Sei sulla pagina 1di 6

Lab03 Passive Filter

I. Objective
Introduction to inductors
Introduction to filters
Realize the feature of RC low-pass filters and RLC band-pass filters

II. Introduction to Filters


1. Inductors
An inductor acts like a time- varying current- sensitive resistance. It only “resists” during

changes in current; otherwise (under steady- state dc conditions), it passes current as if it were

a wire. When the applied voltage increases, it acts like a time-dependent resistor whose

resistance is greatest during times of rapid increase in current. On the other hand, when the
applied voltage decreases, the inductor acts like a time-dependent voltage source attempting to

keep current flowing.

 Inductors can control signals. The higher the frequency, the less easily the
signal flows.
Inductors can store electrical energy in a form of magnetic energy using the
property that an electric current flowing through a coil produces a magnetic field, which in

turn produces an electric current.

In LC circuit, inductors can function similar to the springs in S.H.M. The LC circuit will

oscillate at the circuit's resonant frequency. LC circuit could be filters.

Ferrite Leaded Inductor


(220 μH ±5%)

Composite Iron Powder Toroidal Inductor


(220 μH ±20%)

1
2. Types of filters

A filter is a circuit that is capable of passing a specific range of frequencies


while blocking other frequencies. The four major types of filters are :
a. Low-pass filters
Pass low-frequency components of an input signal.
b. High-pass filters
Pass high-frequency components of an input signal.
c. Bandpass filters
Pass a narrow range of frequencies centered around the filter’s resonant
frequency.
d. Notch filters (or band-reject filters)
Pass all frequencies except those within a narrow band centered around
the filter’s resonant frequency.

2
3. Application of filters

a. Low-pass filter: DC power supply

b. Low-pass and high-pass filter: speaker crossover network

c. Band-pass and low-pass filter: AM radio detector


Filters have many practical applications in electronics. For example, within a dc power

supply, filters can be used to eliminate unwanted high-frequency noise present within the

ac line voltage, and they act to flatten out pulsing dc voltages generated by the supply’s

rectifier section. In radio communications, filters make it possible for a radio receiver to

provide the listener with only the desired signal while rejecting all others. Likewise, filters

allow a radio transmitter to generate only one signal while attenuating other signals that

might interfere with different radio transmitters’ signals. In audio electronics, filter

networks called crossover networks are used to divert low audio signals to woofers,

middle-range frequencies to midrange speakers, and high frequencies to tweeters. A notch

filter is often used to eliminate 60 Hz mains hum from audio circuits.

3
4. RC low-pass filter

1 K

1 F

1
Define 𝑓0 = , and the magnitude fraction and phase delay between vo and vi becomes:
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
𝑣𝑜 1 𝑓
= ,𝜙 = tan−1 ( )
𝑣𝑖 2 𝑓0
√1+( 𝑓 )
𝑓0

Here, f0 is called the cutoff frequency of the circuit. The cutoff frequency represents the
𝟏
frequency at which the output voltage is attenuated by a factor of (~𝟎. 𝟕), the equivalent of
√𝟐

half power.

4. RLC band-pass filter (in series)


𝑣𝑜
C 𝑣𝑖
sine wave L
𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑜
1
Vpp=10 V
1

R √2

0 𝑓1 𝑓
𝑓− 𝑓+

1
Define the resonant frequency 𝑓1 = and the bandwidth of the series RLC circuit above
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

is ∆𝑓 = 𝑓+ − 𝑓− , where 𝑓+ and 𝑓− represent the frequency at which the output voltage


𝟏
is attenuated by a factor of (~𝟎. 𝟕), the equivalent of half power.
√𝟐

4
III. Experiment
Exp_1: RC low-pass filter and cutoff frequency

sine wave

1 K

1 F
Vpp=10 V

Build the circuit on the breadboard. Input a sine wave (Vpp=10 V) to Vi (CH2), and vary the

frequency. Record the output voltage Vo (CH1) decreasing when the input frequency
increasing and find the cutoff frequency (when Vo drop to ~0.7Vi).

Exp_2: RLC band-pass filter(RLC circuits in series and in parallel )

sine wave sine wave

220 H 1 F 33 
Vpp=10 V Vpp=10 V
220 H
33  1 1FF

Build the two circuits on the breadboard. Input a sine wave (Vpp=10 V) to Vi (CH2) , and

vary the frequency from 1 kHz to 100 kHz. Record the variation of the output voltage Vo

(CH1) when the input frequency increasing. Find the bandwidth of the two circuits.

5
Questions:
1. According to your data, is the RC circuit low-pass filter? Why?
2. According to your data, are the two RLC circuits band-pass filter? Why?

FINAL REPORT Question:


1. What is the difference between the two RLC circuits in Exp_2? Which will you
choose in the AM radio?
2. What is the difference between passive filters and active filters?

Potrebbero piacerti anche