1 Introduction Unit Measurement

FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Matter
&
Energy
Matter
• Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass
• Example : wood, water, air
• Can not be created or destroy, but can change state
• Example : ice  water  steam
• Energy released when change state
• Divided into 2 states of nature
Matter
Chemical nature Physical nature of

of matter matter
Chemical Nature of Matter

Atom
The smallest chemical element that can exist,
made up of:
- Nucleus – center of an atom
- Protons – Positive Charge
- Neutrons – No Charge / Neutral
- Electrons – Negative Charge
In a balance atom, amount of electron spinning
around the nucleus is the same as
proton inside the nucleus.
Element
- An object or substance of only 1 type of atom
- Cannot be reduced chemically into smaller substance.
- Currently there are 109 elements known.
Molecule
- The smallest particle of a substance that still remain the same substance
- A chemical combination of 2 atoms
- These molecules are packed tightly together so that substances appear as solids,
liquids or gasses.
- Forces of attraction and repulsion exist between all molecules and these forces
which are electro-magnetic, vary with the state in which the substances exist.
- E.g. A molecule of H2O.
Physical Nature of Matter

Solid
- A rigid form, has a definite volume and shape (independent of its container)
- Low energy state
- Incompressible
- heat added to solid, molecular movement cannot move far / close together
Solid molecule are closely pack

together. Permitting low
movement activities in the
molecules
Liquid
- Assume the shape of the container but does not fill
- Higher energy state
- Partially bond together, the bonding force is called surface tension
Molecules are loosely

packed in a liquid
Gas
-Consume the shape of the container
- heat energy added – molecular movement increase further till surface tension can no
longer hold the molecules  molecules escape as gas
- lighter than air & will expand to fill the container
- Very high energy state
- Compressible
- Boiling point is varies directly with pressure
- E.g. water boils less than 100 deg C when pressure
is lower than atmospheric.
Explain the phase

transformation of matter
from a solid state to gas?
Enthalpy changes during the change of state – Ice to Steam

Atomic Structure
1. An atom consists largely of

empty space.
2. At its centre is the nucleus,
which is formed from closely
packed protons and neutrons.
3. Surrounding this is a ‘cloud’ of
orbiting electrons circulating
around it in all directions.
4. Protons are positively charged
particles and electrons are
negatively charged particles.
5. There must be as many
electrons orbiting the nucleus
as there are protons within the
nuclues.
Atomic Structure
6. Where the molecules of a substance consists of
only one type of atom, the substance is classified
as an element.
7. All atoms of a particular element contains a
definite number of protons and subsequent
electrons.
8. It is the number of protons in an atom that provide
the ATOMIC NUMBER, and the total mass of all the
sub-atomic particles (protons, neutrons and
electrons) that provide a measure of the ATOMIC
WEIGHT.
9. Element that have the same number of protons in
the nucleus but different relative atomic masses as
a result of different number of electrons are called
ISOTOPES
10. Normally atoms are electrically neutral, as far as charge is concerned, because
electrons and protons are present in equal numbers.
11. An atom can become positively or negatively charged if it has electrons taken away
or added.
12. An ion is therefore an atom which has lost or gained an electron.
13. Metals represent a category of elements endowed with particular properties.

14. One of these is that some of the electrons in the outer shells are so loosely tied to the
nucleus that they are effectively free and move easily from one atom to another.
15. Applying an external electrical force (such as that provided by a battery or generator)
they can all be made to move in the same direction.
16. When all the electrons move in one direction the current is known as Direct Current
(DC), as when a battery is used to provide the electrical force (voltage).
17. When the electrons are moved forwards and backwards, then the current is called
alternating current (AC).
18. AC current on aircraft usually has a frequency of 400Hz.
19. This orderly movement of electrons is called current. Metals which easily permit the
orderly movement of electrons are called Conductors e.g. copper, aluminium, silver,
platinum, bronze and gold.
20. In other materials the electrons are held more firmly in their outer shells. In these
material it is almost impossible to induce an orderly movement of electrons. They are
classified as Non-Conductors or Insulators. E.g. glass, rubber, plastic, wood, etc.
21. The family of elements called semiconductors sometimes behave like conductors and
sometimes like insulators.
22. Typical material are silicon and germanium.
23. These materials have four valence electrons, each atom shares its electrons with
adjacent atoms to form a strongly bonded structure called a crystal lattice.
24. However electron movement can be achieved by heating as the temperature rises the
electrons become more agitated and leave their orbits.
25. This is known as “intrinsic” conduction.
Chemical Reactions
1. Chemical reactions are concerned with the loss or gain of electrons in the outer
shells. Elements with deficiencies in their outer shells are chemically very active and
form compound easily.
2. Example: Sodium (Na) with an atomic number of 11 and Chlorine (Cl) with an atomic
number of 17.
Na Cl
3. A COMPOUND is defined as the chemical combination of two or more elements and

by chemical means can be separated back into their original elements.
Balancing Chemical Equations

1. The molecular mass is the total atomic mass of all the atoms that form the molecule.
2. Consider molecule of water the chemical symbol H2O, its molecular mass is thus 18
or [(2x1) +16].
3. However as a chemical formula it is impossible to show this as;
H2 + O =H2O
4. Since oxygen on its own can only exist naturally in its molecular form with 2 atoms,
i.e. O2
5. Thus the equation has to be written as;
2H2 + O2 =2H2O
6. Calculate the molecular mass for the above equation?
1) Weight
 The Force with which gravity attracts mass
 Gravity varies with the distance between the body and the center of the earth
 The further the object from the center, the less in weight
 Earth gravity is 1G = 32ft/sec2 or 9.81 m/sec2
 Weight = Mass × Gravity
2) Mass
 The amount of matter in an object
 Constant regardless of the location
 Unit for weight and mass – pounds (English) or kilograms (Metric)
 Slug is unit of mass in English System
3) Density
 Weight of substance per unit volume
 For solid & liquid – varies with temperature
 Temperature only change volume due to thermal expansion
 Density = Weight / Volume
 E.g. A liquid and its container weighs 2000 lbs. The dimension of the container is
Long = 3ft, Width = 4ft, Deep = 3ft. Calculate the density value for the liquid and
container?
3ft
10 m
4ft
3ft
16 m
4) Specific Gravity
 Calculated by comparing the weight of a volume of a substance
to the weight of the same volume of water.
 OR the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of pure
water (density of water 1000 kg/m3)
 Specific gravity (S.G) = Weight of substance / Weight of equal
vol. of water
 Specific gravity = Density of substance / density of water
 To measure S.G use Hydrometer
 Standard of comparing the densities of all liquid and solid is
water.
 S.G greater than 1 the material will sink in water
 S.G less than 1 the material will float in water
Find the specific gravity of the following substances:
Gasoline 720 kg/m3

Kerosene 820 kg/m3
Synthetic Oil 928 kg/m3
Sulfuric Acid 1840 kg/m3
Mercury 13600 kg/m3
Gasoline 0.72
Kerosene 0.82
Synthetic Oil 0.928
Sulfuric Acid 1.84
Mercury 13.6
5) Energy
 The capacity of an object to perform work
 Cannot be created nor destroy but only transferable
 Classified into 2 major types : Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
 Is the energy stored in a body due to: Position, Configuration, Chemical composition
 Even though it is not doing work, it is capable to perform work
 Example:
1. Chemical energy in an aircraft battery ready to produce mechanical work when starter
switch is pressed
2. Mechanical energy can be stored in a compressed spring
3. Water stored behind a dam having tremendous weight ready to produce mechanical
energy.
Kinetic Energy
 Energy that is produced when material is moved / energy caused by its motion
 Example:
1. Hammering a Nail
 Raise hammer = Potential energy
 Hammer down = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
 Hammer strikes nail = work done + heat + sound
Kinetic Energy  ½ mv2

Potential Energy  mgh
Potential Energy (Spring)  ½ kx2
Conservation of Energy.
• Energy cannot be destroy nor created.
• Energy can change to another form or state.
• E.g. From Potential Energy to kinetic energy.
• E.g. A ball weighs 0.5kg drops from a platform at a height of 100m. The initial velocity
of the ball is 10 m/s. Find the final velocity of the ball as soon as it hits the ground.
½ mv2 + mgh = ½ mv2 + mgh

½ m(10)2 + m(9.81)(100) = ½ mv2 + 0
50m + 981m = ½ mv2
1031 = v2
V = 32 m/s
Questions
• Missy Diwater, the former platform diver for the Ringling Brother's Circus had a
kinetic energy of 15 000 J just prior to hitting the bucket of water. If Missy's mass
is 50 kg, then what is her speed?
• A 750-kg compact car moving at 100 km/hr has approximately 290 000 Joules of
kinetic energy. What is the kinetic energy of the same car if it is moving at 50
km/hr?
• A cart is loaded with a brick and pulled at constant speed along an inclined plane
of an angle of 30o to the height of a seat-top. If the mass of the loaded cart is 3.0
kg and the inclined distance of the seat top is 0.45 meters, then what is the
potential energy of the loaded cart at the height of the seat-top?
• A 75kg trampoline artist jumps vertically downward from the top of a platform
with a speed of 5m/s. How fast is he going as he lands on the trampoline 3m
below? If the trampoline behaves like a spring of spring constant 5.2E104 N/m,
how far does he depress it?
Strength of Materials
1. Whenever a force is applied to a solid, deformation takes place.
2. When the deformation of the material is temporary the material is said to be Elastic.
3. The response of a material to the application of a force depends on the size and
direction of the force and the period of time during which it acts, the type of material
and the area on which the force acts.
4. When a material changes shape either elastically or permanently it is said to STRAIN.
Tension Load
a) If a force tends to stretch the material the force is called a tensile force and the
material is said to be in tension.
Compression Load
a) If a force tends to compress or squeeze a material the force is called a Compressive.
Shear Load
a) A material is said to be in shear if the forces applied to it tend to slide one face of the
material over an adjacent face.
Stress Load
Stress is defined as force per unit area – in the imperial system lbs per square inch (psi),
in the SI system it is the Pascal (Pa)
It is important to note that the unit of stress is the same as the unit of pressure.
applied force (or load)

stress 
cross sectional area of material
units  N/m 2  Pascals
Strain Load
When a body is under stress distortion of its shape occurs and this distortion is called
Strain.
For material under tensile or compressive stress the strain is measured by the ratio.
change in length
Strain  (this is dimensionl ess)
original length
Hooke’s Law
1. During loading many materials initially
behave as if they are elastic, but become
plastic as the load increases.
2. If represented graphically, it produces a
straight line graph up to a certain point
known as “limit of proportionality”.
3. The point which the material ceases to be
elastic is known as the “Elastic Limit”.
stress
 a constant E
strain
4. This constant is known as ‘Young’s
Modulus of elasticity and has the same
units as stress Pascals (N/m2)
Exercise Question
1. A tie rod of rectangular cross-section 60mm x 10mm and carries a tensile load of
30kN. Calculate the tensile stress in N / mm2.
2. What diameter of circular bar is required to carry a load (f) of 38.5 kN if the stress is
40 N / mm2?

1 Introduction Unit Measurement

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1 Introduction Unit Measurement

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Chemical nature Physical nature of

Chemical Nature of Matter

Physical Nature of Matter

Solid molecule are closely pack

Molecules are loosely

Explain the phase

Enthalpy changes during the change of state – Ice to Steam

1. An atom consists largely of

13. Metals represent a category of elements endowed with particular properties.

3. A COMPOUND is defined as the chemical combination of two or more elements and

Balancing Chemical Equations

Find the specific gravity of the following substances:

Gasoline 720 kg/m3

Kinetic Energy  ½ mv2

½ mv2 + mgh = ½ mv2 + mgh

applied force (or load)

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