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ABC Calc now provides feed-back of results by individual antibacterial agent and route of
To achieve this, a new procedure for inserting rows in the "Enter consumption data" folde
After selecting a row to be copied and copying this row, one must stay on the same row a
This is different from versions of ABC Calc prior to version 3.0.
Failure to use this new procedure will result in calculations errors when using ABC Calc 3
References
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification index with Defined Daily Doses (DDDs).
Oslo (Norway): WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology
Capellà D. Descriptive tools and analysis. In: Dukes MNG, editor. Drug utilization studies. Metho
Copenhagen (Denmark): WHO Regional Office for Europe; 1993. p. 55-78.
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to Marit Rønning & Hege Salvesen Blix (WHO Collaborating Centre for Dru
Oslo, Norway) for providing the updated definitions of DDDs and constructive remarks, to Stepha
Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands), Catherine Billon (Centre Hospitalier de V
& John M. Stelling (WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance, Micr
and Women's Hospital, Boston MA, USA) who provided helpful comments about the first version
and to Fiona M. MacKenzie (ARPAC project, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, Scotland), Ro
(ESAC project, Antwerp University, Wilrijk, Belgium), Peter Zarb (St. Luke's Hospital, G'Mangia, M
and all users of versions 1 and 2 whose suggestions helped to further improve this Excel applica
Calc
lculator. Version 3.1.
As recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), ABC Calc reports consumption as a
per 100 bed-days. For a specific drug, the DDD corresponds to the assumed average daily dose
DDDs are assigned by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology
ABC Calc uses the latest update, i.e. the ATC/DDD Index 2006
setting, they should NOT be modified, in order to allow comparisons among hospitals.
ABC Calc now provides feed-back of results by individual antibacterial agent and route of
To achieve this, a new procedure for inserting rows in the "Enter consumption data" folde
After selecting a row to be copied and copying this row, one must stay on the same row a
This is different from versions of ABC Calc prior to version 3.0.
Failure to use this new procedure will result in calculations errors when using ABC Calc 3
At present, ABC Calc only deals with "Antibacterials for systemic use" also known as group J01 o
antibacterials in the following ATC groups: A02BD (Combinations for eradication of Helicobacter
incl. For selective decontamination of the digestive tract), J04A (Drugs for treatment of tuberculo
and other protozoal diseases). Antibiotics for topical use, which are found in other ATC groups,
Additionally, ABC Calc cannot deal with several antibiotic combinations, mainly because DDDs h
Before a solution is found to this problem, we nevertheless encourage users to record informatio
combinations to help identify the ones that are used in hospitals.
Despite its limitations, we hope that ABC Calc will help collect antibiotic consumption data from h
and increase awareness about antibiotic misuse in hospitals.
Comments and suggestions are welcomed and can be sent to Dominique L. Monnet at:
imicrobials and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut (Copenhagen, Denmark)
nce Monitoring and Research Programme (DANMAP) and as one of the activities of the
to help members of the microbiology and infectious disease community calculate
units. It is a simple tool that transforms data provided by hospital pharmacies
ntibiotic consumption rates.
HO), ABC Calc reports consumption as a number of Defined Daily Doses (DDD)
ponds to the assumed average daily dose for its main indication in adults.
e for Drug Statistics Methodology (Oslo, Norway) and updated once a year.
. Although DDDs might not reflect daily doses used in practice in a specific
comparisons among hospitals.
systemic use" also known as group J01 of the ATC classification system, as well as
mbinations for eradication of Helicobacter pylori), A07AA (Intestinal antiinfectives,
t), J04A (Drugs for treatment of tuberculosis) and P01A (Agents against amoebiasis
e, which are found in other ATC groups, are excluded.
ic combinations, mainly because DDDs have not been defined for these combinations.
ess encourage users to record information on specialties consisting in antibiotic
The method for inserting rows in the "Enter consumption data" folder has changed (as compared to
After selecting a row to be copied and copying this row, one must stay on the same row and insert th
Please see below for detailed instructions.
Failure to use this new procedure will result in calculations errors when using ABC Calc 3.1.
Instructions
1. Save the file ABC Calc 3.1.xls under a new name ("Save as"), e.g. myABdata.xls, then open this new file.
2. Go to "Enter consumption data" and enter the names of all antibiotic products stored by the pharmacy and the
number of grams per unit dose and number of unit doses per package. When given in another unit, convert to
1 million international units (or MIU or MU) benzylpenicillin correspond to 0.6 grams. If a vial of benzylpenicillin
then the number of grams per unit dose is 3).
Definitions
Unit dose. Depending on the product, a unit dose corresponds to one tablet, one gelcap, one vial of infusion
In some instances, users might want to use a volume as a unit dose, e.g. 1 ml infusion solution, 1 ml mixture
Package. Depending on the product, a package corresponds to, for example, a box of 10 tablets, a bag of 5
In some instances, the package may be equal to the unit dose, e.g. if vials of infusion solution are distributed
the number of unit doses per package is 1.
3. If there is a second product for the same antibiotic name and route of administration
- select the corresponding row (number on the left, e.g. below "48")
IMPORTANT NOTE: Failure to insert rows as mentioned above will result in calculations errors when u
- finally, replace/correct the information about the second product for this antibiotic and route of administratio
IMPORTANT NOTE: As a rule, USERS MUST ONLY WORK WITH WHITE CELLS in ABC Calc.
Grey cells must NOT be modified because they contain reference information or formulas.
Continue until the whole list of products, grams per unit dose and number of unit doses per package is comple
4. Enter the number of packages of each product which has been consumed during the study period as in the ex
This will automatically calculate the number of grams (or MU) (column N) and the number of DDDs (column O
5. Finally, go to "Enter hospital data-Get results" and enter information on hospital activity.
Make sure that this information is collected for the same hospitalization units and patient types as for
This information can be entered:
- either as the number of beds, the occupancy index (e.g., enter 0.85 if 85% of beds where occupied during t
the number of days during the study period. ABC Calc will automatically calculate the number of bed-days
Nr. bed-days (during a specific period) = Nr. beds x Occupancy index x Nr. days (during that
- or directly as the number of bed-days if readily available. A bed-day corresponds to one occupied hospital b
The days of admission and discharge are usually counted together as one bed-day.
After calculation or entry of the number of bed-days, ABC Calc will automatically calculate overall consumptio
and consumption of various classes of antibiotics as a number of grams per 100 bed-days (column L) and as
DDD per 100 bed-days (column M).
wledge of Excel, including "Save as", "Copy" and "Insert copied cells" functions.
ft® Excel should seek help before entering data.
er consumption data" folder has changed (as compared to versions of ABC Calc prior to version 3.0).
pying this row, one must stay on the same row and insert the copied cells.
names of all antibiotic products stored by the pharmacy and their corresponding
unit doses per package. When given in another unit, convert to grams (e.g.,
nzylpenicillin correspond to 0.6 grams. If a vial of benzylpenicillin contains 5 MU,
dose corresponds to one tablet, one gelcap, one vial of infusion solution, one vial of mixture, etc.
a volume as a unit dose, e.g. 1 ml infusion solution, 1 ml mixture, etc.
age corresponds to, for example, a box of 10 tablets, a bag of 500 tablets or a box of 12 vials, etc.
al to the unit dose, e.g. if vials of infusion solution are distributed individually. In this case,
s mentioned above will result in calculations errors when using ABC Calc 3.1
s per unit dose and number of unit doses per package is complete.
t which has been consumed during the study period as in the example below.
grams (or MU) (column N) and the number of DDDs (column O) used during the period.
ily available. A bed-day corresponds to one occupied hospital bed during one day.
ually counted together as one bed-day.
p
h
o
e
s
-
l
Without anti-pseudomonal
m
w
n
n
d
u
s
e
x
e
c
r
t
t
i
l
l
i
i
With anti-pseudo. act.
gr. pivampicillin + gr. pivmecillinam
n
n
a
c
s
e
v
e
s
-
t
l
i
l
l
i
1 MU = 0.6 g
1 MU = 0.625 g
n
e
a
c
e
s
e
r
t
t
l
.
G
C
J
0
1
Without
m
o
o
n
a
s
t
i
gr.
gr. ampicillin
ampicillin ++ gr.
gr. cloxacillin
cloxacillin
tio
ph
po
ge
ne
ns
os
ce
rs
ra
Fi
al
D
B
ri
t-
n
-
J01D - Other
n
d
o
n
p
h
p
o
n
e
c
e
s
r
r
-
t
i
i
d
o
n
p
h
p
o
n
e
c
e
s
r
r
-
t
i
i
S
L 0
h
o 1 J
o J
n E 0 J
r 0
g C 1 0
t 1
- J0 D 1
- D
a - 1E H D
J01E - Sulfonamides
a and F
trimethoprim
c A E
c
t I C M
t Tri F
i n a o
i m o
n t r n
n et u
g e b o
h r
g b
r a t
s m p h
s
u e .
u
l d
l
f .
f
o
o
n
n
a
a
m
m
i
i
d
d
e
e
s
s
o
n
1
s
t
i
i
J01F - Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins
gr.
gr.sulfamethox.
sulfamethox.++gr.
gr.trimethoprim
trimethoprim
trimethoprim
gr. sulfametrole + gr. trimethoprim
d
1
a
c
e
s
l
i
1 MU = 0.3125 g
F
o
c
s
i
.
F
- O G
t
F h
l e
J01M - Quinolone
u antibacterials J01G J
- rAminoglycoside antib.
0
o
a 1
r m G
o i A
q n
u o
i g S
t
n l r
o y e
c p
l g
o o
r
s
n
i
e d
s e
s
gr. quinupristin + gr. dalfopristin
- B
J J
J 0 J 0 J J
O -
0 1 0 1 0 0
t X
1 X 1 1 1
h B O
X D X X R
e t
E C A A
antibacterials
J01R
r J01X P- Other h
I
o e
N m S l
G C
a r
i i t y l o
n
t d e m y m
t q
r a r i c b
i u
o z o x o i
b i i
f o i p n
a n n
. l d . .
c s o
.
t l
e o
r n
i e
a s
l
s
in MU
Antibacterials in ATC groups other than J01, excl.
1
1
1
Tazobactam J01CG02
Ampicillin and enzyme inhibitor (Parenteral) J01CR01 P 2 g 0.0
Amoxicillin and enzyme inhibitor (Oral) J01CR02 O 1 g 0.0
Amoxicillin and enzyme inhibitor (Parenteral) J01CR02 P 3 g 0.0
Sultamicillin (ampicillin and enzyme inh., Oral) J01CR04 O 1.5 g 0.0
Ticarcillin and enzyme inhibitor J01CR03 P 15 g 0.0
Piperacillin and enzyme inhibitor J01CR05 P 14 g 0.0
Ampicillin + cloxacillin (250:250) (Oral) J01CR50 O 2 g 0.0
Ampicillin + cloxacillin (250:250) (Parenteral) J01CR50 P 2 g 0.0
Ampicillin + flucloxacillin (250:250) (Oral) J01CR50 O 2 g 0.0
Ampicillin + flucloxacillin (250:250) (Parenteral) J01CR50 P 2 g 0.0
Ampicillin + oxacillin (125:125) (Oral) J01CR50 O 2 g 0.0
Ampicillin + oxacillin (660:330) (Parenteral) J01CR50 P 2 g 0.0
Combinations of penicillins (other) J01CR50
Cefalexin J01DB01 O 2 g 0.0
Cefaloridine J01DB02 P 3 g 0.0
Cefalotin J01DB03 P 4 g 0.0
Cefazolin J01DB04 P 3 g 0.0
Cefadroxil J01DB05 O 2 g 0.0
Cefazedone J01DB06 P 3 g 0.0
Cefatrizine J01DB07 O 1 g 0.0
Cefapirin J01DB08 P 4 g 0.0
Cefradine (Oral) J01DB09 O 2 g 0.0
Cefradine (Parenteral) J01DB09 P 2 g 0.0
Cefacetrile J01DB10
Cefroxadine J01DB11
Ceftezole J01DB12 P 6 g 0.0
Cefoxitin J01DC01 P 6 g 0.0
Cefuroxime (Oral) J01DC02 O 0.5 g 0.0
Cefuroxime (Parenteral) J01DC02 P 3 g 0.0
Cefamandole J01DC03 P 6 g 0.0
Cefaclor J01DC04 O 1 g 0.0
Cefotetan J01DC05 P 4 g 0.0
Cefonicid J01DC06 P 1 g 0.0
Cefotiam J01DC07 P 4 g 0.0
Loracarbef J01DC08 O 0.6 g 0.0
Cefmetazole J01DC09
Cefprozil J01DC10 O 1 g 0.0
Ceforanide J01DC11 P 4 g 0.0
Cefotaxime J01DD01 P 4 g 0.0
Ceftazidime J01DD02 P 4 g 0.0
Cefsulodin J01DD03 P 4 g 0.0
Ceftriaxone J01DD04 P 2 g 0.0
Cefmenoxime J01DD05 P 2 g 0.0
Latamoxef J01DD06 P 4 g 0.0
Ceftizoxime J01DD07 P 4 g 0.0
Cefixime J01DD08 O 0.4 g 0.0
Cefodizime J01DD09 P 2 g 0.0
Cefetamet J01DD10 O 1 g 0.0
Cefpiramide J01DD11 P 2 g 0.0
Cefoperazone J01DD12 P 4 g 0.0
Cefpodoxime J01DD13 O 0.4 g 0.0
Ceftibuten J01DD14 O 0.4 g 0.0
Cefdinir J01DD15 O 0.6 g 0.0
Cefditoren J01DD16
Ceftriaxone, combinations J01DD54
Cefoperazone, combinations J01DD62
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0
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0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
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No. MU
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
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0.0
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0.0
0.0
0.0
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0.0
0.0
0.0
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0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
Nr. beds
Occupancy index (during study period)
Nr. days (during study period)
OR
Nr. bed-days 0
Antibacterials in ATC groups other than J01, excl. topical use (Total) 0.0 0.0 #DIV/0!
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