drive?' _______________ _ ________-
7. 'Who's going to interview you?' ____________________- - .
8. 'When will they let you know?' _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- -.
I'-.
I
'What training is available for the job?'
Claire asked what training was available for the job.
"
'What experience do you have?'
'Are you going for interviews with other companies?'
'What will my responsibilities be?'
~. 'How is job performance rewarded?'
£ 'What was your starting salary at your last job?'
7 'Did you get on well with your last employer?'
'Do you employ many women?'
o n reet questlons.
. .
The first mistake has already been corrected. Check the punctuatIOn.I
I
Memo
I did some st ress questioning in my interview with Miles Denton this mornmg.
"
I
asked Mr D ~ (
" " "
" enton why eotlldn't -he work under pressure. I also asked bl m why did
I his su
pervisor diSlike him. Finally I enquired when he would leave our company?
V 1fl' Denton a ' t" of
hi nswered J ny questions calmly and he had some excellent ques lons
/ s oWn. He ask d
, Ofte
t d to knOW how
e 'if we expected changes to the job.' He also wa·n e
\ n do We eVal d by did I decide to
jOin. uate employees. I was impressed when he aske w
tlus compa
ny. I think we should employ him.
T
• uestions
, - -
I wonder
what kind of
I'm not tip the5e people
sure whether •
are gOing
• •
5ervlce 15 to leave.
The service included o '-.-/
o
o
was terrible! I wonder or not. •
'-1
if we 5hould
leave a tip. 'V'
POINT
Tick the questIons .. he
people are asking tl)emse'· 'es.
o Should we leave a tip?
• •
o Was the service any good?
o Are these people going to
I
•
leave a tip?
, o Is the service included?
CHART CHECK MAIN CLAUSE ; EMBEDDED

Circle T 'True) or
F (False). I'm not sure if I left the right tip .
whether it was enough .
T F Embedded
questions how much it was?
always end Can you remember
where we ate?
with a full
stop.
I don 't know whether to tip.
T F You can use the ---- ... - ~- -- ._-. -
infinitive after Do You know how much to tip?
whether or a where to leave the tip ?
question word. .. . - - . .
- -
EXPRESS
Punctuate these sentences.
A: Do you know how much to tip _ _
B: About 15%. But I'm not sure where to leave the tip _ _
330
Embedded Questions 331
••••••••••• •• •• • •• •• ••• • • • •• • •
• • ••••
..,.ar Explanations Examples
Gram.··
't 75 deals with tEon to r IRI C r r)UI TlCJI,J
1 Unl
.
' d
rt another person s wor s.
INOII ., fSTlON
repo Should I tip?
He asked he should tip.
· et questions are a kind of
In dIre . . . F. MIlt.DD r· r) J ,ION
_ one that IS included In another
Do you know Ihether
nee
sen te .
This unit discusses embedded questions
I ,
•
that do not report another person's words.
2. If the embedded question is , MAIN SENTENcr HAr ·M

use a full stop at the end of the sentence. If the • I don't know who our waiter is
embedded question is , use a MAIN SENTENCE - OUESTIm
question mark at the end of the sentence. • Do you know who our waiter is '
3. We often mbedded to
a. express something we do not know. • I wonder why he didn't tip the waiter.
b. ask politely for information. • Can you tell me if the tip is included?
USAGE NOTE: With strangers or in a formal LESS FORMAL

situation, an embedded question is considered • Does the bill include the tip?
more polite than a direct question. MORE POLITE
• Can you tell me if the bill includes the tip?
4. Introduce ded yes/no questio _ with • Do you know if he tips?

, or .ether or not. • Do you know whether (or not) he tips?
USAGE NOTE:
is more formal than .
Introduce _ • Many tourists wonder how much they should
wn- ques 10 with a
question word. tip their waiter.
• Many tourists wonder how mucn 0 p.
You can also use the initi after a question
word or • Some wonder whether to t p at all.
•
•
• We wondered why we should e ~e tip .
• BE CAREFUL! Do not use the infinitive after
Or
•
NOT \Ale
tv '''ondered
Vi why to lea ...e a tip.
S. BE CAREFUL! Use
word order • Could you tell me whtre h ) ?
In all embedded questions. NOT Could you tell Ale where are they?
Do not leave out or . 6'00 yet?

Ye I Ie her in embedded • Cou ld you tell me I I ~ . . ' . • . t7
s no qUestions. NOT Could you tell Ale IS It 6.00 ye .
Do not Use p
qLJestions. I 0 or in embedded • I don't know
NOT
Check it out!
rnrnon phrases Introducin g embedd e d qu es iHHl I>, :-lee AI I

332
•••••••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. ead this online advert for a book dbout tipping. Underline the
que tiOf15.
I
tJ~___________________
-__.___T~ip~s__o_n_T_i~p~p_jn~g~____________~___- ____~08
• •
reso By IRENE FRAN KEL
•
yo u've ever wanted to know exactly how to tip.
you've ever cancelled a restaurant booking because you didn't know whether to t ip
or not.
you've ever forgotten to tip or not realised that you were supposed to tip.
you've ever left a small tip and then wondered if it should have been bigger.
you're ever left a large tip and then wondered if you needed to tip at all.
you've ever been uncertain whether the tip is included in the bill.
you've ever wondered why you should tip.
I
you're new to the United Kingdom and you're not sure who to tip.
REWRITE • Complete these questions about tipping customs. Change the direct
,., ~e~on.) in brackets to embedded questions. Use the infinitive whenever
possible. Use correct punctuation.
Can you tell me whether ___.t...:.

o_t:.....iLP...:..:
i n..:......:.C..::..:a:.....n.:..:.
ad .:..:.a::..:..?:......- -.,--- - -...".---c--:--- -- - - - - -
(Should I tiP III ClIlildd)
2. I'm going to France. Please explain _ _ _ _ _ __ _ -:-:--_ _ -:--:--:----:-:--::-::-::--- - -

(How un I tC'j If the tiP IS Induded In the b:il )
3. Can you tell me _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _::-:-:;---::-:--.....,-_-:--:---:---;--_ .....,----:-:-_ _ _ _ __ _

(Why did w,ntE'r ,n !tel no r fuse my tip )
4. I'm moving to Japan. I'd like to know -----;-:------,,......,...-..,..,....-- - ----:c:-----

(How m I h hould I tip <lIrport porter 1)
s. We're visiting Australia. Please tell us ____ --=-::-.-_ _ _ __ ....,.-.,....--:-----,--:;:-_ _ _-

(Wh (' pee t , lip ,IIlU wh~' doe n t?)
6. I'm going on holiday to Norway. I'd like to know if - - - - ; : : - : - : - : - : - - --:--:-- , - - -- - c ; : - - -

( hould I tiP my ~kl imtru tor 1)
7. I've got a new job in China. I need to know whether -----:-::--:":--:-"':'7.'-::--;-::;--~-

1 (I tiPping stllllllt'gal there )
8. In Germany the tip is included. I don't know whether ___--:-=.,....-...,..,..,:-.-_ _--:;;-_- -

(Should I tip anyway1)
!:~~~.c:t~ed Qu ions 333
•••••••••••••••••••
• •• ,
REWRITE· wo students from Newca5tle are visiting h'
(HOOSE &
lA,
. Ch vvas mgton D C
, ,1.('1 ccersatlons. oose the appropriate questio £ h "
( .. ' dd d . ns ,rom t e box and
them to embe e questIons. Remember to punctuate th
change e sentences correctly.
mU ch should we tip the taxi driver?

HoW Where is the Smithsonian Museum?
we rent a car and drive?
(OU Id What did they put in the sauce?
can we buy metro tickets? Where h 1t?
Where
DRIVER! Sure. Get in and I'll take you there.
2.
MARY: According to the book, we're supposed to leave 10 to 15 per cent. I've got it.
MARY: Excuse me. Can you tell me ~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
OFFICER: Just turn right at the corner. You'll see it.
4. MIKE:I'd like to take the metro to the zoo, but I don't know _ _ _ _ _ _ __
MARy: Probably at the station.
s. I want to visit Williamsburg. Do you think _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

MIKf:: Let's find out. That sounds fun.
6. MARy: This is delicious. Let's try to find out _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
MIKE: It tastes like ginger and garlic to me.
EDIT • Read this entry from a student's diary. Find and correct seven mistakes in the
Ise of embedded questions. The first mistake has already been corrected. Remember to
check the punctuation!
When you live in a foreign country, even a small occasion can be an adventure! Before my date
With J I should , ..,
ames tonight, I didn't even know what 3hou ld I wear! Jeans? A dress? John s Grill Isn t a
Smart restaurant but it was James's birthday and I wanted to make it a big occasion. Alison
Was very helpful, as always. I knew how to get to John's Grill but I didn't know how long it was
gOing to tak t t f t· but
e 0 get there? I left at 6:00. which should have given me plen yo Ime.
When I got f . f· h e
o f the bus. I wasn't sure if to turn left or right. I asked a poirce of Icer w er
was john' d ·nk
s and I was only a few minutes late. I had planned to take James out for a rI
I afterwards b t t d d James
u I COUldn't remember how I to find the place Alison had sugges e an
has b
een here I .I I wondering whether
even ess time than me Anyway when we got the brl. was
I ~t· . •
Ip Or no I h d t book cCllled rips on
T; • a to ask James did he know. Fortunately, he had read a grea
"- PPlng So h
e told me to leave about 15 per cent.
ONE
the letta of tht c.orrect answer to complete each sentence.
- -
EXAMPLE:
--- - ' ---
'You look beautiful in that dress.'

ABC D
Last night she told me _ _ _ _ beautiful in that dress.
(A) you look (C) I'll look
(B) you looked (D) I looked
We'd better find out _ _ _ _ the train has left.

ABC D
(A) if (C) has
(B) does (D) did
3. -Should we turn left or go straight on?

-Hmm. I'm not sure which way _ _ _ _ . ABC D
(A) do we turn (C) should we turn
(B) to turn (D) it turned
'Why don't you join us for coffee, Don?'
ABC D
After the film, we asked Don _ _ _ _ us for coffee.
(A) would he join (C) to join
(B) why he didn't join (D) for joining
'We must leave immediately!'

ABC D
When the fire alarm rang, our teacher said _ _ _ _ leave immediately.
(A) we had to (C) not to
(B) we have to (D) he must
6. 'Today is the happiest day of my life.'

ABC D
At the reception last night, the groom said _ _ _ _ the happiest day
of his life.
(A) today was
(C) yesterday was
(B) that day is
(D) today is
7. I wonder who _ __ _
(A) Our waiter is? A C D
our waiter is.
(C)
(B) is Our waiter.
is our waiter?
(D)
8. 'Please don't leave your boots in the hall.'
My mother is always telling me _ _ _ _ boots in the hall. ABC D
(A) not to leave my
(C) to not leave my
(B) not to leave your
(D) don't leave my
334
elnest XV 335
•••••••••••••••• •
'IIi, Bob. Did you get. the job?'
Bob's friend asked hIm - - - - the job. ABC D
(A) did he get (C) if he had got
(B) did you get (D) had he got
'Weather patterns change.'
\ Experts now say that weather patterns . ABC D
(A) changed (C) had changed
b (B) are changing (D) change
SfCT10 TWO
E h sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined part
~--- -
- - - --- -- --~-
EXAMPLE:
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks . A B C@
I
•
1 The teacher said the class that hot air rises and cold air sinks. ABC D
A B C D
2 I asked Sean how to pronounce his name1. ABC 0

" B C D
3 Gerry called last week and said that he needed the report now. ABC 0
~ B C D
Two days ago, the weather forecaster warned that a storm is coming. ABC 0
A C D
-. Sandy called from Miami and said she was swimming here. ABC 0
B C
6. Do you know if or not we need to bring our passports? ABC 0
" seD
She didn't know if to tip so she asked me what to do. ABC 0
B
Ron said that he wasn't sure but the rain might stop already. ABC 0
r
~ I'd 111
l"ke lobster but the menu doesn't say how much does it cost. ABC 0
I LUke always says that he ran a mile every day these days.
ABC 0
Could you tell me when the next train leaves and where to buy tickets..!.
ABC 0
. I I
/1 '
~
ABC 0
--
ABC D
ABC 0
•
ABC 0
-
Ices
Irregular Verbs
BASE PAST PAST BASE PAST PAST
FORM SIMPLE PARTICIPLE FORM SIMPLE PARTICIPLE
• •
anse arose arisen grind ground ground
awake awoke awoken grow grew grown
be was/were been hang hung/hanged hung/hanged
beat beat beaten have had had
become became become hear heard heard
begin began begun hide hid hidden
bend bent bent hit hit hit
bet bet bet hold held held
bite bit bitten hurt hurt hurt
bleed bled bled keep kept kept
blow blew blown kneel knelt knelt
break broke broken know knew known
bring brought brought lay laid laid
build built built lead led led
bum burnt burnt leap leapt leapt
burst burst burst learn learnt learnt
buy bought bought leave left left
catch caught caught lend lent lent
choose chose chosen let let let
cling clung clung lie (lie down) lay lain
come came come light lit lit
cost cost cost lose lost lost
creep crept crept make made made
cut cut cut mean meant meant
deal dealt dealt meet met met
dig dug dug pay paid paid
do did done prove proved proved/proven
draw drew drawn put put put
dream dreamt dreamt quit quit quit
drink drank drunk read Iri:dl read Iredl read Iredl
drive drove driven ride rode ridden
•
earn earnt earnt ring rang rung
• •
eat ate eaten rise rose risen
fall fell fallen run ran run
feed fed fed say said said
feel felt felt see saw seen
fight fought fought seek sought sought
find found found sell sold sold
fit fit fit send sent sent
flee fled fled set set set
fling flung flung sew sewed sewn
fly flew flown shake shook shaken
forbid forbade forbidden shine shone shone
forget forgot forgotten shoot shot shot
forgive forgave forgiven show showed shown
freeze froze frozen shrink shrank shrunk
get got got shut shut shut
• • •
give gave given sing sang sung
go went gone
336
Appendices 337
•••••••••••••••• •• • ... , •
PAST BASE
PAST PAST
PARTICIPLE PAST
9~s' SIMPLE FORM SIMPLE
sunk PARTICIPLE
FO~ sank swear Swore
sat sworn
sink sat sweep swept
slept • swept
~t slept SWim swam
slid • swum
sleeP slid sWing swung
smelt swung
slide smelt take took
spoken taken
smell spoke teach taught
speak taught
sped sped tear tore torn
speed spelt spelt tell told told
spell spent spent think thought
spend thought
spilt spilt throw threw thrown
spil span/spun spun understand
• understood understood
spin spat upset
spat upset upset
sprt split wake
split woke woken
split spread
spread wear wore worn
spread
sprang sprung weave wove woven
spnng
stood stood weep wept wept
stand •
stole stolen Win won won
steal
stick stuck stuck wind wound wound
sting stung stung withdraw withdrew withdrawn
•
stink stank stunk wring wrung wrung
strike struck struck write wrote written
Common Stative
EMOTIONS MENTAL STATES WANTS AND APPEA~""CE POSSESSION
admire agree know PREFERENCES AND VALUE AND RELATlONSHIP
adore assume mean hope appear belong
appreciate believe need be contain
mind
care consider prefer cost have
presume
detest disagree want equal own
realise
di~ike feel possess
disbelieve •
recognise wish
doubt look
estimate remember PERCEPTION
envy matter
expect see (understand)
fear AND THE SENSES
represent
hale feel (believe) suppose feel
find resemble
Ie suspect hear
guess seem
love think (believe) notice
hesitate signify
reyre! understand observe
•
Imagine smell
!~ wonder •
perceive
trust sound
see taste
smell weigh
taste
Corn." (Base Form of Verb + -in9)

on Verbs Followed by the Gerund
recall resist
Consider • •
Imagine mind (object to) risk
dislike • recommend
delay justify miSS suggest
endure regret
deny •
keep (continue) postpone tolerate
enJoy report
detest mention practise understand
feel like resent
discontinue finish propose
discuss
forgive
338 p
•••• •• • •••• •• • • • •• ••••• • • • • •• • • •
•
Common Verbs Followed by the Infinitive (To + Base Form of Verb)
afford choose grow learn pay request want
agree consent help manage plan seem wish
appear decide hesitate mean prepare struggle
arrange deserve hope need would likel
pretend swear
ask expect hurry love/hate
neglect •
promise volunteer
attempt fail yearn
intend offer refuse wait
Followed by and the Infinitive

advise challenge encourage get need* persuade •
require want*
allow choose* expect* help* order promise*
•
teach warn
ask* convince forbid hire pay* remind tell wish*
cause enable force invite permit request* urge Would likel
love/hate*
*These verbs can also be followed by the infinitive without an object (example: ask to leave or ask someone to leave).
Common Fo. by the Gerund or the Infinitive

begin continue hate love remember* stop*
can/t stand forget* like prefer start try
*These verbs can be followed by either the gerund or the infinitive but there is a big difference in meaning.
Common Verb + Preposition Com

admit to believe in deal with look forward to rely on think about
advise against choose between dream about/of object to resort to wonder about
apologise for complain about feel like/about pay for succeed in worry about
approve of count on insist on plan on talk about
Common + Preposition Combinations

accustomed to bored with famous for opposed to sick of
afraid of capable of fed up with pleased about slow at
amazed at/by careful of fond of ready for sorry for/about
angry with/about concerned about glad about responsible for surprised at/about/by
ashamed of content with good at sad about terrible at
aware of curious about happy about safe from tired of
awful at different from interested in satisfied with used to
bad at excited about nervous about shocked at/by worried about
Common that Can Be Followed by Infinitive*

afraid ashamed determined eager excited hesitant proud sad touched
•
alarmed cunous disappointed easy fortunate likely ready shocked upset
amazed delighted distressed embarrassed glad lucky relieved sorry willing
•
anxIous depressed disturbed encouraged happy pleased reluctant surprised
*Example: I'm happy to hear that.
Appendices 339 ••
•• • •••••••• • • •• ••
Irregular Compa of Adjectives , Adverbs and Quantifiers

AoVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
ADJECTIVE
badly worse worst
bad far further furthest
far well better best
good little less
little least
more most
many/a lot of
much '/a lot of much */a lot more most
' Much is usually only used in questions and negat ive statements.
common Partici used as Adj

.
oed -ing -ed -mg
o
-ed o
-mg
alarmed alarming disturbed disturbing moved •
moving
•
amazed amazing embarrassed embarrassing paralysed paralysing

•
amused amusing entertained entertaining pleased pleasing
•
annoyed annoYing excited exciting relaxed relaxing
astonished astonishing exhausted exhausting satisfied satisfying
bored boring fascinated fascinating shocked shocking
confused confusing frightened frightening surprised •
surprising
•
depressed depressing horrified horrifying terrified terrifying

disappointed disappointing inspired
• • •
inspiring tired tiring
disgusted disgusting interested interesting touched touching
distressed distressing irritated irritating troubled troubling
Some that Form the Comparative and

o
In
ADJecTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
(ammon
commoner I more common commonest I most common
deadly
deadlier I more deadly deadliest I most deadly
friendly
friendlier I more friendly friendliest I most friendly
happy
happier I more happy happiest I most happy
lively
lonely livelier I more lively liveliest I most lively
lovely lonelier I more lonely loneliest I most lonely
narrow lovelier I more lovely loveliest I most lovely
pleasant narrower I more narrow narrowest I most narrow
POlite pleasanter I more pleasant pleasantest I most pleasant
qUiet politer I more polite politest / most polite
shallow quieter 1 more quiet quietest I most quiet
true shallower I more shallow shallowest I most shallow
truer I more true truest I most true
• ••• • •••••••••••••••••••••••
Common Reporting Verbs

INSTRUCTIONS, COMMANDS,
STATEMENTS REQUES I S AND INVITATIONS QUESTIONS
acknowledge claim indicate reply advise invite ask
add complain maintain report ask order • •
mqulre
admit conclude mean say caution say question
announce confess note state command tell want to know
answer declare observe suggest demand urge wonder
•
argue deny promise tell instruct warn
assert exclaim remark warn
believe explain repeat write
•
Common 11 Word In h
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day OR the following day OR the day after
yesterday the day before OR the previous day
this week/month/year ~ that week/month/year
last week/month/year ~ the week/month/year before
next week/month/year the following week/month/year
Common I Embedded
I don't know ... I'd like to know ... Do you know ... ?
I don't understand ... I want to understand ... Do you understand ... ?
I wonder ... I'd like to find out .. . Can you tell me ... ?
I'm not sure ... We need to find out .. . Could you explain ... ?
I can't remember .. . Let's ask ... Can you remember ... ?
I can't imagine .. . Would you show me ... ?
It doesn't say .. . Who knows ... ?
and Expressions Commonly Reflexively

amuse oneself behave oneself feel sorry for oneself keep oneself see oneself
ask oneself believe in oneself forgive oneself ki II oneself take care of oneself
avail oneself of blame oneself give oneself look after oneself talk to oneself
be hard on oneself cut oneself help oneself look at oneself teach oneself
be oneself deprive oneself of hurt oneself pride oneself on tell oneself
be pleased with oneself dry oneself imagine oneself push oneself treat oneself
be proud of oneself enjoy oneself introduce oneself remind oneself wash oneself
•••••••••••••••••
341
• •••• •
'.
Some Common Phrasal Verbs
_ omeone s.t. = something)
(5.0. _ 5 . .
NOTE 1: Inseparable phrasal verbs ar~ shown ~Ith the object after the particle (go after s.t.).
arable phrasal verbs are shown with the object between the verb and the particle (call s.o. up) .
~:~s which must be separated are shown with an asterisk (* ) (keep S.t. on) .
NOTE 2: Separable phrasal verbs can have the noun object either between the verb and the particle
or after the particle (call Jan up OR call up Jan). These verbs must. however. be separated when there
is a pronoun object (call her up NOT .
PHRASAL VERB MEANING PHRASAL VERB
MEANING
ask 5.0. round invite to one's home drop 5.0. or s.t. off
stop from passing through (light, noise) take someone/something to a place
block s.t. out
and leave them/it there
blow s. t. out stop burning by blowing drop out (of s.t.) leave
blow S.t. up fill something with air (a balloon, eat out eat in a restaurant
a water toy) empty (s.t.) out empty completely
blow (s.t.) up (make s.t.) explode end up 1. do something unexpected
break down stop functioning
or unintended
break out occur suddenly
2. reach a final place or condition
bring S.t. about make something happen fall off become detached
bring 5.0. or s.t. back return someone or something figure 5.0. or s. t. out understand (after thinking about)
bring S.t. out introduce (a new product, a book) fill S.t. in complete with information (a form,
bring 5.0. up raise (children) an application)
burn (s.t.) down burn completely fill (s.t.) up fill completely
call (5.0.) back return a phone call find (s.t.) out learn information
call s.t. off cancel follow (s.t.) through complete
call 5.0. up telephone someone fool around be playful
carry on S.t. continue get s. t. across get people to understand an idea
carry S.t. out pursue a plan
•
get ahead make progress, succeed
catch on become popular get along relate well
cheer (5.0.) up (make someone) feel happier get back return
clean (5.0. or s.t.) up clean completely get by survive
•
clear (s.t.) up make clear get out (of s. t.) leave (a car, a taxi)
come about happen benefit from
get s. t. out of s. t. *
come along
accompany get together meet
Come back
return get up rise from bed
Come in
enter give S.t. away give without charging money
come off s.t.
become detached give s. t. back return something
come out
appear give S.t. out distribute
come up •
anse give (s.t.) up stop, abandon
come up with s.t. pursue
cover s.t. up invent go after 5.0. or S.t.
cover completely go along with S.t. act in agreement with
cross st out
draw a line through go back return
Cut s.t. down
bring down by cutting go off explode (a gun, fireworks)
cut s.t. off
1. stop the supply of something go on continue
Cut s.t. out 2. remove by cutting go out leave
dream s.t. up remove by cutting go up be built
dress up •
Invent grow up become an adult
drink s..t up hand s.t. in give some work to a boss or teacher
put on special or formal clothes
drop bY/in drink completely hand s. t. out distribute
hang up put the phone down
visit unexpectedly
put on a hook or hanger
hang S.t. up
(contwucd on next page)

342
, ...... . • ••••••••••••••••
PHRASAL VERB MEANING PHRASAL VERB MEANING

help (5.0.) out aSSIst show 5.0. or S.t. off display the best qualities
hold on wait, not hang up the phone show up appear
•
keep (5.0. or s. t.) away (cause to) stay at a distance sign up register
keep on continue sit down take a seat
•
keep S.t. on* not remove (a piece of clothing stand up me
or jewellery) stay up remain awake
keep up stick with/to 5.0. or S.t. not give up, not leave
(with 5.0. or s. t.) go as fast as straighten (s.t.) up make neat
lay 5.0. off end someone's employment switch s. t. on start a machine
leave S.t. on* 1. not turn off (a light, a radio) take S.t. away/off remove
2. not remove (a piece of clothing take S.t. back return
or jewellery) take off depart (a plane)
leave s. t. out omit take 5.0. on hire, employ
let 5.0. down disappoint take S.t. out borrow from a library
let 5.0. or s. t. in allow to enter talk 5.0. into* persuade
let 5.0. or s. t. out allow to leave talk S.t. over discuss
lie down recline team up with 5.0. start to work with
light (5. t.) up illuminate tear S.t. down destroy
look out be careful tear S.t. up tear into small pieces
•
look 5.0. or S.t. over examme think S.t. over consider
look S.t. up try to find in a book or on the internet think S.t. up invent
make S.t. up create throw S.t. away/out discard
pass S.t. round distribute touch S.t. up improve by making small changes
pay 5.0. or s. t. back repay try S.t. on put clothing on to see if it fits
payoff be worthwhile try S.t. out find out if something works
pick 5.0. or S.t. out 1. select turn 5.0. or S.t. down 1. reject
2. identify 2. decrease the volume (a radio, a TV)
•
pick up Improve turn 5.0. or S.t. into change from one form to another
pick 5.0. or s. t. up 1. lift turn s. t. off stop a machine
2. get (an idea, a new book, an interest) turn S.t. on start a machine
play around have fun turn out have a particular result
point 5.0. or S.t. out indicate turn up appear
put s. t. away put something in an appropriate place turn S.t. up increase the volume
put S.t. back return something to its original place use S.t. up use completely, consume
put 5.0. or S.t. down stop holding wake up arise after sleeping
put S.t. off postpone wake (5.0.) up awaken
put S.t. on cover the body with a piece of clothing watch out be careful
or jewellery work S.t. off remove by work or activity
put S.t. together assemble work out 1. be resolved
put S.t. up erect 2. exercise
run into 5.0. meet accidentally work S.t. out solve
run out (of s.t.) not have enough of a supply write S.t. down write on a piece of paper
see S.t. through * complete write s. t. up write in a finished form
set S.t. off cause to explode
set S.t. up 1. establish (a business,
an organisation)
2. prepare for use
Ap "dIe s 343
• •• • •• ••• •• • • • • • • •••••
some Common ular Plural Nouns

PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
S,,~Gui.AR SINGULAR PLURAL
• analyses half halves child
SINGULAR PLURAL
analysIs knife children mouse •
mice
• bases knives man
basIs men
crises leaf leaves woman
((Isis • women deer
hypotheses life lives deer
hypothesIs fish
loaf loaves foot fish
feet sheep
shelf shelves goose sheep
• geese
wife wives tooth teeth person people
Spelling Rules for the Contin

1. Add -ing to the base form of the verb.
However, do not double the last consonant in words that end
•
read reading In W, x, or y.
stand standing sew sewmg •
2. If averb ends in a silent -e, drop the final -e and add -ing. fix fixing
• • •
leave leaving enJoy enJoymg

take taking 4. In words of two or more syllables that end in a consonant _
3. In a one-syllable word, if the last three letters are a vowel - consonant combination, double the last consonant
only if the last syllable is stressed.
consona"t - vowel- consonant combination (CVC), double I
the last consonant before adding -ing. admit admitting (The last syllable is stressed,
eve I
so you double the -f.)
!il whisper whispering (The last syllable is not stressed,
si t sitting so you don't double the -r.)
eve 5. If a verb ends in -ie, change the ie to y before adding -ing.
H! die dying
run •
running
Spelling Rules for the Present Simple:

Third Person Singular (he, it)
1. Add ·S for most verbs.
work 3. Change the y to i and add -es when the base form ends in
works
buy a consonant + y.
buys
nde study studies
rides
return returns hurry hurries
2. Add -es for w d h dry dries
Watch or stat end in -ch " -5 -sh" -x or -z. Do not change the y when the base form ends in a vowel
pass watches
passes + y. Add -5.
rUsh
rushes play plays
relax •
enjoys
relaxes enJoy
buzz
buzzes 4. A few verbs have irregular forms.
•
be IS
do does
go goes
have has
344 • p neil
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Spelling Rules for the Past Simple of Regular Verbs

1. If the verb ends in a consonant, add -ed. However, do not double the last consonant in one-syllabi
return returned words ending in -w, -x, or _yo e
help helped bow bowed
•
2. If the verb ends In -e, add -d. mix mixed
live lived play played
create created 4. In words of two or more syllables that end in a consonant _
die died vowel - consonant combination, double the last consonant
3. In one-syllable words, if the verb ends in a consonant- only if the last syllable is stressed.
I
vowel - consonant combination (eVe), double the final prefe r preferred (The last syllable is stressed ,
consonant and add -ed. so you double the -r.)
I
eve visit visited (The last syllable is not stressed ,
111 so you don't double the t.)
hop hopped
5. If the verb ends in a consonant + y, change the y to i and
eve add -ed.
111 worry worried
rub rubbed carry carried
6. If the verb ends in a vowel + y, add -ed. (Do not change
the y to i.)
play played
annoy annoyed
Exceptions: pay paid, lay laid, say said
Spelling Rules for the Comparative (-er) and

Superlative ( ) of Adjectives
1. Add -er to one-syllable adjectives to form the comparative. 4. If the adjective ends in a consonant - vowel - consonant
Add -est to one-syllable adjectives to form the superlative. combination (eVe), double the final consonant before
cheap cheaper cheapest adding -er or -est.
bright brighter brightest eve
2. If the adjective ends in -e, add -r or -st. 111
•
nice
•
nicer nicest big bigger biggest
3. If the adjective ends in a consonant + y, change y to i However, do not double the final consonant in words
before you add -er or -est. ending in -w or -yo
pretty prettier slow slower slowest
prettiest
Exception: shy shyer coy coyer coyest
shyest
Spelling Rules for Ending in -Iy

1. Add -Iy to the corresponding adjective. 3. If the adjective ends in -Ie, drop the e and add -y.
•
nice nicely possible possibly
quiet quietly
beautiful However, do not drop the e for other adjectives ending in -e.
bea utifu lIy
extreme extremely
2. If the adjective ends in a consonant + y, change the y to i Exception: true truly
before adding -Iy.
easy easily 4. If the adjective ends in -ie, add -ally.
basic basically
fantastic fantastically
Appendices _ 345
•• • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • •••
E PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND IMPERATIVE

PRESENT SIMPL,
1.
contractions with Be
PRESENT SIMPLE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
= ,'m
/ am / rr a student.
= you're 'JaYII' here.
/' In
yOU are
• = he's He' my teacher. He' 'ac , verbs.
hel s
•
= she's We from Canada. We livi here.
she IS
it IS = it's .
we are = we're
you are = you're
they are = they're
/ am not = ,'m not

PRESENT SIMPLE
you are not = you aren't or you're not PRESENT CONTINUOUS
he is not = he isn't or he's not She's not ill. She' ot reading .

she IS not = she isn't or she's not
He Isn t late. He s 't coming .
it IS not = it isn't or it's not i
We aren twins. We are! 't leaving .
we are not = we aren't or we're not I
They're 110 here. They're not playing .
you are not = you aren't or you're not
they are not = they aren't or they're not
Contractions with Do
PRESENT SIMPLE
do not = don't IMPERATIVE
does not = doesn't
They don't live here. Don't run ! I
It doesn't snow much.
2. PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS
Contractions with Be
was not ::: wasn't PRESENT SIMPLE IMPERATIVE
were not ::: weren't

He wasn'l a poet. He ·,asn't singing .
Contractions with Do
, .
They weren 1 twins. They \feren't sleeping.
did not ::: didn't We didn't see her.
3. FUTURE
Contractions with Will

I will :::"" PRESENT SIMPLE
you will ::: you'll
he will ::: he'll /'11 l~ e the train.
she will ::: she'll It' ll hE faster that way.
it will ::: it'll We II { together.
We wi/I He WOr' (or « with us.
::: we'll
You will They won't ml the train.
::: You'll
they will
::: they'll - -------
will not
::: won't
(coI/IlI/lIee! 011 I/ext pa{{e)

346 •
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Contractions with Be going to

FUTURE WITH BE GOING TO
I am going to == I'm going to
you are going to == you're going to I'm qoing to buy tickets tomorrow.
he is going to == he's going to She's going to call you.
she is going to = she's going to Irs gOing to rain soon.
it is going to == it's going to We re going to drive to Leeds.
we are going to = we're going to They're going to crash !
you are going to = you'~e goi~g to
they are going to == they re gOing to
4. PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Contractions with Have ~-----------------
I have == I've You 've already read that page.

you have == you've We 've been writing for an hour.
he has = he's She's been to Africa three times.
she has = she's It's been raining since yesterday.
it has = it's We haven't seen any elephants yet.
we have = we've They haven't been living here long.
you have == you've She hasn't taken any photos today.
they have = they've
have not = haven't

has not == hasn't
S. MODAlS AND MODAL-liKE EXPRESSIONS
could have -- could've

should have -- should've
We could've walked.
would have -- would've •
must have -- We might've arrived late.
must've
might have -- might've
6. CONDITIONALS WITH WOULD
Contractions with Would

I would = I'd If I had time, I' I nvel.
you would == you'd If you moved here, youJ b~ happy.
he would == he'd If she knew the answer, sht:d {'I/ you.
she would == she'd We'd buy a new car if we had the money.
we would == we'd If you invited them, hl'Y 'd . orne.
you would = you'd If I had known, I would'v!' told you.
they would == they'd I wouldn', do that if I were you.
- -- -------
would have = would've

would not = wouldn't
Appendlce 347
••••••••••••••••• • •• I
"
punctuation Rules for Direct Speech

h ay either follow or come before the reporting
Direct speec · mct speech follows the reporting verb, Example: 'I ~eard him shout" Come here!" but I ran away,' he
b When dIre said.
ver . mma after the reporting verb. When direct speech comes before the reporting verb,
put a 00 .
a. .ng quotation marks before the first word of the
b. Use ope:~ch Quotation marks can be single (') or double
a. Begin the sentence with opening quotation marks.
direct sp· . k .
n
t single quotation mar s are more common In
b. Use the. appropriate end punctuation for the direct speech.
but note tha If the d~rect speech is a statement, use a comma (,).
British English. If the direct speech is a question, use a question mark (?).
. the quotation with a capital letter. If the direct speech is an exclamation, use an exclamation
c. Begm . .
d Use the appropriate end punctu.atlon for the direct speech. mark (!).
. It may be a full stop (.), a question mark (?) or an e. Use closing quotation marks after the end punctuation for
exclamation mark (!). the direct speech.
! Pu
t closing quotation marks
. (') or (") after the end d. Begin the reporting clause with a lower-case letter.
punctuation of the quotation. e. Use a fu ll stop at the end of the main sentence (.).
Examples: He said, 'I had a good time.' Examples: 'I had a good time,' he said.
She asked, Where's the party?' Where's the party?' she asked.
They shouted, 'Be careful!' 'Be careful!' they shouted.
f. For quotations inside quotations, use double quotation
marks inside single quotation marks.
Pronunciation Table
VOWELS CONSONANTS
Symbol Key Word Symbol Key Word Symbol KeyWord Symbol Key Word
•
I: beat, feed ship, machine, station,
banana, among p pack, happy f
1 bit, did back, rubber special, discussion
aI bite, cry, buy, b • •
el date, paid eye tie 3 measure, vIsion
t
e bet, bed au about, how h hot, who
d die
bat, bad JI voice, boy m men
k came, key, quick •
0
box, odd, 1<) beer n sun, know, pneumonia
9 game, guest • •
):
bought, four, e<) IJ sung, ringing
bare tf church, nature, watch
door w wet, white
Q: bar, father d3 judge, general, major
au boat, road I light, long
u<) tour f fan, photograph
u right, wrong
bOOk, good r
U·• 3: bird v van •
boot, food, Y yes, use, musIC

'\ 8 thing, breath
but, mud ,
then, breathe
mother
STRESS s sip, city, psychology
, shows main stress. zip, please, goes
z
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Pronunciation for the Ie:

Third Singular (he, she, it)
1. The third person singular in the present simple always ends 4. The final sound is pronounced Izf after w, y and all vowel
in the letter -SoThere are, however, three different ways of sounds.
pronuncing the final sound of the third person singular. agree agrees
151 Izf I lzf try tries
talks loves dances stay stays
know knows
2. The final sound is pronounced lsI after the voiceless sounds
Ipl, It!, Ikl, and Ifl. 5. The final sound is pronounced IIzf after the sounds lsI, IzJ,
top tops Ifl, 13 /, Itf/, and 1d3/. IIZI adds a syllable to the verb.
get gets relax relaxes
take takes freeze freezes
laugh laughs rush rushes
massage massages
3. The final sound is pronounced Izf after the voiced sounds
Ib/, Id/, Igl, lvi, 101, Iml, In/, frjl and 11/. watch watches
judge judges
describe describes
spend spends 6. Do and say have a change in vowel sound.
hug hugs say IseII says Isezf
live lives do Idu:1 does IdAZl
breathe breathes
seem seems
• •
remain remains
• •
sing sings
tell tells
Pronunciation Rules for the Simple of Regular Verbs

1. The regular past simple always ends in the letter -d. There massage massaged
are, however, three different ways of pronuncing the final change changed
sound of the regular past simple. rhyme rhymed
It! Idl IIdl return returned
raced lived attended bang banged
enrol enrolled
2. The final sound is pronounced It! after the voiceless sounds
appear appeared
Ipl, IkI, IfI, lsI, IfI, and Itf/.
breathe breathed
hop hopped
work worked 4. The final sound is pronounced Idl after all vowel sounds.
laugh laughed agree agreed
address addressed play played
publish published die died
watch watched •
enJoy enjoyed
row rowed
3. The final sound is pronounced Idl after the voiced sounds
fbI, Igl, lvi, Izf, 13 /, 1<131, Iml, Inl, IfJ/, 11/, Irl, and 10/. 5. The final sound is pronounced IIdl after It! and Id/.
rub rubbed IIdl adds a syllable to the verb.
hug hugged start started
live lived decide decided
surprise surprised
349
••••••••••••••••• ...
used to or would?
and didn't use to + base form of the verb to
Use use d ta 2. You can also use would + base form of the verb to describe
1. b t past habits and states. repeated past actions.
talk a au
Ie used to live here.
peop •)
(But noW they don t. . Be careful! You cannot use would to describe past states.
, to like coffee but now I love It. As a child I would walk along the beach collecting shells.
I didn t use
se to have long hair when you were younger? Some evenings, I would go down to the beach to watch
DtdYOU u the sunset.
• NOT
• Have or have got?
have or have got to talk about possessions. These two

1 Use . f 3. Use have to talk about routines or regular activities.
. verbs mean the same thing. Have got IS a present t~nse 0
I often have a salad for lunch.
have not the present perfect form of get. Have got IS more
NOT I ofteR nave got a salad for IURcn.
common than have in British English.
The baby has a bath every night.
I have a flat in Manchester. I've got a flat in Manchester. NOT •
The hotel has a swimming The hotel's got a swimming
pool. pool. 4. Use have in many common expressions.
have lunch have a bath have a rest
2. Have got is most common in the present and less have a chat have a go
common in the past.
I had a bad headache yesterday.
NOT I "'ad got a bad neadacne ...
Compound Nouns
1. Compound nouns are very common in English. Use two or 3. Some short compounds are written as one word.
three words together to make compound nouns. bathroom
toothbrush = a brush you clean your teeth with postman
bookshop = a shop where you buy books hairbrush
Sister-in-law
aletter box 4. A few have hyphens.
Job centre mother-in-law
2. Most com d T-shirt
poun s are written as two separate words. X-ray
servl(e station bus stop hot dog
credit card
head office paper clip
350 • n
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
British and English
GRAMMAR VOCABULARY
British English American English British English American English

The present perfect is used for The past simple or present aeroplane airplane
recent past actions: perfect is used for recent past angry angry/mad
I've just seen Jim. actions: autumn fall/autumn
barrister lawyer/attorney
/ just saw Jim. OR I've just seen
bill (in a restaurant) check
Jim.
biscuit cookie
The past participle gotten is The past participle gotten is bonnet (of a car) hood
not used: used: boot (of a car) trunk
Your French has got better Your French has gotten better car park parking lot
since /Iast saw you. since /Iast saw you. chips french fries/fries
•
CrISpS potato chips
Have got and have are both Have is more common in crossroads intersection/crossroads
used in negatives and questions: negatives and questions: dustbin trashcan
•
Have you got my book? OR Do you have my book? film movie
Do you have my book? first floor second floor
I haven't got a car. OR / don't have a car. flat apartment
/ don't have a car. gear lever gear shiftlstick shift
ground floor first floor
Collective nouns are more Collective nouns are more holiday vacation
commonly used with a plural commonly used with a singular hooter horn
verb. Singular verbs are also verb: jab shot/injection
possible: lift elevator
The crew are/is on deck. The crew is on deck. lorry truck
The crowd are/is shouting. The crowd is shouting. mad crazy
main road highway
Can't is used to say that Can't and must not are both freeway
motorway
something is not possible: used to say that something is
nappy diaper
not possible:
pavement sidewalk
Sally can't be here. All the Sally can't/must not be here. All petrol gas
lights are out. the lights are out. post mail
public lavatory/toilet rest room
The definite article the is used The definite article the can be
queue (noun); queue (verb) line; stand in line
with musical instruments: left out • •
nse raise
/ play the violin. I play violin. OR I play the rubber eraser
violin. rubbish trash; garbage
And is usually used after the And is often left out after the shop store
verb go: verb go: solicitor lawyer/attorney
stupid dumb/stupid
Lers go and see Mike. Let's go see Mike. surgery doctor's office
sweets candy
SPELLING
tap faucet/tap
British English American English timetable schedule/timetable
centre, fibre, metre, theatre center, fiber, meter, theater torch flashlight
colour, favourite, flavour, color, favorite, flavor, trainers sneakers
labour, honour labor, honor trousers pants
defence, licence defense, license underground subway
practice (noun), practise (verb) practice windscreen windshield
programme program zebra crossing crosswalk
analyse, paralyse, realise analyze, paralyze, realize •
ZiP
•
zipper
analogue, catalogue, dialogue analog/analogue, catalog,
dialog/dialogue (continued on next page)
..................
App ndices 351
• ..... I ..
DIFFERENCES
•
OTHER
American English
BritiSh English
on Fifth Avenue
. oxford Street 11 June; the eleventh of June;
In d on the weekend June 11; June eleventh; 06-11-95
at the weeken June the eleventh; 11 -06-95
stay home
stay at home do something again
on the team do something over/again
In the team Monday to Friday
'fferent from/to different than/from Monday through/to Friday
dI . A to Z /3ed/
outside of the city/outside the City A to Z 13i:1
outside the City
APpendix Quiz
Read and answer the questions and tick the correct answers.
1 What IS the past participle of the verb light?
• 15 If you cheer someone up, they feel . ..
2 envy IS ...
D worse. D better.
o an action verb. D a stative verb.
16 The plural form of sheep is ...
3 If someone lets you down, are you ...
D sheep. D sheeps.
8 happy? D sad?
17 Which sentence is correct in British English?
4 What is the superlative form of the adjective far?
D I didn't pack my suitcase yet.
. .. ... ........ ..... ....... ..
D I haven't packed my suitcase yet.
5 If something doesn't interest you, are you ...
18 The verb want is followed by the . . .
u boring? D bored?
D -ing form. D infinitive.
6 If you used to drink coffee, do you still drink coffee? 19 You eat out. ..
J Yes D No
7 tooth has .. . D at home. D in a restaurant.
20 Your friend gives you a hot dog. Do you .. .
oa regular plural form. D an irregular plural form. D stroke it? D eat it?
B If you dress up, do you wear jeans and trainers? 21 Tick the correct sentence.
J Yes D No
D I'm really annoying! Nothing is going right.
9 What are chips called in American English? D I'm really annoyed! Nothing is going right.
......... . " .
• • •• • •• • • ••••• ••
22 There are two ways of forming the comparative and
10 You form compound nouns with more than one word. superlative of some adjectives.
ofiue D False D True D False
11 Which is correct?
.., I' 23 Are you aware. . . .
5 ve got a shower every morning. D of something? 0 to something?
12 I have a shower every morning. 24 If you ask for the check at the end of your meal, you are
~ould can be used with both action and stative verbs. •
In ...
13 '--' True D False D a British restaurant. 0 an American resta.urant.
The past participle and the base form of the verb hit are 25 The verb remember cannot be followed by the -mg form.
•
,.., •
o False
the same
-..J 'ff
D True
14 The verb . . 0 dl erent.
,.., T weigh can have a stative meaning.
'-J rue 0 False
'laA aSEDl! ns
'l4 6!J 6u!o6 '5uIUJOW Jeln5aJJI ue L
AW pa~Jt'd •
aSlej 5! 6u!4l0N luafla JaM0 4s ON 9

Sl l, uafle 4 I H paJoq
l~emelSaJ ipaAouue daa45 9l e afl e4 I LL S
ue:JUa anJl OL l Sa4lJ nl 17
6 . UJ\1 Ue AlleaJ w,l LZ Jauaq SL
Ulljla
. UJOS)O
t>l saul/saul pes t
II• lea OZ anJl vL
El qJ,M aflllel5 e l
anJl lueJnel5aJ e UI 6L awes a41 n 4JuaJJ 6
lZ ON 8 1'1 L
afl!l! uIJU! 8L a51ej ZL
A3)1 tfllMSNY
-
NOTE. In this answer key, where the contracted form is given the full form IS also correct
and where the full form IS given, the contracted form IS also 'correct. '
T
Why are you touring again?
Present Conti 4. What are you working on these days?
Who's singing now?
Is she replacing Tina?
POINT I No, she isn't. OR No, she's not.
It's happening now! On wrltrng
CHART CHECK 1 I wl'ite to you from my hotel room. Everyone
sleeping m slnlng
be + base form of verb + -ing else is but I here, looking at
be
the sea. We're staying at the Plaza in Atlantic
CHART CHECK 2
Beach
,
and the view is beautiful. The tour is
F gOing
goes well. The audience is crazy about the
EXPRESS are
are ... leaving new songs but the fans -is always asking for
·
are ... per fiormrng OR ,re .. . perforlTIlng
i'
you. How's the baby? Has she got a good
Are
(m working very hard these days, but I voice? Bo you teaching her to sing yet? Maybe
have some good news. Right now, I'm sitting both of you will come along for the next tour!
at a desk in the Entertainment Section of
the Tribune! Of course IGiY still ~aking)
T
journalism classes at night as well. The job
Present Simple
is temporary - Joe Si ItJS, the regular reporter,
1s taking, this month off to write a book. This
r POINT
week wffre preparin~ to interview your
John's Typical Working Week
favourite group, the Airheads. In fact, at this
very moment they're flying into town by CHART CHECK
helicopter. They~e peliormingJ at the Theatre T,T,F
Royal all week. How'ar~yourgetting oriJ EXPRESS
tAryYou still Writin~music? Oops! The crew Why does he work
~.!e calliI}g me. We're lE~aving for the
theatre now. Write soon! In today's fast-paced world, we ~ve?escape
stress. Stress I(llwayS) affects us psychologically
•
2. are ... gorng but according to Dr Roads, author of the
3. 'm going new bestseller, Calm Down!, it also affects
4. is waiting OR'S waiting
us physically. For example, stress ca!,lses
S. 'm working
6. aren't doing OR 're not doing high blood pressure. Doctors often, {?rescrib e
7 . 're ... sitting medication for stress-related illnesses.
8. 'm sitting Medicine 'usually, lowers a patient's blood
9. 'm... thinking
100 are staying
352
353
••••••••••••••••• ... ... .. i'
B t
sure. u, Dr Roads claims,
. 'You
. don't
pres d ills RelaxatlOn exerCIses
EXPRESS
s nee P . .
alway .mes as effective as pIlls. For 'm weighing, weighs
are breathing exercises relax you and

xaIIlpJe, . ANNA: This steak tastes delicious. Your
e blood pressure at the same tIme
lower your . t I' salmon looks good, too.
d . on1y takes
It - a few mmu es.
_an Ben: Here, I'm putting some on your
doesn't finish plate. I think you'll like it.
go •
rushes WOlnes ANNA: Mmm. I do like it! Funny, I usually

isn't hasn't got don't likE} fish.
1 hasn't got
BEN: Red 'ha~ that effect on people.
•
IS
ANNA: I have no idea what you're talking

Does he W ork on reports in the afternoon?
about. What do you mean?
No, he doesn't. .
When does he see clients? He sees chents BEN: Well, colours can change the way we
from 9:00 to 12:00. (fee} For example, people often"fee1
D s he have a lunch break? Yes, he does.
~eat
does he do from 12:30 to 5:00? He
hungrier in a red room. I notice that
returns phone calls. you're looking at the red wallpaper.
Where does he go at 5:30? He goes to ANNA: And I certainly fe~ hungry. I'm
evening classes. eating half your salmon.
e fer nave BEN: That's OK. I'm tasting your steak.
I'm so tired. I htlve never time to relax. It's delicious!
stud
I work all day and all night. My boss
~
2. is looking 8.doesn't suspect
tell me that I need a holiday. I agree but 3. cost 9 know
think 4. wants
f afraid to take one. Does my boss thinks lJ. is thinking
hates
5 1 hasn't got
that the office can function without me? 6 seems ~ is listening
;;
7 likes
I- want them to think I'm not necessary.
complains
But my wife is unhappy, too. She complain 2. 'm tasting 1 don't know
•
3 needs P IS
that she never sees me any more. My 1 . 'm smelling
5 4. Do ... want
schedule crazy. I don't think I can keep 5. tastes 1 . 'm not
tho ",ant l think :, love
IS up much longer. I don't wonts to give up 'm thinking smells
e . oftel "hin~ isn't know
• venlllg classes, though. I think often that
sounds 1 mean
there has got to be a better way. 10 'm looking 19 feel
1 Not a good day! I feel depressed and

1
I've got a headache. I'm needing to do
Stative Verbs
h ·
somet mg to change IllY mood and get rid
h POINT . .
of ihlS pam. Last week, Pm j eading an
as the flav
CHA OUr of chicken . I bout how smells can affect mood
arilC e a '19
RTCHECK
1',1' and even h c a lth . so at the moment I -smell
an orange (for the depression) and a green
(colll/fl/led Oll lIext page)
354 •
................................................
n w r
apple (fol" the headache l. They smell nice but 28 June: I (m sitting)n a seat 3,000 metres
don't thin"
I~ 1 not thtllking that I notice a difference in above the earth en route to Argentina!
how I feel! I think to eat I usually have dinner at this time but
right now I('ve gojl a headache from the
something when I feel down. But I worry
w excitement. The person next to me
that I'm weighing too much. So, at the is eatinffi my food. Sherlook& happy.
'm hs\
moment I have a cup of peppermint tea with 30 June: It's 7:30. My host's parents-ar~
lemon. The article says that the peppermint still Mroikin~ Carlos, the father, works at
home. The youngest son, Ricardo, is
smell helps you eat less. Well, I don't know
sweet. He looks (and behaves) a lot like
about that! A chocolate ice cream sounds Bobby. Right now, hEts lookin~ over my
pretty good right now! that shoulder and (tryin~ to read my diary.
there are no easy solutions. 4 July: The weather~ cold now. I usually
spend the first weekend of July at the
beach but today :rm walkinl} around in a
T
heavy sweater.
Present Cc .ntinuous and
6 August: I(fee' so tired tonight. Everyone
Present
else feels great in the evening because
POINT they have long naps in the afternoon.
F,F
1. b. 'm waiting
CHART CHECK
c. look
two parts d, 'm working
two forms e. 's talking
EXPRESS f. isn't looking OR'S not looking
g. looks
h. doesn't mean
CONTINUOUS 2. a. 's talking
SUBJECT BE BASE FORM + -ING b. 're doing
c. 're standing
I am buying
---- - - -- - - 1 I f - - - ' - t - - - - ' - - - - - d. Do ... think
You are buying flowers now. e. 're going out
-~
•
buying f. don't think
L He 15
~ ------- - ------' 9. means
c- - --~~-~--
h, come
PRESENT SIMPLE " stand
I
SUBJECT VERB 3. ., is ... walking
---4--------- - - - - - -___ _.. , doesn't start
I I buy
, I,
.
-- . 's ... got
You usually buy chocolates.
I d. walks
,. .
l
c , seem
tHe .. ~
I l:7uys
- 4. •. are ... shaking
b. know
c. shake
d. meet
••••••••• ttEty
••••••••
3SS
• •••• , ;,
•
'30 and I £it. in the library. My
It's 12. NECATIVE
mates are eating lunch together but I'm DON'T BASE FORM OF VERB
class t
ngry yet. At home, we ea/r never this Don't Ii t n -<
not J1U to the musIc.
Today our homework topic is 'culture Don t touch 1
your toes.
earIy.
Don't f:itiJnd up
' It's a good topic for me right now • straight.
shock .
use I'm being pretty homesick. I miss my c
beca J e 6 a
old routine. At home we always are-having a b d 7. f
big meal at 2:00 in the afternoon. Then we

Wash six strawbenies.
rest. But here in Toronto J.!m having a Cut the strawberries in half.
Pour orange juice into the blender.
conversation class at 3:00. Every day, I almost Add the fruit to the orange juice.
- Blend the ingredients until smooth.
fall asleep in class, and my teacher ask me,
'Are you bored?' Of course I'm not bored. I Learn Take
Reduce Choose
just need my afternoon rest! This class
e I"!
Improve " Don't delay
fun. This term, we work on a project .. Get 1 . Register
Don't miss
with video cameras. My team is filming
groups of people from different cultures. We For the Black Belt essay, Master Gibbons
" "\ 51
.,e
are 8Balyse~'social distance'. That means how gave us this assignment: You VI rite about
close to each other people stand. According something important to you. My topic is The
eavi ,g
to my new watch, it's 12:55, so I leave now Right Way, the rules oflife for the martial
n v
for my one o'clock class. Teachers here really arts. First, respects other people - treat them
(lr ~ c:
• the way you want them to treat you. Second,
it when you are late!
1 If'
helped people in need. In other words, use
your strength for others, not tEl use it just for
Imperative your own good. Third, fiO lie or steal. These
• are the most important rules to me.
POINT
giving instructi
CH ons on how to do an exercise
ART CHECK
don' , SelfTest
PRESS
(Total = 100 points. Each item == 4 points)
AFFIRMATIVE
8f\s£ ~ORM OF
D 9. C B. D
B
L 'lte~ - -
u
D A 10. B 14. D
11. A 1 . B
to the music. B
TOUch A
B 12 A
StatlQ
your toes. A •
lop
straight.
356 •
.................................... K y
c. IIONI TWO wrote 10 addressed

were 11. appeared
(Correct allSll'ers are in brackets.) 1 happened
", A (swims) C (hate) led
became 1 saw
17. C (is raining) 2 A (usually arrives)
left bit
B (are you) 2 B (aren't OR are not)
saw V ate
C (don't) 2 D Cm always losing)
wore 1 drank
B (seems ) 2 B (delete you)
wrote 1 hopped
T Today in class we read a poem by Robert

Past Simple: etc
Frost. I really it. It was about a person
Affirmative Statements cnose
who ehoosed between two roads in a forest.
I POINT
Before he made his decision, he a lot
1989
1999 of time trying to decide which road to follow.
as
CHART CHECK Many people thought the person were Frost.
took
two In the end, he the road that was less
·d or -ed
travelled on. He decided to be a poet. That
EXPRESS changed
was, were decision ehonge his life a lot.
came Sometimes I feel a little like Frost.
saved decided
Two years ago I deeide to come to this
r " was
Matsuo Basho ~rotE}more than 1,000 three- country. That were the biggest decision of
line poems or 'haiku.' He 0hos~topics from
my life.
nature, daily life and human emotions. He
,r. •
]JecamE} one of Japan's most famous poets
and his work established haiku as an Simple:
important art form. Negative Statements
~
Matsuo BashorWas) born near Kyoto in and Questions

1644. His father wanted him to become a POINT
samurai (warrior). Instead, Matsuo moved to ?, F, T
Edo (present-day Tokyo) and studied poetry.
CHART CHECK 1
By 1681, hethag;many students and admirers.
not
Basho's home burnt down in 1682. Then, did not
in 1683, his mother died. After these events,
~ CHART CHECK 2
Basho felt) restless. In 1684, he travelled on
was, were
foot and on horseback all over Japan. did
Sometimes his friends joined him, and they
wro~ poetry together. Travel(was; difficult in
EXPRESS
Did she have a navigator?
the seventeenth century and Basho was . No, she didn't.
often ill. He died in 1694, during a journey
to Osaka. At that time he had.' 2,000 2. No 4. No 6. Yes
students. J. Yes 5. Yes 7. No
An Key 357
••••••••••••••••• •
••••• I
•
Where dI·d she study? At Columbia EXPRESS
University. . k? used to
1 How Iong was she a socIal war er. For usc to
tWO years. ? say
Where d1·d her last flight leave from.
F am New Guinea. .
r many books did she
How . wnte? Three.
. In many ways, fashion used to be much
~ What was her nationahty? Amencan.
simpler. Women didn't use to wear trousers
,6. When did she disappear? In 1937.
to the office and men's clothes never used to
, Were Did ... dream
come in bright colours. People also used to
4 No ... weren't 10 didn't think
didn't want 1 Were dress in special ways for different situations.
Did . . . feel 1 No ... wasn't
Yes . .. did 1 Was They didn't use blue jeans as business
didn 't stop 1 No ... wasn't clothes or wear tracksuits when they
receIve ? I d.dn' travelled. Today you can go to the opera and
Hi! Did you received my last letter. 1 t
~~'tV your new address so I sent it to your find some women in evening gowns while
a ,.l YOu move
old one. When you moved? Did your flatmate others are in blue jeans. Even buying jeans
move with you? Right now I'm on board a used to be easier - they only came in blue
denim. I'm still not used to buying green
plane flying to El Paso to visit Ana . Did you
r'eet
jeans and wearing them to work!
met her at the conference last year? I
didn't have
wanted to visit her in June but I no had the 2. used to have 5. used to wear
3. used to dress 6. used to carry
time. At first I was going to drive from Los
4. used to dance
Angeles but I decided to fly instead. This is
didn't (Answers may vary slightly.)
only my third flight but I love flying! I didnt
2. Trainers used to come in only two colours
know flying could be so much fun! Hope to - black and white.
3. They didn't use to cost as much as they
hear from you.
do these days. OR They used to cost less
than they do these days.
4 Did people use to wear jeans fifty years
ago?
to Jeans and trainers didn't use to cost very
much thi fty years ago.
• . ?
Did women use to wear Jeans .
POINT
a habit h h .
e ad III the past When I was younger, clothes didn't to
(HART CHECK 1
l' be a pro bl em. All the girls at .
my school used
(HART CHECK 2 to ~~ the same uniform. 1 used to think

did
... USe to . took aw ay from my
that It . freedom of choice.
Now I can weal. what I want but clothes cost
(COlltllllll'd 011 next page)

:J58 . n r K y
• • •• • • • •••• •• • • • • • •••• •• • • • • • • •
wei
~o much! Even hlut' jt'a11S, lodny's 'un iform', This evening, Sheila and I was looking at
I
used to be chcapt'r l\ly mum uses to pay less some photographs from my skiing trip with
U'
than .£:30 for hers. I suppose they didn't u&ed Fritz's family last year. By the end of the
Vf:r~
to sell designer jeans back then. You know, I evening, we j aughing like crazy. That was my
used to be against school uniforms but first experience on skis so the pictures were
co l'" n"
no'\ I'm not so sure! really embarrassing. In one shot, I was -
down the slope on my back. In another one,
T IV'er",
my skis w as falling out of the ski lift while I
Pa Contin .;.oor
was riding up the slope. Fritz that
POINT picture from the lift entrance. Good thing he

wasn't
what she was doing at the time of not standing right under me! Where was I
her accident
when Fritz was falling down the slope? Well,
CHART CHECK 1 ca:~.1t1g
unfortunately I wasn't eUffY my ca mera.

F
That would have been a great picture! It
CHART CHECK 2
before the subject was amazing how fast Fritz's girlfriend,
EXPRESS Karyn, lea rned that weekend. She was doing

A! were ... staying jumps by the second day. By that time, I
B: was staying was spenain.£j
spent a lot of time at the ski cafe.
2. F 5. T
3. T 6. F
4. ? T
Continuous and
3. were sitting outside. Pa
4. wasn't snowing. , POINT
S. were wearing sunglasses.
6. weren't wearing their gloves. 2, 1
7. was serving drinks.
8. wasn't serving lunch. CHART CHECK
9. wasn't smiling. F,T
10. was using a mobile phone. EXPRESS
When
3. was recovering
was he driving
4. wasn't performing
5. were ... thinking
2. F 4. F
6. were waiting
3. T 5. T
7. wasn't thinking
8. were watching
9. Were ... competing 4. were waiting 9. was gomg
•
10. was 5 noticed 10. reached

11. was training 6. Was ... speeding 11. wasn't
12. were ... taking 7. got 12. were crossing
8. was 13. hit
Did ... stop 21 were crossing
.......
.•...••••. Key ~ . . 359
••• • • •••• •
1 .
15 saw
2 .. Was ... snowing I I TWO
2 . happened
16 didn't
_ was talking 1- . was (Correct answers are i
1 C (call) n parentheses.)
1. was driving wasn't
1 C (was) 20. A (did)
10 didn't ,stop . 2 started
1 A (were) :t: 0 (got)
"0. weren t paymg 2 arrived
• 16. 0 (were sleeping) ~~. C (got)
17 B (not) B (was driving)
she wa~ driving home, she listened to her 1 0 (dropped) ~'. B (delete comma)
car radIO. 1., A (was) 0 (saw)
She pulled over to the side of the road
the visibility got very bad. . ..
She heard about the accident ... she was T
listening to the news.
) She drove to the police station ... it
Pr~sent Perfect:
stopped snowing. Smce and For
/) she was talking to the police, she was (
thinking about her article for the
;;;::. ] POINT
T
mo-rning paper.
CHART CHECK 1
• Yesterday, a man was talking on his mobile have + past participle
. driVing
h pho~e while he was df'ivc his car. Maybe base form of verb + -d or -ed
he~checking his diary while he was making CHART CHECK 2

a length of time
his next appointment. He was certainly not
I
EXPRESS
concentrating on the road when the Ii hts
turned g driven: irregular
suddenly . .J
red • The tw 0 men ill
. competed: regular
t rle~ won: irregular
tried: regular
when they saw him but it was too late. No
Martina Hingis picked up her first tennis
one was badly hurt but that was just luck. racket at the age of two. ~ince the~ she has
Last year, the C'ty
1
C .
ouncil didn't pass. become one of the greatest tennis players
the 'talkin . . in the world. Born in Slovakia, she has lived
g and dnvrng' law. We need that
in Switzerland ~or many year~.
- She became
lawl•
the outdoor Swiss champion at the age of nine.
Q3ince thelY she has won many international
competitions including Wimbledon, the US
Se1fTest
Open and the Australian Open.
For young stars like Martina, life has
'Total :::
lao points. E ac h £tem
' .
= 4 pomts.) its difficulties. They are under constant
pressure to win and they don't have time
l ONE
1 A. to just relax with friends. In fact, Martina
2D " B 7 A 10. C hasn't been to schooh,since 1994 and she has
1D :.. A
B 11 C been in the public spotlight (for years. But
b. B 9 0 1] B
she seems to be handling Iwr success well.
Since she turned proft'ssionnl. she has played
(('ontlllul'd 011 Tlext page)

360 • Answ r Key
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
tennis all over the world and has earned T

millions of dollars. She sees her life as normal Present Perfect:
because tennis has been the most important Already. Just and Yet
thing to her 's ince she was a little gir~ . • c POINT
F
've been 10. hasn't got
for 11 Since CHART CHECK 1
5 For 12 has met use already or just
has attended 13. hasn't thought use not . .. yet
hasn't done 14. 's known
•
Since 15. SInce CHART CHECK 2
has taken T
2 How long has she lived in Switzerland? EXPRESS

(She has lived in Switzerland) for Have you had lunch yet?
many years. Yes, I/we have. OR No, I/we haven't.
3. Has she won any competitions since the
outdoor Swiss championship? 2. c 4 b
Yes, she has. 3. a 5. d
4. Has she been to school since 1994?
No, she hasn't. 3. Has ... disappeared already OR yet
5. How much money has she earned since 4. Yes ... has
her career began? 5. have already developed
(She has earned) millions of dollars. 6. haven't been able ... yet
6. How long has tennis been important to her? 7. Has ... made ... yet
(Tennis has been important to her) since 8. No ... haven't
she was a little girl.
haY'e been 3. Helmut has already baked the cake.
I aID in Ms Clark's physical education class 4. Gisela has already bought flowers.
for
since two months. I enjoy it a lot and have 5. Helmut hasn't put the turkey in the
missed oven yet.
only . two classes since the beginning of 6. Gisela has already washed the windows.
7. Helmut has already mopped the floor.
the term. I especially like tennis but since
haven't played 8. Gisela has already hung the balloons.
September we don't play because the 9. Helmut hasn't washed the dishes yet.
has 10. Gisela hasn't wrapped the present yet.
weather been too cold. I also like
won bE t r
volleyball and my team has WiB two I'm in a hurry. I haven't went shopping
¥t:t
matches since we ~ started to compete already but I'll do it on the way home. Rita
hb
with Lincoln School. I'm looking forward to have just had dinner and she's already had
called
the next match. her bath. Have you eall Mr Jacobson yet?
dlreHdy c.ll1ed
He's three times today.
hasn
His daughter has had her flu shot yet.
Is it too late? See you later.
I
.......... '"Key _
•••••
361
• • • • • • • • ••• ,
•••
I
T Perfect: started to fancy her. Last night, Alison ~

Indefinite Past moved next door to Gary but he doesn't
POINT know yet! I can't wait to see what happens
noW in the next episode. Does anyone know when
(HART CHECK 1 Gary's book is coming out?

T
(HART CHECK 2
before the past participle and
Simple
(HART CHECK 3
F _HECK POINT
T
EXPRESS
Have you ever watched 'The Simpsons'? CHART CHECK 1
Yes, lAve have. OR No, Vwe haven't. the present perfect
CHART CHECK 2
2 F 4. F 6. F
T F
have + past participle
3. 5. 7. T
EXPRESS
2. 've had 've ... wanted
-
6. met, have been
3. 've ... eaten 7. have ... wanted
4. 've ... been 8. 've travelled Many modern marriages are finding
s. have ... wanted 9. have ... tried
interesting solutions to difficult problems.
Joe and Maria, for example,(have beeg
2 I've never even been in a chat room.
3. How have you changed as an actor? married since 1995. After their wedding, the
4. I've become more tolerant. couple settled down in Ipswich, where Maria
5 who has been your role model? opened an accounting business. Then, in
~
•
6, Charlie Chaplin has had great influence
on me. 1997, Joe lost his job. By that time, Maria's
7 What has been your best moment on new business was booming, so they didn't
this show? consider moving. Joe never found a new job
8. I've won the award. in Ipswich but in 1998, he got an excit~g
9 what have you found most rewarding
offer on the other side of the country - In
about the experience?
o I'
ve met some fantastic people. Bristol. The couple~ve lived"apart ever
.
SlTIce. How ave they(handl~this
l' aughed
Ve never so much in my life! Did you .
'commuter manrn'lag e' up to now? Joe .notes,
. lyrha'Szlit beefll easy. Wfi::.:e been,
see the 'It cert am ~' b t
.' everblind date episode on 'Family'?. Have · II separated for a few years u
You fte"e geograph lca y F
r F seen anything so funny? I LOVE . '\ lot closer emotionally. or
the sho , , 3e8M
wcf,ve grown I a . ,
W. Its the best show I have ever sow
.
lhat reason, 1,\ ' 1(I
S been) worth It.
in rn y l'ti ve 4. F
I e. I.-realJ.y enjoyed it lately. By the
Way h notl( ed
2. F s. T
3. F
, aVe you netiee that Gary and Ali son
are be' . h.1 ,
ginnIng to gel on? I think Gary fl.alle
.... 362 •
. ... ... ... .......
... ... .. . .. .
CHART CHECK 2
3. haven't stopped
been + base form + -ing
has . .. been
4.
s. s lept EXPRESS
haven'i had A: has
saw B: For
didn't do A: been
9 didn't bot her B: collecting
1 Have . . . tried OR Did ... try
1 Yes, I have. OR Yes, I did. 6. b
J b 4. b
've already drunk
a S. a
drank
3 have been selling
. Did you start your business before your
4- has been living
marriage?
5, has been sending
, No, I didn't.
6. have been appearing
How long have you owned your own
7 has ... been attracting
business?
8. has been buying
8 (I've owned my own business) since
9. Have ... been queueing
1995/for six years.
10. No, they haven't
9 When did you find your job in Bristol?
11. haven't been asking
• (l found my job in Bristol) in
1998/three years ago.
Has your commuter marriage been very 2. He hasn't been testing the rollerblades.
difficult? 3. He hasn't been playing basketball.
2 Yes, it has! 4. He's been eating pizza.
5. He hasn't been drinking Coke.
been '5 6. He's been building a racing car.
It's 8:00 P.M. It was a hard week and it's not
7. He's been playing video games.
over yet! I still have to finish that report. 8. He hasn't been sending emails.
5tarted
it last Monday but so far I've
," t ..et"
Thank you very much for the Pokemon
t..- 3.: ~J
Wl'ote only five pages. And it's due next
ha5 been
cards. My friend and I have been pI tty with
•
week! Work was so difficult lately. I've

them all day. So far, I am been winning.
\-..1 ~;
worked late every night this week. I'm tired
I really love Pokemon. My mum"been buying
didn t
and I much sleep last night.
5aw
the toys for us because she thinks they're
r, l'r'''' bt: r.
I miss Joe. I've seen him last weekend but it
fun, too. All my friends were collecting the
seems like a long time ago. cards for months now. Tonya loves the
f ht's
computer game you sent, too. She've been
T
Present Perfect asking me to play with her but I've been
uous having too much fun with my cards.
thinking
I hope you are well. I've been
IC'I POINT
The girls are still collecting Beanie Babies. about you a lot. I hope you can come and
CHART CHECK 1 visit us soon.

Love,
T
Patrick
Key • 363
• • • •• •• • • • • • •• ••• •••••••• ••
nt Perfect and
Perfect areas in Niger, grasslands in East Africa
Continuous and forests in West Africa.
POINT Because of their great size and strength,

. a sCir,<lted
F, T elephants have always fuseinatiftg humans.
Our fascination has almost caused African
CHART CHECK
T elephants to become extinct. Poachers
\filled
EXPRESS (illegal hunters) have already
A; eating hundreds of thousands of elephants for the
B: has ... been
,
A; has OR s ivory of their tusks. After 1989, it became
B: Has , illegal to sell ivory. Since then, the elephant
A: No ... hasn t grown 011 been growing .
population has been gFown steadIly.
2 T ... F 6. T
Recently, several countries have been
3 T 5. T
protecting elephants in national parks and
become
2 has published herds have beeame larger and healthier.
3 have already died
4. has given
5. has spoken
6. have been waiting
7 has lived OR has been living Past Perfect
8. has worked OR has been working
9. has set up IL:. ;;.:.:.:;;;...;;;;..;.....&1 POINT
Oprah decided on a career.
2. 've ... seen
l has been living OR has lived CHART CHECK 1
4. has experienced T
s. has survived
6. have tested CHART CHECK 2
7 have hunted before the subject
8. have saved
9 has been moving EXPRESS
-O. has been eating A: arrived
(has been) resting B: hadn't
2 has been raining OR has rained
4. F b T
1. have found OR have been finding .. T
T 5. F
Elephants
~' n9
and their ancestors have been
l hadn't yet got
~ on this planet for 5 million years. . had already got
4 hadn't yet got
SCientists have found their bones in many
5 hadn't yet got
Places, from Asia to North America. Present- 6' had already ~een
. d 't yet buJlt
d "ave . ' . 7. ha n t rred
ay elephants has. also survived m dlfferent 8. had already s a
kinds of enVironments, including very dry
364 • K Y
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
. 2. Had he reviewed .. . No, he hadn't . 2 e 4. a <6. C

3. Had he reviewed .. . Yes. he had. d .. f
4. Had he met ... No, he hadn't.
5. Had he recorded .. . Yes, he had. 2 had been planning
6. Had he worked out .. . Yes, he had. , had been laughing and joking
.... had been tra ining
Oprah Winfrey is an amazing person! By the 5 had been running
had 6. had been looking forward
time she was twelve, she htts already decided 7 had been waiting
on a career. Not long afterwards, she got her
had 3. had you been running
first radio job. Although she hadn't httve any 4. had you been going out
experience, she became a news reporter. 5. Had you been living
6. No, I OR we hadn't
When she got her own TV chat show, she 7. Had you been expecting
had 8. No, I hadn't
has already acted in a major Hollywood
film. By the late 1980s, 'Oprah Winfrey' had I've just got back from the marathon! I'm
become
became a household word. Then in 1994, she tired but very happy. When I crossed the
had
decided to improve the quality of chat show fmishing line, I have been running for four
themes. She also made a personal change. hours and twenty-five minutes. Jeremy was
She had always had a weight problem but in standing there. He had been . forme
1995, TV viewers saw a new Winfrey. She the whole time. We were both soaking wet-
lost
had losed almost 40 kilos as a result of I, because I had been sweating; he, because
had
dieting and working out. She had also it has been raining just a little while before.
competed looki'1g
eompete in a marathon. She has really been I was so glad to see him. I had been
an inspiration to many people. forward to this day for so long and hoping
that I could finish the race in less than four
T and a half hours. When I got home, I called
been
Contin my parents. They had" watching the
marathon on TV and had actually seen me
I POINT
T cross the finishing line!
CHART CHECK
been
SelfTest
EXPRESS
A: had ... been practising
(Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
B: had been practising
A: Had ... been practising 50 - -TION ONE
B: hadn't, had been practising
1. e 5. a 9. e 12. A
2. D 6. e 10. A 13. D
1. e 7. a 11 . a 14. A
4. A 8. a
Key _ 365
•••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••
Fe: ... TWO 1 . '11 ... control

"- swers are in brackets.} 16. will ... cost
C (re et all 1 Will ... prevent
1 will 17. won't be
( 0 5 C (delete has)
I D (yet) ,
l' IVon t
17 ' C (seemed) . m sorry that we wiH no be able to get
('ve been readmg)
lE A together' L d 11155
9, A (Have) In on on. Martha will misses you,
'0. D (for )
too. Perhaps we can get together sometime
I D(taken)
a r"
B (has already been in business OR for next month. Martha and I going to be in
fifty years already)
Birmingham until 15 JUly. After that we are
73 C (drink) to '
2. C (delete 'vel going"visit Our son in Brighton. His wife is
•
..:3 C (had) I:. gOing to
pregnant and will have a baby in July. It's
are 011' 're
hard to believe that we,going to be
T
Future: Be going to grandparents!
and Will -e
are OR
How exciting that you" going to talk at
....il
_ _ POINT the conference! I'm sure it wills be great. I've
The man is going to fall into the hole. got to run now. The sky is getting really dark
'5 going to be
CHART CHECK 1 and there'll be a storm. I want to get out of
three
this office before then. More later. Greg
•
CHART CHECK 2
F
T
.. CHART CHECK 3
• Contrast
T
EXPRESS
I CIIEC d POINT
It's going to rain. T,F
l1J get an umbrella.
CHART CHECK
Items ticked: 2, 4, 5 T,F
, EXPRESS
~ 2 Be's . I'm leaving in five minutes. . ?
3 B ' gOlllg to go on a journey. Are you going to the conference III May.
eds ~ot
t o nve. going to drive. OR He isn't going
4, Be's . Russ: Ell en. It'sInice to see you. Are
?
you
.. Be's . gOlllg to give a speech.
presen t I'ng a paper this week.
6. Be's gOtng ~o answer the phone.
GREEN: Hi,·David. Yes. In fact. my talk
. not gOIng to watch TV. OR He isn't
gOtng to Watch TV. starts at two o'clock.
b I'll come. What are you
~ , '11 ... use Russ: Oh, may e '?
4 Will ... get will ... be .

gomg to talk about? Robots.
, Won't will have I'm dealing wIth personal
GREEN: Yies.
(, will h 1 will look
robots for household work.
'1 ' aVe
. 11 repair 1 'll open
12 'J] adjust,
(evn(l11l1ed on fll'xt page)
366 • An yK
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Russ: I'd like onp of those! Where's your arrives on Mars tomorrow at 9:00. Tonight's
son. by the way? 1s he here with you? temperature on the planet is a mild minus
GREEN: No. Tony stays in Norfolk with his
20 degrees Celsius. By tomorrow morning the
grandparents in the summer. vii t>f ) e:!O Ie:! ·o·pe, O~ "eel
temperature is 18 degrees but it is·feeling
I'm going to visit him after the
conference. So, what are you more like 28 degrees. Enjoy your flight.'
working on these days?
Russ: I'm still with the Mars Association.
In fact, we're holding a news
F Clauses
conference next month about the
Mars shuttle launch.
POINT
GREEN: That's exciting. Maybe I'll se~
The child is planning her future.
you there.
Russ: Great. The conference begins at CHART CHECK
noon on the tenth. T,F
EXPRESS
_ it's going to rain 6. I'm posting
What will she be when she grows up?
l I'll see 7 I'm giving
I think she'll be a scientist.
I'll call 8. will you be, lands,
5 I'm going I'll see
2. T 4. T 6. T
3. F 5 F
'11 wait
2 's going to rain, '11 check OR 'm going to
2. They are going to move to a larger
check
house ... Jeff gets a pay rise.
J A: do ... board OR will ... board OR
3. . .. they move to a larger house, they're
are ... going to board
going to have a baby.
B: 're flying
4. Sarah will get a part-time job ... they
. '11 carry
5. A: do ... land OR are ... going to land OR have their first child.
5 . ... Sarah goes back to work full-time,
will ... land OR are ... landing
their child will be two.
B: 're going to be OR '11 be
6. Sarah will work full-time ... Jeff goes to
(, A: 're going to get OR get OR 're getting
university OR Jeff will go to university ...
OR 'n get
Sarah works full-time.
B: 'm having OR 'm going to have
7 Jeffwill find another job ... he graduates.
7. 're going to start OR '11 start OR start
'Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. This I.

6 ar~ graduate
will be your captain speaking. We be going II.
· get, '11 have OR 'm going to have
to leave the Earth's field of gravity in about · 've got, '11 buy OR 'm going to buy
,ill be
fifteen minutes. At that time, you able to · '11 feel OR 'm going to feel, 've got
III.
unbuckle your seat belts and float around 1. get up, '11 buy OR 'm going to buy
rJ r", goi nej 1;.0 I)" will 2 . speak, '11 ask OR 'm going to ask
the cabin. Host robots" take orders for
3. '11 look OR 'm going to look, go
dinner soon. After these storm clouds, 4. go, '11 improve OR 'm going to improve
'rl; going to hdlC '11 hdVt; f)
we are having a smooth trip. The shuttle

•
An r Key 367
.........................
.. .. .. .. ,a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. Tomorrow is my first dance recital! By the
tiJ1le I)9iU write my next diary entry, it will SCIentIsts aren't Sure Wh t . .
. a IS certam
already be over! As soon as we finish the
, more and more sign'fi .
1 lcant role m Our lives.
performance, there are going to be a big
1. '11 be going
party for us. Reporters will be there., when
2. . . will ... be leaving
we enter the room. While we will celebrate, b, won't be getting
3. a. will ... be coming
the press will interview members of the dance b. '11 be taking
group. As soon as I get up on Sunday Will... be having
c.
d. No, we won't.
morning I'll buy the paper and read the 4. a. '11 be visiting
b. won't be buying
interviews. We're going to perform this show
for two weeks. As soon as it's finished, 2. ~l be du~ting OR is going to be dusting ...
'''''lll to lear OR 'I lean IS vacuummg OR vacuums the sitting room.
we a new programme. I'm so 3. will be repainting OR is going to be
excited. Ever since I was little, I've wanted repainting ... is doing OR does the
laundry.
to be a ballet dancer. 4. is making OR makes ... will be recycling
OR is going to be recycling the rubbish.
5. will be giving OR is going to be giving
Mr Gee . .. is shopping OR shops for food.
6. will be cooking OR is going to be cooking ...
Future Continuous is helping OR helps Tony with homework.
7. is playing OR plays ... will be taking OR is
, , POINT going to be taking the dog for a walk.
Before 12:00 perforl't'l' '9
In the future, robots will be
CHART CHECK
T more and more tasks for humans. This
have .
will bo having both positive and negatIve
EXPRESS
Will yo u be workmg. tomorrow? effects. On the one hand, while robots
are doing OR do
Yes, I will. OR No, I won't. will be deing the boring and dangerous
What
(A will you be dom' g?
.
nswers will vary.) jobs, humans will be devoting more time to
interesting pursuits. In this respect, robots
TOday w fi d
e n most robots working in .viII I'/'. lot
. easier for humans.
factOri be making 11e a
es around the world. But what will
the robot f On the other hand, the widespread use of
. s 0 the future be doing? One
deSIgner d'
pre lcts that in just a few years
small int U· '
all e Igent robots will be dealing with There is a risk that robots
unemp]oyme n t .
the hous h ld
1'£ e 0 chores. This is going to make I', . . bs that humans need
1 e a lot e ' . will takmg on JO
d' aS1er. WhIle one robot is cooking . . And some
Inner, an th . in order to earn n \lvmg.
fl a er one wIll be vacuuming the
OOr. But h .
w at about outside the home? Will
(continued on Tlext page)

, ..•.........•...•.•.••.........
robots could even become dangerous. 1" lV' bt. t'
By August I'll be a secretary for
Fl,IVt' p;a r'l ,d )F ... >It bel' 1 . ng
I'm afraid that in the not-too-distant future,
ten years. And I'll ellI'tt almost the same
robots will be operating nuclear power
salary for three years! That's why I've made
stations! And before too long, robots will t6
a New Year's resolution to go back to college
be fighting in wars. Although, on second
this year. First, I'm going to write for college
thoughts, that will be better than humans
magazines and start saving for tuition. By
wo 'keG!
killing each other!
March, I'll have out how much tuition
will cost. Then I'll start applying. By
T Future Perfect and 'II have
Future Perfect summer, I had received acceptance letters.
Continuou In August, I'll talk to my boss about working
• •
POINT part-time and going to college part-time. By
already saved
He hasn't been saving for three years yet. that time, I'll have enough to
CHART CHECK 1 pay for a term's tuition. By next New Year's
F stud "g
Day, I'll have been study for a whole term!
CHART CHECK 2
T
EXPRESS
driving, driven
2. F 4 F 6. T
3. T 5. F ISE- IIONl oNE
•
1. c 5. B 9.C 13. e
3. won't have graduated 2 A 6. B 1. A 1 .. B
4. will have studied OR will have been 3. A 7. A 1 B
•
studying 4 B 8. B 12. C
s. won't have bought
6. '11 have been driving Ie;. . . . . . Nl TWO
7. won't have opened (Correct answers are in brackets.)
. '11 have been saving 15. B (be)
9 will have accomplished 16. 0 (will go)
1 . 0 (finish)
3. graduate 1 . C (driving)
4. '11 have been thinking l' . A (be travelling)
5. is born 2 . A (will have finished OR will finish)
6. won't have graduated 21. B (work OR be working)
7. will have already finished 22. C (already OR delete yet)
8. celebrate 23. A (will you)
9. won't have started 24. 0 (is)
10. '11 have already been getting 25 . B (have)
11. open
1 2. '11 have already become
An wer Key 369
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Wh- . T
Subject and Predicate Question Tags
• POINT [---~
ts on the night of 12 May POINT
the even h th't The man is commenting on the weather.
the names of people w 0 saw e Wl ness
CHART CHECK
(HART CHECK 1 F,T,T
T
EXPRESS
(HART CHECK 2
You're an actor, aren't you?
F, T
EXPRESS KAy: Hi, Tom. It's a nice day, isn't it?

What happened last night? TOM: It certainly is. Not a cloud in the sky.
What did you do next? How are you doing?
KAy: Fine, thanks. You don't know of any
2. a 4. b 6. e flats to rent, do you? My son
3 d 5. c is looking for one.
TOM: Is he? I thought he was staying with you.
KAY: Well, he really wants a place of his
2, How did you get home?
own. Do you know of anything?
3. Who gave you a lift?
TOM: As a matter of fact, I do. You know the
4. What happened next?
Simpsons, don't you? Well, I've just
5 Who(m) did you see?
found out that they're moving to
6. Who is Deborah Collins? Cheltenham next month.
7. What did you do?
KAy: They are? What kind of flat have they
8 How many people called you? got?
TOM: It's a one-bedroom flat.
3. What time (OR When) does the court KAy: It's not furnished, is it? .
session begin? T OM: N o. Why?. He doesn't need a funllshed
4, How many witnesses testified? flat does he?
5, Why did the jury find Adams guilty? KA:~• We, 11 he hasn't got any furniture.
b But
1
6. What happened? I suppose he can always uy some, c.an
7 How long (OR How many weeks) did the he?
trial last? T . Why don't you give your son my
8. Who spoke to the jury? OM. num b' el an d I'll 0<rive
'
him some more
9 How much did Adams pay his barrister? information?
10, Who(m) did the prosecution question? KAy: Will you? Thanks, Tom.
-- did
What time,..the suspect return home? •
5. b 8. C
2 J
Wh .",aw 3. h 6 g 9. e
WhOo alEl
see him? Were there any witnesses? 4. f 7. a 10, d
l'q
·qollr Was at home?
1.did you 5. aren't you
Why did he call A. Smith? 3 doesn't it haven't you
'What ~appened isn't it
cluJ: happen next? 4 haven't they
'Wh did he rlUer' .
ere fte aid go? 1 time, Joe, , 't?
ha"' ~ent'ttI .
BEN: It's been a ong
llow did he t-ll.
mUch money he toak with him? JOE: That dep
ends on what
,1:
you mean by a
t · c doesn't that'?
long 1m, ,,
(contlTzued on TIIxt page)
370 •
~ .•.••..••..•...•.......•...•...
BEN: What arc you doing round here,
. rt-'. My brolher is just a year older than I am.
an\,way'?
• •
[fs dangerous.
We have a lot of things in common.
JOE: I can take care of myself. I'm still
, First of all, we look alike. I am 1.8 m and
alive, anmCt I?
so h ehio. I have straight black hair and dark
BEN: Yes, but you're still wanted by the
,., brown eyes and so does he. We share many of
police, ai'O you?
the same interests, too. I love playing
JOE: Look, 1 need a place to stay. You've got aoes .
football and he 1'1 too. Both of us SWIm every
a place, haven't you? Just for one night. ne . ~
day but 1 can't dive, and either can he.
BEN: r have to think of my wife and kids.
can t; Sometimes being so similar has its
You can find somewhere else, can you?
problems. For example, last night I wanted the
JOE: No. You've got to help me! did
last piece of chocolate cake and so does he.
BEN:: I've already helped you enough. r went
didn t; Often 1 won't feel like doing the washing up
to prison for you, haven't I? will .
and neither he. Worst of all, sometimes
JOE: Yeah, OK, Ben. You remember what
don't I'm interested in a particular girl and so
happened last June, El& you? is he . £ I
he is. However, most of the tIme 1 ee our
BEN: OK, OK. 1 can make a phone call.
don't similarities are really nice. So does my brother.
·OR: You,... remember what happened last
June, do you?
Se
T
Addition with So, Too, (Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
Neither and Not either
ONE
Ic' POINT 1. A 4. A . D . 1 . A
,
The men like the same things. 2. C 5. D D 1 . 8
3 A 6. D 9. 8 12. A
CHART CHECK
T,F,T ~.:-::
• • ION TWO
EXPRESS (Correct answers are in brackets';
1 . C (isn't)
and neither is Mark
1· . C (didn't)
and so does Gerald
1 s. D (has his brother)
10 D (have) k' )
2. F 4. T (j T .T 17. A (did you work OR were you wor mg
3. T S. F 7. F 9. T lX. D (it)
19 D (?)
2. too 4. did 6. So 20 D (I am, too OR so am n
3. neither s. either 7. So 21. D (they)
22. C (aren't)
1. did 1 4. do, too 6. do r H. too 2i. D(he)
3. can 1 s. do 1 7. do I 24. C (go)
25. A (Why did you)
................
Key 371
.. " . • • • • • • • • I . . . /'
Can, Could, Be able to Were ... able to communicate

can help
4. couldn't follow
POINT couldn't decide
F 6. can manage
7 'll be able to organise
CHART CHECK 1
be able to speak
T
CHART CHECK 2 Today in my 'Will B. Happy' teamwork course
,
be
I learnt about work styles - 'Drivers' and
CHART CHECK 3
'Enthusiasts'. I'm a Driver so I can make
a form of be
to
decisions but I'm not able)isten to other
EXPRESS
A; Is ... to people's ideas. The Enthusiast in our group
communicate
B: is ... can
can C{}]lUflmllcates well but you can't depend
An amazing number of teenagers have on her. Now I understand what was happening
managed to set up highly successful internet
in my business class last year, when I couldn't
businesses. Take John Davidson, for example. get
John could surf the net by the time he was get on with my team. I thought that they all
six and by the age of eight, he could design weren't
talked too much and' able to work
web pages of his own. It wasn't long before was able to
he was able to persuade the bank to lend efficiently. I get an A for the course
him enough money to start up his very own
business. At the age of sixteen, he managed but it was hard. I can do a lot more on my
to persuade his parents to allow him to leave own but some jobs are too big for that. Our
school, and his first business, 'Webmasters',
was soon up and nmning. instructor says that soon the Drivers will
b il !7e "b,e to
An.other teenager, Jim Leicester, very e to listen and the Enthusiast c6uld be
A
able
qUlCkly realised he could make money doing
what he enjoyed most: playing computer more dependable.
games. In 1999, he was able to sell five
games he'd developed to a famous software T Perm :
Company. Now Jim can earn up to £1000 a May, Can, Could,
~ek b~ selling his programs. 00 you mind if . . .?
fr ty FIscher, an enterprising 18-year-old
th:~ Manchester, was also able to break into • POINT
otcom World. Although she says she can't · asking the teacher to allow
The stu d en t IS
un derstand h h him to take the test toman-ow.
p .. w y she's been so successful, er
~rents Certainly can. 'Katy was determined
w~~ove she Could stg.rt a business when she CHART CHECK 1
harJust fourteen,' says her father, 'and through could
Work, she's managed to do just that.' CHART CHECK 2
:2 JOhn
. I\aty F, T
~ JOhn EXPRESS
A: helps
I can 11 B: Not at all , help
:2 h ' be able to
~ aSn't been able to can b
can't '11 ' 4. C
4 ha ' be able to 2. f
ven't be 3 . (' 5 11
372 • An w .. K Y
~ .........•.....................
• 3. Do you mind if he sLays

I do (mind) 1 MARCIA: Hi. You must be the new office
l\lay I use assistant. I'm Marcia Jones. Let
you may not OR you can'L me know if you need anything.
LORNA: Thanks, Marcia. Could you show
vou can't starL
•
me where the photoco.,.2ier is?
do you mind if I borrow MARcIA: Certainly. It's over here.
Not at all OR No, I don't OR Go ahead LORNA: Marcia, would YQU show me how
you may open to- use the fax machine?
Can I come - .. - --.
MARcIA: Yes, S11re. Just put your fax in
you can't OR I'm sorry here and dial the number.
3 MARCIA: I'm going to lunch. Would you
(Answers may vary slightly.) like to come?
~ Could I use your phone? LORNA: Thanks, but I can't just now. I'm
3 May I (OR we) park here? really busy.
4 Could we move up a few rows? MARCIA: Do you want a sandwich from
5. Can we (OR he) record (OR tape) the the coffee shop?
concert? LORNA: That would be great. Can you get
0. Do you mind if I (OR we) go home now me a tuna sandwich and a
(OR leave)? coffee, please?
MARCIA: No problem. Will you answer
2. B (can't) my phone until I get back?
3. B (swap) LORNA: Of course.
B (can) 4. MARCIA: Lorna, would you mind making
5. C (have) some tea?
6. A (may not OR can't) LORNA: I'm sorry, but I can't do it now. rve
7 D (plays) got to finish this letter by 2:00.
8. A (No, I don't OR Not at all)
9. C (we) 2. a 4. b 6. b
10 . A (Yes, of course) 3. a 5. a
2. you file these reports, please?

Req : 3. turning on the lights, please?
Will,' Can, Would, Could, 4. you buy some cereal, please?
Would you mind . .. ? 5. you call back later, please?
6. you shut the door OR you mind shutting
c -_ _---" POINT the door, please?
asking someone to do something
The meetings are going well but they have
CHART CHECK 1 cOula you
been extended by a day. Please you Gould
T
call Doug Rogers to try to reschedule our
CHART CHECK 2
OK sales meeting?
Certlinly u~ Of "ourst:
EXPRESS Not at on. I'll do it straightaway.
A: Would
B: No, not We'll need three extra copies of the monthly
A: would OR could sales report. Would you ask Ann to see to
B: can't
that?
Certainly OR Of cour5e OK No problem • ?)
Yeo, I wo"ld. (Ann Could you do thIS.
,
Key _ 373
v.orking • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • •• ••• ••
I hate t 0 ask but would you mind to wo!'k on
, What should I buy?
SaturdaY?. We'll need the extra time to go you should (OR ought to) get some flowers
the new information I've got.
over c.lt t
We are so happy to hear about your new job.
Sorry, but I couldn't. My in-laws are
Congratulations! Just remember - you
. g to stay. But Rob Dixon says he
conlln
shouldn't M work too hard. The most
can come in to help out.
important thing just now is your studies.
o Igl1' ...0
One last thing. I was going to pick up those Maybe you bette! work only two days a
new business cards but I won't be back in week instead of three. Also, we think you'd
t Ime.
' Would you mind doing that for me? better ask your boss for time off during the
'v
/I Of. gla j to
I'll stop at the printer's exams. That way you'll have plenty of time
d
during my lunch break. to stUdy. You would better give this a lot of
careful thought, OK? Please take good care
better not
Advice: of yourself You'd start skipping
Should, Ought to, meals and you definitely shouldn't w61ked
Nor~
Had better should

at night. At your age, you shaH always get
,--:_ _ POINT
plenty of sleep. Do you need anything from
The interviewer is suggesting a type of job for
the applicant. home? Should we send any of your books?
CHART CHECK 1 Let us know.
T
CHART CHECK 2 T s:
should Could, Why don't?, Why
?
EXPRESS not?, Let's, Shall we. ,
A:. Should
How about?
B: No ... shouldn't
•
POINT
Itelll S checked: 1, 5, 6 F
CHART CHECK 1 .
2 shouldn't
l should s should does no t change for different subjects
" shouldn't 6 'd better not
1 'd better CHART CHECK 2
F
2 You h
1. Wh s ~uld (OR You ought to) look neat EXPRESS
~ at time should I arrive? •
. y~~ shouldn't (OR you'd better not) arrive L t' take the tram.
e s Id take the train .
a'Ler 7:15 Maybe we cou . ?
Wl1Y no t take the tram.
. ?
How about the tram.
shouldn't (OR You'd better not) buy an
• expensive gift
I
:l74 •
III • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Megan 4:00
EMlLY: Wh} don't we go to the races?
I hear the) 're really exciting. 7:00 [or dinner is fine.
~o ?
MEGAN: I'd like to but I need to go shopping. Shall we gotltg to see a film afterward&t
EMILY: Then let's go to thQ Temple Street
l\lal'ket tonight. We might even see See you later.
some Chinese opera in the street
while we're there. E.
MEGAN: That sounds like fun. If we do •
that, wl!Y notgo to the races this Emily 5:00

afternoon?
El\ULY: OK, but let's get something to I'm going to be too tired
~t first in on~ of those floatigg for a film. Maybe we could
restaurants.
--- hang
MEGAN: I don't think we'll have time. just hanging around the hostel after
Maybe we could do that tomorrow,
dinner. Let's talk about it later.
Shall we get dim sum at the Kau
Kee Restaurant next door? Then we I'm going to have a nap.
could take the Star Ferry to Hong
Kong Island and the racecourse. M.
EMII.Y: Sounds good. For tomorrow, why
not take one of those small boats - 6:00
kaido - to Lantau Island? When we
M-
come back, we could have dinner at Let's not eat at the same restaurant tonight'?
the Jumbo Palace. try
Why don't we trying a new place?
MEGAN: Let's do that. It's a bit expensive ?
but at least it floats! How about Broadway SeafoocJx
I'll meet you downstairs at 7:00.
2 Shall we s. Let's
3 Why don't we 6. Let's not E.
4. Maybe we could
2. going to the beach? T Preferences:

3 buy another one. Prefer, Would prefer,
4. we take a trip together? Would rather
•
5. try that new seafood place.
POINT
Emily 3:00 Teenagers like watching TV better than they
like doing other things.
I'm going shopping. I'll be
CHART CHECK ,
back at 5:00. Let's eating
would prefer ('d prefer)
at 7:00. OK?
CHART CHECK 2
Megan the gerund or the infinitive
EXPRESS
read, than, shopping
2. F 4. F 6. T
3. F S. F 7. T
An wer Key
................. ,
375
• •••. . ·0"
1 I'd rather not cook r I'd rather have
Would ... rather go I'd rather not TWO
I'd rather not I'd rather see (Correct answers are in brackets.)
't. D (able to dive) , D( .
1 ,D (?) gIVe)
1 A: prefer . . . to
11 C (better not) :2 C (to)
A: 'd rather ... than 1 A (Would) 2 C (was able to)
B: prefer OR 'd prefer 1 B (borrow) 2, C (delete we)
J. B: 'd prefer 20 D (ask) D (than)
A: prefer . . . to
s. B: 'd rather ... than
f A: do ... prefer ...
T
B: prefer ... to
•
For my research, I interviewed fifty men and Have (got) to and Must
women. There was no difference in men's POINT

a requirement
and women's TV preferences. I found that
to CHART CHECK 1
everyone prefers watching TV going to F
the cinema. Men and women both enjoy
CHART CHECK 2
news programmes and documentaries. a form of do
watch
However, men would rather EXPRESS
adventure programmes and science fiction , A: does .. . have to
B: must
while women prefer soap operas. Men also
like to watch all kinds of sport but women DMV: Department of Motor Vehicles. May
would th than I help you?
ra er see game shows te sports. BEN: I'm moving to the States soon. Will I
Reading prefi di have to get an American licence when
:.0 re . erences ffer too. Men prefer
aa o~ :eadtng , I move?
newspapers, while women would DMV: Yes, you will. Residents must have an
rather read . American licence.
magazmes and books. When men BEN: When will I have to get my licence?
read bOok to read Of? readrng DMV: You have to replace your old licence
s, they prefer l'cad non-fiction and ten days after you become a resident.
adventure sto . prefer So come in and apply for your licence
nes. Women fL'C p'f'cfclTing novels.
when you get here.
BEN: Do I have to taJre any tests to
e;change my British licence for an
American one?
(71 DMV: Since you already have a British
ota[ ~ 100 . licence, you won't have to take the full
.. (:: pamts. Each item == 4 points.) driving test. You will only have tQ take
• ONE the written test.
' A BEN: How about an eye test?
l 11 C .J A 1 DMV: Oh, everyone has got to take an
A
. I) F C
1 C 1 B eye test.
4. I) 1 B 1 BEN: OK. Thanks a lot. You've been very
•
D 1 D
B helpful.
376 • K y
............................... .
,
CHART CHECK 2
2 hUYC to (OR have got to) pick up
F
_ Do ... have to change
4. Idonl EXPRESS
5. didn't have to do He doesn't have to stop here.
6. have to (OR have got to) take You must not drive too fast.
Does ... have to pack
8. he doesn't New drivers are usually excited about their
9 's got to (OR has to) help
10 've had to call
new freedom: 'My mum doesn't have to drive •
me everywhere any more! I don't have to

2. must not turn 5. must ride ask my friends for lifts to school!' When you
3. must drive 6. must not walk haven't got your own car yet, any price seems
4. must not drive
worth paying. But once you buy a car, you
How are you doing? We've been here about @an't forge9 your car payments and insurance
premiums or you won't be a driver for very
six weeks. It's strange living in the United
long. You €an't leav~ petrol and servicing out
States. There's no public transport, so you've of the budget, either. Car sharing offers an
got sign
-get to drive everywhere. I had to signs up alternative to these problems, however.
Members of car-sharing groups have a car
for driving lessons so I can get my licence by
when they need one for either short trips or
the summer. It's the law here that everyone
holidays but they don't have the high expenses
must
wear a seat belt. I used to hate of ownership. They pay very little to use a
wearing a seat belt but with the traffic here, shared car and they don't have to worry
about servicing the car or paying the
I have changed my mind. There are a lot of
got to insurance. Fees for short trips are only about
motorways and you've get- know how to £5.00 an hour plus 50p per mile. Groups do
change lanes with a lot of fast traffic. Even my not have strict requirements, either.
has Members € mst not hav~ bad driving records
mum h(l¥e had to get used to it. Dad works
had or poor credit and they (fnust not retnr9 the
from home, so he hasn't has to do a lot of
cars in bad condition or they will pay extra.
driving.
2. can't yell 6. don't have to get
Have you beaten those computer games 7 . haven't had to buy
've
3. can't turn
yet?"I'm having a lot of trouble with 'Doom'. 4. can't park 8 . can't bring
5. don't have to worry 9. don't have to listen
You got to write to me and tell me how to
get past the flith level! 2. don't have to bring 5. don't have to be
3. must not play 6. don't have to leave
Choice: Don't have to 4. must not dive
No Choice: Must not
We got to the hotel late this evening because
and Can't
we got lost. But we were lucky - they kept
POINT didn't have to
our room so we find another hotel.
stop to ask for directions
CHART CHECK ,
do
An War Key 3 77
dot n t •••••••••••••••••• •• • •••
Jm. llu y is really happy because he €km't, have
••
to bed until after 10:00, when the fifty
, wedding guests but we love cycling and
to go -Icn l- hWt TO we re not sorry,' Bill said.
. ID J·ng pool closes. We musl;a't leave
sWlm
While packing the next day, Beth left
until 11:00 tomorrow (checkout time) so her wedding bouquet at the hotel. Minutes
an stay up later. Plymouth is only four before the ferry was supposed to leave, Bill
wee hay
jumped on his bike, got the flowers and
hours away so we won't haG to drive the
made it back to the ferry On time. 'Cyclists
whole day tomorrow. It's going to be exciting. are sUPJlosed to stay fast and fit,' he said.
My parents say we absolutely must not M 2 F j F ~ T J. T
go to the beach by ourselves because there
2. a. Were ... supposed to do
are sharks there. I'd love to see a shark b. No, they weren't
c. were supposed to deliver
(from a safe distance). I'll send a postcard 3. a. is supposed to start
b. are ... supposed to stand
of one.
4. a. aren't (OR 're not) supposed to be
b.aren't (OR 're not) supposed to see
5. a. 'm supposed to wear
b. 's Supposed to rain
•• 6. a. 's supposed to be
Be supposed to was
I'm so sorry - I know I tlIB supposed to let
• POINT you know about my plans to visit.
something he has forgotten to do
I've been awfully busy. My friend Nessie is •
CHART CHECK
T getting married soon and she's asked me to
EXPRESS be her chief bridesmaid. She and Gary want

A: were a big wedding. They're supposed to have
B: was
about two hundred guests. I've got a lot of
am .
It Wasn't Supposed to Be a Big Wedding responsibilities. I will be supposed to gwe
Nessie a hen party before the wedding
19 JUly - The Stricklands wanted a
quiet wedding - that's Why they went to the (that's a party where everyone brings
SUPP05o::",
Isle of Skye, an island off the coast of presen t s for the bride) . I am also SUpp6SC to
Scotland. The island is quite small so the
help her choose the bridesmaids' dresses. 'The
Stricklands packed their bikes for the ferry
, n ame is Jim. He's going to help
best mans
trip. The weather was supposed to be lovely
and th
ey had asked the Registrar to marry Gary get rea d y. I haven't met him yet but
them 0 h·l1 .;uppoaed .
n a I overlooking the ocean. he's . to be very nIce. v.af
.'When We got there, we found a crowd of I'd better say goodbye now. l"supposed to
cYclIsts ad .. .
mIrIng the view,' laughed Beth.
be [1 t the rehearsal five minutes..
,.,.,.0 e",
ago.
Urst into 1 d . .. I'm supposing to get some
b· ou applause and rang theIr PS. About my VlSlt - . ?
ICYcle bells. 'We weren't supposed to have tiU1C' ofT in Ju Iy.
Wou Id that be convement.
378 •
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
weather changes all over the world. The

Future west coasts of North and South America
May, Might, Could
•
might 1;6 have heavy rains. On the other side
become
leH POINT of the Pacific, New Guinea might
F
very dry. Northern areas could have wanller,
CHART CHECK 1
wetter winters and southern areas could
T
become much colder. These weather changes
CHART CHECK 2 ma.:! not
•
III answers affect plants and animals. Some fish maYft't
EXPRESS • survive in wanner waters. Droughts could

cause
B: might crops to die and food may get very
.A;might
B: might not expensive. EI Nino may happen every two
may OR might
years or it could not come for seven years.
ALICE: I've just heard that it may snow
today. Are you going to drive to Will EI Ninos get worse in the future? They
work? do
could Be, Pollution holds heat in the air and
BIT.I.: No. I'll take the 7:30 train instead. may OR might OR could
ALICE: I'll take the train with you. I've got it \vill increase the effects of EI Nifio but no
some work to do in the library.
BITJ.: Great. Why don't you miss your one is sure yet.
afternoon class and have lunch with
me, too?
ALICE: Oh, I couldn't do that. But let's meet
Deduction:
at the station at 6:00 and go home May, Might, Could, Must,
together, OK? Have (got) to, Can't
BILL: I might have to work until 8:00
tonight. I'll call you and let you know. le..IEeKI POINT
•
1. Certain guessmg
2. Impossible
CHART CHECK 1
3. Possible
T
2. could 4. may not 6. may CHART CHECK 2

3. might s. 'm going to 7. might F
3. She's going to a meeting with EXPRESS

Mrs Humphrey at 11:00. A: could
4. She may (OR might) have coffee with Sue B: can't, might
after lectures.
5. She's going to go to work at 1:00. 2. d 4. b 6. a
6. She may (OR might) go shopping 3. e 5. g 7. c
after work.
7. She may (OR might) take the 7:00 train. must
2. 6. might be
8. She's going to pick up a pizza. 's got to
3. 7. can't
4. could 8. might not
Every few years, the ocean near Peru s. Could 9. may
becomes wanner. Called EI Nino, this

variation in temperature cause
Answer Key 379
• • •• • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • •
I might (OR could) be EXPRESS
2 It could (OR might OR may) be the cat
A: have
. You must eat a lot
B: should have
. Could it be
it can't (OR couldn't) be
6. It must come from your own pipe. T F 6. T
There can't (OR couldn't) be any other T . T
explanation.
Q there could (OR might OR may) be 2. shouldn't have done
should have studied
The main character, Molly Smith, is a could have done
ought to have gone
university professor. She is trying to find her (, shouldn't have stayed
7 could have prevented
dead grandparents' first home in Scotland.
8 might ... have called
't
It may beh'lg in a nearby town. The villagers 9. Should ... have contacted
10. shouldn't have
there seem scared. They could ~ have a 11. could have saved
lIght OR may OR could
secret or they must just hate strangers.
2. I shouldn't have eaten all the chocolate.
Molly has some old letters that might lead 3. She might have called.
4. He could have offered to lend me some
her to the place. They are in Gaelic but one (money).
mIght
of her students mights translate them for 5. I shouldn't have jogged five miles yesterday.
ha 'e to, have got to 6. They shouldn't have charged me
her. They got to be important because the (for the plastic bags).
author mentions them at the beginning of 7. I ought to have invited Cynthia
(to the party).
the novel. The letter must contain family 8. He might have sent me a card.
secrets. Who is the bad guy? It couldn't be the

About a week ago, Jennifer was late for
student because he wants to help. It might
work again and Doug, our boss, told me he
ll6 be the newspaper editor in the town.
wanted to get rid of her. I was really upset .
. ,ave
Of course, Jennifer shouldn't had been late
have
ing R so often but he might has talked to her
about the about the problem before he decided to let
POINT her go. Then he told me to make her job

•
regrets things in his past difficult for her so that she would resign.
CHART CHECK 1
F I just pretended I hadn't heard him. What a
to d h'
mistake! I ought"have confronte lID
CHART CHECK 2
l' right away. Or I could at least have warned
'fi
J ennl er. Anyway, Jennifer is still here
OUght to ha.ue but now I'm worried about my own job.
Should hI ;~ld Doug's boss'? I wonder. Maybe I
(COil ti /I /led 011 /lext pa~(')

380 •
••• • •• •• •• • •• ••• • ••• • • ••• •• • •• •
have handled have
should fumdle things differently lasL week. ancient culLure had made them? What
hav,
The company should never has employed purpose could they have had? Author Erich
this man. von Daniken believes that the drawings
marked
might have marll a landing strip for the
Deduction spacecraft of astronauts from another

in the planet. Archaeologists, however, now believe
that the ancient Nazcan civilisation might
Ie:. POINT have developed have
if it was possible that something happened develop flight. They couldl\built hot-air
designed
CHART CHECK 1 balloons and design the pictures from the air.
T
CHART CHECK 2
could
EXPRESS
have carved, might have
ISE+ liON I ONE
2. a 4. c 6. b 1. C 5. A 8. B 11. B
3. f 5. d 2. B 6. B 9. D 12. A
3. B 7. D 10. A 13. C
2. They must have been 4. B
3. They may have
4. He might not have been TWO
5. He must have
(Correct answers are in brackets.)
14. C (must not have known)
2. could not have built 15. D (leave)
3. had to have got 16. C (have)
4. can't have known 17. B Clooked)
5. could have carved 18. A (have got to)
6. (could have) transported 19. C (can't)
7. might have been 20. A (must not)
8. may have lived 21. B (have)
9. must have had 22. A (may OR might OR could)
23. A (was OR is)
In 1927, Toribio Mexta Xesspe of Peru 24. C (have to)
have ueen 25. A (should have)
must ge very surprised to see lines in the
shapes of huge animals on the ground below
his aeroplane. Created by the ancient Nazca
Adjectives and
culture, these forms are too big to recognise
from the ground. However, from abouL ell POINT
200 m in the air, the gianL forms Lake warm and cosy
shape. Without aeroplanes, how could an CHART CHECK

F,F,T
•
neat •••
EXPRESS and neatly'
, . Wh at a mess"" I left th a t pace
I
A; slow, slowly
B: slow, slow
1 only want a 11 .
.. sma place in a clean build'
lng
Students! Are you looking for a special place
wIth friendly neighbours . I'm 100ki ng at
to Jive? Come to 140 Grant Street, Flat 4B.
another place tomorrow. The ad vert says
This flat is absolutelyl perfect for two
• 'Clean and bright S 1 '
qUiet . rna 1 but convenient flat
"
seriQus students who are looking for a qujet
on lovely, quietly street'. I wond er wh at that
neighbourhood, just 15 minutes from
really means!
•
campus. This lovely flat is in a n~w building.
...
It is a short walk to the bus stop. The
bus goes ~ir~ctixinto town. At night the bus Participl used
~ Adjectives
Eardly makes any stops at all. You can walk
-p ., POINT
~aiely through the wonderful pa~ks on your
c" F
way home. The reI!ti is ~erY affo? dable.
~ ~
CHART CHECK
Call us on 020 551 6116. T
Don't delay! This flat will go ~ EXPRESS
exciting excited
2. terribly disappointed
interesting interested
3. surprisingly easy
frightening frightened
4. extremely safe •
amusmg amused
s. incredibly fast tiring tired
6. awfully slowly
7 very clearly
In some countries, people who are interested
8. unusually loud
9 exceptionally pleasant in meeting others turn for help to personal
~
ads in newspapers and magazines, and
.......:..J 2 large 7. quiet online. A ~urprising number of busy people
3 beautifully 8. hardly view these ads as a practical way of
4. happily
9. nice increasing their social circle. 'I've tried hard
s. busy 10. shy
~. nice to meet people on my own,' said one satisfied
1 . good
customer. 'I was new to the town and
Some adv rt fi funny wanted to make friends fast. The personals
e s or flats are so funnily! One
advert describ d ' Wdrm provided me with a quick way of meeting
It e a place as ..,va, mly and cosy'.
many tinterestin~people in a short period of
Was really hot d
. . an cramped but the owner time.' Others are not so impressed. '1 think
lItslsted that it .t d pelfectly
tryi ha~~l e me ~ef'feet. I was it's kind of~epressing .... hen people need to
ngveryha~ resort to placing ads to make friends,'
d. • .y not to laugh while he was
eScnbing l't so I h d t I observed one man. 'A friend of mine tried
An a 0 eave quickly. the ads several times and was really
other place I
saw was supposed to be 'nice disappointed with the results. It's just not
personal enough.'
and we can t ell you which ones clean best
puzzled
2. 7 fascinated
puzzling
3. . disappointed and which ones don't r emove trail stains
interesting q
•
SUrprISIng •
6;ts effectively a~ others.
5 interested 10 surprised Overall, Brite and KJ een ar en't
6. fascinating
as e~~1live as Trend but they didn't
performGs w~, either. However, they were
• boring 7 confusing
• interested 8. depressed almost as good in particular categories.
fascinating 9. amazed Trend removed both mud and grass
•
• amused 10. amusmg stains effectively. Brite removed mud just
6. horrifying 11. exhausted
@s effectively a~ Trend but it didn't remove
disappointed
Just got home. I'm disappointing with the grass stains{§ts weij. Kleen was effective on
grass stains but not on mud. Brite cleaned
evening. At first I thought Jake was an
interestin!:!. clothes ~s thoroughly a~Kleen but again,
inte't'ested guy but tonight I felt somewhat Brite and Kleen weren't as good as Trend
bored with his company. We saw a very in this category. On the other hand, Brite
entertai came out on top in brightening. Colours
film but Jake didn't like it.
washed in Kleen and Trend just didn't look
In fact, it seems like we have completely
as bright as the ones washed in Brite.
different tastes in things. After the film,
1. b. aren't as wide
I tried to make conversation but all I really c. aren't as hard
wanted was to go home. So, I told him I was 2. a. cleans as effectively as
exhausted b. isn't as unfriendly
and didn't want to get home late. c. sounds as exciting as
interested
d. expresses ... as clearly as
If he asks me out again - I'm not interesting. •
fru 3. a. was as nOISY as
. g to meet people can be very • b. (will) pedal as quietly as
2. doesn't stop as slowly as

3. isn't as expensive as
and Adverbs: 4. doesn't feel as comfortable as
As ... as ... 5. isn't as cheap
6. rides as comfortably as
POINT 7. handles as well as
cycling speed, control of bike 8. don't handle as well as
9. are as easy to change as
CHART CHECK 10. (are) not as easy to change as
as, an adjective or an adverb
RE: Not as many bruises!
EXPRESS --.:..
A! as expensive as, as well as B: as good as Inexperienced cyclists should try the South
Trail at Deerstalker Park. The scenery is
So you were riding the trails this weekend beautiful
just as but its cycle track isn't as
and you hit the dirt. Now your clothes look as
as bada.s your bike. Never mind. They'll unfriendly the North Trail's. The
look a~~90d as new next weekend. We slopes aren't as steep and you won't fall
checked out three major brands of powder frequ
as because there aren't as many
Answ r Key 383
•••••••••••••••••• , .. . .. "•••
rocks, It isn't as short lilw the North so
'
Although the food isn't better, it is just as

you 'II s t'll
I get a good ride and you won't
good. The menu is more varied and less
feel as d1'scouraged at the end of the day, ':"f!t"'bIV
GKpensiV-ei". Try one of their pasta dishes.

BE: The (expensive) new Trax
You won't find a lllere fresher tomato sauce
Does any one have any experience of this
in town. And leave room for dessert. They
, ? I tested it in the shop car park and I'm
bIke, Dt t r
just keep getting f5{)od and better.
, ressed , MyoId Trax changes gear
not Imp
The waiters are friendly but not able to
jll" " t easily and it handles as smoothly, . .0 -
as JUs I: h ~
handle large numbers of people - the crowded

too, Of course, it's not as lightly but then it "
the restaurant, the slower the service. At
doesn't cost £999, either,
dinnertime, the queues outside this popular
on~er
eatery are getting longer and IDOFe .ong. Try
T more relaxed
lunchtime for a quieter and rolrureder meal.
: Comparatives
i
,- - , POINT
~~-'
different from the old restaurant Adj : Superlatives
CHART CHECK
F, T
I
special
EXPRESS
CHART CHECK
more, . , than
the, -est, most or least
2. T 3 T 4. F 5, F EXPRESS
(the) nicest
(the) most beautiful
2, less expensive than OR isn't more
(the) warmest
expensive than
(the) happiest
~, hotter , .. spicier than
4, more fattening than
er in the whole wide
S healthier OR more healthy than
world. You ar.e of all-mums I've ever
2 better.., better, and the funmest h . st mum I've ever
known. You are t e n;c;onderful and
the better ... the more expensive
~ the more popular ... the slower had. You are the m~s atient. No mum in
definitely the least II.!!ld ? better than you. You
4. worse ... worse, The smokier , .. the h I wide wor IS
worse the woe other of all. I love you
~ The more crowded ... the noisier are the great~~~ ~appy Mother's Day!
very very muc .
(; The bigger . . . the harder
1 more ... more delicious, heavier ... heavier . of my life
the hapPIest. . . h I
2, in the sc 00
~ , the best. . . f the year
Pete's Place has just reopened under new the coldest .... 0 Cnmily oR of all
the
. t mourH.
nlces .. , f II 01{ in OUI" rami)'I '
management. The dining room looks bigger, . t .. , 0 a
t>r,I.Ih· . r I 6 the Wises
~ . ~ lar
rHo and prettier a s the old one.
2. is the mORt unusual gill. CHART CHECK
is tht' least practical gill. more or less, the
• is till' Rmallest gill.
.. is the biggest gill.
EXPRESS
i' the most expensive gift. than, the best
is the funniest gift.
rno! t oeriOU9 In the first football game of the season,
Ramadan is the sCt'iotlsest time in Muslim Norwich beat Stowe, 6 goals to 3. The Stowe
team played a truly fantastic game but its
culture. During Ramadan, we do not eat defence is still weak. Norwich defended the
ball much more aggressively than the Stowe
from dawn to sunset. This is difficult for
team did. Of course, Joe Jackson helped win
everyone but teenagers have the hardest the game for Norwich. Norwich's star player
was back on the field today, to the delight of
time. Immediately after Ramadan is the Eid his many fans. He was badly hurt at the end
aI-FitI'. This holiday lasts three days and it's of last season but he has recovered quickly.
Although he didn't playas well as people
the mog(happiest time of the year. On the expected, he still handled the ball like the
old Joe. He certainly handled it the most
morning of Eid, my family gets up early and skilfully of anyone on the team. He
goes to the mosque. After we've greeted our controlled the ball the best, kicked the ball
and ran of any of the
neighbours by saying 'Eid Mubarek' (Happy players on either team. He played hard and
biggest
helped the Norwich team look good. In fact,
Eid), we go home. We eat the big breakfast
the harder he played, the better Norwich
you have ever seen. Our parents give us performed. Watch Joe this season.
presents, usually new clothes and money. And watch Stowe, too. They've got a new
coach and they're training more seriously
One year, Eid came round the time I this year. I think we'll see them play better
and better as the season progresses.
graduated from university. That year, I got
fattest
the most beautiful clothes and the 2. better
3. faster
envelope of money of all the children in my
4. less
family. Eid Mela is part of Eid aI-FitI'. On 5. more rapidly
6. harder
that day, we all go to a big park. Last year 7. the most slowly OR the slowest
best
8. the most clearly
at Eid Mela, I had the better time of my life.
9. the longest
I met myoId friends and we all ate junk 10. more quickly than
11. more thoroughly than
food and showed off our new clothes.
3. the most slowly OR the slowest
4. more slowly than OR slower than
• Comparatives 5. the furthest
6. faster than
and Superlatives
7. higher than
8. the best
I :...:....:.....-=-=--,1 POINT
L,;
9 . the worst
T
Key 385
••••••••••••••••• • •••
• ••
Last night, I watched the Lakers and the T
Bulls. Both tea inS played more aggressively Gerund:
tMI'~e ever seen them. In fact, they played the Subject and Object
,..
l7e~ , I' h d h'
aettel' of any game ve watc e t IS season. POINT
exercise
In the first half, Michael Jordan sprained his
CHART CHECK
left ankle and Shaquille O'Neal was out of •
-mg, not
the game because of fouls. But they still didn't EXPRESS
.n 1
start the second half any slower that the first. A: Drinking
B: drinking
With Jordan out, Kukoc scored the most A: not drinking
. ··.-,u '. ,:1)-
fr~ei~eflter of any player. He's been playing
.?f .er,~
v .
Swimming is great exercise. It's healthy,
more and tn6re better as the season goes on. fun and relaxing. Because swimming is a
.t r;
In fact,,,,more he plays, the better he gets. The 'low-impact' sport, most people enjoy
participating in this activity without fear of
Bulls won by 97 to 88. The Lakers seemed to injury to their bones or muscles. Jogging,
less which is a 'high-impact' activity, can at
get tired at the end. They played little and times be harmful. I know this from personal
less consistently as the game went on. experience. Last year while I was jogging,
I injured my right knee. I don't go jogging
any more. After a painful month of recovery,
I stopped running and switched to water
sports. I'm now considering joining a
swimming team and competing in races.
(Total := 100 points. Each item = 4 points.) 2. Eating 6. swimming

SEeM 3. Not drinking 7. walking, moning
4. increasing 8. not going
1 C 5 C 9. D 5. doing
12. C
2A 6. A 10. B 13. D
l A 7. B 11. A 14. B 2. has stopped smoking
4. B
8. C 3 go swimming .
4. denied OR denies smokmg
S.-:;.E:.....:..:..!;!~ N TWO
5 ad mits being
(Correct . is avoiding eating
answers are m brackets)
7 is considering taking
'7' C (of) 22. B (most) 8. can't stand being
I)B (amazed) 23. C (more) '7mok:nq
· UnSH'leke Cigarettes
. C (sweet) C (disgusting) G
Ways I Can . lve _ ..r . .,,,,,,1.
9. 8 (harder) 25 B Chot) d t give up ~m6ke.
20. A (run as quickly)
k ing completely. (Gut own IS
Stop smo
jng all at once.)
harder than stopp
Iwin. I d other smokers
Avoid icr--be- aroun
h beginning).
(at least Ht t e
(continueel on next page)
386 • An w r K y
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
, . . . Fxercl6lt~g
Start e.>Cl'CUHng daily. 1H :l{{."t·eiee can
J. We can make changes by telling the Dean
rcduCt' st ress. about our concerns.
N
3 . The Dean can help by listening to our
N6 drinl ing coffee may help, too.
1-" ,inJ concerns.
Imagine boon a non-smoker. Positive mental 4. In some cases, students just complain
instead of making suggestions for
images can help. •
Improvements.
joining
Consider to join a support group. S. Students get annoyed with some lecturers
lsking for coming late to class.
Don't delay to ask for help. Call Dr Burns 6. You can improve your work by studying
regularly.
right away!
Keep trying and don't give up! I have been attending Bedford College for
studying
a year. I'm very happy about study here.
At first, it was quite hard getting used to
speaking
Geru after Prepositions speak English all the time but now I feel
communicating
very comfortable about CQRuRurucate in my
.....
' _ _....: POINT
F,T,F second language.
I've just joined an international student
CHART CHECK about
a preposition, the gerund group and I'm excited with meeting new
EXPRESS people. The summer break is coming and a

doing
A: joining few of us are planning on.aa some travelling
•
B: joining •
JOIning
•
together. Before to join this group, I used to

l ' We, the members of the Student Council,
.. would like to share with you the thoughts
spend holidays alone.
hearing
and concems of the general student body. As Please write. I look forward to
you probably know, many students are
from you!
complaining about life on campus. We are
interested in with you to discuss
our ideas for dealing with these complaints.
We know that you are tired of hearing Infinitives
students complain and that you are not after Certain Verbs
used to working with the Student Council.
However, if you really believe in.-Kiving new
POINT
ideas a try, we hope you will think about
Megan thinks 'Impatient' should consider his
sp~akinz to our representatives. We look
forward ~ heariI,!g from you soon. proposal more.
CHART CHECK
2. in listening T,T,F
3. about going, about driving
4. to staying, relaxing EXPRESS
s. for having I want to write to Annie.
6. at learning
•
7. on commg
8. on reading, (on) going
An wer Key 387
• • • • • •• ••• •• • ••• •• • ., ...
. Slow down! You aQPear to be in too much of them. We went to a coffee shop and talked
a hurry· You've only known this person for a • •
month and yet you've asked her to marry for hours. Well, I hoped,.lllake some friends
you! What's the big rush? Why can't you when I joined this club but I didn't ex t
affQr<i tQ w~it? Are you afraid that if she to be pec
gets tol9low you better, s.he may decide not everyone bei.ng so friendly. I'm glad An .
no. nle
to tie the knot? I agree wIth your girlfriend. persuaded me no to give up.
You need to c..Qnsider things more carefully.
You can't expect h~r illr you.rself2 to m,ake
such an important decision so quickly. If you T Infinitives
don't want to regret a hasty decision, I
after Certain Adjectives
advise you both_to get tQiu10w each other
and Nouns
better before you hurry to the altar.
i
POINT
attempt to find Finding good chips is difficult.
3 warns single people not to leave
urges them to use CHART CHECK
, fail to plan to + base form of verb
u, plan to fail certain nonns and adjectives
- wish to meet
8 Ask two friends to read EXPRESS
9, Choose to participate It's convenient to eat fast food.
v advises people not to feel That's a low price to pay.
.. wants to be N
Please take a few minutes to complete this
(Answers may vary slightly.) questionnaire about fast-food restaurants.
2, would like Tom to call her at 10:00.
Tick (./) all the answers that apply to you.
f'I
3 reminded Emily to buy petrol (today). 1. How often are you likely to eat at a
4 invited Mel to join them for coffee.
fast-food restaurant?
S agreed to be home by 10:30.
G forgot to go to the two o'clock staff
o 1-3 times a week
meeting. o 4-6 times a week
7 encouraged her to try again. o more than 6 times a week
8. needs to use the car (tonight).
o never
Ann" to JOin 2, In your opinion, fast food is:
Ie adVIsed me jeiRiRg a club or take a
A
elas d to
s an I finally did it! I decided",b ecome a
o gQQd to ~t
N .
o a way to save tlffie
member of the Outdoor Adventure Club and o ~n to QrdeX occasionally
I Went to my filrst meetmg
. .
last mght. I'm o unhe1lthy t() have every day
really excited about it. The club is planning Which statement best describes your
a hiking t . feelings about the cost of fast food? .
np next weekend. I definitely want . h t>l e to pay for convemence.
n It's a hig pnc -
for not very much money.
Want 8; "~9n o You get a 10 t
·g.nug up but the leader was so nice. . d .d~a to inel ude healthy
Is lt a goo 1
Re ur d "'o\.- ~o ?
ge me t;e-'nct- miss this trip so I put · l'n f:ast-food menus
h
c OICes
tny n No
name on the list. After the meeting, a n YeR
group of
people asked me to go out with
388 • Answer K -
.......................... ...........................y
. delighted to find 7. outrageous to see 2 I~'s too far for us to get home by ten. G
.. way to go 8. good to eat 3. I m mature enough to take care of
4. fun to eat 9. essential to have myself. G
5. pleasure to eat 10. difficult to go 4. It's too dangerous to drive at night. M
6. mistake to bring 5. I wony too much to give you permission M
6. You aren't experienced enough to driv~
2 ready to cry 7. important to keep that far. M
]. willing to work 8. time to decide
hard to wake up 9. chance to show 2. cheap enough for us to afford
5 surprised to hear 10. easy to find 3. large enough to hold
6 eager to get 4. too good for me to miss
. to ask 5. big enough to share
Tomght I made the decision asked Chris 6. too late to stop
7. old enough to stay
to do the night shift. I really thought she 8. early enough to come
to get•
was going to be glad the offer. 9. too slow to beat
to 10. safe enough to drive
She has her own rent" pay and I know it's
her
hard for she to meet all her expenses. Looks The Phish concert was brilliant! Now I'm too
. to ask . to sleep
like she was the wrong person The excIted That Mike Gordon
. good enough
problem was, she wasn't willing to Yes really can smg. My voice isn't
to sing in the shower! After the concert, we
or No and I'm afraid I got a little impatient. too
were really hungry but it was i6 late to go
It was wrong of me to threaten to ask Steve.
r could tell that she was pretty upset to hear for pizza. r HATE going home so early! It's
to
too weird~mderstand. My friend Stan works
that. TIl think about giving her the promotion
to get and has to pay taxes but the law says he's
anyway. She deserves getting a break. to stay
too young fof' staying out past 10:00! That's
crazy enough to make me want to scream.
That reminds me. I sure hope my mother
with Too and Enough me
changes her mind soon enough for I to buy
[t.,.;;;'-=":;;"':";";'.:...11 POINT a ticket to the Hampton concert. They sell
F,T
out very quickly. Why doesn't she think
CHART CHECK enough
I'm mature"to drive fifty miles? I'll have to
too
do it sometime! Well, I'd better try to get
EXPRESS ~ ~:~_ to
She's too young to vote. some sleep or I'll be too tired too get up in
We're old enough to work. the morning.
2. b 4. b 6. b
3. a 5. a
r Key 389
• •••• •• • • ••• • • • •• • • • ••••
• ••
5. He turned on the radio (in order) to listen
Infin of Purpose to the news.
6 He didn't tell me he was ill in order not to
worry me.
POINT I ~he bought a PDA (in order) to store
es s book, a dictionary, a note pad mformation.
an a ddr
A I to get
CHART CHECK I went to the dentist fet--gettfflg my teeth
T, F cleaned today. While I was waiting, I used my
EXPRESS PDA to study for the test. Then I used it to
I use a PDA to store addresses. help
I set my alarm clock in order not to oversleep. helps me pronounce 'dental floss' for my
appointment. After the dentist, I checked my
JUDITH: It's 5:00. Aren't you going home?
LEE: No. I'm staying late to finish this calendar and saw 'Rick and Tina, dinner,
report. What about you? Are you no1. vo
7:30'. I should use it in order to net forget
going straight home?
JUDl'I'H: No. I'm going to stop at the bank appointments! Luckily, my recipes are already
to get some cash. Then I'm going to to '11al(e
on the PDA so I used them fer melring a
Lacy's to take advantage of the sale
they're having. quick shopping list. When I got home, there
LEE: Oh, what are you going to get?
JUDITH: One of those new PDAs they're
was a note on my door - 'Call PLB'. I
advertising. I've been looking for checked the PDA dictionary to find 'PLB'.
something to help me with my work. to
LEE: What's wrong with a normal The 'plumber' wanted to come in order)}x
organiser? the taps! Rick, Tina and I played with the
JUDITH: Nothing. But sometimes I need to
surf the net. PDA all evening. You can programme it Th(
LEE: What else are you going to use it for?
to play computer games, too. I don't know
JUDITH: Oh, to store important names and
phone numbers and to do my how I lived without it!
accounts.
LEE: What did we do before they
invented all these electronic T
gadgets?
Ge and Infinitives
JUDITH: We made a lot of mistakes!
2. To withdraw £100. i
POINT
:.. To invite Rick and Tina to dinner. F, T
, To buy milk and eggs .
.. , To buy batteries
6 T .
CHART CHECK
. 0 check her tyres. T,F,T
F'irst Part: EXPRESS . 0 talk OR talking

~ f to go, Going, talkmg, t
Se 4,. a ~ d 6. e 1 c
cond Part: F 8. T
T
. She Went to the shop (in order) to buy T T
some pasta F F
<\ We d' .
t lsconnected our phone in order not
o get any phone calls.
390 • An we,. Key
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
2.to trust EXPRESS

3.to forget, to remember A: to correct
4.going B: to correct
5.to remember A: stay
to turn off B: stay
, Playing, improving
2 F ". F 6 F
(Answers may vary slightly.) 3 T 5 T
2 meeting Natalie last year (at Richard's
party). 2 made 5 got 8. let 11. made
3 spilling juice (on the sofa). 3 let 6. made 9 let
. listening to jazz OR listening to Richard 4. help 7. got 10. help
play jazz (at his parties) .
5. going dancing (some time), 2. made her work
to go (dancing some time). 3. didn't let them use
6. to give Joan a lift home, 4. got him to clean
to stay a little longer. S. got him to pronounce
•
9 0ln 9 6. didn't let her speak
What a great party! I usually avoid to go to 7. didn't make her leave
parties because it's such a problem for me to

When I was a teenager, my parents never
remember people's names. I'm so glad I read play .
improvin9 let me to play until I had fimshed all my
hel
that book about impFo"vTe your memory. The
doin9 homework. They even made me my
author suggested to do exerci~es and they
worryln9 brothers with their homework before I could
really helped. I stopped to 'NOJ'J'Y about what have any fun. On the one hand, they certainly
people would think of me and I tried to pay to
got me,.Jearn a lot. On the other hand, they
become
attention to what people were saying. As a made me beeame too serious. I wish they
result, I had a great time! I'm even planning
• had let me ~have a little more fun. When
to 9 0 OR on 9 0 '"9 . . k
going dancing WIth this guy Leo next wee . I become a parent, I want to get my child
I have an English test tomorrow so I to learn about responsibility but also I would
him or her
should stop writing now and start studying. want to let he OJ' she have fun. As Ben
The book even had some good tips about Franklin said, 'All work and no play makes
5tudyin 9 to .u6e
study for an exam. I hope I remember Jack a dull boy'. I want to avoid that
some of them tonight!
• mistake .
Make, Help
SelfTest
and Get
POINT
T ONE
3. A 5. D 7. A
CHART CHECK 1. C
8. C
2. A 4. B 6. C
T, F,T
Answer K Y 391
••••••••••••••••• • • • • • <I'
, A B B ••
C 1 A alone in his enthusiasm. Feng shui
\J. D
TWO (has caught onlwith modern architects and

t answers are in brackets.) homeowners everYWhere.
(COfree ( .
B (to change) D to seeIng) 1 has caught on
" C (trying) 2' A (to buy)
find out
. came back •
., B (finding) 2 D (not to fall)

glVe up
paid off
1 A (Getting) 2, B (watching)
6 picked up
Q B (not to) 2 D (to do) back
'0. C (old enough)
out
up
up
up
,. up out
Phrasal
2 turned out r. give up
Inseparable 3,come up with I paid off
4.went up •. go back
i_
POINT 5 carried on
in a restaurant
CHART CHECK Sorry the flat is such a mess. I got d;:nlate

before the direct object this morning and didn't have time to tidy ::t.
out
EXPRESS I'm going to the gym now to work efffor an
back
We ran into Bob. hour. I should get across before you and I'll
He was eating out. out Wl1lg ht
clean up then. How about eating .
'-- Ho Da-ming's new restaurant was failing. Afterwards, we can get together with some
His customers rarely €ame bac;. Why? of the guys and maybe see a film. Or maybe
Mr Ho contacted a feng shui consultant to we'll come O~~f' with a better idea.
'tind ou~ Feng shui (meaning 'wind and into To,..,
P.S. I ran . at the library. He'll drop
water') is the ancient Chinese art of placing by
-eft: to see you later.
things in your surroundings. According to
this art, the arrangement of furniture, doors
and . Phrasal Verbs: Separable
wmdows affects our health , wealth and
ha .
ppmess. Mr Ho was concerned about his
•
business bu t h e d'dn'
1
c : .
t gIve ul]r FolloWIng the
POINT
. tt'
George IS ge m g an idea for an invention.
consultant's advice, he remodelled and
redecorat d h' CHART CHECK
r e IS restaurant. His actions Direct objects that are nouns can go before or
Paid off S . . after the particle.
v· oon busmess lJHcked uIVand Mr
fio becam . h ' EXPRESS . .
e nc . It was the best decision I
'dea
1 t1 OR dreamt that Idea up,
eVer mad' h dreamt up t)a
e, e says happily. And he isn't dream it up
392 •
In
3 .J uly I filled down an application for a
Did you know t hat l\\'o univcrsity dropouts
thought up 1,. ilH' idea of the first pcrsonal patent and posted it yesterday. I'll be able
up
computer') What's morc, thcy put0tltogethcr to set...a strong and convincing
in a garage. Inventions don't have to come demonstration of the product W soon.
out of fancy laboratories. Average people in
30 August I demonstrated the product
classrooms, kitchens and home workshops
often dream u.l1 ~ew and useful idea~. at an exhibition for decorators. I wanted
The ability to think of something new to point out that it's very clean to use so I
on
seems like magic to many people but in
put" white gloves for the demonstration.
fact anyone can develop the qualities of an
It went very well.
inventor. First, inventors follow their curiosity.
The Swiss inventor George de Mestral wanted
to find outihe reason)it was so hard to remove
burrs from his dog's coat. His answer led
to the idea for Vekro®, now used to fasten
everything from trainers to space suits. (Total = 1 00 points. Each item = 4 points.)
Second, inventors use imagination to put ONE
~hings)together in new ways. Walter Morrison 1 A 5. D 8. D 1 • A
watched two men throwing a pan to each 2. C 6. C 9. D 12. C
other and thought up~he Frisbe~, one of 3. A 7 D 10. A 13. B
4. B
the most popular toys in the world. Perhaps
most important, successful inventors don't ISE- IIONl TWO
give up. They continuously look up (Correct answers are in brackets.)
1nfol'lnatio!} about their ideas and try 14. A (it over)
~new design~out until they succeed. 15. D (up)
16. D (off the bus)
7. D (back)
2 set up 6. paid ... back
18. B (get on the bus)
... filled ... up 7. carry out
19. D (off)
. keep ... away 8. brought about
20. A (up)
5. picked up
21. B (her up)
22. D (wake you up)
2. figure it out point it out 23. D (pick some stamps up for him ... OR
3. fill them in hand them in pick up some stamps for him ... )
4. handed it out 2 . D (Meg into)
up 2 . B (along / on)
3 May I dreamt O'ler a really good idea - a
jar of paint with an applicator like the kind
used for shoe polish. It can be used to touch Nouns
,
u r.J
OR spots on a wall when people don't
want to paint a whole room. I know a POINT
him 'If) Ra II
manufacturer. I'll call up -him and order
out
several types so I can try them -ift.
An wer Key _ 393
..................................... I
(HART (HE(K 1 ...

. d post
surpnse when I picked up my posts
F
(HART (HE(K 2 today. My family sent me some birthday
• 17.lr 'Iday
T,F plesents. My BIrthday is the 31st. I won't
EXPRESS Open the presents until then

0, 1 OVf!r .
were, was 29 ber .
GGto I thmk the weather is getting
,,,,J.': Itlf ,"
Was Columbus, really the first explorer to worse. I heard tlHmders tOday but there
discover the Americas? Thor Heyerdahl wasn't any rain. I stayed in bed with my
didn't think so. He believed that ancient cat, Typhoon. Every time it thundered
Tlphoon '
people were able to build boats that could
and I snuggled up closer under
cross oceans. To test his ideas, he decided !love
h
t e covers. I started reading a Ns¥el,
to build a coj>'y of the reed boats that were
pictured in ancient paintipgs and sail across 'Brave New World'.
the Atlantic from\..North Mrica to@arbaa.o~. 30 October I left the Canary Islands today
Bey~rdahls team also copied ancient Middle Columvi s
- just like eolumbus. There's a strong
Eastern pots and filled them with food for
wind and plenty of sunshine now.
their journey - dried fish, honey, oil, eggs, kilometres
nuts and fresh fruit.J{~, the expedition's I travelled 500 Kilometres.
boat, carried an international group including 31 October I'm 21 today! To celebrate,
a~orwegia~, an~gyptia~, an tali coffee
I drank some coiThes for breakfast and
!Jexic~ and a phadiat}
I opened my presents. I got some perfume
The first trip failed but everyone Jeweller"
sUrvived and wanted to try again. Departing and pretty silver jeweUenes.
r.. • elect~ l cl v is
on 17 Ma~ 1970, under the flag of the 1 November The very low.
United Nation~~Ra I~crossed thelAtla nti9 in I'd better not use much until I get near
•
57 days. The expedition proved that ancient Plymouth . . d

plymouth. I'll need the radio then. It rame
civilisations
r. ---,-...::---
had the skill to reach the '"
today so I collected waliers for cooking.
Americ':§,long before !Columbujl.
~
Food 13 are
•
~
1S
14 Is
are
1" equipment
Quantifi
ideas 16. batteries
beans 17 news
nce
•
[ POINT
1 • stops
S Potatoes a good supply of chocolate
1:1 clothing
are
2 cold CHART CHECK
trips
12 2 bothers T, F,T,T
Vegetables 2:1 bags
270 ( lIary
EXPRESS
etober I've been on the CGfHl-ry Islands A: many B: much
for three days now. I'll start hack home ·' l\lany peop I (' (lon't realise
Are you rea dy. . , '
When the '/f !r£beLter. I was so .
that some natura
I disHsters stich ,10;
(colllil/ut"d (III fl('xt paf{(')
394 • An K y
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
earthquakes can strike with diWe warning). being scared, it was fun - a bit like camping.
-
It may take several days for assistance to
• We've got an electric heater so we didn't
reach you. Prepare your disaster kit in l ny
advance! Here are a few tiQs. have some heat. We slept in our sleeping
a lot of
• Water may be unsafe Lo drink. Store bags around the fireplace. We used up maay
~nough wate;'lfor several days. Each wood! Mum baked some bread in a pan in
person needs five litres per day for
the fireplace. She had to try several times
cooking and washing.
• You will also need food for §.~veral days. but it was really good when it worked. We
• a
It's a good idea to store ~ lot of tinned ate it with) ittle butter. The first night, we
a lot of
meat, frui~ vegetables and i . However,
had much problems working out what to do.
also include several kinds of high-energy few
It got dark early and we only had a .
food, such as peanut butter and raisins.
And don't forget ~ome 'comfort foodJ like candles - and no TV! Jane is five and she
biscuits and chocolate! was really frightened until we made hot
• If you haven't got (?~n-y-el:-e-
ct-r--:-
ic--:-i~
t~ you
chocolate over the fire. Finally, everybody
might not have ~ ny heap, either. Keep
and extra took turns telling stories. I found out that
""'- of
clothes for everyone. Dad knows a lot,good stories.
• Prepare a first aid kit with some pain
killers, several sizes of plaster and an
antiseptic. Articl ••
• The cash machines might not be working. Ind ite and
Have you got €ny cash] You shouldn't
POINT
keep€uch money)i n the house but you
There is only one Earth.
should have a lot of small notes and a few
larger notes, too. CHART CHECK
F,T,T
2. any 8. many
EXPRESS _
3. Several 9. few
4. a great deal of 10. Some a, The
5. a lot of 11. a little
6. Many 12. a few 2. a 4. b 6. a
7. a few 1. b 5. b
, 3~ 1. b. a few 2. a. a little 2. an 6. the 10. the

a.
c. many h. few 3. a 7. a 11. a
d. much c. a few 4. an 8. the 12. the
e. a few d. little 5. an 9. the 13. the
f. a little e. a few
2. the 5. a 8. an, the
We had a big storm last week and we lost 3. the 6. the 9. the
a 4. a 7. The
the electricity for.iew days. Once I got over
Key
••••••••••••••••• 1
395
••• •• •
Once there was a plumber called Mario.
place just after the sun. sets. So check it out!
PJP1:tiitl:nb€i' ihad"beautiful girlfriend. One day, You won't be disapPointed.
.il pe fell in love with the girlfriend and 0
~a ~l 1 . 0 1 the
kidnapped her. The plumber chased ape to 0 11 . 0
0
1 0
1 0 2 the
rescue his girlfriend. the 1 the
0 0
14. the
This simple tale became Donkey Kong, 7 0
7 0
1 . the
0
2 0
~ first video game with a story. It was 1 0 2 . the
1 0 11 the 25. the
invented by Sigeru Matsimoto, .a artist with
Nintendo, Inc. Matsimoto loved ~ video 2 the 1 0 1· The
.i. the 8. 0 12. the
games but he wanted to make them more 4. 0 9. 0 the
5. the 10. 0
interesting. He liked fairy tales so he the
6. 0
a
invented"story similar to a famous fairy tale.
~
'i ~ :::J .() r
Hi! Blare Gardens is excellent! This !shtest
Swry was an immediate success and
"
holiday we've ever been on! I love the rides
Nintendo followed it with The Mario Brothers.
here. I've been on ~ roller coasters before
The rest is video ga me history.
but nothing is like the one they've got here!
the
And,Jood is great, too. I usually don't eat like
the
" (No Article) and The hot dogs but" hot dogs here are great. So is
the
",pizza. Do you like ~ theme parks? If so,
i_
- ._ _ POINT you've got to get your family to come. The
the little girl the
only problem is" crowds here. People have to
CHART CHECK
queue to get into everything - even the
indefinite
plural toilets! See you soon.
EXPRESS
A: the B:0 A: the B:0 and
Reflexive
Do yo . Reciprocal Prono
u enJoy t~me parks? Tomorrow, Blare
Garde '11 ~-
r: ns WI open to (the publiSi for
the first f hnh - POINT
l~.' 1. e par!9features a wide
variety f .d - F
ones and games that will appeal
to both adults and children. And, of course, CHART CHECK
a theme k . F,T
par would not be complete WIthout
cand.y fl
oss and hot dogs / The food) aL Blare EXPRESS
Gardens .
prOmIses to be very good. Come A: yourself
early b' (j B: myself
, nng the whole famil)) and be sure to
stay fort{h
e firework displa))that Lakes
396 • Ans\N r K y
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
insulting - like the way our maths teacher

Self-talk is the way we explain a problem to
our~el\'es. It can affect the way we feel and used to talk to us. I thought, Sam and I
•
me 1
the way we behave. 'Ibm and Sara, for example, treat each other welL He forgave myself for
both lost their jobs when their company laid
my mistake straightaway and I forgave him
off a lot of people. Sara kept herself fit and
for forgetting our dinner date two weeks
spent time with friends. Tom gained ten each other
-
pounds and spent all his time by i].i ll1 self. ago. Sam and I could forgive themselves so I
mySt .l"
They were both unemployed so the sit\lation suppose I can forgive
its.elf can't explain why th.ey acted so
differently from each other. The main
difference was the way Tom and
. . - Sara Se
explained the problem to themselves. Sara
believed that she herself could change her (Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
, ......
situation. Tom saw himself as helpless.
IIONl oNE
. Later, everyone got their jobs back. When
. ...
1. C 4. C 7. C 10. C
they all talked to one another back at the
2. B 5. A 8. C 11. C
office, Tom grumbled, 'They must have been 3. D 6. A 9. C 12. A
desperate.' Sara replied, 'They finally
realised they need us!'
ISE+ IIONI TWO
(Correct answers are in brackets')
1 yourselves 13. A (is) 19. D (delete the)
2. herself, ollrselves 14. C (Christmas) 20. B (much time)
3. myself, yourself 15. B (is starting) 21. C (few)
4 each other, yourself 16. B (May) 22. B (a little)
5. itself, ourselves 17. D (the) 23. B (one another's)
6. yourselves, one another 18. A (delete A and 24 . B (a little)
capitalise Money) 25. D (the accountant)
2. yourselves 7. myself
3. themselves 8. myself
4. himself 9. yourselves
5. yourselves 10. myself The Pa •• Overview
6 each other
OR one another
POINT
I forgot to call Sam on his birthday. the number of years the magazine has existed
111 /self
I reminded me all day and I still forgot! I CHART CHECK
T,T,F
felt terrible. My sister, Anna, said, 'Don't be
iourself
so hard on yeul'sel..,cs,' but I didn't believe EXPRESS [If: I:tiC :.
her6elf were printed
her. She prides het on remembering
everything. Then I read an article on 2. A 7. A
3. P 8. P
self-talk. It said that people can change the 4. A 9. A
themeelvt!c,
5. P 10. P
way they explain problems to tneirsel .... es.
myself 6. P
I realised that the way I talk to me is
Answer Key 397
• •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • ••
•
Tagalog is spoken
. spoken by 417 million people
~eventy-one million people speak The Passive with Medals
Arabic is spoken by
speak English
Swahili is spoken OR
POINT
People speak Swahili somebody should do something about
Ed's snoring
is published (£he ptrblisher) CHART CHECK 1

is read ( ) T,F
have been hired by our
international offices CHART CHECK 2
were purchased (ili~ 'e()mpany) a modal or an auxiliary verb
are used (OUl" wfiier.s)
is advertised (aihZI tisers)
EXPRESS
were (or was) interviewed by Live at Ten A: Will ... be prepared
TV B: won't, will be prepared
was seen by millions of viewers
Space Station Unity will be completed
Two-thirds of Bolivia's five million people within the next decade and international
- Inr'" a
in the cool western highlands known teams of astronauts will then be sharing
close quarters for long periods of time. What
as the Altiplano. For centuries, the grain
gro '" can be done to improve living conditions in
quinoa has been grew in the mountains. space? Here's what former astronauts
ae
Llamas, bred for fur, meat and suggest:
• FOOD It doesn't taste as good in zero
transportation. And tin, Bolivia's richest
rnl"ed gravity. Food should be made spicier to
natural resource, is mining by miners in overcome those effects. International
the high Andes. tastes must also be considered.
• CLOTHING Layered clothing could help
The Oriente, another name for the
astronauts stay comfortable. The top
eastern lowlands, is mostly tropical. Rice is
layer could be removed or added as
the .
major food crop and cows are raised for temperatures vary.
. '0 nd
mIlk. Oil is also fifid there. • SLEEPING Because of weightlessness,
sleep is often interrupted in space.

Although Spanish is the official language, Comfortable restraints must be provided
Native Am .
encan languages are still spoken to give a sense of stability. .
hy.-peoPle T d" . • EMOTIONAL NEEDS People need rest tIme
. ra ltIonal textiles are woven by
hand and . " . st as they do on Earth. Time
.III space JU
muslc" played on reed pipes whose ought to be provided for relaxation and
tone rese hI
m es the sound of the wind privacy.
blow in .
g OVer htgh plains in the Andes.
Is ... going to be prepared
2. (is it going to bel squeezed
i. will be prepackaged
4. d
5. Cnn be WHnllC up
(con tin IIl'd 011 Ill'xt page)

398 •
6. should ... be chosen

T
7. has to be offered
could be selected The Causative
Will ... be used
1 had better be attached
POINT
1 ought to be made
wenL to a hairdresser's
should be kept CHART CHECK
ought to be improved F, T, F
could be designed
5 can be removed EXPRESS
ought to be given A: done
- are going to be delivered B: done, do
. will be done •
9. will be stored 2. T 4. T 6. T
3. T 5. F
I used the sleeping restraints last night and
be made
slept a lot better. They ought to more 3. Amy had the dog groomed.
4. They are going to get the windows cleaned.
comfortable, though. I felt trapped. I've just 5. They had the cal'pets shampooed.
6. Amy is going to have her ears pierced.
looked in the mi ITor. My face is puffy and
get 7. Jake got his hair cut.
my eyes are red. I'd better be got on S. They are going to have food and
drinks delivered.
the exercise bike right away. I can be
misunderstood
misunderstanding when I look like this. 1. OR have it shortened
2. get (OR have) it dry cleaned
Last night, Max thought I was angry with 3. 're getting (OR having) them cleaned OR
him for tUJ'lling on 'Star Trek'. Actually, I love 're going to get (OR have) them cleaned
4. 'm getting (OR having) it cut OR 'm going
that programme. I might be given early to get (OR have) it cut
5. get (OR have) it coloured
lunch shift today. I hope they have more 6. Did ... get (OR have) it painted
chilli. It's nice and spicy and the sauce can
be The party was last night. It went really
actually tasted, even at zero gravity.
flown well! The house looked great. Mum and Dad
Some of it had better be 4ly in on the shuttle
had the floors polished and all the windows
pretty soon or there might be some unhappy cleaned
clean professionally so everything sparkled.
astronauts! Speaking of unhappy, last night, Inted the whole houGe
And of course we
Katy called and told me she was planning to
talked ourselves last summer. (I'll never forget
leave school. I think she could be out of
that. It took us two weeksD I wore my new
it but I'm afraid I'll get angry and shout if had
be black dress that I shortened by Jill
we discuss it. I might"overheard by others. hair cut
and I . by Colin. He did a
We need some privacy here!
great job. There were a lot of guests at the
had invited OR almoet peopllJ
party. We
AnSwer Key
••••••••••••••••• 399
and they almost all turned up! The food was • ••
great too. Mum made most of the main

EXPRESS
b c
dishes herself but she had the rest of the 3. a
food f . I by a caterer. Mum and Dad
rem b '
hired a professional photographer so at the e~. er your rights as a passenger. Often
h,1d our ~ he ro t l~,'n the alrlme compa' .
end of the party we all took OUF photos. ny IS requlred to compensate
y~u. for delays Or damages. For example, the
Dad's getting them back next week. I can't aIrlIne provides meals and hotel rooms 'f
fl' . 1 a
wait to see them! 19ht IS unduly delayed. However, the airline
owes you. a lot more if it caused the dela.,Y Q.y
overbooking. This can OCCur especiallY
SelfTest during holidays if airlines sell more tickets
than there are seats. If all the passengers
(Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.) actuall~urn up, then the flight is
overbooked. Airlines usually award
ISEC 110 i ONE upgrades or additional free travel to
• C B 7 C passengers who volunteer to take a later
9. D
2 D 5. C 8 B 10. B flight. However, if no one volunteers, your
3, A 6, B
flight may be delayed. In that case, the
ISECIIONI TWO airline must repay you 100 per cent of the
(Correct answers are in parentheses.) cost of your ticket for a delay of up to four
1 C (by) hours on an international flight. If the delay
'2 A (delete were) is more than four hours, you receive
'3 C (be corrected)
200 per cent of the cost of your ticket.
.. D (delete by the printer)
S. A (delete was)
6. D (ret 1l rn) 1. OR The best time to go to Hong Kong
7 C (them done) is November or December if you hate
18 C (be discussed) hot weather.
9 A (was painted) 2. If you're travelling with your children,
2\" C (couldn't OR wasn't able to)
take them to Lai Chi Kok Amusement
2' B (grown) Park in Kowloon. OR Take your children
22 D (was working) to Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park in
Kowloon if you're travelling with them.
2 B (have to be replaced)
J.,. C (cleaned) 3 If you need a moderately priced hote~,
2.. , A (be made) I suggest the Harbour View Intern~tIOnal
House. OR I suggest the Harbour VIew
International House if you need a
moderately priced hotel.
4 If you like seafood, there are wonderful
Zero Conditionals eafood restaurants on Lamma Island. OR
s onderful seafood restaurants
There are w 'k Ii d
CIi~C on Lamma Island if you 11 e sea 00 .
l' POINT If ou're fascinated by Chinese ?pera,
5. OU y mIg
. ht l'ke
I
the street opera In the
Y
CHART CHECK h .
Shang al " . S'reet Night l\larket. OR
. h
1"P,P . I'
You Ollgh 1 J'ke t he street opera In t e
(co/llilll/I'd 011 111'.1'1 page)

400 • K Y
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Shanghai Stret't Night Markot if you're T

fascinated by (,h illt'sl' Opl'rH. First Conditionals
If you'd like to get a good view of Hong
Kong, you should take the funicular to
the Peak. OR You should take the funicular POINT
to the Peak if you'd like to get a good
F,F
view of Hong Kong.
CHART CHECK
2. I spend a lot of time at the pool if I stay the if' clause
at a hotel. when the if' clause comes first
3. If I stay with friends, I spend time
with them. EXPRESS
It's not so nice if I get a 'Dracula' flight. If she wins, she'll fight crime.
It's very rewarding if you don't mind
hard work. 2. e 4. a 6 d
. If you have three flatmates, you don't 3. c S. g ... b
have trouble finding dogwalkers.
.. If a flight has an empty seat, I travel free.
3. get
4. If
What a great weekend! If Lou and Tony S. WIn
•
don't
aren't the best hosts in the world, I won't 6. '11 take OR 'm going to take
7. If
know who is. I've invited them to London 8. am
9. 11 try OR 'm going to try
but if you live in the Bahamas, you rarely
10. will ... do OR are ... going to do
want to leave. Tomorrow at midnight, I am 11. if
12. lose
doing a round trip from London to 13. If
Singapore. There's always a price to pay. If I 14. lose
1 S.'11 continue OR 'm going to continue
get a free weekend, I always get a 'Dracula' 16. Unless
don't 17. cooperate
flight afterwards. Oh, well. If I fall
18. won't be OR isn't going to be
asleep, I can usually get a lot of reading 19. if
20. don't elect
done. Pat and Ken both flew to London 21. '11 be OR 'm going to be
yesterday. I hope someone can walk Frisky
'm (possible answers)
for me. Usually, if 111 be working, one of them j. If! take out a student loan, I won't have
is off. If Frisky is alone for a long time, he to depend on my family, OR I won't have
barks to depend on my family if I take out a
a lot. That disturbs the neighbours. student loan.
4. If! go to law school, I'll earn more money.
Maybe I should just leave the TV on for him. OR I'll ea I'll more money if I go to law school.
He's always very calm,T'if the TV is on. Or 5. If I earn more money, I'll be able to pay
back my (student) loan quickly. OR I'll be
maybe I'd better call Pat and ask her about able to pay back my (student) loan
's
her timetable. If it 6:00 p.m. here in quickly if I earn more money.
6. If I pay back my loan quickly, I'll be able
Singapore, it's 11:00 a.m. in London. to pay for my sister to go to university.
OR I'll be able to pay for my sister to go
to university if I pay back my loan
quickly.
An Key 401
• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••
7 If I go to law sch?~l, r:ll go into politics. • ••
R I'll go into polItIcs If r go to law school. couldn't identify
were
life for others. OR I'~l be ab~e. to improve loved
life for others if go mto polItics. 'd hate OR would hate
If I go into politics, I'll get elected as an drove
MP. OR I'll get elected as an MP if r go 'd hate OR would hate
10 were
into politics.
If I get elected as an MP, I'll si t in the 1 'd hate OR would hate
1 weren't
House of Commons. OR I'll sit in the House
1 might be
of Commons if r get elected as an MP.
Should I campaign for student union If Schroeder didn't love Beethoven , he

1 wouldn't play his sonatas all the time.
president? I'll have to decide soon if I If Charlie Brown had enough friends, he
wouldn't feel lonely.
to run. If I'll be busy campaigning, I won't 4 If Sally knew her teacher's name , she
have much time to study. That's a problem, could send her a card.
unle!:>5 r If Linus weren't clever, he wouldn't fmd
because I'm not going to get a good job if I intelligent solutions to life's problems.
6. If Woodstock and Snoopy didn't have a
get good marks this year. On the other
close relationship, Woodstock wouldn't
hand, there's so much to do in this confide in Snoopy.
I get. JI? !:> go ng to get 7. If Rerun's parents didn't refuse to let
university and nothing is getting done if him have a dog, he wouldn't try to
borrow Charlie's dog.
John Healy becomes president again. A lot
8. If Pigpen had enough baths, he wouldn't
of people know that. But will I know what to be filthy.
do iffH get the job? Never mind. I'll deal

I've got to stop staying up late reading
o~
with that problem/ if I win.
aor ~
'Peanuts" If I weren't always so tired, I will
'OR if I"get
be able to stay awake in class. Whenever the
teacher asks me something, I don't know
what to say. Then I get really embaLTassed
Second Conditionals
because ofthat nice red-haired girl that I
POINT like. I would talk to her if I 't'louldn'f; be so

F <>
d Jason , says ' 'If I was you, I'd

sh y. My fri en,
CHART CHECK rty' but I'm too afraid that if
ask her to a pa . ~
F,'r, F
I asked her, she would ha'.'c said no. After
EXPRESS
I d fI
school, I p aye 0 I.otball. Nobody wanted me
would ,1'f, Were
.
in thClr team. If I 'Alay
.t'
better, I would get
.tI F .
chosen sometlmes . Life is hard! I can really
6. F
F t Charlie Brown character in
th
understan d a
!. WOuldn't like , I t':
'Peanuts. n lac. t ifI didn't laugh so hard
. Weren't . d I
.
while rending ec 'P an uts', I would cne .
402 • An wer K y
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
6. If George's friends had known about his

troubles, they would have helped him
Conditionals straightaway. OR George's friends Would
have helped him straightaway if they had
~~=-..II POINT known about his troubles.
7 If George's friends hadn't collected money
for him, he would have gone to prison. OR
CHART CHECK George would have gone to prison if his
the if clause friends hadn't collected money for him.
the if clause comes first
It's funny how things work out sometimes.
EXPRESS hadn't
would have studied If George wanted to jump off that
bridge on Christmas Eve, I might never
·...1 2. F 4. F 6. T got
3. T 5. F
have gQtting an important job like saving
him. And if he hadn't been so stubborn,
,~2
~, have
2. could (OR would) have gone OR would have
,
been able to go, hadn't lost I would never had thought of the idea of
3. could have gone, hadn't become showing him life in Bedford Falls without
4. wouldn't have known, hadn't shown
5. hadn't helped, could have gone him. One of the saddest things was seeing
6. might not have led, hadn't married all those people who didn't have homes.
7. would have been, hadn't lived had given up
If George and sold his business to
(Answers may vary slightly) Mr Potter, then Potter would have rented
1. OR Clarence would have had more self-
confidence if he had been a first-class angel. run-down flats to all those people. But
2. If George hadn't been unhappy about his
because of George, they now have good
business, he wouldn't have shouted at his
daughter on Christmas Eve. OR George homes. By the time we were finished, George
wouldn't have shouted at his daughter on
Christmas Eve if he hadn't been unhappy realised he really had a wonderful life. In
would
about his business. fact, he will have gone to prison happil)5(if
3. Poor people couldn't have bought (OR
wouldn't have been able to buy) houses his friends hadn't given him the money he
if George's business hadn't lent them
money. OR If George's business hadn't lent needed. Well, luckily they helped him out
them money, poor people couldn't have and he didn't go to prison. And I got my
bought (OR wouldn't have been able to
buy) houses. wings and became a first-class angel!
4. If Mr Potter had been able to trick George,
George would have sold Potter the business.
OR George would have sold Mr Potter
the business if Potter had been able to Present and Past
trick George.
s. If George's Uncle Billy hadn't lost £8,000,
George wouldn't have got into trouble I C •• E K I POINT
with the law. OR George wouldn't have got that day
into trouble with the law if his Uncle
Billy hadn't lost £8,000. CHART CHECK ,
the past simple
An Wer Key 403
•••••••••••••••••
• ••
••••
the pas t Perfect If wishes were horses, I'd ride one to Paris.
Hey! Mark is always saying, 'I wish you would
EXPRESS
h
kneW, a d known come with me sometimes.' I suppose I can go
F . T with him to Paris. Dr Grimes must have

T
F T meant that I can solve my Own problems
h " .
N ow I wish I haven!+. been 80 rude to him.
" would go away
t had
didn't have to deal
5 could entertain SelfTest
6 could have invited OR
had been able to invite
• had known (Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
SE ION
- I wish my husband would ask for a pay 1 C
• 4. A 7. B
nse. 2. B 1 . 0
5. 0 8. C
3. I wish we'd saved some money last 1 A
3. A 6. C 9 C
month. 12. 0
I wish my boyfriend weren't unfit OR were TWO
fit.
(Correct answers are in brackets.)
5, I wish I weren't too old to go back to
school. 13. 0 (seen) 20. 0 (were)
14. B (could have) 21. C (delete will)
6 I wish I could stop (OR were able to stop)
smoking. 15. B (won't) 22. C (delete comma)
16. B (have) 23. A (had)
7 I wish my son would phone me.
17 B (were) 24. C (get)
l: I wish my parents had understood me.
18. A (could have) 25. C (could)
were 19. A Cll eat OR
Today, I said to Dr Grimes, 'I wish there vms are going to eat)
a way to spend more time with my boyfriend •
but we're both too busy.' He just said, 'If T

Clauses with
wishes were horses, beggars would ride.' Subject Relative Pronouns
That's an easy thing to say but I wish I
""derst.ooa
~Bd Qlr!5 t aB J . t
, POINT
o~", 1 S meaning. Maybe it means
'''''''.
F
that wish' ,
lng won t solve problems. Well, CHART CHECK
that's wh I ' .
had tola y went to see hIm!!! I wIsh he nouns . ft the
\~Zill1-ol] in the middle of the mam clause, a er
."" me what to do right then and there main clause
I wish M: k "pt' It:4 EXPRESS k in the cafeteria.

ar and I could have speRt the That's the man who wor s
Weekend t h
oget er next week. My exams are
oVer but h '
e 8 got to fly to Paris for his job.
404 .
..... ....................................
nwrKy
Almost evenone
•
has friends but ideas about A writer once said that friends are born,
friendship vary from person to person. For not made. This means that we automatically
some, a friend is someonelwh~ chats with
become friends with people who the)r are
you on the internet. For others, a friend is a
person~hQlha§. known you 1lI.I your life - compatible with us. I don't agree with this
someone vhos€lfamily kn..QWS..Y0ULtOO. writer. Last summer, I made friends with some
were OR are
Others only use the term for someone WhO) people whoX completely different from me.
knows your innermost secret~. Although
In July, I went to Barcelona to study
different people emphasise different aspects
of friendship, there is one element which is Spanish for a month. In our group, there
who OR that
always present and that is the element of was a teacher whieh was much older than
choice. We may not be able to select our
I am. We became really good friends. In my
families, our colleagues or even the people
,
~hattake the bus with us but we can choose first week, I had a problem which was
our friends. As anthropologist Margaret getting me down. Barcelona is a city
that OR which
Mead once said, 'A friend is someone who 'i'<'ho has a lot of distractions. As a result,
. chosen.' It is this freedom
I went out all the time and I stopped going
of choIce '==- c:m""ak=e,=,!s~~== "-"
special relationship. to my classes. Bob helped me get back into
my studies. After the trip, I kept writing
1. OR that have are
2. who (OR that) have to Bob. He always writes stories that i&
3. that (OR which) are interesting and encouraging. Next summer,
4. who (OR that) faces that OR which
5. that (OR which) is he's leading another trip sounds
6. whose ... are
7. whose ... include interesting. I hope I can go.
8. that (OR which) appears OR appeared OR
has appeared
9. who (OR that) doesn't read OR hasn't read
Adjective Clauses with
Object Relative Pronouns
2. Mexico City is an exciting city that (OR or When and Where
which) attracts a lot of tourists.
3. Steph has a brother whose name
POINT
is Eric. T
4. He works for a magazine that (OR which) CHART CHECK
is very popular in Mexico.
the subject of the relative clause
5. Eric writes a column that (OR which)
F
deals with relationships.
6. An article that (OR which) discussed EXPRESS "_._
friendships won a prize.
r watch all the films that he directs.
7. A person who (OR that) has a lot of friends
is lucky.
Answer Key 405
••••••••••••••••• ••• •
At the age of nine, Eva Hoffman left Poland
with her family. She was old enough to know I had a good friend who (OR whom OR
what she was losing: Krakow, a city that she that) I went to school with. OR ... with
whom I went to school.
loved as one loves a person, the sun-baked I took piano lessons from a woman who
vj]Jages where they had spent summer (OR whom OR that) I met at my mum's
office.
holidays and the conversations and
I remember one summer when the whole
escapades with her friends. Disconnected
family went to the seaside.
from a city where life was lived intensely, Those were good times that (OR which) I'll
her father was overwhelmed by the always remember.
transition to Canada. Eva lost the
parent whom_she had watched in lively Tai Dong is the small city in southeastern
where or in which 01<' vr.o... ,.,
conversation
- with friends in I£ra~ow cafe§. Taiwan which I grew up. My family moved
And nothing could replace her friendship there from Taipei the summer I was born.
,
• •
with the boy home daily,
VISl
The house in which I grew up j.rr is on a
and ~vhom she assumed she wou Id marry
•
one day. Worst of all, however, she missed main street in Tai Dong. My father sold tea
her language. For years, she felt no and my mother had a food stand in our front
connection to the English name of courtyard, where she sold omelettes early in
.r ,.
.... ...
anything ,that she felt was important. Lost
the morning. A customer who I always
in Translation: A Life in a New Language
(Penguin, 1989) tells how Eva came to chatted with lH:B.i had a son my age. We were
O~e
terms with
,r
her
..... ,
new identity and language. best friends. A cousin . family I
It's a story 1hat, readers will find fascinating visited every summer lived with us. He was
and moving. ~hc OF' no K ~ ~
an apprentice ,<,.'hich my father was teaching
ORthat the tea business to. On the first floor of our
If v Ie a-
J Who OR Whom OR that
house, we had a huge kitchen if!: where we
stayed OR were staying
" which all gathered for dinner. It was a noisy place.
... had
that OR which The bedrooms where the family slept was
Wanted
upstairs. My two brothers slept in one
! that OR which
~ have experienced
where OR in which
2 Were my older sister. My younger sister shared a
bedroom with another cousin which my
a e care of
family had adopted.
OR. in h' h the house I up in
Th '. W IC I grew up .. . "OR 11'" (V th t) grf'W
e hOUse that ( h ' '.
Was b OR w 1ch) we lived In
. eautiful ()R Th h . .
We ].lVed . e ouse In whIch
Emily a~ci '1
(cm i . shared a room where
n whIch)
PlaYing. We spent a lot oftime
406 •
, ...........•..................•
Relative Cia devices, not the people who use them. 'The
Defining and best way to cure technophobia is to cure the
Non-Defining
reasons that cause it - that is, to design
• ICIIECN: POINT things thtrt.. people can use and design things
F
that won't break,' claims Norman. Michael
CHART CHECK
non-defining Dyrenfurth, who is a university lecturer,
T believes we cause our own problems by
EXPRESS buying technology th1if.. we just don't need.
It was the computer we saw at
'Do we really need electric toothbrushes?' he
E-Lectronics.
asks. According to Williams, important
2. T 4. F 6. F
technology we can't afford to run away
3. T 5. F
from actually exists. To prosper, we need to
I tech • no • I pho • bia (noun) a fear um:t. overcome our technophobia and learn to use it.
some people have about using technology
2. My new mobile, which I bought only a
If you have it, you're one of the 85 per cent
month ago, has become a necessary part
of people ~ this new 'disease' has struck. of life.
3. I remember the day when I was afraid to
Maybe you've bought a phone on which you use my new computer.
can programme 99 numbers - but you can't 4. Now, there are psychologists who (OR that)
help technophobes use technology.
tum it on. Or perhaps you have just read 5. Dr Michelle Weil, who is a psychologist,
wrote a book about 'technostress'.
that your new CD player, which you have
6. I work in an office where (OR in which)
finally leamt how to use, will soon be the software changes frequently.
7. A lot of people who work in my office
replaced by DVD, which you had never even suffer from technostress.
heard of. 8. Some people dream of a job they can do
without technology.
Some experts say that things have just
become too complex. William Staples, who I've just read a book called Technostress ,
wrote a book on the electronic age, tried to which was written by Dr Michelle Weil. Her
who
help a friend who had just bought a new co-author was Dr Larry Rosen, is her
stereo. The stereo, which worked before, husband and also a psychologist. According
wasn't working any more. 'On the front of to the authors, everybody feels stress about
which
the stereo, there were literally twenty technology. Our mobiles and pagers, that we
buttons,' says Staples. Donald Norman, who buy for emergencies, soon invade our
has written about the effects of technology privacy. Just because they can, people
on people, blames the designers of these contact us at place~where we are relaxing.

An Key 407
••••• • ••••••••••• • •• • •••
ther problem is having to learn too
Ano which
Can't sleep? You're not alone. Millions of
h too fast. Technological changes"psed
IllUC ,
people are up tossing and turning instead of
to corne one at a time, now overwhelm us. getting their beauty sleep. Dr Ray Thorpe,
Dr Wei I suggests dealing with technostress Director of the Sleep Disorders Clinic, fsay~,
. tl'pS from her latest book which can 'Don't think_th~t loss of sleep is just a minor
usIng
inconvenience.' During an interview he told)
be purchased via her website.
me to think about what can happen ifpeople
drive when theJ"re tired. Every year up to
200,000 car accidents are caused by drowsy
drivers. Then he tasked)me to think about a

. _.- --
recent industrial disaster. Chances are that
it was caused at least in part by sleep
SECIION deprivation.
1 B . C 7 B 10. C Being an insomniac myself, I asked

2 A s. B 8. C 11. B Dr Thorpe for some suggestions. He1old)me
3 D 6. B 9. B 12. C to stop drinking coffee. H sai . to have a
JSECllONI TWO warm glass of milk instead. 'A lot of old-
fashioned remedies work. Have a high-
(Correct answers are in parentheses.)
11 C (where) carbohydrate snack like a banana before you
14. A (who) go to bed,' he sai But he~dvise~patients
15. C (delete he) not to eat a heavy meal before tlll'lling in for
16. B (whose)
the night. What about exercise? 'Regular
17 B (that OR which OR delete what)
18. D (delete it) wexercise helps but don't exercise too close
19 C (discuss) to_bedti roe,' ~e sugge~ed. Finally, e t ld me
20. B (which)
not to despair. 'Don't wony about not
21 A (who)
sleeping. It's the worst thing to do,' he ~aj~. I
22. C (in which OR where)
23. B (with whom) don't know. After thinking about those
24. C (when OR that OR delete which) industrial accidents, I doubt I'll be able to
25. A (whose)
sleep at all!
2. that night 7 there

3 told 8. explain
Direct and I rect 4. my 9 not to
Speech: Imperatives 5. to watch 10. the next
6. said 1 to get
'l"\ POINT
UOn't
eat a heavy meal before bed.' 1 OR H e sal'd to pull over and have a
CHART CHECK brief nap. 1
d' ct OR He told them not to ?ave a. ong nap.
1'll'e speech
3 He told them (OR He saId) to SlDg to
EXPRESS themselves. h .
He told them (OR ~e said) to tune t elr
to · to an annoymg statIOn.
go, Don't work d
ra lOS H ' d) t to
5. He told them (OR . e Sill no
('at while drivlOg.
(continued 011 next page)
408 •
• •• • •• • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •
•
He told them (OR He said) to open their T
windows. Indirect Speech:
He told them (OR He said) to let cold air in. Statements (1)
8. He told them (OR He said) to be careful
when they stop their cars.
POINT
9 He told them (OR He said) not to stop in
a deserted place. 'It looks great on you!'
10 He told them (OR He said) not to drink CHART CHECK
and drive.
the punctuation
the verb tense in the statement
In class today, John read one of his stories. pronouns in the statement
It was wonderful. After the lesson, the EXPRESS
~o
teacher asked me"read a story in class next told, was

not
week. However, I begged her fie to ask
At 9:00, Rick Thompson's bank phoned and
me next week because I'm having trouble sai that his credit card pay[()ent ~was late.
!".old
getting ideas. She said me not to worry and 'The cheque is in the post,' Rick'!eplie4
quickly. At 11:45, Rick left for a 12:00
she said to wait for two weeks. Then I talked
to meeting. Arriving late, Rick 10lcl/ his client
to John and I asked him,.tell me the source that traffic had That evening,
~15
of your ideas. He said that they came from Rick's fiancee wore a new dress. Rick hated
to
his dreams and he told me)<eep a dream it. 'It looks great on you,' he ~ai4.
Three lies in one day! Yet Rick is just
diary for ideas. He invited me~o read some
an ordinary guy. Each time, he 101<t himself
of his di . It was very interesting so I that truth causes too y
asked him to give me some tips on problems. He himselfthat his fiancee

to get was 'r purchase;..Why should
remembering dreams. He said a
he hurt her feelings?
good night's sleep because the longer
Is telling lies a new trend? The majority
-
dreams come after a long period of sleep. He of people in a recent survey said th_at people
told -
also teH me to keep my diary by the bed and were more honest ten years ago.
not to Nevertheless, lying wasn't really born
to write as soon as I wake up. He said to no
yesterday. In the eighteenth century, the
move from the sleeping position. He also French philosopher Vauvenargues was right
not. to
told me to don:'t think about the day at first. about lying when he wrote, 'All men are
(If you think about your day, you might born truthful and die liars.'
forget your dreams.) Most important - every 2. has 7. had earned

night he tells himself that to remember his :I. told 8. had lied
the next 4. that 9. was leaving
dreams wmerro·.·.. morning. 5. had 10. had fired
6. she
Answer Key _ 409
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• ••••••••••• •
z Lisa said (that) she had just heard about

'ob at a scientific research company. Indirect h:
3 ~~n said (that) he had got a B. Sc. in Statements (2)
Biochemistry from London.
4. Lisa told him (that) they wanted someone 1POINT
with some experience as a programmer. 'It will be windy.'
5. Ben told her (that) he worked ~s a
programmer for Data Systems In CHART CHECK
Basingstoke. ought to, might, should have
6. Lisa said (that) they didn't want a recent
graduate.
EXPRESS
7 Ben told her (that) he had got his degree Jim said that he might move soon.
four years ago OR before.
8. Lisa said (that) it sounded like the right 2. 'The wind may reach 170 miles per hour.'
job for him. 3. 'There will be more rain tomorrow.'
•
4. 'You should try to leave the area.'
Once, when I was a teenager, I went to my 5. We can expect a lot of damage.'
E
aunt's house. She collected pottery and
told 2. They said (that) it was going to pass
when I got there, she said me that she north of there.
,.,anted me" 3. They said (that) it might become a
to show me a new bowl. She told she tropical storm when it landed there.
had '"
.ftas. just bought it. It was beautiful. When 4. They said (that) they had had to close
some bridges the day before because of
she went to answer the door, I picked up the high tides.
bowl. It slipped out of my hands and 5. They said (that) they wouldn't restore the
electricity until today.
smashed to pieces on the floor. When my 6. They said (that) the schools there might
that be closed for a while.
aunt came back, I screamed and said what 7. They said (that) they ought to use bottled
th her
water for a few days.
e cat had just broken your new bowl. My
aunt looked at me in a funny way and told 2. He said (that) it was true, and (that) they
wasn't
me th t 't' , would probably become more frequent.
a I ISh t important. I couldn't sleep
3. He said (that) the planet might be getting
that night, an d th e next morning, I rang my
warmer, and (that) that could cause more
aunt and £' had severe storms.
conlessed that I have broken her
bOWl Sh . she 4. He said (that) the emergency services
. e saId -l had known that all along. should have arrived much more quickly.
I prom' d was 5. He said (that) the new satellites would
Ise that I going to buy her a help. He said (that) if we (OR they) didn't
new one W fll have them, we (OR they) wouldn't be able
• '5ai~ s 1 laugh about it now.
OR She teld she to warn people.
•
• •
We had some excitement here because of

the hurricane last week. Jim's mother
h 1
called just before the storm. She said she w.
listening to the weather report nnd that she
was worripd Hbout LIS. She told Jim that if
(collilll /Jed on flext page)

••••••• ~ ~ ~ ••~ • ~~ • • ••••••••••
K Y
we woul.
you two wen'n't SI) stubborn, we will pack he asked who had written her application
up and leave immediately.•Jim's futher told for her. Melissa was shocked but she
handled herself very well. She asked the
us how to get ready for the storm. He said
interviewer whether he was going to ask
we should htf\'e put tape on our hotel her any serious. questions. Then she left.
1 .! I
windows benight and that we ought to fill Companies sometimes conduct stress
the bath with water. He also told Jim that interviews to see how candidates handle
pressure. Suppose, for example, that there
we should buy a lot of batteries before the
...It d Y is an accident in a nuclear power plant. The
storm ';f" My friend Sue called. plant's public relations officer must remain
She said that her place was too close to the calm when reporters ask how the accident
t;here could have happen~g. Be aware, however,
coast and that she couldn't stay here. She
.,"It> that in some cOlin tries, like the United States,
told me I wanted to stay with me and Jim. certain questions are not allowed unless
have
She said she should"called us sooner. I told they are directly related to the job. If your
.hen
her she should come now. Then we listened interviewer asks how old you are, you can
refuse to answer. The interviewer also should
to the weather forecast and the weather
was not ask whether you are rna 'Tied or how much
forecaster said that the storm is going to go money you owe. If you think a question is
wouldn't
out to sea. He said it strike this area inappropriate, ask how it relates to the job.
If it doesn't relate to it, you don't have to
at all!
answer.
T
Items ticked: 2, 3, 5
Indirect Qu 2. He asked when the interview was.

1 He asked where the company was.
, 4. He asked if (OR whether) she needed
POINT
directions.
'Why are you still singleT
5. He asked how long it took to get there.
CHART CHECK 1 6. He asked if (OR whether) she was going
to drive.
F,T
7. He asked who was going to interview her.
CHART CHECK 2 8. He asked when they would let her know.
F,T
: . Pete asked if (OR whether) she was going
EXPRESS for interviews with other companies.
why he had left his job. 4 Claire asked what her responsibilities
would be.
A few weeks ago, Melissa Morrow had a . Claire asked how job performance was
stress interview, one which featured tough, rewarded.
(,. Pete asked what her starting salary at
tricky questions and negative evaluations. her last job had been OR had been at her
First, the interviewer asked why she couldn't last job.
work under pressure. Before she could answer, 7. Pete asked if (OR whether) she had got on
well with her last employer.
H. Claire asked if (OR whether) they (OR he)
employed many women.
Answer Key _ 411
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
s questioning in my interview you've ever left a small tip and then

I did some stres
wondered if it sho_uld have been bigger.
. Miles Denton this morning. I asked
WIth he couldn't you've ever left a large tip and then
Mr Denton why work under wondered if you needed to tip at alL
ressure. I also asked him why ctrd his you've ever been uncertain whether the tip
P di6liked . d
.01. . him. Finally, I enqUlre is included in the bilL
superYlS .
you've ever wondered whyyou should tip.
when he would leave our compan~
you've new to the United Kingdom and
Mr Denton answered my questions calmly you're not sure who to tip.
and he had some excellent questions of his
2. how to tell if the tip is included in the bill.
own. He askecIXif we expected changes to the 3. why waiters in Iceland refused
my tips?
jotl"He also wanted to know how often 1M-
4. how much to tip airport porters.
we evaluate employees. I was impressed s. who expects a tip and who doesn't.
I had decided 6. I should tip my ski instructor.
when he asked why did I deeide to join this 7. tipping is still illegal there.
company. I think we should employ him. 8. to tip anyway.
·OR how often we evaluated

2. how much to tip (OR how much we should
tip) the taxi driver?
3. where the Smithsonian MuseulII is?
4. where we can buy (OR where to buy)
Embedded Questions metro tickets.
s. we could rent a car and drive?
6. what they put in the sauce.
Should we leave a tip?
Is the service included? When you live in a foreign country, even a
CHART CHECK small occasion can be an adventure! Before

F, T my date with James tonight, I didn't even
I should OR to
EXPRESS know what should I wear! Jeans? A dress?
A;? B: ,
John's Grill isn't a smart restaurant but it
Read this if ••• was James's birthday and I wanted to make
you've eVer want d to kn it a big occasion. Alison was very helpful, as

.
~.
e ow exactly how to
always. I knew how to get to John's Grill
you've eVer 11
b eanee ed a restaurant booking but I didn't know how long it was going to
ecause you didn't kn •
not. ow whether to tip or take to get there).( I left at 6:00, which
you've eVer for should have given me plenty of time, but
th at you We gotten to tip or not realised I ... het hr
re supposed to t·Ip. when I got off the bus, I wasn't sure »to
(continued on next page)

4]2 •
t urn left or right. I asked a police officer

, . Wll ,
where Wil~OO-n?s and I was only a few SelfTest
minutes late. I had planned to take James

out for a drink afterwards but I couldn't
remember how l.to find the place Alison had ONE
suggested and James has been here even
1. D c C
7 A S. A A
less time than me. Anyway, when we got the .> B 6. C
not
bill, I was wondering whether to tip or no. I - ION TWO
If he knew
had to ask James . . Fortunately, (Correct answers are in brackets.)
11. A (told OR said to) D (it costs)
he had read a great book called Tips on 12. D (.) 2 ... C (runs)
h. D (then) 21 D (?)
Tipping so he told me to leave about
14. D (was coming) 22 D (,')
15 per cent. 15. D (there) (if you could)
2.> . B
16. B (whether or not OR if) 24 C (not to)
17 A (whether) 25. B (I could)
18. D (might have stopped)
In e
Agent Be used to/used to, 33, 203
Alan, 250-251
A few/few, 246-24 7 with causative, 272- 273 Before
A great deal of, 246-24 7 with passive, 265 future time clauses, 89
A little/little, 246-247 Ago, 25 past perfect, 71
Already By
A lot of, 246-24 7
future perfect, 97 followed by reflexive pronoun,
Ability, 116-117
past perfect, 71 259
passive, 269
with wish, 295 present perfect, 50-51 with causative, 272-273
Active/passive, 264-265 Always, 7 with future perfect, 97
Additions, 11 0-111 American English, 350 with passive, 264-265
Adjective clauses (see Relative Any, 246-247 with past perfect, 71
clauses) Articles By the time, 89
Adjectives a/an,243,250-251
As ... as, 180-181 no article, 250-251
comparatives, 184-185, no article contrasted with the , Can
339,344 254-255 ability, 116- 117
contrast with adverbs, the, 243, 250-251 per II) ission, 120-121
172-173 As in comparative structures, requests, 124-125
followed by infinitives, 180-181 with verbs of perception, 11
210-211, 215, 338 As soon as Can't
irregular comparisons, 339 future time clauses, 89 ability, 116-117
participles used as , 176-177 , past perfect, 71 deduction, 158-159
339 Auxiliary verbs deduction in the past,
with preposition in additions, 110-111 166-167
combinations, 203, 338 in question tags, 106-107 with passive, 269
superlatives, 188-189, with questions about prohibi tion, 146-147
339,344 predicate, 103 Can't have, 166-167
Adverbs Causative, 272-273
As ... as, 180-181 Commands
comparatives, 192-193, 339 imperative, 18-19
contrast with adjectives Be indirect speech, 315
172-173 ' contractions, 345 Commas
ending in -ly, 172-173 344 past simple, 24-25, 28-29 with first conditionals, 283
of frequency, 7 ' followed by reflexive with relative clauses, 309
followed b . fin' . pronoun, 259 with second conditionals,
. Y III lbves 215
lrre I ' Be able to, 116-117 286-287
gu ar comparisons 339
of manner, 173 ' Be (doing), 2-3 with third conditionals,
S~perlatives, 192-193 Be going to 290-291
AdvIce, 128-129 contractions, 346 with time clauses, 41, 89
~f I Were you, 287 contrast with other future with zero conditionals, 279
Imperative, 19 forms, 84-85 Common nouns, 242-243
passive, 268-269 first conditionals, 283 Comparatives •
Alter
future, 80-81,84-85 adjectives, 184-185, 339,
With future t' future continuous, 93 344
With lme clauses, 89
past perfect, 71 with passive, 268-269 adverbs, 192· 193,339
Be supposed to, 150- 151 irregular, 339
Conditionals conLracLioJls, 345 Future perfect, 96-97
first, 282-283 question Lags, 106-107 Future perfect continuous,
second, 286-287 Do you mind if; 120-121 96-97
third, 290-291 Don't have to/must not, Future possibility, 154-155,269
zero, 278-279 146-147
Con tractions
with verb forms, 345-346 Gerunds
Could Each other/each other's,
contrast with infinitives,
ability, 116-117 258-259 222-223
deduction, 158-159 -ed after prepositions, 202-203 ,
deduction in the past, adjective ending, 176-177
223
166-167 past participle, 46
as subject or object, 198-199
future possibility, past tense, 24-25
after certain verbs, 199,223,
154-155 Embedded questions, 330-331
337-338
indirect speech, 323 phrases introducing, 340
Get (s.o. to do s.t.), 226-227
with passive, 269 Enough
Get/have (s.t. done), 272-273
permission, 120-121 with countable and
Get used to/used to, 33, 203
requests, 124-125 uncountable nouns, 246-247
Go + gerund, 199
suggestions, 132-133 with infinitives, 214-215
Got (see Have or have got)
after wish, 295 -er
Couldn't comparative adjectives, Had been (doing), 74-75
deduction, 158-159 184-185,339,344 Had better
past ability, 116-117 comparative adverbs, 192-193 advice, 128-129
Could have -est with passive, 269
deduction in the past, superlative adjectives, Had (done), 70-71
166-167 188-189,339,344 Had to have, 166-167
regret about the past, superlative adverbs, Hardly, 173
162-163 192-193 Have
after wish, 295 Ever contractions, 346
Countable nouns/uncountable with past perfect, 71 present perfect, 46 47,50-51,
nouns,242-243 with present perfect, 55 54-55
and articles, 250-251, with superlatives, 189 present perfect continuous,
254-255 Expectations 62-63
and quantifiers, 246-247 be supposed to, 150-151 Have been (doing)
present perfect continuous, 62
Have (done), 46 47,50-51,
-d (see -ed) Few/a few, 246-247 54-55
Deduction, 158-159, 166-167 First conditionals Have/get (s.t. done), 272-273
Defining relative clauses, future, 282-283 Have (got) to
308-309 For/since, 46-47 deduction, 158-159
Definite article, 250-251 Future necessity, 142-143
Direct speech be going to, 80-81 with passive, 269
imperative, 314-315 contrast of future forms, Have or have got, 349
punctuation rules, 347 84-85 Help (s.o. do s.!.), 226-227
questions, 326-327 passive, 269 How about, 132-133
statements, 318-319, present continuous, 85 How often, 58
322-323 present simple, 85
Directions, 19 time clauses, 88-89
Do wiU,81,85 If
with additions, 110 Future continuous, 92-93 contrast with unless, 283
414
in embedded questions, past continuous, 36-37 Might
330-331 past perfect continuous, deduction, 158-159
in indirect questions, 326-327 74-75 deduction in the past,
If clauses present continuous, 2-3 166-167
first conditionals, 282-283 present perfect continuous, future possibility, 154-155,
second conditionals, 286- 287 62-63 269
third conditionals, 290- 291 Inseparable phrasal verbs, indirect speech, 323
zero conditionals, 278- 279 232-233,341-342 Might have
If I were you, 287 Instructions advisability in the past,
Imperative, 18-19 imperative, 18-19 162-163
direct and indirect speech, indirect speech, 315 deduction in the past,
314-315 Invitations 166-167
reflexive pronouns, 259 imperative, 19 Modals (see also specific modals)
zero conditionals, 279 indirect speech, 315 first conditionals, 283
In order to, 218-219 Irregular plural nouns, 343 indirect speech, 323
Indefinite article, 250-251 Irregular verbs and passive, 268-269
Indefinite past, 54-55 lists, 336-337 and second conditionals, 287
Indirect questions, 326-327, 331 past simple, 24-25, 28 and third conditionals, 291
Indirect speech It's + adjective + infinitive, 211 and zero conditionals, 279
imperatives, 314-315 More/less, 184-185, 192-193
indirect questions, 326-327 Most/least, 188-189, 192-193
pronoun changes, 315, 323 Just, 50-51 Much, 246-247
reporting verbs, 315, 340 Multi-word verbs (see Phrasal
statements, 318-319, 322-323 verbs)
time word changes, 315, 323, Lately, 55, 173 Must
340 Less/more, 184, 192-193 deduction, 158-159
verb tense changes, 319, Let (s.o. do s.t.), 226-227 deduction in the past,
322-323 Let's, 132-133 166-167
Infinitives
Little/a little, 246-247 necessity, 142-143
after certain adjectives, -ly with passive, 268-269
210-211, 215, 338 as adjective ending, 173 Must have, 166-167
after adverbs, 215
as adverb ending, 172-173, Must not/don't have to,
contrast with gerunds 222-223 344 146-147
with indirect imperatives
314-315 '
negative, 206-207, 218-219
314-315 ' Make (s.o. do s.t.), 226-227 Necessity
Many, 246-247 have (got) to and must,
Managed to, 117 142-143
fter objects, 206-207 227
of purpose, 218-219 '
May passive, 269
after q ues t'lon words 330 331 deduction, 158-159 Negative infinitives
With t d ,- deduction in the past, imperatives, 315
after 00 an enough,214--215 166-167 of purpose, 218-219
certain verbs 206-207
338 ' , future possibility, 154--155,269 after certain verbs, 206-207
•
-tng permission, 120-121 Neither/nor, 110-111
as adJ'e t' May have, 166-167 Never
futur c lV~ ending, 176-177 Maybe with past perfect, 71
fut e continUous, 92-93
llre perfect continuous contrast with ma.y be, 155 with presf'nt perfect, 54
96-97 ' in suggestions, 132-133 with prC's('ni simple, 7
gerund 19 Me neither, ] 11 Non-actIOn verbs (see Stative
s, 8-]99,202-203
Me too, 11] verbs)
Non-defining relativl' dausl's. Passive Preferences, 136 137
308-309 with agent, 264-265 Prepositions
Nor me, III contrast with active, 264-265 combined with adjectives, 338
Not at all. 120-121, 125 with modals, 268-269 combined with verbs, 338
Not either. 110-111 Past (see Past simple) contrast with particles, 233,
Not yet, 50--51 Past participles 237
Nouns to form causative, 272-273 followed by gerunds, 202-203 ,
common, 242-243 to form future perfect, 96-97 223
compound. 349 to form passive, 264-265, relative pronoun as object of,
countable, 242-243, 246-247, 268-269 305
250-251,254-255 to form past perfect, 70-71 Present continuous, 2-3
definite, 254-255 to form present perfect,
• contrast with present simple,
indefinite, 254-255 46-47,50-51,54-55 14-15
followed by infinitives, 210-211 Past perfect, 70-71 for future, 85
irregular plurals, 243, 343 with already, 71 spelling rules, 343
plural, 243, 343 with ever, 71 Present perfect
proper, 242-243 indirect speech, 323 with already,just and yet,
with quantifiers, 246-247 with never, 71 50-51
uncountable, 242-243, with yet, 71 contrast with past simple,
246-247,250-251,254-255 Past perfect continuous, 74-75 58-59
Past continuous, 36-37 contrast with present perfect
contrast with past simple, 37, continuous, 66-67
Object 41 with ever, 55
gerunds, 198-199 with past simple, 40-41 indefinite past, 54-55
before infinitives, 206-207, 227 with while, 37,40-41 with lately, 51
with inseparable and Past si mple, 24-25, 28-29 with since and for, 46-47
separable phrasal verbs, contrast with present perfect, Present perfect continuous, 62-63
232-233,236-237 58-59 contrast with present perfect,
Object relative pronouns, irregular verbs, 24-25, 66-67
304-305,309 336-337 Present simple, 6-7
Often, 7
with past continuous, 40-41 contrast with present
One another/one another's,
pronunciation rules, 348 continuous, 14-15
258-259
spelling rules, 25, 344 for future, 84-85
Ought to
Permission, 120-121 with future perfect, 97
advice, 128-129
polite answers, 121 with future perfect
in indirect speech, 323
with passive, 269 Phrasal verbs continuous, 97
Ought to have, 162-163 inseparable, 232-233 in future time clauses, 89
list, 341-342 pronunciation rules, 348
separable, 236-237 spelling rules, 343
Participles used as adjectives, transitive, 233, 237 Prohibition
176-177 Please must not and can't, 146-147
list, 339 with permission, 121 Pronouns
Particles with requests, 125 reciprocal, 258-259
contrast with prepositions, Plural nouns, 243, 343 reflexive, 258-259
233,237 Possibility relative, 300-301, 304-305,
inseparable phrasal verbs, future, 154-155, 269 308- 309
232-233,341-342 questions, 166-16'1 Pronunciation
separable phrasal verbs, Predicate, 102-103 past simple of regular verbs,
236-237,341-342 Prefer, 136-137 348
416
with object relative pronouns, adjectives, 188-189,339,344
present simple, 348 adverbs, 192-193
304-305
table, 347
Proper nouns, 242-243 with subject relative
punctuation (see also specific pronouns, 300-301
with when and where, 305 Tell/say, 315,319
punctuation)
Relative pronouns Than, 184-185, 192-193
direct speech, 347
after suggestions, 133 in defining and non-defining That
relative clauses, 308-309 with indirect speech, 318-319
purpose, 218-219
object, 304-305 relative pronoun, 301,
Quantifiers
and countable nouns, 246-247 subject, 300-301 304-305
irregular comparisons, 339 Reported speech (see Indirect That/which, 301
and uncountable nouns, speech) The
246-247 Reporting verbs, 314-315, 340 definite article, 250-251,
Question marks Requests, 124-125 254--255
in embedded questions, imperatives, 19 with superlative adjectives,
330-331 indirect speech, 315 188-189
in indirect questions, polite answers, 125 with superlative adverbs,
326-327 192-193
in suggestions, 132-133 Third conditionals, 290-291, 323
Questions (see also Wh- Second conditionals, 286-287, Time clauses
questions; YesINo questions) 323 future, 88-89, 93,97
embedded,330-331,340 Seldom, 7 past, 40-41, 71, 75
indirect, 326-327, 331 Separable phrasal verbs, with since, 47
past simple, 28-29 236-237,341 Too
permission, 120 in additions, 110-111
Several, 246-247
possibility, 167 with infinitives, 214--215
Shall we, 132
about predicate, 102-103 Transitive phrasal verbs, 233, 237
Should
question tags, 106--107 Two-word/part verbs (see
advice, 128-129
requests, 124--125 Phrasal verbs)
indirect speech, 323
about subject, 102-103
Quiz, 351 with passive, 269
Quotation marks, 314--315, 347 Should have, 162-163
Uncountable nouns/countable
Shouldn't, 129 nouns,242-243
Shouldn't have, 162-163 and articles, 250-251, 254--255
Rarely, 7 Since/for, 46-47 and quantifiers, 246--247
Recently, 55 So, 110-111 Unless/if, 283
Some, 246-247,250-251 'Unreal' past, 162-163
eflexlVe expressions 340 Sometimes, 7 Until, 89
Reflexive pronouns, 2'58-259 Stative verbs, 10-11 Used to, 32-33
Regret list, 337 contrast with be/get used to,
about the past 162 Subject 33,203
th.ird conditio~als, 291 gerunds, 198-199,223 or would, 349
wlth wish, 295 of imperative, 19
Regular verbs Usually, 7
, past simple, 24-25, 28
wh- questions, 102-103
Subject relative pronouns,
•
• pronunciation rules 348 300-301
• Relative clauses ' Verbs
Suggestions, 132-133
defining a d·
n non-defimng with both active and
• imperative, 19
308-309 ' stative meanings, 10-11
• Superlatives
417
combined with prepositions, past simple. 40-41 Why don't, 132-133
203.338 with relative clauses, 305, 309 Why not, 132-133
followed by gerund. 198· 19H, Where Will, 80-81, 84-85
222-223.337-338 questions, 103 contractions, 345
imperative form. 18-19 with relative clauses, 305, 309 first conditionals, 283
followed by infinitives. Whether with passive, 269
206-207.222-223.338 in embedded questions, with requests, 124-125
irregular. 24-25, 28, 336-337 330-331 Will be (doing), 92-93
past simple. 24-25, 336-337, in indirect questions, 326-327 Will have been (doing), 96-97
344,348 Whether or not, 327 Will have (done), 96-97
phrasal, 232-233, 236-237, Which Wish, 294-295
341-342 defining and non-defining Would
question tags and auxiliary, relative clauses, 308-309 conditionals, 286-287
106-107 relative pronoun, 301, 305, 309 with requests, 124-125
regular, 24, 28, 344, 348 While or used to, 349
reporting, 314-315, 340 with future time clauses, 89 with wish, 295
stative, 10-11, 15, 337 with past continuous, 40-41 Would have, 290-291
transitive, 233, 237 Who Would prefer, 136-137
used reflexively, 340 with questions about subject Would rather, 136-137
and predicate, 102-103 Would you mind, 124-125
relative pronoun, 300-301,
Warnings, 19 305,309
Was/were (doing), 36-37 Whom Yes/No questions
Were with questions about embedded, 331
in second conditionals, predicate, 103 indirect, 326-327
286-287 relative pronoun, 305 Yet
in wishes, 294-295 Whos~ 301,305,309 with past perfect, 71
When Wh- questions with present perfect, 50-51
future time clauses, 89 embedded, 330-331
past perfect, 71 indirect, 326-327
past perfect continuous, 75 subject and predicate, 102-103 Zero conditionals, 278-279
418

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Marjorie Fuchs & Margaret Bonner

with Kenna Bourke

~~T Present Continuous and Present Simple 14

Past Simple: Negative Statements and Questions 28

T Past Continuous and Past Simple 40

PART III: Perfect and ct

Present Perfect and Past Simple 58

Present Perfect Continuous 62

• '\ Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous 66

PART IV: and Future

Future nme Clauses 88

Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous 96

PART V: Wh- Questions, Tag Qu ion ,Additions

-::..;T Question Tags 106

Additions with So, Too, Neither and Not either 110

PART VI: Modals (I)

T Permission: May, Can, Could, 00 you mind if ... ? 120

T Requests: Will, Can, Would, Could, Would you mind . .. ? 124

Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better 128

Suggestions: Could, Why don't . .. ?, Why not . .. ?, 132

Expectations: Be supposed to 150

Deduction: May, Might. Could, Must, 158

1 Expressing Regret about the Past: Should have, 162

I SelfTest VII 170

PART VIII: Adjectives and

Participles used as Adjectives 176

J Adjectives and Adverbs: As . . . as . . . 180

PART IX: Gerunds and Infinitives

PART X: Phra I Verbs

PART XI: Nouns, Quanti Artie , Reflexive

" (No Article) and The 254

Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal Pronouns 258

PART XII The Pa

The Passive with Modals 268

The Causative 272

SelfTest XII 276

Third Conditionals 290

SelfTest XIII 298

PART XIV: Relative CI

1 Relative Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns 304

Relative Clauses: Defining and Non-Defining 308

My best friend. who knows you, studies here.)

SelfTest XIV 312

PART XV: Indirect Speech

Indirect Speech: Statements (1) 318

APPENDIX 20 Spelling Rules for the Present Simple: 343

APPENDIX 26 Pronunciation Table 347 I

APPENDIX 21 Pronunciation Rules for the Present Si mple: 348

Grommar ExP'fiS features

• Short, easy-to-use four-page units

The grammar point is presented in three steps.

An Appendix Quiz practises elements from the Appendices.

CHART CHECK 1 AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS NEGATIVE STA

with different subjects?

T F In questions, Am I you are. you aren't .

Why _ _ _ _ _ _ you _ _-----;-;--------:-_ _ ? They _ _ _ _ _ _ still - - - : - - - - .

3. USAGE NOTE: The - is usually A: Bye, Jack, we t I ~ now.

BEY: Bye, Joe, I ___'m-;;-l;;-

BEV: Why don't you take him? It's your turn.

JOE: I can't. I -_---;-~--;-::--_ on my book.

JOE: That's not true. I

. ( ,,~ about my work. Can't the dog go with you? •

BEV: No, because afterwards w t