Screw Jack

AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI FABRICATION TECH. & ERECTION ENGG.
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Jack
Jack is a mechanical device used to lift heavy loads or apply great forces. A mechanical jack
employs a square thread for lifting heavy equipment. The most common form is a car jack,
floor jack or garage jack which lifts vehicles so that maintenance can be performed.
Mechanical jacks are usually rated for a maximum lifting capacity (for example, 1.5 tons to 3
tons). More powerful jacks use hydraulic power to provide greater lift.
1.2 Problem Statement
Available jacks present difficulties for the elderly people and women and are especially
disadvantageous under adverse weather conditions. Presently available jacks further require
the operator to remain in prolonged bent or squatting position to operate the jack which is
not ergonomic to human body. It will give physical problems in course of time. Moreover, the
safety features are also not enough for operator to operate the present jack.
Furthermore, available jacks are typically large, heavy and also difficult to store, transport,
carry or move into the proper position under an automobile. The purpose of this project is to
overcome these problems. An electric car jack which has a frame type of design by using
electricity from the car will be developed. Operator only needs to press the button from the
controller without working in a bent or squatting position for a long period of time to change
the tire.
pg. 1
1.3 Objectives
1. To design a power scissor jack which is safe and reliable to raise and lower the
load easily.
2. Use of double start square thread in power screw.
3. Pins in bearings.
4. To fabricate the prototype of a scissor jack which is operated by a electric

motor by the car battery.
pg. 2
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Screw type mechanical jacks were very common for jeeps and trucks of World War II vintage.
For example, the World War II jeeps (Willys MB and Ford GPW) issued the "Jack, Automobile,
Screw type, Capacity 1 1/2 ton", Ordinance part number 41-J-66. These jacks, and similar jacks
for trucks, were activated by using the lug wrench as a handle for the ratchet action to the
jack. The 41-J-66 jack was carried in the jeep's tool compartment. Screw type jacks continued
in use for small capacity requirements due to low cost of production to raise or lower the
load. A control tab is marked up/down and its position determines the direction of movement
and with no maintenance. The virtues of using a screw as a machine element, which is
essentially an inclined plane wound round a cylinder, was first demonstrated by Archimedes
in 200BC with his device used for pumping water.
There is evidence of the use of screws in the Ancient Roman world but it was the great
Leonardo da Vinci, in the late 1400s, who first demonstrated the use of a screw jack for lifting
loads. Leonardo’s design used a threaded worm gear, supported on bearings, rotated by the
turning of a worm shaft to drive a lifting screw to move the load.
People were not sure of the intended application of his invention, but it seems to have been
relegated to the history books, along with the helicopter and tank, for almost four centuries.
It is not until the late 1800s that people have evidence of the product being developed
further.
With the industrial revolution of the late 18th and 19th centuries, came the first use of screws
in machine tools, via English inventors such as John Wilkinson and Henry Maudsley. The most
notable inventor in mechanical engineering from the early 1800s was undoubtedly the
mechanical genius Joseph Whitworth, who recognized the need for precision as important in
industry.
While he would eventually have over 50 British patents with titles ranging from knitting
machines to rifles, it was Whitworth’s work on screw cutting machines, accurate measuring
pg. 3
instruments and standards covering the angle and pitch of screw threads that would most
influence our industry today.
Whitworth’s tools have become internationally famous for their precision and quality and
dominated the market from the 1850s. Inspired young engineers began to put Whitworth’s
machine tools to new uses. During the early 1880s in Coati cook, a small town near Quebec,
a 24- year-old inventor named Frank Henry Sleeper designed a lifting jack. Like da Vinci’s jack,
it was a technological innovation because it was based on the principle of the ball bearing for
supporting a load and transferred rotary motion, through gearing and a screw, into linear
motion for moving the load. The device was efficient, reliable and easy to operate. It was used
in the construction of bridges, but mostly by the railroad industry, where it was able to lift
locomotives and railway cars.
Arthur Osmore Norton, spotted the potential for Sleeper’s design and in 1886 hired the young
man and purchased the patent and then Norton jack was born. Over the coming years the
famous Norton jacks were manufactured at plants in Boston, Coati cook and Moline, Illinois.
Meanwhile, in Alleghany County near Pittsburgh in 1883, an enterprising Mississippi river

boat captain named Josiah Barrett had an idea for a ratchet jack that would pull barges
together to form a tow. The idea was based on the familiar lever and fulcrum principle and
he needed someone to manufacture it. That person was Samuel Duff, proprietor of a machine
shop.
Together, they created the Duff Manufacturing Company, which by 1890 had developed new
applications for the original Barrett Jack and extended the product line to seven models in
varying capacities.
Over the next 30 years the Duff Manufacturing Company became the largest manufacturer of
lifting jacks in the world, developing many new types of jack for various applications including
its own version of the ball bearing screw jack. It was only natural that in 1928, The Duff
Manufacturing Company Inc. merged with A.O. Norton to create the Duff-Norton
Manufacturing Company.
pg. 4
Both companies had offered manually operated screw jacks but the first new product
manufactured under the joint venture was the air motor-operated power jack that appeared
in 1929. With the aid of the relatively new portable compressor technology, users now could
move and position loads without manual effort. The jack, used predominantly in the railway
industry, incorporated an air motor manufactured by The Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company.
There was a clear potential for using this technology for other applications and only 10 years
later, in 1940, the first worm gear screw jack, that is instantly recognizable today, was offered
by Duff-Norton, for adjusting the heights of truck loading platforms and mill tables. With the
ability to be used individually or linked mechanically and driven by either air or electric motors
or even manually, the first model had a lifting capacity of 10 tons with raises of 2′′ or 4′′.
2.1 Various Developments in Lifting Devices
1. Levers
2. Screw threads
3. Gears
4. Wheels and axles
5. Hydraulics
2.1.1 Levers
Use of the lever gives the operator much greater lifting force than that available to a person
who tried to lift with only the strength of his or her own body. Types of levers are first, second
and third order.
pg. 5
2.1.2 Screw thread
A screw is a mechanism that converts rotational motion to linear motion, and a torque to a
linear force. The most common form consists of a cylindrical shaft with helical grooves or
ridges called threads around the outside. The screw passes through a hole in another object
or medium, with threads on the inside of the hole that mesh with the screw's threads. When
the screw is rotated relative to the stationary threads, the screw moves along its axis relative
to the medium surrounding it for example rotating a wood screw forces it into wood. In screw
mechanisms, either the screw can rotate through a threaded hole in a stationary object, or a
threaded collar such as a nut can rotate around a stationary screw. Geometrically, a screw
can be viewed as a narrow inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.
2.1.3 Gears
The jack will lift a load in contact with the load platform when the power screw is rotated
through its connecting gear with the pinion gear when connected to the motor, plugged to
the automobile 12V battery source to generate power for the prime mover (motor), which
transmits its rotating speed to the pinion gear meshing with the bigger gear connected to the
power screw to be rotated with required speed reduction and increased torque to drive the
power screw. The power screw rotates within the threaded hole of its connecting members
in the clockwise direction that will cause the connecting members to be drawn along the
threaded portion towards each other during a typical load-raising process. During the typical
load-raising process, the jack will first be positioned beneath the load to be lifted such that at
least a small clearance space will exist between the load platform and the object to be raised.
Next, power screw will be turned so that the load platform makes contact with the object and
the clearance space is eliminated. As contact is made, load from the object will be increasingly
shifted to the load platform and cause forces to be developed in and transmitted through
lifting members and connecting members. The force transmitted through the connecting
members will be transferred at the threaded bore to the lead Acme threads, there within. A
switch button connected to the motor is used to regulate the lifting and lowering process.
pg. 6
2.2 Necessity of Jack
In the repair and maintenance of automobiles (car), it is often necessary to raise an

automobile to change a tire or access the underside of the automobile. Accordingly, a variety
of car jacks have been developed for lifting an automobile from a ground surface. Available
car jacks, however, are typically manually operated and therefore require substantial
laborious physical effort on the part of the user. Such jacks present difficulties for the elderly
and handicapped and are especially disadvantageous under adverse weather conditions.
Furthermore, available jacks are typically large, heavy and also difficult to store, transport,
carry or move into the proper position under an automobile. In addition, to the difficulties in
assembling and setting up jacks, such jacks are generally not adapted to be readily
disassembled and stored after automobile repairs have been completed. Car jacks must be
easy to use for women or whoever had problem with the tire in the middle of nowhere.
In light of such inherent disadvantages, commercial automobile repair and service stations
are commonly equipped with large and hi-tech car lift, wherein such lifts are raised and
lowered via electrically-powered systems. However, due to their size and high costs of
purchasing and maintaining electrically-powered car lifts, such lifts are not available to the
average car owner. Engineering is about making things simpler or improving and effective.
Such electrical-powered portable jacks not only remove the arduous task of lifting an
automobile via manually-operated jacks, but further decrease the time needed to repair the
automobile. Such a feature can be especially advantageous when it is necessary to repair an
automobile on the side of a roadway or under other hazardous conditions. There also
reports on car jacks which lead to a serious number of accidents.
A specified jack purposed to hold up to 1000 kilograms, but tests undertaken by Consumer
Affairs has revealed that is fails to work after lifting 250 kilograms and may physically break
when it has a weight close to its 1000 kilograms’ capacity. Whilst no injuries have been
reported to date, Ms. Rankine has expressed concerned about the dangers associated with
the use of a vehicle jack that does not carry the weight it is promoted to hold. Tests have
proven that the jack has the property to buckle well under the weight it is promoted to
pg. 7
withstand, and it doesn’t meet the labeling or performance requirements of the Australian
Standard for vehicle jacks.
2.3 Types of load lifting devices
1. Artificial Lifting Devices (ALD)
2. Portable Automotive Lifting Devices (PALD)
2.3.1 Artificial Lifting Devices
1. Hydraulic pumping system
2. Electric Submersible Pumps
3. Gas lifts
4. Hybrid gas lifts
2.3.2 Portable Automotive Lifting Devices
1. Hydraulic hand jacks
2. Transmission jacks
3. Engine Stands
4. Vehicle support stands
5. Upright type mobile lifts
6. Service jacks
7. Wheel dollies
8. Swing type mobile lifts
9. Scissor type mobile lifts
10. Auxiliary stands
11. Automotive ramps
12. High rich supplementary stands
pg. 8
13. Fork lift jacks
14. High reach fixed stands
15. Vehicle transport lifts
16. Cranes
17. Lever
18. Hydraulic ram
19. Block and tackle
20. Wedge
21. Escalator
2.4 Types of Jacks Used Today
2.4.1 Scissor Jack
Scissor jacks are mechanical devices and have been in use since 1930s. A scissor jack is a
device constructed with a cross-hatch mechanism, much like a scissor, to lift up a vehicle for
repair. It typically works in a vertical manner. The jack opens and folds closed, applying
pressure to the bottom supports along the crossed pattern to move the lift. When closed,
they have a diamond shape. Scissor jacks are simple mechanisms used to handle large loads
over short distances. The power screw design of a common scissor jack reduces the amount
of force required by the user to drive the mechanism. Most scissor jacks are similar in design,
consisting of four main members driven by a power screw. A scissor jack is operated simply
by turning a small crank that is inserted into one end of the scissor jack.
The screw acts like a gear mechanism. It has teeth (the screw thread), which turn and move
the two arms, producing work. Just by turning this screw thread, the scissor jack can lift a
vehicle that is several thousand pounds. A scissor jack has four main pieces of metal and two
base ends. The four metal pieces are all connected at the corners with a bolt that allows the
corners to swivel. A screw thread runs across this assembly and through the corners. When
opened, the four metal arms contract together, coming together at the middle, raising the
jack.
pg. 9
Fig 2.1 Scissor Jack
When closed, the arms spread back apart and the jack closes or flattens out again. A scissor
jack uses a simple gear drive to get its power. As the screw section is turned, two ends of the
jack move closer together. Because the gears of the screw are pushing up the arms, the
amount of force being applied is multiplied. It takes a very small amount of force to turn the
crank handle, yet that action causes the brace arms to slide across and together. As this
happens the arms extend upward. The car's gravitational weight is not enough to prevent the
jack from opening or to stop the screw from turning, since it is not applying force directly to
it. If a person applies pressure directly on the crank, or lean his weight against the crank, the
person would not be able to turn it, even though his weight is a small percentage of the cars.
2.4.2 Bottle (Cylinder) Jack
Bottle screws may be operated by either rotating the screw when the nut is fixed or by
rotating the nut and preventing rotation of the screw. Bottle jacks mainly consist of a screw,
a nut, thrust bearings, and a body. A stationary platform is attached to the top of the screw.
This platform acts as a support for the load and also assists it in lifting or lowering of the load.
These jacks are sturdier than the scissor jacks and can lift heavier loads. In a bottle jack the
piston is vertical and directly supports a bearing pad that contacts the object being lifted.
With a single action piston, the lift is somewhat less than twice the collapsed height of the
jack, making it suitable only for vehicles with a relatively high clearance.
pg. 10
Fig 2.2 Bottle Jack
2.4.3 Hydraulic Jacks
Hydraulic jacks are typically used for shop work, rather than as an emergency jack to be
carried with the vehicle. Use of jacks not designed for a specific vehicle requires more than
the usual care in selecting ground conditions, the jacking point on the vehicle, and to ensure
stability when the jack is extended. Hydraulic jacks are often used to lift elevators in low and
medium rise buildings.
A hydraulic jack uses a fluid, which is incompressible. Oil is used since it is self-lubricating and
stable. When the plunger pulls back, it draws oil out of the reservoir through a suction check
valve into the pump chamber. When the plunger moves forward, it pushes the oil through a
discharge check valve into the cylinder. The suction valve ball is within the chamber and opens
with each draw of the plunger. The discharge valve ball is outside the chamber and opens
when the oil is pushed into the cylinder. At this point the suction ball within the chamber is
forced to shut and oil pressure builds in the cylinder. For lifting structures such as houses the
hydraulic interconnection of multiple vertical jacks through valves enables the even
distribution of forces while enabling close control of the lift.
pg. 11
In a floor jack a horizontal piston pushes on the short end of a bell crank, with the long arm
providing the vertical motion to a lifting pad, kept horizontal with a horizontal linkage. Floor
jacks usually include castors and wheels, allowing compensation for the arc taken by the lifting
pad. This mechanism provides a low profile when collapsed, for easy maneuvering
underneath the vehicle, while allowing considerable extension.
Fig 2.3 Hydraulic Jacks
2.5 Operational Considerations of a screw jack
1. Maintain low surface contact pressure Increasing the screw size and nut size will
reduce thread contact pressure for the same working load. The higher the unit
pressure and the higher the surface speed, the more rapid the wear will be.
2. Maintain low surface speed. Increasing the screw head will reduce the surface
speed for the same linear speed.
pg. 12
3. Keep the mating surfaces well lubricated. The better the lubrication, the longer is
the service life. Grease fittings or other lubrication means must be provided for
the power screw and nut.
4. Keep the mating surfaces clean Dirt can easily embed itself in the soft nut
material. It will act as a file and abrade the mating screw surface. The soft nut
material backs away during contact leaving the hard dirt particles to scrap away
the mating screw material.
5. Keep heat away. When the mating surfaces heat up, they become much softer
and are more easily worn away. Means to remove the heat such as limited duty
cycles or heat sinks must be provided so that rapid wear of over-heated materials
can be avoided.
pg. 13
CHAPTER-3
POWER SCREWS
A power screw is a mechanical device used for converting rotary motion into linear motion
and transmitting power. A power screw is also called translation screw. It uses helical
translatory motion of the screw thread in transmitting power rather than clamping the
machine components.
3.1 Applications
The main applications of power screws are as follows:
1. To raise the load, e.g. screw-jack, scissor jack,
2. To obtain accurate motion in machining operations, e.g. lead-screw of lathe,
3. To clamp a work piece, e.g. vice, and
4. To load a specimen, e.g. universal testing machine.
There are three essential parts of a power screw i.e., screw, nut and a part to hold either the
screw or the nut in its place. Depending upon the holding arrangement, power screws operate
in two different ways. In some cases, the screw rotates in its bearing, while the nut has axial
motion. The lead screw of the lathe is an example of this category. In other applications, the
nut is kept stationary and the screw moves in axial direction. Screw-jack and machine vice are
the examples of this category.
pg. 14
3.2 Advantages
Power screws offer the following advantages:
1. Power screw has large load carrying capacity.
2. The overall dimensions of the power screw are small, resulting in

compact construction.
3. Power screw is simple to design
4. The manufacturing of power screw is easy without requiring specialized

machinery. Square threads are turned on lathe. Trapezoidal threads are
manufactured on thread milling machine.
5. Power screw provides large mechanical advantage. A load of 15 kN can be

raised by applying an effort as small as 400N. Therefore, most of the power
screws used in various applications like screw-jacks, clamps, valves and vices
are usually manually operated.
6. Power screws provide precisely controlled and highly accurate linear motion
required in machine tool applications.
7. Power screws give smooth and noiseless service without any maintenance.
8. There are only a few parts in power screw. This reduces cost and increases
reliability.
pg. 15
9. Power screw can be designed with self-locking property. In screw-jack
application, self-locking characteristic is required to prevent the load from
descending on its own
3.3 Disadvantages
The disadvantages of power screws are as follows:
1. Power screws have very poor efficiency; as low as 40%. Therefore, it is not used
in continuous power transmission in machine tools, with the exception of the
lead screw. Power screws are mainly used for intermittent motion that is
occasionally required for lifting the load or actuating the mechanism.
2. High friction in threads causes rapid wear of the screw or the nut. In case of
square threads, the nut is usually made of soft material and replaced when
worn out. In trapezoidal threads, a split- type of nut is used to compensate for
the wear. Therefore, wear is a serious problem in power screws.
3.4 Forms of Threads

There are two popular types of threads used for power screws viz. Square, I.S.O metric
trapezoidal and Acme threads.
3.4.1 Square Thread
The square thread form is a common screw thread form, used in high load applications such
as lead screws and jackscrews. It gets its name from the square cross-section of the thread. It
is the lowest friction and most efficient thread form.
pg. 16
Fig 3.1 Nomenclature of Square Thread
3.4.1.1 Advantages of square threads
The advantages of square threads over trapezoidal threads are as follows:
1. The efficiency of square threads is more than that of trapezoidal threads.
2. There is no radial pressure on the nut. Since there is no side thrust, the motion
of the nut is uniform. The life of the nut is also increased.
3.4.1.2 Disadvantages of square threads
The disadvantages of square threads are as follows:
1. Square threads are difficult to manufacture. They are usually turned on lathe
with single-point cutting tool. Machining with single-point cutting tool is an
expensive operation compared to machining with multi-point cutting tool.
2. The strength of a screw depends upon the thread thickness at the core
diameter. Square threads have less thickness at core diameter than trapezoidal
threads. This reduces the load carrying capacity of the screw.
pg. 17
3. The wear of the thread surface becomes a serious problem in the service life
of the power screw. It is not possible to compensate for wear in square
threads. Therefore, when worn out, the nut or the screw requires
replacement.
3.5 Designation of Threads
There is a particular method of designation for square and trapezoidal threads. A power
screw with single-start square threads is designated by the letters ‘Sq’ followed by the
nominal diameter and the pitch expressed in millimeters and separated by the sign ‘x’.
For example,
Sq 30 x 6
It indicates single-start square threads with 30mm nominal diameter and 6mm pitch.
3.6 Terminology of Power Screw
The terminology of the screw thread is given in Fig 3.5:
pg. 18
Fig 3.5 Nomenclature of a Power Screw
1. Pitch: The pitch is defined as the distance, measured parallel to the axis of the
screw, from a point on one thread to the corresponding point on the adjacent
thread. It is denoted by the letter ‘p’.
2. Lead: The lead is defined as the distance, measured parallel to the axis of the
screw that the nut will advance in one revolution of the screw. It is denoted by
the letter ‘L’. For a single-threaded screw, the lead is same as the pitch, for a
double-threaded screw, the lead is twice that of the pitch, and so on.
3. Nominal diameter: It is the largest diameter of the screw. It is also called major
diameter. It is denoted by the letter ‘do’.
4. Core diameter: It is the smallest diameter of the screw thread. It is also called
minor diameter. It is denoted by the letters ‘dc’.
pg. 19
5. Helix angle: It is defined as the angle made by the helix of the thread with a
plane perpendicular to the axis of the screw. Helix angle is related to the lead
and the mean diameter of the screw. It is also called lead angle. It is denoted
by α.
pg. 20
CHAPTER-4
DESIGN
Fig 4.1 Layout of Scissor Jack
4.1 Power Screw
4.1.1 Material selected: Mild Steel
4.1.2 Assumptions
The weight of the car is considered as 1.5 ton. The weight acting on front and rear axle is 60%
and 40% of total weight respectively, hence the weight acting on front axle i.e.; 900 kg is
considered for designing the jack. A weight of 450 kg acts on each wheel. And the maximum
pg. 21
load on screw act when jack is at its lowest position. We assumed the thread on screw be a
Double Start Square thread and coefficient of friction between threads is 0.20.
4.1.3 Design Calculations
Length of each arm = L1 =L2 =L3 =L4 =160mm

Length of the power screw = (w1+w2+w3) =
350mm w1 = w3 = 150 mm
w2 = 50 mm
Maximum lift of the jack = (h1+h2) = 300 mm
Ɵ is the angle made by link with horizontal when jack is at its lowest position?
cos (Ɵ) = (175-25)/160 = 20.36˚
W = (load X g) = (450*10) = 4500 N = 4.5 kN
The tension T acting on the power screw is shown in the above Fig 4.1.
Tension, T = W/2*tan (Ɵ)
Total tension = 2*T = W/tan (Ɵ)
For a power screw under tension we can take t = 124 N/mm2 for mild
steel Let dc be the core diameter of the screw. But load on the screw is
Load = (π/4)* dc2 * t
So,
pg. 22
2*T = W/tan (Ɵ) = (π/4)* dc2 *t
2*T = 4.5 kN/tan (20.36˚) = 12123.44 N
dc2 = (W/tan (Ɵ)*(4/ (π* t))
Hence, dc = 11.34 mm
Since the screw is subjected to torsional shear stress we adopt, dc = 14

mm Taking pitch, P = 2 mm
Outer diameter, do = dc + P = (14+2) = 16 mm
Mean diameter, d = do – P/2 = 16-2/2 = 15 mm
Check for self-locking
tan () = Lead/π*d = helix angle
Lead L = 2*P; since the screw has a double start square thread.
tan () = 2*p/π*d = 2*2/ π*15 = 0.084
Helix angle = 4.85˚
Coefficient of friction; μ = tan () = 0.20; friction angle = 11.3˚
hence the screw is self-locking

Effort required to support the load=2*T tan ()
=12123.44 tan () + tan ())/ (1- (tan () *
=3510.715 N
pg. 23
Torque required to rotate the screw = effort *d/2 = 3510.715 * 15/2 = 26330.36 N-mm
Shear stress in the screw due to torque = 16*T/ (π* dc3) = 16*26330.36/ (π*143)
= 48.87N/mm2
But tensile stress t = 2*T/ (π/4) * dc2 = 12123.44/ (π/4) * 142 = 78.755N
Maximum principal stress t max = t/2 + (t2 + 2)/2
=102.13 N/mm2
Maximum shear stress =(t2 +2)/2

= 62.76 N/mm2
Since the maximum stresses t max and max within the safe limits, the design of double
started square threaded
4.2 Nut
4.2.1 Material Selected: Bronze
4.2.2 Design Calculations

Let n be the number of threads in contact with the screw assumed that load is Uniformly
Distributed over the cross section area of the nut. Allowable Bearing pressure between the
threads (Pb) are
Table 4.1 Nut Parameters
Material Safe Bearing pressure Rubbing speed at thread
Screw Nut (N/mm2) pitch diameter
Steel Bronze 12.6 - 17.5 Low speed < 2.4 m/min
Steel C.I 11.2 - 17.5 Low speed < 3 m/min
Bearing pressure is assumed as 15 N/mm2

pg. 24
Pb = (2*T)/((π/4)*(do2-dc2)*n)
15 = (12123.44)/ ((π/4)*(162-
142)*n) Number of threads, n
= 10.6 ≈ 11
In order to have good stability let n=11
Thickness of Nut = n*p = 11*2=22 mm
Width of Nut b =1.5*do =1.5*16=24 mm
To control the movement of nuts beyond 300 mm the rings of 8 mm thickness are fitted on
the screw with the help of set screw
The length of screw portion = 300 + (8*2) + 22
= 338 mm ≈ 350 mm
Total length of screw is 350 mm.
4.4 Top Arm
4.4.1 Material selected: Mild Steel
4.4.2 Design calculations
σyt for mild steel = 248 N/mm2
Factor of safety (F.S) = 2.5

pg. 25
σt = σyt/F.S=248/2.5=99.2 N/mm2
σc = 1.25*σt = 1.25*99.2 = 124 N/mm2
Cross section area (A) = (40*3) + (24*3) + (40*3) = 312 mm2
Moment of Inertia Ixx = 47376 mm4, Iyy= 51009.38 mm4
Radius of Gyration Rx= 12.323 mm, Ry= 12.786 mm
Rankine’s constant (a) =1/7500
Ends are hinged (Leff = L)
Pcr in vertical plane
σc= crippling stress = 330 N/mm2
Pcr = (σc*A)/(1+a*(L/ Ry)2)= (330*312)/(1+(1/7500)*(160/12.786)2)
= 100854.26 N
Pcr in horizontal plane
Pcr = (σc*A)/(1+a*(L/2*Rx)2)= (330*160*40)/(1+(1/7500)*(160/2*12.323)2)
= 2100198.258 N
pg. 26
Since Buckling load is more than Design load the dimensions of the link safe.
4.5 Bottom Arm
4.5.1 Material selected Mild Steel
σyt for mild steel = 248 N/mm2
Factor of safety (F.S) = 2.5
σt = σyt/F.S=248/2.5=99.2 N/mm2
σc = 1.25*σt = 1.25*99.2 = 124 N/mm2
Cross section area (A) = (40*3) + (30*3) + (40*3) = 330 mm2
Moment of Inertia Ixx = 72270 mm4, Iyy= 54469.31 mm4
Radius of Gyration Rx= 14.79 mm, Ry= 12.84 mm
Rankine’s constant (a) =1/7500
Ends are hinged (Leff = L)
pg. 27
Pcr in vertical plane
Pcr = (σc*A)/(1+a*(L/ Ry)2)= (330*330)/(1+(1/7500)*(160/12.84)2)
= 106691.09.09
Pcr in horizontal plane
Pcr = (σc*A)/(1+a*(L/2*Rx)2)= (330*160*40)/(1+(1/7500)*(160/2*14.8)2)
= 2103804.02 N
Since Buckling load is more than Design load the dimensions of the link safe.
4.6 Top Plate (Loading Platform)
4.6.1 Material used: Mild Steel
Moment, M = (p*l)/4
p = 5000 N
pg. 28
l = 50 mm
M = (5000*50)/4 = 250000/4 = 62500 N-mm
Z = (b*h2)/6 = (36*402)/6 = 9600 mm3
b = 36 mm, h = 40 mm
σb = M/Z = 62500/9600 = 6.51 N/mm2
Conclusion The permissible stress for mild steel is 124 N/mm2 and it is greater than
σb = 6.51 N/mm2
The top plate design is safe.
4.7 Bottom Plate (Support)
4.7.1 Material used: Mild Steel
The size and shape of the bottom plate have been selected to provide the stability to the
power
Scissor Jack.
Fixing the dimensions of bottom plate as 120*70*3 all in mm.
CHAPTER-5
DRAWINGS
pg. 29
5.1 Part Drawings
5.1.1 Power Screw
Fig 5.1 Power Screw
pg. 30
5.1.2 Trunnion
Fig 5.2 Trunion
pg. 31
pg. 32
5.1.3 Top Arm
Fig 5.3 Top Arm
pg. 33
5.1.4 Bottom Arm
Fig 5.4 Bottom Arm
pg. 34
5.1.5 Top Plate
Fig 5.5 Top Plate
pg. 35
5.1.6 Bottom Plate
Fig 5.6 Bottom Plate
pg. 36
5.2 Assembly Drawing

5.2.1 Scissor jack
Fig 5.7 Assembly Drawing for Scissor Jack
pg. 37
Chapter-6
MANUFACTURING METHODS
6.1 Production of Screw Threads – Possible Methods and Their

Characteristics
The various methods, which are more or less widely employed for producing screw threads are:
6.1.1 Casting
Characteristics
1. Only a few threads over short length
2. Less accuracy and poor finish
3. Example – threads at the mouth of glass bottles, spun cast iron pipes etc.
6.1.2 Forming (Rolling)

Characteristics
1. Blanks of strong ductile metals like steels are rolled between threaded dies
2. Large threads are hot rolled followed by finishing and smaller threads are straight cold
rolled to desired finish
3. Cold rolling attributes more strength and toughness to the threaded parts
4. Widely used for mass production of fasteners like bolts, screws etc.
pg. 38
6.1.3 Removal process (Machining)
1. Accomplished by various cutting tools in different machine tools like lathes, milling
machines, drilling machines (with tapping attachment) etc.
2. Widely used for high accuracy and finish
3. Employed for wide ranges of threads and volume of production; from piece to mass
production.
6.1.4 Semi finishing and finishing (Grinding)

Characteristics
1. Usually done for finishing (accuracy and surface) after performing by machining or hot
rolling but are often employed for direct threading on rods
2. Precision threads on hard or surface hardened components are finished or directly

produced by grinding only
3. Employed for wide ranges of type and size of threads and volume of production.
6.1.5 Precision forming to near – net – shape

Characteristics
1. No machining is required, slight grinding is often done, if needed for high accuracy and
finish
2. Application – Investment casting for job order or batch production
– Injection molding (polymer) for batch or mass production
pg. 39
6.1.6 Non-conventional process (EDM, ECM etc.)

Characteristics
1. When conventional methods are not feasible
2. High precision and micro threads are needed
3. Material is as such difficult – to – process
6.2 Processes, Machines and Tools Used for Producing Screw

Threads By
(a) Machining
(b) Rolling
(c) Grinding
6.2.1 Production of screw threads by machining
Machining is basically a removal process where jobs of desired size and shape are produced by
gradually removing the excess material in the form of chips with the help of sharp cutting edges or
tools. Screw threads can be produced by such removal process both manually using taps and dies as
well as in machine tools of different types and degree of automation. In respect of process, machine
and tool, machining of screw threads are done by several ways:
6.2.1.1 Thread cutting by hand operated tools
Usually small threads in few pieces of relatively soft ductile materials, if required, are made manually
in fitting, repair or maintenance shops.
pg. 40
External screw threads
Machine screws, bolts and studs are made by different types of dies which look and apparently
behave like nuts but made of hardened tool steel and having sharp internal cutting edges. Fig 6.1.1
shows the hand operated dies of common use, which are coaxially rotated around the pre machined
rod like blank with the help of handle or die stock.
1. Solid or button die: used for making threads of usually small pitch and diameter in
one pass.
2. Spring die: the die ring is provided with a slit, the width of which is adjustable by a
screw to enable elastically slight reduction in the bore and thus cut the thread in
number of passes with lesser force on hands.
3. Split die: the die is made in two pieces, one fixed and one movable (adjustable) within
the cavity of the handle or wrench to enable cut relatively larger threads or fine
threads on harder blanks easily in number of passes, the die pieces can be replaced
by another pair for cutting different threads within small range of variation in size and
pitch.
4. Pipe die: pipe threads of large diameter but smaller pitch are cut by manually rotating
the large wrench (stock) in which the die is fitted through a guide bush asshown in
Fig. 6.1.
(a) Solid die (c) Split die
pg. 41
(b) Spring die (d) Pipe die
Fig 6.1 Different types of thread cutting dies
(b) Internal screw threads:
Internal screw threads of usually small size are cut manually, if needed, in plates, blocks, machine
parts etc. by using taps which look and behave like a screw but made of tool steel or HSS and have
sharp cutting edges produced by axial grooving over the threads as shown in Fig 6.2. Three taps
namely, taper tap, plug tap and bottoming tap are used consecutively after drilling a tap size hole
through which the taps are axially pushed helically with the help of a handle or wrench.
Fig 6.2 Hand operated taps for cutting internal threads
pg. 42
Threads are often tapped by manually rotating and feeding the taps through the drilled hole in the
blank held in lathe spindle as shown in Fig 6.3.
The quality of such external and internal threads will depend upon the perfection of the taps or
dies and skill of the operator
Fig 6.3 Hand operated tapping in center lathe
pg. 43
6.2.1.2 Machining screw threads in machine tools
Threads of fasteners in large quantity and precision threads in batches or lots are produced in
different machine tools mainly lathes, by various cutting tools made of HSS or often cemented
carbide tools.
(a) Machining screw threads in lathes
Screw threads in wide ranges of size, form, precision and volume are produced in lathes ranging from
center lathes to single spindle automats. Threads are also produced in special purpose lathes and
CNC lathes including turning centers.
 In center lathes
 External threads
External threads are produced in center lathes by various methods
pg. 44
Single point and multipoint chasing:
as schematically shown in Fig 6.4 This process is slow but can provide high quality. Multipoint chasing
gives more productivity but at the cost of quality to some extent
Fig 6.4 External threading in lathe by chasing
pg. 45
Thread milling:
This process gives quite fast production by using suitable thread milling cutters in centre
lathes as indicated in Fig 6.5. The milling attachment is mounted on the saddle of the lathe.
Thread milling is of two types
(a) Long thread milling (b) Short thread milling
Fig 6.5 Thread milling by attachment in center lathes
pg. 46
 Long thread milling
Long and large diameter screws like machine lead screws are reasonably accurately made
by using a large disc type form milling cutter as shown in Fig 6.5.
 Short thread milling
Threads of shorter length and fine pitch are machined at high production rate by using a HSS
milling cutter having a number of annular threads with axial grooves cut on it for generating
cutting edges. Each job requires only around 1.25 revolution of the blank and very short axial
(1.25 pitch) and radial (1.5 pitch) travel of the rotating tool.
pg. 47
Fig 7.1 Arm of Scissor

CHAPTER-7
FABRICATION
Figof7.1
The fabrication process started with identification Arm ofmaterials
suitable Scissor Jack
which are used for
Fig 7.1 Arm of Scissor Jack
prototype and designing of various parts. Fig 7.1 Arm of Scissor Jack
7.1 Top Arms and Bottom Arms

Fig 7.1
As per the calculations and the drawings the cross Armof
section of arms
Scissor
is Jack
selected as Channel
Section. The availability of the Channel section of the required dimensions was low in our
locality.so, we have grinded the edges of arms to obtain the required curvatures and drilled
two holes to each of the arms as per the dimensions as shown in the Fig 7.1
Fig 7.1 Arm of Scissor Jack
pg. 48
Table 7.1 Sequence of operations on top and bottom arms
Time
S no. Machine Operation Tools (min)
Try square, steel rule,
1 Stores Check the raw material and dot punch 20
Welding of a flat plate
to the angular to obtain Welding gun, Files
2 Welding shop channel section. and Emery paper 120
Grinding Grinding the plate in
3 machine Vice Grinding wheel 60
Drilling 10 mm holes at
Radial Drilling both the ends of the Drill bit, dot punch ,
4 machine Plate hammer and steel rule 40
7.2 Power Screw
A circular rod was turned to the required dimensions in a lathe machine and then we have adjusted
the lathe machine in order to obtain external square threads and thus the external square threads
of required dimensions were obtained as shown in the Fig 7.2.
pg. 49
Fig 7.2 Fabrication of power screw on lathe
Table 7.2 Sequence of operations on power screw
Time
Sr. no. Machine Operation Tools (min)
Outer calipers,
1 Stores Check the raw material steel rule 5
Cutting the length of the rod
2 Sawing machine as per requirement Hack saw 25
Turning the diameter to Single point 7.3

3 Lathe machine 16 mm cutting tool 35
4 Lathe machine Threading of square thread Threading tool 60
5 Shop Floor Inspection Vernier calipers 5
pg. 50
Trunnions
A circular rod was drilled to form a through hole. Then the hole has been finished to form internal
square threads corresponding to the external threads of the power screw so that the internal square
threads of the trunnions mate with the external threads of the power screw as shown in the Fig 7.3.
Fig 7.3 Trunnions with internal threading
pg. 51
Table 7.3 Sequence of operations on Trunnion
Time
Inner calipers,
1 Stores Check the raw material steel rule 5
Cutting the length of the rod
2 Sawing machine as per requirement Hack saw 25
Turning the outer diameter to Single point
3 Lathe machine 24 mm cutting tool 35
Boring the Trunnions to
4 Lathe machine 16mm diameter Boring tool 15
Internal
5 Lathe machine Threading of square thread Threading tool 60
pg. 52
7.4 Top and Bottom Plates
The left out pieces of the channel sections of the arms have been used for the top plate and then
holes were drilled to the plate for fasteners connecting top plate and the arms. The top plate is
fabricated in order to act as a loading platform as shown on the Fig 7.4.
The bottom plate was fabricated by welding two L-angles so that the bottom arms fit into the bottom
plate. The bottom plate is fabricated in order to obtain maximum stability to the Power Scissor Jack.
Fig 7.4 Top Plate and Bottom plate
pg. 53
Table 7.4 Sequence of operations on top and bottom plates
Time
Try square, steel
1 Stores Check the raw material rule, dot punch 15
Welding of a flat plate to the Welding gun,
angular to obtain channel Files and Emery
2 Welding shop section. paper 120
3 Grinding machine Grinding the plate in vice Grinding wheel 90
Drill bit, dot
Radial Drilling Drilling 10 mm holes at both punch, hammer
4 Machine the ends of the plate and steel rule 60
pg. 54
CHAPTER 8
MOTORIZED SCREW JACK

Our survey in the regard in several automobile garages, revealed the facts that mostly some difficult
methods were adopted in lifting the vehicles for reconditioning.
Now the project has mainly concentrated on this difficulty, and hence a suitable device has been
designed, such that the vehicle can be lifted from the floor land without application of any impact
force.
The fabrication part of it has been considered with almost case for its simplicity and economy, such
that this can be accommodated as one of the essential tools on automobile garages
8.1 Need for Automation
Automation can be achieved through computers, hydraulics, pneumatics, robotics, etc.

Automation plays an important role in mass production.
For mass production of the product, the machining operations decide the sequence of
machining. The machines designed for producing a particular product are called transfer machines.
The components must be moved automatically from the bins to various machines sequentially and
the final component can be placed separately for packaging. Materials can also be repeatedly
transferred from the moving conveyors to the work place and vice versa.
Nowadays, almost all the manufacturing processes are being atomized in order to deliver the
products at a faster rate. The manufacturing operation is being atomized for the following reasons:
o To achieve mass production

o To reduce man power
o To increase the efficiency of the plant
o To reduce the work load
o To reduce the production cost
pg. 55
o To reduce the production time

o To reduce the material handling
o To reduce the fatigue of workers
o To achieve good product quality
o Less Maintenance
8.2Parts of Motorized Screw Jack

The main parts of the motorized screw jack are as follows:
8.2.1 Wiper Motor
About the Product:

12V 55Rpm DC Wiper Motor - ZKE1032 – Left is commonly used as wiper motor for cars, but it can
also be used in the field vehicles and projects that require high power. The motor speed is 55rpm and
because of the bearing used it has no problem with longer operation times. The motor has 6mm screw
holes for mounting and shaft diameter is 100 mm.
Technical Parameters:
Rating Voltage: 12V
Rating Power: 50W
No Load Current: 2.0/2.5A
No Load Speed: 45/65 +/- 5 RPM
Load Current: 6.5/7.5A 3.5/5A
Load Speed: 40/60 +/- 5 RPM
Stall Current: 31A (max)
Stall Torque: 29NM (min)
Wiring is as follows: Fast RPM
Black wire + Yellow wire
Slow RPM:
Black wire + Blue wire
to reverse the polarity, simply exchange the position of the battery positive for the battery negative.
pg. 56
8.2.2 Coupling
Description:
A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of transmitting
power. Couplings do not normally allow disconnection of shafts during operation, however there are
torque limiting couplings which can slip or disconnect when some torque limit is exceeded.
The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting some
degree of misalignment or end movement or both. By careful selection, installation and maintenance
of couplings, substantial savings can be made in reduced maintenance costs and downtime.
MATERIAL: Mild Steel
DIMENSIONS:
Diameter : 40 mm
Length : 32 mm
Slotting : 8mm width & 22mm long
Drilling : 6 & 10 mm
8.2.3 Batteries
Introduction:
In isolated systems away from the grid, batteries are used for storage of excess solar energy which
can be converted into electrical energy. In fact, for small units with output less than one kilowatt,
batteries seem to be the only technically and economically available storage means. Since both the
photo-voltaic system and batteries are high in capital costs, it is necessary that the overall system be
optimized with respect to available energy and local demand pattern.
To be economically attractive the storage of solar electricity requires a battery with a particular
combination of properties:
(1) Low cost

pg. 57
(2) Long life

(3) High reliability
(4) High overall efficiency
(5) Low discharge
(6) Minimum maintenance
(A) Ampere hour efficiency
(B) Watt hour efficiency
Current Ratings:
Lead-acid batteries are generally rated in terms of how much discharge currents they can supply for
a specified period of time; the output voltage must be maintained above a minimum
level, which is 1.5 to 1.8V per cell. A common rating is ampere-hours (A.h.) based on a specific
discharge time. Typical values for automobile batteries are 100 to 300 A.h.
As an example, a 200 A.h battery can supply a load current of 200/8 or 25A, used on 8h discharge.
The battery can supply less current for a longer time or more current for a shorter time. Automobile
batteries may be rated for “cold cranking power”, which is related to the job of starting the engine.
A typical rating is 450A for 30s at a temperature of 0-degree F.
The ratings for lead-acid batteries are given for a temperature range of 77 to 80ºF. Higher
temperature increases the chemical reaction, but operation above 110ºF shortens the battery life.
pg. 58
Low temperatures reduce the current capacity and voltage output. The ampere-hour capacity is
reduced approximately 0.75% for each decreases of 1º F below normal temperature rating. At 0ºF
the available output is only 60 % of the ampere-hour battery rating.
In cold weather, therefore, it is very important to have an automobile battery unto full charge. In
addition, the electrolyte freezes more easily when diluted by water in the discharged condition.
Charging the Battery:
An external D.C. voltage source is necessary to produce current in one direction. Also, the charging
voltage must be more than the battery e.m.f. Approximately 2.5 per cell are enough to produce
current opposite to the direction of discharge current.
Note that the reversal of current is obtained just by connecting the battery VB and charging source
VG with + to + and –to. The charging current is reversed because the battery effectively becomes a
load resistance for VG when it higher than VB. In this example, the net voltage available to produce
charging currents is 15-12=3V.
A commercial charger for automobile batteries is essentially a D.C. power supply, rectifying input
from the AC power line to provide D.C. output for charging batteries.
Float charging refers to a method in which the charger and the battery are always connected to each
other for supplying current to the load. In figure the charger provides current for the load and the
current necessary to keep the battery fully charged. The battery here is an auxiliary source for D.C.
power.
It may be of interest to note that an automobile battery is in a floating-charge circuit. The battery
charger is an AC generator or alternator with rectifier diodes, driven by a belt from the engine. When
you start the car, the battery supplies the cranking power. Once the engine is running, the alternator
charges the battery. It is not necessary for the car to be moving. A voltage regulator is used in this
system to maintain the output at approximately 13 to 15 V .It is a good idea to equalize charge when
some cells show a variation of 0.05 specific gravity from each other. With proper care, lead-acid
batteries will have a long service life and work very well in almost any power system.
pg. 59
8.2.4 Switch
A switch is used in order to start or stop the entire operation of the screw jack. The type of switch
that is used is known as a toggle switch. A toggle switch is a class of electrical switches that are
manually actuated by a mechanical lever, handle, or rocking mechanism.
Toggle switches are available in many different styles and sizes, and are used in countless
applications. Many are designed to provide, e.g., the simultaneous actuation of multiple sets of
electrical contacts, or the control of large amounts of electric current or mains voltages.
The word "toggle" is a reference to a kind of mechanism or joint consisting of two arms, which are
almost in line with each other, connected with an elbow-like pivot. However, the phrase "toggle
switch" is applied to a switch with a short handle and a positive snap-action, whether it actually
contains a toggle mechanism or not. Similarly, a switch where a definitive click is heard, is called a
"positive on-off switch".
8.2.5 Control cables:
are used in order to connect the battery to the motor and the switch.
pg. 60
A base for the entire set-up has also been used. The motor is mounted on an inverted U shaped
support frame.
8.3 Working Principle
The lead-acid battery is used to drive the DC motor. The DC motor shaft is connected to
the spur gear. If power is given to the DC motor, it will run so that the spur gear also runs to slow
down the speed of the D.C motor. The screw jack moves the screw upward, so that the vehicle lifts
from ground.
The vehicle is lifted by using the lifting platform at the top of the screw jack. The motor draws
power supply from the battery. The lifting and uplifting is done by changing the battery supply to the
motor.
8.4 Advantages
 The loaded light vehicles can be easily lifted.

 Checking and cleaning are easy, because the main parts are screwed.
 Handling is easy
 No Manual power required.
 Easy to Repair.
 Replacement of parts are easy
8.5 Disadvantages
 Cost of the equipment is high when compared to ordinary hand jack.

pg. 61
 Care must be taken for the handling the equipment such as proper wiring connection,
battery charging checkup, etc.
8.6 Applications
 It is useful in auto-garages.
 This motorized screw jack is used for lifting the vehicles. Thus it can be useful for the
following types of vehicles in future;
 Maruti, Ambassador, Fiat, Mahindra
8.7 Wire specifications
Wiring is subject to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and
sizes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with
further restrictions on the environmental conditions, such as ambient temperature range, moisture
levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals.
Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building's wiring system are
subject to voltage, current and functional specification. Wiring safety codes vary by locality, country
or region. The International Electro technical Commission (IEC) is attempting to harmonies wiring
standards amongst member countries, but significant variations in design and installation
requirements still exist.
pg. 62
8.8 Crocodile clips
A crocodile clip is a metal clip with long, serrated jaws which is used for creating a
temporary electrical connection. This simple mechanical device gets its name from the resemblance
of its jaws to that of an alligator's or crocodile's. It is used to connect an electrical cable to a battery
or some other component. Functioning much like a spring-loaded Clothespin the clip's tapered,
serrated jaws are forced together by a spring to grip an object.
pg. 63
pg. 64
CHAPTER 9:
ESTIMATION AND COSTING
9.1 ESTIMATION:
Estimation (or estimating) is the process of finding an estimate, or approximation, which is
a value that is usable for some purpose even if input data may be incomplete, uncertain,
or unstable. The value is nonetheless usable because it is derived from the best information
available. Typically, estimation involves "using the value of a statistic derived from
a sample to estimate the value of a corresponding population parameter".
The sample provides information that can be projected, through various formal or informal
processes, to determine a range most likely to describe the missing information. An
estimate that turns out to be incorrect will be an overestimate if the estimate exceeded the
actual result, and an underestimate if the estimate fell short of the actual result.
SR. NO. DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNITS COST
1 SCREW JACK 1 No. 800
2 WIPER MOTOR 1 No. 1200
3 CLIPS 2 No. 150
4 TOGGLE SWITCH 1 No. 50
5 BOLT 1 No. 10
6 SINGLE CORE WIRE 5 m 100
7 SCREW 3 No. 50
8 BATTERY 1 No. 500
pg. 65
9.2: COSTING
The term ‘cost’ means the amount of expenses [actual or notional] incurred on or attributable
to specified thing or activity. As per Institute of cost and work accounts (ICWA) India, Cost is
‘measurement in monetary terms of the amount of resources used for the purpose of
production of goods or rendering services. To get the results we make efforts. Efforts
constitute cost of getting the results. It can be expressed in terms of money; it means the
amount of expenses incurred on or attributable to some specific thing or activity.
The term cost is used in this very form. In reference to production/manufacturing of goods
and services cost refers to sum total of the value of resources used like raw material and
labour and expenses incurred in producing or manufacturing of given quantity
pg. 66
SR. NO. DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNITS COST
1 SCREW JACK 1 No. 400
2 WIPER MOTOR 1 No. 700
3 CLIPS 2 No. 120
4 TOGGLE SWITCH 1 No. 30
5 BOLT 1 No. 10
6 SINGLE CORE WIRE 5 m 100
7 SCREW 3 No. 30
8 BATTERY 1 No. 300
Total cost:- ₹1690/-
pg. 67
FUTURE SCOPE
i. The developed automatic car jack can only work by using the internal car power (12V).
ii. There is a scope of improvement that is by replacing the remote control with Bluetooth
operating technology.
iii. The device can also be designed to operate using android application.
CONCLUSION
Screw Jacks are the ideal product to push, pull, lift, lower and position loads of anything from
a couple of kilograms to hundreds of tones. The need has long existed for an improved
portable jack for automotive vehicles. It is highly desirable that a jack become available that
can be operated alternatively from inside the vehicle or from a location of safety off the road
on which the vehicle is located. Such a jack should desirably be light enough and be compact
enough so that it can be stored in an automobile trunk, can be lifted up and carried by most
adults to its position of use, and yet be capable of lifting a wheel of a 4,000-5,000-pound
vehicle off the ground. Further, it should be stable and easily controllable by a switch so that
jacking can be done from a position of safety. It should be easily movable either to a position
underneath the axle of the vehicle or some other reinforced support surface designed to be
engaged by a jack.
Thus, the product has been developed considering all the above requirements. This particular
design of the motorized screw jack will prove to be beneficial in lifting and lowering of loads.
pg. 68

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AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI FABRICATION TECH. & ERECTION ENGG.

1.2 Problem Statement

2. Use of double start square thread in power screw.

4. To fabricate the prototype of a scissor jack which is operated by a electric

Meanwhile, in Alleghany County near Pittsburgh in 1883, an enterprising Mississippi river

2.1 Various Developments in Lifting Devices

4. Wheels and axles

2.1.2 Screw thread

2.2 Necessity of Jack

In the repair and maintenance of automobiles (car), it is often necessary to raise an

2.3 Types of load lifting devices

1. Artificial Lifting Devices (ALD)

2. Portable Automotive Lifting Devices (PALD)

2.3.1 Artificial Lifting Devices

1. Hydraulic pumping system

2. Electric Submersible Pumps

4. Hybrid gas lifts

2.3.2 Portable Automotive Lifting Devices

1. Hydraulic hand jacks

4. Vehicle support stands

5. Upright type mobile lifts

8. Swing type mobile lifts

9. Scissor type mobile lifts

10. Auxiliary stands

11. Automotive ramps

12. High rich supplementary stands

13. Fork lift jacks

14. High reach fixed stands

15. Vehicle transport lifts

18. Hydraulic ram

19. Block and tackle

2.4 Types of Jacks Used Today

2.4.1 Scissor Jack

Fig 2.1 Scissor Jack

2.4.2 Bottle (Cylinder) Jack

Fig 2.2 Bottle Jack

2.4.3 Hydraulic Jacks

Fig 2.3 Hydraulic Jacks

2.5 Operational Considerations of a screw jack

The main applications of power screws are as follows:

1. To raise the load, e.g. screw-jack, scissor jack,

2. To obtain accurate motion in machining operations, e.g. lead-screw of lathe,

3. To clamp a work piece, e.g. vice, and

4. To load a specimen, e.g. universal testing machine.

Power screws offer the following advantages:

1. Power screw has large load carrying capacity.

2. The overall dimensions of the power screw are small, resulting in

3. Power screw is simple to design

4. The manufacturing of power screw is easy without requiring specialized

5. Power screw provides large mechanical advantage. A load of 15 kN can be

The disadvantages of power screws are as follows:

3.4 Forms of Threads

3.4.1 Square Thread

Fig 3.1 Nomenclature of Square Thread

3.4.1.1 Advantages of square threads

The advantages of square threads over trapezoidal threads are as follows:

1. The efficiency of square threads is more than that of trapezoidal threads.

3.4.1.2 Disadvantages of square threads

The disadvantages of square threads are as follows:

3.5 Designation of Threads

3.6 Terminology of Power Screw

The terminology of the screw thread is given in Fig 3.5:

Fig 3.5 Nomenclature of a Power Screw

Fig 4.1 Layout of Scissor Jack

dc2 = (W/tan (Ɵ)(4/ (π t))

tan () = 2p/πd = 22/ π15 = 0.084

Thickness of Nut = np = 112=22 mm

Width of Nut b =1.5do =1.516=24 mm

σc = 1.25σt = 1.2599.2 = 124 N/mm2

Cross section area (A) = (403) + (243) + (40*3) = 312 mm2

Pcr = (σcA)/(1+a(L/ Ry)2)= (330312)/(1+(1/7500)(160/12.786)2)

Pcr = (σcA)/(1+a(L/2Rx)2)= (33016040)/(1+(1/7500)(160/2*12.323)2)

σc = 1.25σt = 1.2599.2 = 124 N/mm2

Cross section area (A) = (403) + (303) + (40*3) = 330 mm2

Pcr = (σcA)/(1+a(L/ Ry)2)= (330330)/(1+(1/7500)(160/12.84)2)

Pcr = (σcA)/(1+a(L/2Rx)2)= (33016040)/(1+(1/7500)(160/2*14.8)2)