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I. Objective
Introduction to inductors
Introduction to filters
Realize the feature of RC low-pass filters and RLC band-pass filters
changes in current; otherwise (under steady- state dc conditions), it passes current as if it were
a wire. When the applied voltage increases, it acts like a time-dependent resistor whose
resistance is greatest during times of rapid increase in current. On the other hand, when the
applied voltage decreases, the inductor acts like a time-dependent voltage source attempting to
Inductors can control signals. The higher the frequency, the less easily the
signal flows.
Inductors can store electrical energy in a form of magnetic energy using the
property that an electric current flowing through a coil produces a magnetic field, which in
In LC circuit, inductors can function similar to the springs in S.H.M. The LC circuit will
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2. Types of filters
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3. Application of filters
supply, filters can be used to eliminate unwanted high-frequency noise present within the
ac line voltage, and they act to flatten out pulsing dc voltages generated by the supply’s
rectifier section. In radio communications, filters make it possible for a radio receiver to
provide the listener with only the desired signal while rejecting all others. Likewise, filters
allow a radio transmitter to generate only one signal while attenuating other signals that
might interfere with different radio transmitters’ signals. In audio electronics, filter
networks called crossover networks are used to divert low audio signals to woofers,
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4. RC low-pass filter
1 K
1 F
1
Define 𝑓0 = , and the magnitude fraction and phase delay between vo and vi becomes:
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
𝑣𝑜 1 𝑓
= ,𝜙 = tan−1 ( )
𝑣𝑖 2 𝑓0
√1+( 𝑓 )
𝑓0
Here, f0 is called the cutoff frequency of the circuit. The cutoff frequency represents the
𝟏
frequency at which the output voltage is attenuated by a factor of (~𝟎. 𝟕), the equivalent of
√𝟐
half power.
R √2
0 𝑓1 𝑓
𝑓− 𝑓+
1
Define the resonant frequency 𝑓1 = and the bandwidth of the series RLC circuit above
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
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III. Experiment
Exp_1: RC low-pass filter and cutoff frequency
sine wave
1 K
1 F
Vpp=10 V
Build the circuit on the breadboard. Input a sine wave (Vpp=10 V) to Vi (CH2), and vary the
frequency. Record the output voltage Vo (CH1) decreasing when the input frequency
increasing and find the cutoff frequency (when Vo drop to ~0.7Vi).
220 H 1 F 33
Vpp=10 V Vpp=10 V
220 H
33 1 1FF
Build the two circuits on the breadboard. Input a sine wave (Vpp=10 V) to Vi (CH2) , and
vary the frequency from 1 kHz to 100 kHz. Record the variation of the output voltage Vo
(CH1) when the input frequency increasing. Find the bandwidth of the two circuits.
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Questions:
1. According to your data, is the RC circuit low-pass filter? Why?
2. According to your data, are the two RLC circuits band-pass filter? Why?