nxuong-BMTBD

Generalities

Overvoltage:

• Overvoltage
O l factor=
f transient
i voltage
l amplitude/operating
li d / i voltage
l

• Main risks:
Malfunctions, destruction of the equipment and, consequently, lack of
continuity of service

• Consequences:
q
- short disconnections (automatic reclosing on MV public distribution
networks by overhead lines);
- long disconnections (intervention for changing damaged insulators or
even replacement of equipment).

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 Generalities
• Gas clearance is the shortest
path between two conductive
parts

• Creepage
C distance is
di i also
l theh
shortest path between two
conductors, but following the
outer surface of a solid insulator
(this is known as creepage)

Mode of disturbances:
• differential mode: between different
phases or circuits
• common mode: between live
conductors and the frame or earth

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Withstand voltage

 In gases, insulation withstand voltage is a highly nonlinear function

of clearance. For example, in air ( practically unaffected by rain):
300 kV/m under 1 m
200 kV/m between 1 and 4 m
150 kV/m between 4 and 8 m

 Creepage distances are determined to obtain a withstand similar to direct

air clearance between two end electrodes when they are dry and clean.
On the other hand, rain and especially wet pollution considerably reduce
their withstand voltage.

A few orders of magnitude

Dielectric strength
(20°C, 1 bar absolute): 2.9 to 3 kV/mm
Ionization limit
(20°C, 1 bar absolute): 2.6 kV/mm

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 Clearances and creepage
distances in switchboard

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Clearances distances in
switchboard

IEC 61439-1 standard defines the requirements applicable to

clearances inside a switchboard.

Clearance is the shortest distance in the air:

- between two live conductors,
- between a live conductor and the ground.

Rated impulse withstand Minimum clearance (mm)

voltage Uimp (kV)
< 2.5 1.5
4.0 3.0
6.5 5.5
8.0 8.0
12.0 14.0

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 creepage distances in
switchboard
IEC 61439-1 standard
The creepage distance is the shortest distance along the
surface of an insulation between:
- two live conductors,
- between a live conductor and the bounding surface.
The standard defines creepage depending on:
- the rated clearance voltage Ui of the table,
- the type of insulating material (which defines the material
group),
- the degree of pollution in the environment.

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Insulator particular case

Insulator particular case

Sometimes insulators are used between live parts or between live
parts and metallic earthed structures. The choice of an insulator shall
take into account the level of pollution.
pollution
These levels of pollution are described in Technical Specification IEC
TS 60815-1.

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 Power frequency withstand

 Power frequency withstand:

Voltage withstand checked by the
standard one-minute dielectric tests.
tests

In normal operating conditions, network voltage may

present short duration power frequency overvoltages
(a fraction of a second to a few hours: depending on SF6 and air breakdown voltage as a
network protection and operating mode).
function of absolute pressure
Voltage withstand checked by the standard one-
minute dielectric tests is normally sufficient.

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Lightning overvoltage withstand

Standardised lightning waveforms

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 Standardised short duration withstand voltage at power frequency

Standardised insulation levels for root mean square voltage networks

(IEC 60 071 and 60 298)
Rated voltage standardised short duration standardised withstand
Ur kV rms. withstand voltage at power voltages to lightning impulses
frequency kV rms 1 2/50μs
1.2/50μs
kV peak
0.4 2.5 6/8
3.6 10 20/40
7.2 20 40/60
12 28 60/75/95
17.5 38 75/95
24 50 95/125/145
36 70 145/170
52 95 250
72.5 140 325
123 (185)/230 450/550
145 (185)/230/275 (450)/550/650
170 (230)/275/325 (550)/650/750

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245 (275)/(325)/360/395/460 (650)/(750)/850/950/1050 11

Distances in air between live parts

and metallic earthed structures

Ambient air between live parts

IEC 60071-2 table VI - A
These distances guarantee correct
dielectric withstand when the altitude is
less than 1000m.

(*)These indications are relative to a distance through a single

air gap, without taking into account the breakdown voltage by
tracking across the surfaces, related to pollution problems.

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 Example: Voltage Characteristics of SM6 MV Switchgear

rated voltage (KV) 7,2 12 17,5 24

50 Hz / 1 min. (KV rms)

insulation 20 28 38 50
isolation 23 32 45 60

1,2 / 50 µs (KV peak)

insulation 60 75 95 125
isolation 70 85 110 145

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Characteristics of the various overvoltage types

• nature of disturbances: varied and random

• statistical approach to their duration, amplitudes and effects

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 Power frequency overvoltages

Overvoltage caused by an insulation fault occurs on a three-phase network

when the neutral is unearthed or impedance-earthed

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Power frequency overvoltages

Overvoltage on a long off-load line (Ferranti effect)

• a long line is energised at one of its ends and not connected at the other
• voltage wave increasing in linear fashion along the line

Overvoltage by ferromagnetic resonance

• when a circuit contains both a capacitor (voluntary or stray) and an inductance

with saturable magnetic circuit (e.g. a transformer).
• The resonance occurs particularly when a circuit opening or closing is
performed on the network with a device having poles either separate or with
non-simultaneous operation.

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 Switching overvoltages

Switching overvoltages
Sudden changes in electrical network structure  high frequency overvoltage

Normal load switching overvoltage

power factor >= 0.7 (“normal load”) : breaking or making of load currents does
not present a major problem: overvoltage factor (transient voltage
amplitude/operating voltage ratio) varies between 1.2 and 1.5

Overvoltages caused by making and breaking of small inductive currents

Overvoltage caused by switching on capacitive circuits

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Lightning overvoltages

Direct lightning strokes

Injection of a current wave of several

dozens of kA in the line  an increase in
voltage U = Zci/2
- i : injected current
- Zc: characteristic line zero sequence
impedance (300 to 1,000 ohms).

on the 20 kV MV public network

•3 % of overvoltages
g exceed 70 kV
•maximum overvoltages at the entrance of a
substation are estimated at 150 kV (very rare)
•highest impulse withstand of 24 kV equipment when lightning strikes directly, the current wave
is 125 kV. propagates on either side of the point of impact.

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 Lightning overvoltages
Indirect lightning strokes

When indirect strokes fall on a support or

even simply next to a line, high overvoltages
are generated in the network

• lightning falls on the pylon or the earth cable

U = (1/2)Ri+ (1/2)Ldi/dt
several hundreds of kV

• lightning falls next to the line:

electromagnetic field induction
several dozens of kV

• lightning stroke passes through a MV / LV

transformer
capacitive coupling when lightning falls on the earth cable, current
evacuation causes an increase in the potential of
98 % did not exceed 6 kV
the pylon metal frame with respect to earth.

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Lightning overvoltages

Transmission of a lightning surge, from MV to LV, takes place by

capacitive coupling of the transformer windings

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 Lightning overvoltages

Electrostatic overvoltages (concern in particular

unearthed networks)

• a cloud charged at a certain potential is placed

above a line

• this line takes on a charge of opposite direction

• an electric field, E, thus exists between the line

and the ground which can reach 30 kV/m

• the line/ earth capacitor is charged to a origin of an electrostatic overvoltage

potential of around 150 to 500 kV

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Insulation coordination

• The purpose of insulation coordination is to

determine the necessary and sufficient
insulation characteristics of the various
networkk components ini order
d to obtain
b i
uniform withstand to normal voltages and to
overvoltages of various origins

• Its final objective is to ensure safe,

optimised distribution of electrical power.

various voltage levels present on MV-HV networks

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 Insulation coordination
Correct protection level and equipment withstand as a function of probable
overvoltages
- at least as far as power frequency and switching impulses are concerned, this level will
never be overshot.
- as regards lightning, a compromise must generally be found between insulation level,
protection level of arresters
arresters, if any
any, and acceptable failure risk
risk.

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