De La Salle University – Dasmariñas

College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology

Electronics Engineering Program

ECET412LA
Principles of Communications Lab
Individual Report

Experiment №. 1
ANALOG METHOD OF
FREQUENCY MULTIPLICATION

Submitted By:
Abadiano, Edrian B.
ECE43

Submitted To:
Engr. Joshua Hernandez

Date Performed: Date Submitted:

September 1, 2018 September 6, 2018
I. Objective
The objective for analyzing the principles of analog method of frequency multiplication is to confirm
the theory while the experiment is being performed. The equipment and materials are provided in
the laboratory to prove and verify the analog method. The identifications of the waveforms and
characteristics of the multiplier module is required to gather the data. Next is to examine the systems
with non-linear characteristics. By controlling the modules oscilloscope to accomplish the desired
output.

II. Conclusion
It is observed that the frequency multiplier operates in three categories, the right limit, center limit
and the left limit. Each operating point affects the voltage outputs of V1 and V2, by controlling the
resonant frequency the optimum or the highest value is yielded. Therefore, I conclude that executing
the analog method of identifying the multiplication of frequencies proves its theory by shifting from
time domain to frequency domain. With the gathered data a sample output signal can be represented
with separated frequencies combined. The operating point functions if it is in the right limit, the
input signal frequency matches with the output signal but V2 decreases in significant amount. The
center position produces slight varying output frequency value throughout while the input is
changing. Left limit operating point maintains a constant output frequency. I also conclude that the
systems of multipliers with non-linear is examined.

III. Analysis and Discussion

To investigate the principles of frequency multiplication, the setting of the signal generator was set
to a 100kHz 100mVpp sinewave as an input to the multiplier circuit. Initially the multiplier module
is supplied with a 15V and a -15V, and the settled signal is connected to the input to measure the
experimented output. Then the operating point and resonance circuit were adjusted to specify
difference in each operation. There was technical difficulties in gathering the data. The oscilloscope
probes don’t work and due to defects in the frequency multiplier the input signal could not pass
through the module. To solve this, the module and the probes was replaced with a functioning one.

In the initial part, the point of operation of the multiplier was set to the right limit and connect the
settled signal to the input and measured both input and output waveform in the oscilloscope. To
accomplish a one hundred eighty degrees out of phase in the output, the resonance circuit was

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adjusted. After obtaining the waveform (seen in Figure 2), the amplitude knob in the signal generator
is tuned to have an output signal of 10Vpp. The configuration of the module is a common emitter
circuit where its point of operation by the base bias emf functions in between zero to point seven
volts. And operating point controls the flow of current in a particular angle of the emitter. It distorts
positive input voltages to a more or lesser quantity, if the input function suppresses the poor enter
voltages completely. As seen in Table 1 V1pp, output frequency and V2pp were obtained. The center
position knob is adjusted from the operating point, as same goes for the left limit.

The output signal that it produced matches with the gathered data in the oscilloscope. Associating
Table 1 to the output signal of Table 2 displayed that output frequency of the first table tried to
match to the input value but in the second table goes for a slight variation but constant value
throughout. And comparing Table 2 to the V1 of Table 3 showed that V1 has a higher value in the
third rather than the second table. Thus, the operating point in which knob is adjusted to, controls
a particular waveform that either increase V2 or holds the frequency in the terminal point(third
column, Table 2). The resonant circuit also controls the amplitude at a certain degree that it would
acquire the highest value.

To acquire the signal spectrum the signal was corrected to twenty kilo-Hertz and set to center
position. Containing ten volts peak to peak, delta f was controlled to get the highest voltage. The
oscilloscope is adjusted from time to frequency domain to compare the input and output
signal(Shown in Figure 3). As seen, an output signal is equivalent to multiple simpler waveforms that
can be seen in FD where they are spit-up.

IV. Data Gathered

Figure 2. Input and Output waveforms of the multiplier

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Table 1. Input and Output Response of Frequency Multiplier

Right Limit Operating point

Input kHz V1pp Output kHz V2pp
100.00 60 mV 100 10 V
50.00 59.2 mV 113 340 mV
33.33 60 mV 33.33 58.4 mV
25.00 59.2 mV 25.13 52 mV
20.00 59.2 mV 20.70 44.4 mV
16.67 59.2 mV 16.59 32.2 mV
14.29 58.4 mV 1436 35.2 mV
12.50 58.4 mV 12.5 28 mV
11.11 59.2 mV 11.66 24 mV
10.00 59.2 mV 12.21 28.8 mV

Table 2. Input and Output Response of Frequency Multiplier

Center Position Operating point

Input kHz V1pp Output kHz V2pp
100.00 680 mV 100 10 V
50.00 680 mV 99.1 8.4 V
33.33 680 mV 101.1 4.32 V
25.00 656 mV 102.6 2.24 V
20.00 656 mV 96.1 800 mV
16.67 656 mV 88.11 392 mV
14.29 656 mV 97.72 384 mV
12.50 664 mV 100.01 264 mV
11.11 664 mV 103.01 248 mV
10.00 656 mV 102.05 144 mV

Table 3. Input and Output Response of Frequency Multiplier

Left Limit Operating point

Input kHz V1pp Output kHz V2pp
100.00 1.4 V 100 10.4 V
50.00 1.4 V 100 8.4 V
33.33 1.4 V 100.8 6.2 V
25.00 1.4 V 101 6V
20.00 1.4 V 185 4.8 V
16.67 1.4 V 102.6 1.46 V
14.29 1.4 V 95.24 624 mV
12.50 1.4 V 102 252 mV
11.11 1.4 V 107.9 380 mV
10.00 1.4 V 101.4 496 mV

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Figure 3. Spectrum of the output signal